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IS 2309 : 1989
Indian Standard
PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS AND ALLIED
STRUCTURES AGAINST LIGHTNING-
CODE OF PRACTICE
( Second Revision)
'lRa'TQ" ;n~
( 1a'"(T Tf'{I~ )
@ BIS 1991
CONTENTS
PAOli
1 SOOPE
2 REPERENCES
3 DEPINITIONS 1
4 TECHNICAl, AsPEOTS OF LIGHTNING 2
5 . EFFECTS a p LIGHTNING STROKB 3
6 FUNCTION 0' A. LIGHTNING CONDUCTOR 3
7 OTHER METHODS or LIGHTNING PROTECTION 3
8 BAIJO CONSIDBRATIONS POR PaOTBCTION 3
Section 1 System Desigo
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard (Second Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards on
29 May 1989, after the draft finalized by the Electrical Installations Sectional Committee had
been approved by the Electrotechnical Division Council.
( Page 47, Fig. 31. Note 2, sec<?nd line) - Substitute '11.5.2' for' 15.5.2'.
(ET 20)
Indian Standard
PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS AND ALLIED
STRUCTURES AGAINST LIGHTNING-
CODE OF PRACTICE
( Second Revision)
1 SCOPE the scope of this Code, certain recommendations
relating to them are included; however, the pro-
1.1 This Code outlines the general technical as- tection of overhead telephone wires, radar
pects of lightning. illustrating its principal electri- stations, electric traction and supply lines should,
cal, thermal and mechanical effects. Guidance is on account of their special nature, be referred to
given on how to assess the risk of being struck the specialists.
and it offers a. method of compiling an index
figure as an aid in deciding if a particular struc- 2 REFERENCES
ture is in need of protection.
2.1 The following Indian Standards are neces~
1.2 The Code also offers guidance on good sary adjuncts to this standard:
engineering practice and the selection of suitable
materials. Recommendations are made for special IS No. Titl'
cases such as explosives stores and temporary
structures, for example, cranes, spectator stands IS 732 : 1989 Code of practice for electrical
constructed of metal scaffolding. wiring installation ( thi,d revision )
1.3 Where current carrying conductors are IS 3043 : 1987 C:>de of practice for earthing
directly associated with structures coming within (first revision )
3.11 Ring Conductor This is that part of the fla~h in which a charged
ce1l in a thunder (loud is discharged to earth. The
Earth termination or electrode fixed to a struc.. current in this return stroke ranges from about
ture above or below the earth or within or under 2 000 A to about 200 000 A and its distribution of
foundations. A ring conductor may be used alone values is of the form which occurs frequently in
as an earth termination network or in conjunc- nature, the 80 called 'log/norma.. distribution.
tion with metal rods as an interconnection Hence:
conductor.
1 percent'ofstrokes exceed 200 000 A
3.12 IndicadDI Plate
10 percent u " " 80 000 A
A plate detailing the number and position of 50 percent " 28000 A
earth electrodes. 90 percent u
" " 8000 A
3.13 Reference Earth Electrode 99 percent "
" 3000 A
"
An earth electrode capable of being completely The current in most ground flashes is from the
isolated from an earth termination network for negatively charged cells in the thunder cloud, and
use in periodic testing. the flash current is, therefore, a negative flow from
cloud to ground; less frequently, strokes from a
3.14 Log Book positive part of the cloud also occur. For either
A record of tests and inspections of a lightning polarity, however, the current flow is unidirec-
conductor installation. tional with a rise time of less than 10 1'8 for the
negative flash (but considerably longer for the
NOTES positive flash) and then decays to a low value,
1 The following abbreviations and symbols are used for a simple single stroke, in 100 ,",8 or less.
in the illustrations appearing in tbis sta.ndard: Some flashes comprise two or more strokes which
DC - Down conductor individually conform to the description for a
He - Horiz ontal conductor single stroke but which may be spaced in time
50 rns to 100 rns apart. The rare multi-stroke
VC - Verdcal conductor
flash having mo~e than 10 strokes may, therefore,
ZP - Zone of protection and protective Bngles
last for up to 1 second.
2 The boundary of ZP is indicated by daabed linea.
4.2.2 Voltag,
<I TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF LIGHTNING Before the flash takes place, the potential of the
4.1 GeDeral charge cell may be estimatetl very rou~hly assum-
ing the charge in the cell to be 100C and the
Lightning is a natural hazard, being the discharge radius of an equivalent spherical cell to be 1 km.
of static electricity generated in parts, called The capacitance of the cell is, therefore, about
'cells', of storm clouds, Some of them damage 10-7 F and from Q == CV the potential is estimat-
buildings and a few kill or injure people alld ed to be 10 9 V. It is reasonable, thereiore, to
animals, either directly or indirectly by causing assume that the cloud potential is more than 100
fire and explosions. Statistics for deaths by lightn- MV. This potential is high enough to ensure that
ing show the risk to be very low. the potentials sustained by whatever is struck will
A map showing average number of thunderstorm
be controlled by the product of current and im-
pedance, because this product will never be high
day s in a year in India is given in Fig. 1.
enough in comparison with the cloud potential to
NOTE - The estimation of exposure risk is how modify the current magnitude.
ever worbd out in relation to E'xpected number of
liRbtning Hashes per square kilometre per year (
8.1.2 ).
s,. Although the return stroke is the mOlt important
parameter of a lightning stroke it is necessary to
know something of the process which precedes it
The first step in minimizing the danger from in order to understand why high structures are
lightning must be to learn as much as possible more vulnerable than Jow ones. The lightning
about its nature. The main characteristics are stroke starts by the step by step descent from the
therefore briefly summarized in 4.2. cloud of a leader stroke stepping some tens of
4.2 Characteristic. of Lightuwg metres at a time. When the last step brings the
tip of the leader sufficiently close to earth t an up.
4.2.1 Current in a Lightning Stroke ward streamer leaves the earth to join the tip of
downward leader.
Rather than describe an 'average' lightning flash,
it is easier to give ranges for the various para. The initiation of this upward streamer depends
meten. The important part of a lightning flash on a critical field beingexceed~ at the earth
from the resulting damage point of view is the emission point and so is a furction of the charge
'return stroke'. deposited by the down-coming leader and any
2
IS 2309 198'
enhancement of the field caused by the geometry A different mechanical effect exerted by a lightn ..
of the earth. The length 0 f the upward streamer in,~ flash is due to the sudden rise in air tern
will be greater for greater charges and hence high perature to 30 000 K and the resulting explosive
current flashes will start preferentially from high expansion of the adjacent air in the channel
structures for which the field enhancement is along which the charge is propagated. This is
high. because, when the conductivity of the metal is
replaced by that of an arc path, the energy in-
5 EFFECTS
.. OF LIGHTNING STROKE creases about one hundredfold. A peak power of
5.1 Electrical Effectllll about 100 MW/m can be attained in the return
. stroke and the shock wave close to this stroke
As the current is discharged through the res is- readily dislodges tiles from a roof.
tance of the earth electrode of the lightning pro-
tective system, it produces a resistive voltage Similarly, with a secondary flash inside the build-
drop whi~h may momentarily raise the potential ing, the shock wave can result in damage to the
of the protective system to a high value relative building fabric.
to true earth. It may also produce around the 6 FUNCTION OF A LIGHTNING
earth electrodes a high potent ial gradient dan- CONDUCTOR
gerous to persons and animals. In the same 6.1 A lightning conductor is incapable of dis-
general manner, the inductance of the protective charging a thunder cloud without a lightning
system must also be considered because of the stroke. Its function is to divert to itself a lightn-
steep leading edge of the lightning pulse. ing discharge which might otherwise strike a
The resulting voltage drop in the protective sys.. vulnerable part of the structure to be protected.
tem is, therefore. the combination of the resistjve The range over which a lightning conductor can.
and inductive voltage components. attract a lightning stroke is not constant, but it is
now believed to be a function of the severity of
S.2 Side Flalhm, the discharge. The range of attraction is, there-
The point of strike on the protective system may fore, a statistical quantity.
be raised to a high potential with respect to On the other hand, the range of attraction is.
adjacent metal. There is. therefore, a risk of flash. little affected by the configuration of the con-
over from the protective system to any other ductor, so that vertical and horizontal arrange..
metal on or in the structure. If such flashover ments are equivalent. The use of pointed air
occurs, part of the lightning current is discharged terminations or vertical finials is, therefore, not
through internal installations, such as pipes and regarded as essential except where dictated by
wiring, and so this flashover constitutes a risk to practical considerations.
the occupants and fabric of the structure.
7 OTHER METHODS OF LIGHTNING
5.3 Thermal PROTECTION
As far as it affects lightning protection, the effects 1.1 This code considers 'conventional' lightning
of a lightning discharge is confined to the tem- protective systems. Attention has been given to
perature rise of the conductor through which the methods intended to increase artificially the range
current passes. Although the current is high, its of attraction afl'orded by an air termination, as
duration is short, and the thermal effect on the well as a system aimed at reducing the likelihood
protective system is usually negligible. (This of an actual discharge.
ignores the fusing or welding effects on damaged NOTE - Additional guideIi~es covering these are
conductors or diose which were not adequate in under considera.tion.
the initial installation.) In general, the cross-
sectional area of a lightning conductor is chosen 8 BASIC CO'NSIDERATIONS FOR
primarily to satiify the requirements of mechani .. PROTECTION .
cal strength, which means that it is large enough 8.0 Introduction
to keep the rise in temperature to loa. For
example, with a copper conductor of 50 mml Before proceeding' with the detailed design of a
cross section t ~severe stroke of 100 kA with a lightning protective system, the following essential
duration of 100lAs dissipates less than 400 J. per steps should be taken:
metre of conductor resulting in a temperature rise a) Decide whether or not the structure needs
of about loa. The substitution of steel for copper protection and, if so, what are the special
results in a rise of less than 10C. requirements ( see B.l and 8.2 ).
5.4 Mechanical Eft"ects b) Ensure- a dose liaison between the archi-
Where a high current is discharged along parallel tect, the builder, the lightning protective
conductors at close proximity, or along a single system engineer, and the appropriate
conductor with sharp bends, considerable authorities throughout the design stages.
mechanical forces are produced. Secure mechani- c) Agree the procedures for testing, commis-
cal fittings are, therefore, essential. sioning and future maintenance.
3
18 2309 s 1989
BAY
Of
BENGAL
ARABIAN
SEA
tit
INDIAN OCEAN
FIG. 1
112301.:1_
NOTIS ACCOMPANYING fiGURE 1
Sl Nflm, of Plu, A.nnual Sl HilmI of Pill" Anrwlli Sl Naml of Pillce Annual
No. Thuntiey. No. Thunder- No. Thunder ..
Storm StDrm Stcrm
Days Day, Days
1. Chloht 7 63. Dumka 63 125. Nagpur 45
2. Skarou 5 64. Darjeeling 20 126. Gonda 10
3. Gulmarg 53 . 65. J alpaiguri 68 127. Aurangabad 36
4. Sdnagar 54 66. MaIda 50 128. Bombay 18
5. Draa 3 67. Asansol 71 129. Alibag 12
.6. Kargil 2 68.' Burdwan 33 130. Ahmednagar 10
7. Leh 3 69. Kharagpur 76 131. Parbhani 32
8. Jammu 26 70. Calcutta 70 132. Pune 22
9. Dharamsala 13 71. Sagar Island 41 133. Mahabalemwar 14
10. Amritsar 49 72. Dhubri 8 134. Ratnagiri 6
11. Pathankot 4 73. Tezpur 27 135. Sholapur 23
12. Mahoi 46 74. Dibrugarh 70 136. Miraj 25
13. Ludbiana 12 75. Sibsagar 103 137. Vengurla 39
14. Shimla 40 76. ShiHong 75 138. Nizamabad 36
15. PaHala 26 77. Cheerapunji 49 139. Hanamkonda 43
16. Ambala 9 78. Silchar 33 140. Hyderabad 28
17. Hissar 27 79. Kohnia 34 141. Khammam 2&
18. Delhi 30 80. Imphal 49 142. KaJingapatnam 26
19. Bikaner 10 81. Deesa 7 143. Vishakapatnam 20
20. Phalodi 14 82. Dwarka 5 144. Rentichintala 47
21. Sikar 17 83. Jamnagar 6 '145. Machhilipatnam 2(}
22. Barmcr 12 -84. Rajkot 12 146. Ongole 25
23. Jodhpur 23 85. Ahmadabad 11 147. Kurnool 29
24. Ajmer 26 86. Dohad 17 148. Anantapur 27
25. Jaipur 39 87. Porbandar 3 149. Nellore 18-
26. Kankroli 36 88. Verawal 3 150. Bidar 16
27. Mount Abu 4 '89. Bhavnagar 11 lSI. Gulbarga 34
28. Udaipur 34 90. Vadodara 8 152. Bijapur 9
29. Neemuch 23 91. Surat 4 153. Belgaum 31
3U. Kota' 27 92. GwaJior 53 154. Raichur 17
3\. Jhalawar 40 93. Guna 33 155. Gadag 21
32. Mu!soorie 61 94. Nowgong 59 156. Bellad 22
33. Roorkee 76 95. Satna 41 157. Karwar 27
34. Moradabad 36 96. Sagar 36 158. Honawar 5
35. Mukteshwar 53 97. Bhopal 44 159. ChikaJthana 24
36. Meerut 98. Jabalpur 50 160. Mangalore 36
37. Bareilly 34 99. Umaria 37 161. Hassan 76,
38. Aligarh 30 100. Ambikapur 29 162. Bangalore 45
39. Agra 24 101. Indore 34 163. Mysore 44
40. Malnpuri 23 102. Hoshangabad 37 164. Hozhmoode 39
41. Bhar~ich 31 103. Pachmarhi 30 165. Palghat 3!}
42. Gonda 22 104. Seoni 51 166. Cochin 63
43. Lucknow 10 105. Penda Dam 56 167. Allepey 57
44. Kanpur 26 106. Rajp~ 34 168. Trivandrum 48
45. Fetehpur 24 107. Chin ara 27 169. Vellore 25
46. Jhanli 20 108. Kanker 37 170. Madras 47
47. Allahabad 51 109. Jagdalpur 38 171. Ootacamund 24
48. Varanasi 51 110. Balaaore 81 172. Salem 65
49. Azamgarh 1 Ill. Chandbali 75 173. Cuddalore 37
50. Gorakhpur 11 112. Angul 81 174. Caimbatore 40
St. Kathmandu 74 113. Bhubaneshwar 46 175. Tiruchirapalli 41
52. Muthihari ' 38 114. Puri 33 176. Nagapattinam ' 15
53. Darbhanga 10 115. Gopalpur 34 177. Kodaikanal 82
54. Patna 33 ' 116. Sambalpur 67 118. Madurai 39-
55. Gaya 38 117. Jhanuguda 85 179. Pamban 5
56. Daitonganj 73 118. Titl a garh 24 180. Tuticorin' 14
57 .. Ha~arib$gb ' ~ t , ,73 119. -Rajgangpur 1 181. Kana~ari 60-- -
58. Ranchi 34 120. Damamu 4 182. Port Blair 62
59. Cbaiba,. 74 121. Nasik 17 183. Car Nicobar I 1(}
60. Jamahedpur 66 122. Malegaon 13 184. Minicoy 20
61. Purnea 52 123. Akola 20
62. Sabour 76 124. , Khraoti 32
5
8.1 Need for ProtectlOD NOTE - For the -purposel of this Code, the infor.
madon given in Fig. 1 OD thunderstorm days per year
8.1.1 Gen~ral would be neceslary to be tranllatf'd in terml of eltimat-
ed average anDual densiry Ng, The table below which
Structures with inherent explosive ri~ks; for indicatel the relationlbip between tbunderatorm days
example, explosives factories, stores and dumps per vear and ligbtning flashes per squart: kilometre per
year:
and fuel tanks; usually need the highest possible
class of lightning protective system and recom.. Thundmt"". LigJz~ni"', Flashis PB'I km l
mendations for protecting such structures are d~IIJUIT' , Plr r""
_ _ _ _ ..A..-_ _ _ _ -..
6
il2309 .19.
relative degree of importance or riak in each case. Table IC We1lhtllli Factor SC' (Coateat.
The ta.bles are mostly self-explanatory but it may or CO.lleqaeadal E8"ectl )
be helpful to lay something about the intention
of Table 10. COJItelltal 01' CoIiseqaendal Value of'C'
Meet.
The effect of the value of the contents of a struc- Ordinary domeltic or office buildings, 0'3
ture is dear: the term 'consequential effect' is faclories and workshop' not contain-
intended to cover not only material risks to goods ing valuable or ipedaUy susceptible
cootenU
and property but alao such aspects as the disrup-
tiOD of essential services of all kinds, particularly Induacrial and agricultural buildings 0'8
in hospitals. with specially susceptible. contents
Power stations, gaa works, telephone 1'0
The risk to life is generaliy very smail, but if a exchange., radio Itationl
building is struck, fire or panic can naturally Industrial key plants, ancient monu- 1'3
result. All possible steps should, therefore, be mentl and historic buildings, mUle-
taken to reduce these effects, especially among urns, art gal1eri~s or other buildings
child ern, the old, and the sick. with speciaUy valuabJe contents
Schools, boapitals, cbiJdrents and other 1'7
Table I Overall A,lIell.meat of KI.k bomes, places of uaembJy
( Clausts 8.1.4 and 8.1.5) -This meanl specially valuabl~ plant or material.
vulnerable to fire or the results of fire,
1
IS 2309. 1919
8
Table 2 Exam.ples of Calcalatioas for EvalaadDc the Need. for Protection
(Qmues 8,104 and 8.1.7)
------
81
No.
DescdpdoD of
&troC'hlre
IUsk of BeiDa Strack (P) We. . . . . . . .ctora Ovenr.U
Maldply-
Oven.ll
JtWs _do.
'&ec:oaIDea-
C s~ F" 2) Collection
Area
Ac
Flash
Density
Ng
AcxNgx
P
J()-6
'A'
Use of
Structure
I 'B'
Type of
Construction
'C
Cootents or
Con&rqu~D-
'D'
Degree of
holatioD
cE'
Type of
Country
. . FaCtor F~
(Predaa ( Procbld
oE eola of co..
tial Effects 5-5) .. aaellG)
( Table IA ) ( Table IB) ( Table Ie) (Table ID) ( Table IE)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (U) (12)
-
I) Mahonette, reinforced 3327 0'6 2 X 10-- 1'2 0-4- 03 0'4 0:3 0'02 4 X 10- 5 Protection
COIl-crete and brick built, required
noumetaUic roof
2) OffiCe building, reinCOf'ced 1- 296 0-6 2-6 X 10- 1'2 0'4 0-3 0"4- 0'3 0'02 5'2 X 10- 6 Protectioo
concrete construction. required
non-metallic roof
3) School, brick built 1 456 0'7 1 X 10- 1'7 1'0 1'7 0'4 0'3 0'3 3 X 10-. ProtectiCGl
'4) required
4) 3 bedroom detached dwel- 405 0'" 1'6 x 10- 4 0'3 1'0 0-3 0-4- 0'3 0'01 1'6 X 10-. No protection
liag house. brick built requi...-d
5) Village church 5027 0'6 3 X JO-' 1'3 1"0 1"7 2-0 0'3 1'3 3-9 X 10-- Protection
I required
NOTE - The risk of being struck. ,pt ( col 4 ), is multiplied by the p. oduct of tbe weighting (acton ( col 5 109) to yit'ld an overall risk factor (col II ). This should be compared
with the acceptable rilk. (1 X 10-5 ) for guidance on whether or not to protect.
-- --
;:
N
I
.....
I
IS 2309 I 1989
14
r-'bii:r
8 .
14
R14
R18
(9)
R6 r- 60 ., 6 Ao .. 26 x 60 ... 25 x 30 + 6 x 80'"
+ 6 x &0 + 6 X 25 + 6 x 26 +
?" - - - - - ----'
50[:: r~ ,--->-
+ 8 x 30 + 6 X 24 + 51.. ,,62
r'6 'J
Ac. 3675ml
I 6 ,-J
! _-+-+--..1
6J -_.
\.
~--
(h) Ac .. 20 x 30 + 2 (4 X 30) +
+ 2(4 )( 2'OJ"+ .41 +
+ 20 (approx,) for erM In black
Ac 1070 mi "
AU dim'nlloDl in metre
NOTE - Thia figure tbould be uMd bl coDjuDctloD with Tabl, 2.
FIO.2 DItTAIl.' OJ' SnUCTUUI AND Cou..aanolf AMBAS
10
IS 2S09 1989
vc He
GL
~
.. " 'Ien view Plan view
of lone 01
protection
at ground
level /
/'" -- ""'-
"\ /
/'
,..----
'-....
'\
of zone of
proteetiOIl
It ground
lavel
! \ I \
He
{ vc0 \ I D I
} I
\ /
J
\ Zp \ Zp /
/ /
"'" ~ ..--"
vc vc
~--.....",
/
zp Zp \
I
( V(
o
V(
o
\
J
Ptan view \
Cf. zone of
protection
>
at ground
level
(
<
o
VC VC
o \
\ / (c~ Four 'lertical conductors showing protective angln
\
, - Zp
/'-.. - .-'
Zp /
/
end enocilted zon.. of protKtion
Flo. 3 PaOTI.OTIVB ANOLU AND ZONES OF PROTEOTION FOR VAltlOUI FORMS or Ant TERMINATION
ii-
IS 2309 I 1989
8.2.2 Structures of Exceptional Vulnerobility edt even against the rare occurrence of a lightning
discharge stnking within the protected zone
For structures of exceptional vulnerability, by defined above. For this reason, a reduced zone of
reason of explosive or highly flammable contents, protection, and various other special measures
every possible protection may need to be provid. should be taken as recommended in 16.
12
3) the positions of conductors to be placed positions of all conductors and of the main
beneath thestructurc; components.
4) whether any c.omponents of the lightning
protective system are to be used during 10 MATEIUALS
the construction phase, for example, the
permanent earth termination network 10.1 Table 3 gives a check list for materials to be
( ETN ) could be used for earthing cranes, used in the component parts of lightning protec-
railway lines, scaffolding, hoists and the tive systems.
like during construction;
5) for steel"framed structures, the numbers Copper and aluminium are recommended for
and positions of stanchions and the form installations required to have a long life. If there
of fixing to be made for the connection is any difficulty in the use of copper or aluminium,
of earth terminations; galvanized steel of the same cross section as
recommended for copper may be used.
6) whether metallic roof coverings, where Galvanized steel may be preferred for some short
used, are suitable as part of the lightning life installations. such as exhibitions.
protective system and then to agree the
method of attachment of conductors to In making a choice, consideration should always
earth; be given to the risk of corrosion, including
7) the nature and location of services entering galvanic corrosion.
the structure above and below grou nd
including railway lines, crane rails, wire 10.2 When non-matallic materials are used, their
ropeways, conveyor systems, television and possible degradation due to ultra-violet light,
radio aerials and their metal suppor ts, frOM, etc, must be borne in mind and the advan-
metal flues, flue-liners and dry risers; tages of easy installation and no electrogalvanic
8) the position and number of flagmasts, roof corrosion should be considered along with need to
level plant rooms (for example lift motor replace them more frequently.
rooms, ventilating t heating and air-condi-
tioning plant rooms), water tanks, and For the protection of conductors due considera-
other salient features; tion must be given to protective coatings to pre-
9) the construction to be employed for roofs clude corrosion in less-favourable environments.
and walls in order to determine appropriate
methods of fixing conductors, specificalJy For example:
with a view to maintaining the weather- a) Lead covered ( 2 mm minimum thickness
tightness of the structure; of coating) strip is most suitable for pro-
10) possible penetration of a waterproofing tection at the top of chimneys. Lead
membrane where earth terminations have sheathing should be sealed at both ends
to be sited beneath the structure, especially and the sheathing should not be removed
in 'urban' situations and in confined !paces when making joints;
on industrial sites. The same general con ..
sideration applies to the Ireference earth b) PVC covering ( 1 mm thickness of coat-
electrode' for use in initial and periodic ing ) will protect copper, steel and alumini-
testing; um in many environments. Where insulat-
ing coatings or coverings are used, due
11 ) the provision of holes through the structure, regard should be given to their durability
parapets, cornices, etc, to allow for the and flammability.
free passage of the lightning or down
conductor; 10.3 Although in the past it has been common
12) the provision of bonding connections to a practice to use material in the form of strip for
steel frame, reinforcement bars, and other horizontal air terminations, down conductors and
metal; bonds, it may sometimes be more convenient to
13) the most suitable choice of metal for the use rod material, particularly as it facilitates the
conductors taking account of co",osion, making of bends in any plane.
especially at bimetallic contacts;
Internal bonds are permitted to have approxi-
14) the accessibility of testing joints, protection mately half the crosssectional area of external
by non-metallic casings from mechanical bonds. Flexible bonds may be used.
damage or pilferage, lowering of flagmasts
or other removable objects~ facilities . for
Stainless steel in contact with aluminium or
periodic inspection, espedaUy on chimntys; aluminium alloys islikdy to cause additional
and "_- corrosion to the Jatter materials. In these cases it
15) the preparation of a drawing incorpor.a- - i! important to, take protective measures such as
ting the above details and showing the using inhibitors.
13.
11 2301 I. 1911
Reinforced concrete
It"' roof
structure with perapet. Bondi to
stone coping and steelwork
non-conducting roof
Reinforced
concrete structure,
PVC coping with
Bond to meta' conductlno roof
suspended ceiling
4
Ont reinforcing bar shown for clarity
OetaU
showlnt
Item 4
14
.1 2!109 191t
Table 3 Uat oll.ecoDllDea.cled Materials tor COblpoumt Parts
( CIIJIUI
, 10.1 ) .. ,
Material Material
Cutings AlumiDium
Aluminium alloy
Leaded 8unmetal
Aluminium steel-reinforced
A!UmiDium alloy
Galvanized .teel
Bersand Rods
Fixing Bolts a'ld StrewJ jor Copper
Copper, hard drawn or annealed
Pbo.pbor bronze
Copper-cadmiu m
Naval bras.
Phosphor bronze
Copper silicon
Naval bra
Copper .meon FiJi"g Boltl and Smwljo, Aluminium and
Aluminium
Aluminium AllD.1s
Galvanized steel Aluminium alloy
Stainless steel
Shllt
Galvanized steel
Copper
Rivets for aluminium and aluminium alloy
Aluminium and aluminium alloy.
Rivets for copper
Stri~
Stranded qr Solid Condu.to,s Insulalld
Copper, annealed
Aluminium Copper
Galvanized ateel Aluminium
IS
182309.1981
If portions of. a .structure .vary~coriaiderably in ': be bonded-. co tha'~ cOnductors of the taller
heights any necessary air terminations or air tet.. ~~ions in addition to their own down
mination networks for the lower portions should nducton..
NOTES
I For copper clad ateel roda tbe core should be of low carbon steel with a temile atrenrth
of approximately 700 NJmm', The cladding abouJd be of 99'9 percent electrolytic copper
molecularly bonded to the .teel core. The radial widtb of the copper abould Dot be lett than
0'25 mm.
2 Straoded conducton are Dot Dormally uaed for down conductor. or eartha.
16
II' 2301 :a 1919
Table 5 Mhdmam. TJaicka..... of Sheet spacing of 18 m is ShOWD, this applies to stfucture$
Metal U.ed tor RooSa, without special inherent risk.
( Cillfll' 11. 1 ) 12.1.2.3 S~ruttures with complex g,,,mary
17
J82309.1111
He
,/
/
I HC
I \ \
I I
He I
..
I 10m( max.}
He I r
I
I
I
I
\ HC
r 20m I
\ /
'-..... /
--~p- /
View from B
Section A-A
oc
tOC
G
He
_.
r
4.
oct
"--
He A
12m
, Perimeter" 24+ 24 + 12 + 12 - 72 m
t.B DC Number of down conductors required
( Sf. 12.2.3) ::III 72/20 .... 4.
12 rn
NOTES
1 AD air termination aloog the outer perimeter of the roof is required and 110 part should be more than 5 m from
the nearest horizontal conductor, except that an ad~idooal 1 m may be allowed fer f'a( h metre by which the part
to be protected i. below the Deate.t conductor.
2 Hori?ontal coooucton are not netelory on the patapete of the light weU; a zone of protection of 60 is provide
t'd by tbe two adjacent horizontal tonductou for .tructufes )t,. thaD 20 m hi8b. This principJe don not apply to
.taller structur
19
IS 23091.1911
NOTES
1 If S > 10 + 2 H, additiooallongitudina) conductors ate required 10 tbat the distance between conductors does not
exceed 10 m.
2 If the length of the roof exceeds 20 m, additional tran,verse condudo... in required.
3 Down conductors ate omitted for clarity.
FlO. 7 AIR TERMINATIONS FOR LAROE ARXAS or Roo, OP VAllIOUS PaoPlLBS
20
Test
Test joint
joint
I.. 10 m
I... ~ 16m J
DC DC DC
10 m
I Appro)(, roof 16m
I mesh
9 mil 20/11
20m
ApprOl(, roof
DC
mesh 6m II 10 m
Metallic guttering oc
Appro . roof
oc DC mesh 9m II 20m
NOTE. The protective .ngl. provided bV the rldoe conductor in tech case is II follows:
figllf8 (1) protKtl~ Ingle up to 4& 0: ridge conductor is sufficient with connection to metallic gutters; number of
down conductors. 72/20 3.6 'say 4);
figure (2) protecti~. ngl. 0\/er.45 0; alf tt1:rnination mesh (maltimum 10 m X 20 m); ridge end elYfl conducton
provide approximate roof m"h 6 m X 10 m; number of down conductor, 40/20 2;
figure (3) situation .. for figure (2) but fMtallic gutters used in lieu of eavel conductor; numb.r Of down conductors
64/20 3.2 (SlY 4).
Ridge conductor,
IL..._--tt--- fixed below tile leve!
(see detail)
Detail
2-1
DC [' [' [ ,
- 1
~
10m
-
DC
... - 20m _
~ -
DC 30m
Inr !
OC DC
60m J
Key - 0'3 m high bare vertical rods -,
NOTE - Where PVC cO'f'ered horizontal air termination conductors are used, bate vertical rod. 0'3 m lUlb should
be fixed At each ifttenection and at intermediate poaitiODI aloDg the horizontal conductora spaced DO more than
10 m apart ( ml0.2(b) ),
FIG, 9A AIa TIRMINATIONS AND DOWN CONDUOTORS POll FLAT Roo, BUILDINGS
WHI.RB THE AIR TBRMINATION CONDUCTORS HAVE A PVC OVBllSHBATH
NOTE - The air termination network for a tall reinforced concrete or .teel framed structure Mould be u follows!
a} Horizontal conducton 00 roof. (orm a 10 m x 20 m network;
b) There .re honda. to steelwork at comen. 20 m interval. arouod perlphery.and at.tbe bate or the tower. 0-3 m
above root level.
22
____ Botttd joint
connection 2. Me
'or
..
.,
"
etam-..............,.._....
NOTE - Minimum dimeusioDS wheu a metallic: roof coveriug j. used as part .the air termiaatAon network are as
follow.: ' .,'
Gal nni2ted steel' O'5mm
~
Copper O'Smm
Aluminium O'1mm
ZiDC O'7mm
Lead 2'0 mm
Flo. 10 AIR TBIUUNATJON FOR A FLAT ROOF SHOWING eoJoiNEOTION TO STANDING SEAM JOINT
WHEN A MBTALLIO ROOF]8 USED AS PART OF THE Am TERMINATION NETWORK
In practice, depending upon the form of the In brief. the down conductor system must, where
building. it is often necessary to have many down practicable. be directly routed from the air termi-
conductors in parallel, some or all of which may nation to the earth termination network, and be
be part of the building structure itself. For symmetrically placed around the outside w"lls of
example. a atecl framed building might need no the structure starting from the corners. In all
added down conductors, the framework itself casel consideration to side flashing must always
providing an efficient natural network of many be given ( SII 12.205 ).
paths to earth; conversely a structure made enti. NOTE - It .hould be noted that a steel framed struc-
rely from non-conducting materials would need ture built OIl a reinforced CODcrete raft approaches
tbe case of a Faraday cage. A reiDfol'ced concrete
down conducton .deployed according. to ita size structure illimilu t6 a .teel framed stracture in that
and form. tbey both provide a multiple system of down conductor.
II~,.J"
~ " 1
9 i to'0 11
d n '0 1
"'" 10
24
18 2309 1989
ffi12
Earth
Key
1 AI, t.rmlna'
:2 Rod hoWfIl1l
S
3 Rod coupling
1
2 4 Down conductor
3 5 Horizont.1 conduc:tor
6 Tftt joint
7 Earth termination
(I
S 6 8 Earth rod A' clamp
'/
9 Rod houllng
10 Conductor clip
NOTE. See table 1 fo.- spacingl. -0
'I~
11 Coronal band
25'
-
( Il
to.)
Coli
t,t
NOTE - Air termination mesh should be not greater than to m X 20 m. Down conductors shou Id be oot more than 10 aD apart.
Fla. 13 LIOHTN(NG PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR TAl.l. BUiLDINGS ( OVER20 m HIGH) SHOWINO AIR TItRMINATIONB, DOWN CoNDUCTORS.
BONDS TO PROJECTIONS ABOVE ROOF ( INCLUDING BONDS TO LIFT MOTOR RooM A.ND LIFT SHAFT )
18 23091,1989
20 )( 3mm STRIP
OIA 10mm ROO FIXED
INTO TIMBER ROLL
Design requirements are give~ below ... I;?) Fo~ a'structute having a bas~ area exceed.
12.2.2 Pattern of Down Conductors ing 100 mJ!, the number of down conduc-
tors should be at' leaSt the smaller of the
Various type~ of structures, with and without steel following:
frames are illustrated in Fig. 16. Explanatory notes
are given below: 1) one plu. an additional one for each
300 ml, or a part thereof, in excess of
Figure 16(a) represents a steel framed building. the first 100 mil; and
No added down conductors are, therefore,
required but earthing is essential in accord- 2) one for each 30 m of perimeter of the
ance with this code. structure protected.
Figure 16(b) shows a down cond~ctor pattern 12.2.4 Tall Structures Presenting Inspection Difficulties
where on' the North,' East and South sides, For tall structures, where testing and inspection
the upper floors are cantilevered. could be difficult, consideration should be given
Figure 16(c) illustrates a pattern where a ball- to providing a means for the testing of continuity
room and} or swimming pool and terrace might in the system. At least two down conductors wiH
be situated on the South and West sides. bt' required for such tests ( see Fig. 12 ).
Figures 16(d), 16(e), 16(f) and 16(g) are of
12~2.5 Routing
such shape as to permit all down cond uctors to
be on the outside walls; care should be taken A down conductor should foHow the most
to avoid entrance and exit areas by appropriate direct path possible between the air terminal
choice of down conductor spacing taking network and ,the earth termination network.
account of the need to avoid dangerous voltage Where more than one down conductor is used,
gradients along the ground surface (see atsf! the conductors should be arranged as evenJy as
21.5 and Fig. 17 ). practicablf" around the outside walls of the struc-
12.2.3 Recommlnd,d Number ture ( set Fig. 16 ).
The position and spacing of down conductors on In deciding the route, taking account of the above.
large structures is often governed by architectural the possibility should be considered of incorporat-
convenience, however, recommendations for their ing' structural steelwork, such aS t stanchions,
number are given below: reinforcement, and any continuous and perman-
a) A structure having a base area not exceed- ent metal parts of the structure suitably disposed
ing 100 ml need have only one down for purposes of acting a8 a down conductor.
conductor, except when built on bare rock The walls of light wells may be used for fixing
where specialist advice should be sought, or down conductors but it is strongly advised that
where access for testing is difficult. lift shafts should not be used for this purpose.
27
IS 2309 I 1981
Protlcted bUIlding
2m("un.) 2mCmln.)
set note 1 $MInott1
I ,
~EQrth .lCtrode~
Ca) Etovlt'on
o J
/
/
- ,/
Gl-------4~----~--~~------~------
(e) Zone of protection
NOTES
1 To prevent ftqbover between mut/conductor and protected buildiag, the minimum clearaDCe difiaoce haa to
be 2 m or aa governed by 12.5.2, whicbever is tbe peater.
2 TbiJ clearance bu to be u above UDder maximum lA, conditiolUl, i.e. IDOW and ice OIl the aerial., conductor
FlO. 15 Am TUMINATION AND ZONK or PROT.mON poa SUlPLB STaUCTtn.. & WITH
EXPLOSIVB OR HIOHLY FL.uU.ABU CowrBMn .
28
IS 2309 I 1989
,e
e
(a)
(dt
..
U
(b)
Ie)
-- -
4~
(c)
.. ~~
(1)
u.~ (g).
NOTES
1 The down conductors may be natural (partl of the building framework) or added strip or rod on exteroa~
(aces (S18 11.2.2 ).
2 00 structures exceeding 20 m in height. down conductors should be spaced at not more than 10 m apart
( $1413 ).
FlO. 16 PATTERNS 01' DOWN CONDUCTORS (NATURAL OR NOT) FOR VARIOUS FORMS
or TALL BUILDING
112309 .1111
DC
I Key
I ........... ~Vlt
/
/
3m
-- --- -'
-+f"
Insulat@d sheath to prevent
human contact w,th structure
I O.6m
Five mesh rin~$ bonded
to earth electrode
...........
/ /
/
/
/
/
./
It Ie tSm to 4.5m
depending on location
FlO. 17 VOLTAOB GRADlltNTI ALONO GROUND SURPACB N."a TO MASTS, TOWBRS. COLUMNS
AND SINGLE DOWN CONDUCTOR. ON BUD..DIMOI
II 2309 , 19.
12.2,6 Us, oj R,irf!ore,m,n, in Cone,", Strueturll conductors to prestressed concrete columns, beam.
or braces.
Details should be decided at the design stage,
before building construction begins [ III 9.0.2 (e) 12.2.6.4 Precast concrete mlmh"s
( 12 ) ].
In the case of precast reinforced concrete columns,
12.2.6.1 ElICtrical continuity beams or braces, the reinforcement may be used
as a conductor if the individual elements of rein-
The m9lal bars of a reinforced concrete structure forcement are bonded together and electrical
cast in.ritu are occasionally welded, thus provid- continuity is ensured.
ing definite electrical continuity. More frequently,
however, they are tied together by metal binding
12.2.7 Exurnal Routes not Available
wire at crossing points but, despite the fortuitous
nature of the metallic connection, the very large Where the provision of suitable external routes
number of ban and crossing points of such a for down conductors is impracticable or inadvi-
construction assures a substantial sub-division of sable, for example in buildings of cantilever cons-
the total lightning current into a multiplicity of truction from the first floor upwards, down
parallel discharge paths. Experience shaWl that conductors should not follow the outside contours
such a construction can be readily utilised as part of the building. To do so would create a hazard
of the Hghtning protective system. to persons standing under the overhang. In such
cases down conductors may be housed in an air
The following precautions are, however J recom- &pac~ provided by a non-metallic ~onooCombustible
mended: internal duct and taken straIght down to
a} Good contact between reinforcing bars to ground { Stl Fig. 18 }.
be ensured by fixing the ban with tying
wire, and Any suitable covered recess not smaller than 76
mm X 13 mm or any suitable vertical service
b) Ties should be provided for both vertical duct running the full height of the building may
to vertical bars and horizontal to vertical be used for this purpose provided it does not
bars. contain an unarmoured or non-metalsheathed
12.2.6.2 Electrolytic corrosion - Under considera- service cable.
tion.
In cases where an unrestricted duct is used, seals
12.2.6.3 PrestrlSud conerete msmbers at each floor level may be required for fire pro-
tection. As far as possible, access to the interior
It is not permitted to connect lightning protection of the duct should be available.
31
IS 2309 I 1989
12.2.8 Sharp Binds and R,,ntrant UJops should have a crou sectional area not lea than
that employed for the main conductors. On the
Practical reasons do not always allow the most other hand, internal metal is not nearly so
direct route to be followed. Whilst sharp bends, vulnerable and its associattd bonds are, at most,
such as arise at the edge of a roof are permissible, only likely to carry a proportion of the total
re-entrant loops in a conductor can produce high lightning current, apart from their function of
inductive voltage drops so that the lightning equalizing potentials. These latter bonds may.
discharge may jump across the open side of the therefore, be smaller in cross .. sectional area than
loop. As a rough guide, this risk may arise when those used for main conductors.
the length of the conductor forming the loop
exceeds 8 times the width of the open side of the 12.2.10.3 Provision for bonding ofjuju" equipmlnt
loop (see Fig. 19 ).
In all buildings, at tach floor level, provision
When large re-entrant loops as defined cannot be should be made for bonding future machinery or
avoided, such as in the case of some cornices or equipment to the lightning protective system,
parapets, the conductor should be arranged in such as by connection to metallic gas, water,
such a way that the distance across the open side drainage or similar services. Structures supporting
of a loop complies with the rule quoted. Alternati- ovtrhtsd e}('clric mpplYJ teltphone and other
vely, such cornices or parapets should be provided lines must not be bondrd to a lightning protec..
with holes through which the conductor can pass tive system without the ptrmiflsion of the appro-
freely. priate authority.
Any metal in or forming part of the structure on Any joint other than welded represents a discon-
any building services having metallic parts which tinuity in the current conducting system and is
by design or fortuitously are in contact with the susceptible to variation and failure. Accordingly.
general mass of the earth should be either the lightning protective system should have as
isolated from or bonded to the ;down conductor few join ts as poslible.
( SII 12.5 ).
Joints should be mechanically and electrically
The same general recommendation applies to all effective, for example damped, screwed. bolted.
exposed large metal items whether connected to crimped, riveted or welded. With overlapping
earth or not. (In this context a large item is joints, the length of the overlap should not be
considered as one having any single dimension less than 20 mm for all types of conductors. Con..
greater than 2 m. ) Minor items such as door tact surfaces should first be cleaned, then inhibited
hinges. metal gutter brackets, reinforcement of from oxidation with a suitable non-corrosive
small isolated beams may be disregarded. compound. Joints of dissimilar metals should be
protected against corrosion or erosion from the
12.2.10 Bonds elements or the environment and should present
an adequate contact area ( Jel also Fig. 20,21 and
12.2.10.1 G,ntral 22 ).
32
18230.9 .1119
8d maximum Exceeding 8d
Not
permissible
lei Permissible method of teking conductor (d) Routes for down conductors in a building
thr ough a parapet well with cantilevered upper floors
'33
IS 2309 I 1989
STRAIGHT JOINT
:+ +.
I
I
I
(
) NOTES
I
:+ +: 1 The Itrips should be drilled at ceDtres shOWD in the-
.ketch.
f I
TEE JOINT
2 The 'mating' surfaces should be effectively wire
brushed ( using a separate brush for each metal) and.
treated with an iDhibitor.
3 The strips should then be joiDed U.iDg rivetl.
.. Protection of the joint caD be providtd by either:
a) aolvent cutback. thixotropic corro.ion preventa..
tive, forming a film or resilient matt petroleum.
wax; Of
b) FaIt drying durable rubberized coat inS sprayed..
aa an aerOiol.
CROSS JOINT FlO. 21 JOINT PROTEOTION - MBTHOD A
NOTE - All riveted Jointa .hould be prepared and
made in accordance wltb 12.2.10." ( s'.
Fig. 21 and 22
(or protection of joiDtl. )
FlO. 20 TYPICAL JOINTa
The resistance to earth after the completion of
bonding should be noted and used in all subse- [----~+-~-+-~-:II
quent testing ( se~ 12.:4.4 and 24 ).
If the value obtained for the whole of the lightn-
--------------------
ing protective systems exceeds 10 0, a reduction DRILLING PATTERN
can be achieved by extending or adding to the
electrodes or by interconnecting the individual
earth terminations of the down conductors by a
conductor installed below ground, sometimes
referred to as a ring conductor ( Sli Fig. 13).
Buried ring conductors laid in the manner descri-
sart
bed above are considered to be an integral
of the earth termination network and shoul be
taken into account when assessing the overall
i II II
value of resistance to earth of the installation.
PrOt,aw.
12.~.2 Importance qf Reducing Resistance to Earth
a) The aluminiuD and copper tapes should be drilled-
A reduction of the resistance to earth to a value as shown in sketch above.
bdow lOa has the advantage of further reducing b) The mating surface of the alumiDium tape ahould
the potential gradient around the earth electrodes be pretinned for a length of 200 mm.
when discharging lightning current. It also furthe-f NOTE - A luitable method baa been found to use
reduces the risk of side-flashing to metal in or on Fry" Alea cZ' .older and KYDal Flux or Grey and
a structure ( Sit J2.2.9 ). Martin', Amalgam A.L4 Solder and Kynal Flux,
all.urplul flux mUlt be removed with warm water.
12.3.3 Common Network for All Services
e) The mating .urface of the copper tape Ihould be
A common earth termination network is recom- pretinned with a lead/tin solder and aU lurface flux.
mended for the lightning protective system and removed.
all other services. It should be in accordance with d) The tapea should be joined uaing 5 oft'rivets, and
the recommendations of this code and should also tbe jOint reheated and solder fed from the top until
comply with any regulations applicable to the aDy .pacel are filled; and normal lead/ain .older il..
luitable (or filling.
services concerned. The resistance to earth
should f in this case, be the lowest value required e) The joint should be wrapped for a Jen,th of 250 mm..
with 25 mm wide SPR tape. '"
for any of the individual services (III IS 3043 :
1987 ). F,o. 22 JOINT PaOBatloN - MamoD B
34
18 2309 , 1'89
.12.3.4 Isolation oj Earth El,ctrod8s for Tuting 12.4.2.1 Earth tlectrode seal for use within a tank
structure
Earth electrodes should be capable of being isola-
ted and a reference earth point should be pro vi. When earth terminations in built-up areas pass
-ded for tc:sting purposes, through a tank structure, a seal similar to that
shown in Fig. 23 should be used.
12.3.5 Structures on Rock
12.4.3 Earth Rods
A strllcture standing on rock should be provided
'with a ring conductor following the contour of 12.4.3.1 Location
the ground. If there is earth cover, it should be
'used. The ring should be installed under the When earth r ods are used, they should be driven
foundation of a new structure. If there are objec- into the ground beneath, or as close as practicable
tions to these recommendations, then at least two to, the structure and down (onductor. The prac-
'strip electrodes should be used or an earth termi- tice of siting terminations 2' 5 m to 3 m away from
nation can usually be obtained by rock drilling the building is unnecessary and uneconomical
,and backfilling the hole with a conducting ( see Fig. 24). Where ground conditions are
material before driving the rods. The diameter favourable for the use of rods in parallel, the
,of the hole should be not less than 7., mm. Coke reduction in earth resistance is small when the
breeze or fly ash should not be used as backfilling separation between the rods becomes less than
material because of their corrosive nature. The their driven Jength.
-value of 10 a for the resistance to earth is not 12.4.3.2 Electrical measurements during installation
applicable in this case.
During the driving of the rods it is advisable to
12.3.6 Railway Tracks take measurements of the re~istance to earth. By
so doing, an indication will be given of conditions
ihe earthing of rails should be carried out at: un der which it is highly unlikely that any further
reduction in resistance will be obtained even if a
a) the point of entry to, or from the structure;
greater length of rod is driven into the ground.
b) 75 m beyond the point of entry or exit in
either direction, that is internally if it is 12.4.3.3 Connections and indicating plotes
an underground structure or externally if
above ground; The connection between the down conductor and
the rod should be accessible above ground or, if
c) 150 m beyond the point of entry to, or below ground, within an inspection box.
exit from, the structure in the case of
above ground linesj and Plates indicating the position and number of elec-
d) every 75 m in underground installations. trodes should be fitted above each test point.
-The same criteria would apply to surface lines on J 2.4.4 Strips
which a travelling crane or hoist was being used.
12.4 .... 1 Position andform
12.3.7 Further explanatory notes are given in 21.
When strips are used, they may be buried be
] 2.4 Earth Electrodes neath structure or laid in trenches at depths
unlikely to be affected by seasonal drying out or
12.4.1 General. agricultural operations ( see Fig. 24 ).
Before proceeding with a design, a decision on Strips should be disposed radially from the point
"the form of earth electrode most suited to the of connection with a down conductor, the num-
physical nature of the soil as revealed by trial bers and lengths of strip reqtlircd being as found
bore holes is necessary. necessary to give the desired resistance to earth.
Earth electrodes should consist of metal rods, If space restrictions demand the use of a parallel
tubes or snips, or a combination of these. or grid formation of strips, the layout should be
as in Fig. 24 where the distance between parallel
12.4.2 Ground Conditions strips should not be less dian 3 m.
Where earth rods are used, they should, except in
rock ( sea 12.5.5), be driven into virgin ground,
not made-up or backfilled or where the ground is Because of the harmful corrosion which is likely
likely to dry out, seasonally, or due to heat from to r~mlt, coke breeze should not be allowed to
-boilen or plant. Coke breeze or fly ash should not con.e in contact with coppC!r electrodes and salt-
be used as backfilling material because of their ing of the ground in the vicinity of any earth
-corrosive nature. electrode should not be practised.
3S
IS 230' 1989
.0' .',., ..
0
I)'
I .0 o . (J ,
- tI I ..
"o
""
..
. ---" fJ . .o
.. 6
Concr.te~ 'f'O '
..
rJ :'.
~,
'---___4~'
./J' , .
,
D ',0
. ()"
.1
.. D I . I)
o .' ,~
.')
,0 , .
'.0 ' : . ,', ' ',4,' 0' , ' '0
0
... '
..
I' ., 0:
. , .. " .
,
"
..
"
Asphalt /. ~sphQtt
Concrete
FlO. 23 EXAMPLlt 0' AN EARTH ELECTIlODJt SBAL 'OR USB WITHIN A TANKJlD STaUCTvar;..
36
18230911.,
Strip
Extend as necessary
I
I
I Parallel electrode----..
J --- I
I
1
]'" min :Jm min. <;ingle elte trod. _
I
......~r--Oown conductor
-+ - - +---41-9;;.., I
J I
I I
_.L __ ParaUel electrode .......
I
I
NOTES
1 When it i. Decesry for part of an earth termination network to pMS neaf or under a road or patbway, it ahould
be buried not leu than 0'6 m below ground level.
2 The electrical potential at lround level can be reduced by burying the rod or strip deeper.
39
....fIl
~
w
:i
i
200 ,,~
./
~ I
180
~ I
V
-...
i
160
/ !
.,c::
140 L i '-
:;,
<C V I u
/
-
en
~ c:
c:
120
V -c:
.
..s:;
&..
&..
.2'
100
0
:::J
u
V
./ '01
GI
.~ ./ en
-
I
80 c:
c
V
e
. &;
.2'
....J 60 V a
.~
/ I
~
Q..
40 /
:/
/ ,--- -
20 -- ------- '-- ----- '---
L....... ___ ~
10 100 1000
ff~' 25 CUR~E fOR D~TaRW~~NG "fHit rRO~AB~ MAX!yUM CU~JlBNT ~N Tmt LIOHTNING F~H PllOi4 THE RATIO PIPq
1.2381 .19 .
10000
-+--j"'i- 1-1-
11
v V--
I v [7'
1000 /
./
./
/'
>
.J;:: v
S ..11.0'
Q.I ,/1/
F
"0 V
...> /
Q/
!
.r::.
11\
,g
/
V
-Y.. 100 ./
;'
v
V
1/
)/'
V
/
10 V
0.01 0.1 1.0
Spa.cing (in 11')
tatlc protection
Edtrnal down
conductor - __ 1"---1
T6!st jOint
Water
Gas
.1>' ~ , '
Ib) fe)
Strip
..
(
(9)
"NOTES
I Lightning conductor fixings should be purpose--madt! for each $ize ofttrip; dimensioD II in figure (e) should be
equal to the thicknen of the ttripand b should be equal to the width plus }'3 mm (fol' expansion). Conductors of
circular .ecdOD ,houJd be .imBarly treated.
::2 All fixings should be aec:urely attached to the Itructure; mortar joints should not be \lied.
.43
13.3 Chemical" Oorro.ioD of AlumiDiam off surfaces, being abl~. to reach the con-
Near Portland Cemeat, Mortar Misel, etc ductor and run dO~1l It.
For a variety of reasons, aluminium is prone to d) Where the above requirements" cannot be
corrosion when in contact with Portland cement satisfiedJ the conductor should be protec- "
and mortar mixes. For guidance on how to avoid ted as recommended in 10 and considera
this problem. the following recommendations on tion given to increasing its section.
installation techniques are made:
a) Aluminium conductors should always 13.4 Chemical Corro.ioa of Copper
stand off from any surface, particularly
horizontal ones. This should avoid the Although copper is highly resistant to many types-
conduclors lying in water or being held in of chemical attack, lead coating is recommended
contact with corro~ive materials, such as where it is subject to severe corrosion from
old mortarl etc. Suitable fixings are shown sulphur compounds. This is particularly the case
in Fig. 29. where the location is inaccessible, for example
b) Conductors should not be positioned where at the tops of chimneys. The coating should be
they could become covered with debris, applied over the whole area likely to be under
such as leaves, etc, or buried by soil. This corrosive attack and should not be removed at
should avoid the 'poultice problem' where joints. Insulating coatings which are not perma-
any electrolyte tends to be held in conti- nent or which are flammable are inadvisable.
nuous contact with the conductor. Fittings should be resistant to the corrosive
agencies or be otherwise suitably protected.
c) The design of the clearing system should Joints and bonds may be protected with bitumen
incorporate some form of dripring. This or embedded in plastic compound according to-
should help to prevent electrolyte, running the local conditions ( 181 also 10 and 12.2.4 ).
44
IS'ZJH,ue
'.""t.~ __
45
IS 2309 ."19.9
46:
Suspended air termination
~Earth electrode~
(a) Elevation
Kty
_ _ _ )( _ Zon.. of protection at
m.ximum~of
.... i.1 conductor
\
.".\
\
Protected
building \
\
NOTES
1 The horizontal conductor mesh size shou'ld be 5 m X 10 m or smaller. according to the risk.
2 For clarity down conductors are omitted .
R~presents a bond to roof steelwork.
FIG. 32 AIR TERMINATION N!TWORK WITH HOIUZONTAL CONDUCTORS FOR STRUCTURE WITH
EXPLOSIVE OR HIOHLY FLAMMABLB CONTENTS
48
112309 , J989
16.2.5.1 All major metal forming part of the service and bonded directly to the lightning
-structure. including continuous metal reinforce- protective system (SII Fig. 27 ). The agreement
ment and services, should be bonded together and of the operating authority or owner of the cables
.connected to the Hghtning protective system. to the proposed bonding arrangements should be
Such connection!' should be made in at Jeast two obtained.
places ( se~ Fig. 9 ) and should, wherever possible.
be equally spaced around the perimeter of the 16.2.6.2 Where the electrical conductors are
structu~e at intervals not exceeding 15 m.
connected to an overhead electricity supply line,
a 15 m length of buried armoured cable should
16.2.5.2 Metalwork inside the structure should be be inserted between the overhead line and the
bonded to the lightning protective system. point of entry to the structure (see Fig, 34).
Attention should be given to any Statutory
16.2.6 El,ctrical Condudors Entering IJ Structure Regulations and Codes of Practice which are
applicable ( SII also 19 ).
16.2.6.1 Electrical conductors entering a l'tructure NOTE - Overhead supply linel are liable to have
-of this category should be metal-cased. This metal large .urge. induced III them from liahtDhll dischargel.
casing should be electrically continuous within Some form of surge luppteuion II, therefore, needed
wb~re they join the buried cable. Thi. willsllow a
the structure; it should be earthed at the point of large part of tbe UgbtniDl current to be dilcharged (0
.entry inside the structure on the user's side of the earlh at a tare distlUace from the Itructure.
POl'
/
/
/
/ 2 mmlO
Protected building
1r==::::;:J
Test joint
~ _ _ _ ~f
.JI
1'- -
I I Earth electrode
I
..,..-- -.....
Protected building
I
/
"tTest Pote
joint
4'Ea'th electrode
9
I
\
J
"1- --......".,.
Buried conductor
(b) Plan
FIO.33 VER.TlOAL Ant T&RMINATION '9'll PRoncnoN Ol' EXPLOIlVU STORY
49
IS 2309 a 1989
Surge arrestors
Joint to ring
conductor ~
Earthing _ __
conductor ""'~/'/'
To rmg conductor
,
"
arlllourod cobl. 15 III long
between overhead tine and
structure
hII ;-'"
III /'
1) /'
V
~
16.2.7 Pipe!, Rails, dt, Entering a Structure The metal uprights, components and wires of aU
fences. and of retaining walls within 2 m of the
With the exception of ONE cables, metallic pipes, structure, should be connected in such a way as
electrical conductor sheaths, steel ropes, rails, to provide continuous metallic connection between
railway tracks, or guides not in continuous electri- them and the lightning protective system.
cal contact with the earth. which enter a structure
of this kind should be bonded to the lightning
protective system. They should be earthed at the 16.2.10 Vents
point of entry outside the structure and at two The vents of any tanks containing flammable gas
further points, one about 75 m away and one a or liquiq and exhaust stacks from process plants
further 75 m away. emitting flammable vapours or dusts should either
16.2.8 Adit or Shaft Entrance to Structures be of non-conducting material or be fitted with
flametrapa.
For a buried structure or underground eXcavation
to which access is obtained by an adit or ahaft, the lti.2.11 Danger from Tall Components on or Near
recommendations in 16.2.7 as regards extra ear- High Risle Stmelu""
thing should be followed for the adit or shaft at
intervals not exceeding 75 m within as well as Stt'uctures of this category should nQt be equipped
outside the structure. with tall components such as sp:"es and ftagmasts
or radio aerials on the structure or within 50 m
16.2.9 Plnces, Retaining Walls, tit ( til also 17 ) of the structure. The clearance applies also to the-
Ftue..tiner Vertical (Ur termination
Bond to mttalliner
Flue-liner to be
earthed at ground
(e) Non-conducting construction with TV aarial level
In roof space and services (internal)
bonded to down conductors
/ ' , ........
"Buried farth General arrengement
ring termination ,
EE
(b) Non-conducting constNetlon built on .
rocky ground showing earth ring termination
TV mas t earthed Ef
.and guttering _~.LI'P'
bonded to down
conductor
planting of new trees, but structures near existing 17.2.3 In.mlaJtd Gaps
trees should be treated in accordance with the
recommendations of 18. The continuity of the metal fence should be-
broken at intervals not exceeding 300 m by
wooden gates or by gaps not less than 600 rom
wide closed by sections of non-conducting
Testing should be carried out in accordance with material.
the recommendations of 23 and the test equip- NOTE - The we of plasdc covered chain link fencing
ment should be of a type which is intrinsically is not recommended for such cloaing lectiona.
safe for the particular hazard.
The earth termination of the fence at such a gap
17 FENCES should be at least 8 m a.way from either side of
the gap.
17.1 Nature of Danger
17.3 Felice. Su.rrounding Structures Con--
If an extended metal fence is struck, the length tainmg Flammable Liquids or Ga_el
between the point of strike and the nearest earth
termination is raised momentarily to a high 17.3.1 Earthing of AU Metal Fmcu
potential relative to that of the earth. Person or
livestock in close proximity tOt or in contact with Where fencea which surround hazardous locations.
such fencing at the time of a lightning discharge are of the all-metal type, no particular problems.
to the fencmg may, therefore, be exposed to arise, and they can be earthed as described
danger. It is desirable, therefore, to earth the fence in 17.2.2, but at intervals not exceeding 75 m.
via earth electrodes at intervals in order to dis-
charge the lightning as effectively as possible. 17.3.2 Earthing of Plastic-Coated Fences
Ideally, the continuity of the fence should be Much of the fencing in current use is of the
broken by gaps along its length filled with insulat- plastic-coated close-mesh steel wire type.
ing sections. This would help to restrict the effect
of the lightning strike to the particular section The plastic coating provides weather protection.
struck. However, where fences are primarily used and breaking through it in order to earth the
for security reasons, the inclusion of insulating metal would increase the risk of corrosion and is.
sections raises other problems. not, therefore. recommended.
This type of fencing, however, normally carries a
Recommendations are made below. run of barbed wire at high level. It is recom ..
17.2 Protection of Liveltock in Fieldl mended that this wire should be earthed at inter..
vals not exceeding 75 m in order to act as an air
termination for the protection of the fence.
17.2.1 General
I7.3.3 Insulated Gaps
The loss of livestock by lightning during thun-
derstorms is due mainly to herds congregating Because these fences are primarily for security
under trees in open fields or drifting against purposes, insulated gaps may breach sel urity
unearthed wire fences and receiving a discharge requirements and are, therefore, not recommended.
sufficient to kill them. Whereas the nature of the Where the security fence separates grazing land
eol'posure of livestock in fields is such that it is not from a hazardous or high security area, a balance
possible to eliminate the hazard entirely, the must be struck between the attendant risks 10
taking of the following precautions will reduce the each case.
hazard to some extent.
18 TREES AND STRUCTURES NEAR TREES
17.2.'2 Earthing
18.1 The protection of trees againlit the effects
""here fences are constructed of metal uprights of lightning need be considered only where the
and continuous electrically conducting wires, for preservation of the tree is especially desirable
example, barbed wire, strained wires, chain link, because of its historical, botanical, environmental
each continuous wire should be bonded to the or other similar value. For such cases the follow-
metal uprights at intervals. In cases where wooden ing recommendations are made:
or concrete posts are used, bonding should be to
earth electrodes, for example, driven rods. a) A main down conductor should be run
from the topmost part of the main stem to
The intervals between bonding should not exceed the earth termination should be protected
150 m w here the soil is permanently wet and against mechanical damage at ground
should be reduced to 75 m in dry soil. level.
IS 2309 : 1989
"b) Large upper branches should be provided NOTE - ~ben a tr~.e is It'ft unprott'ctfd, a Jightning
with branch conductors bonded to the c~rrent dtlchargfd IOto it can be conducted over
main conductor. dIStances of many tfns of metrt's. along Or just under
the surface of the ground in order to find a good con-
ductor, for (>x~mpl~1 a water. or gas pil?e, electricity
c) Conductors so used shouJd be stranded and cabh, or the lightnIng protective nrth o~ bUilding.
if copper, should be insulated so as not l~
poison the tree. The total cross-sectional 18.3 Further guidance can be had from 27.3 .
. area should not be Jess than 70 mml for
copper and aluminium. No precise sizes 19 STRUCTURES SUPPORTING
are givtn because this cames problems of OVERHEAD ELECTRICITY SUPPLY,
availability. The important point is that TELEPHONE AND OTHER LINES
the conductors should be flexible.
19.1 If any overhead electricity supply lines,
d) In the fixing of the conductors, aUowance teJegraph or telephone wires or radio and televi-
should be made for swaying in the wind sion rday service on metal supports fixed to
and the natural growth of the tree. structures, the supports should where practicable
~e earthed and also bonded to a lightning protec-
-e) The recommendations of 12.2.7 need not nvc SYSlem.
be taken into account.
19.2 On structures at which service supply lines
f) The earth termination should consist of terminate, a surge protective device should be
twO rods driven into the ground on opposite connected between the electricity conductor or
sides of, and dose to, the trunk of conductors and an earthed point.
the tree. A strip conductor should be Permission for these measures should be sought
buried encircling the roots of the tree at a from the owners of the lines.
minimum distance of 8 m radius from the
centre of the tree or at a distance of not
Jess than 600 mm beyond the spread of 20 STRUCTURES WITH RADIO AND
the foliage, whichever is the greater. This TELEViSION AERIALS
conductor should also be bonded to the
rods by two radial conductors. The earth 20.1 Indoor Aerials in Protected Structures
termination and resistance should satisfy
the recommendations of 12.3. Structures protected against lightnirJg in accord-
ance with the recommendations of this Code may
g) Where two or more trees are so close toge- be ('quipped with indoor radio and television
ther that thelr encircling earth conductors receiver aerials without further precautions, provi-
would intercept, one conductor adequately ded the clearance between the aerial system,
connected to the earth rods should be including the down leads or feeders, and the
buried so as to surround the roots of all the external lightning protective system accords with
trees. the values given in 12.5.
S4
IS 23811 1989
Corrosion control
In!>pec:tion pin'
Plan view
"21.5 Sports Stadiums mid way between the supporting pedestals. In the
above case, the fonowing recommendations are
Large sports stadiums are usually occupied for suggested ( Set Fig. 38 ):
-only a small percentage of the time. Nevertheless,
large number of people are often involved and a) Bond the lighting structure, railings, etc, to
-some measure of protection may be considered the reinforcing bars and do NOT use a
necessary. separate down conductor, mounted exter-
nally.
With the advent of high multi-tier stands, air b) In pott'ntially dangerous areas where people
terminations in the form of horizontal wires could are known to group, put up warning notices
be strunsr; across the stadium from one side to the about the dangers of standing near the
-other. Bonding of aU metal parts would need to edge with umbrellas raised.
be done in accordance with the recommendations
"of this Code. 21.7 Dwelling Houles
Another possibility would be to make use of the The recommendations of Code are applicable to
floodligbting towers, either as essential demfnts dwelling houses. The protection of buildings with
of the lightning protective system or as supports television and radio aerials is discussed in 20,
for horizontal WlfeS. In either case provision would where protection is provided. The recommended
need to be made to protect people from danger by practice for dealing with metallic flue liners is
direct contact with the towers or against ground shown in Fig. 35.
voltage stress around their bases. Direct contact
with the tower could be prevented by sheathing 22 CONSTRUCTION SITES
with a protective insulating material from ground 2'2.1 Structures
level to a height of about 3 m or by fencing off
the tower base and restricting access to it. Throughout the period of erection of a structure,
all large and prominent masses of steelwork, such
-On the matter of reducing ground stress to a level as ste'tl frameworks, scaffolding, and cranes should
which would not cause harm to human beings, be effectively connec.:ted to earth. Once work has
-this would depend upon the average soil reshti started on the installation of a lightning protective
vity and the earthing arrangements. Some general systtm. an earth connection should be maintained
-comments are given in 27.4.3 but it will often be at all times.
dtsirable to seek specialist advice ( $Ie also Fig. 17
and 37 ). 22.2 Overhead Power Lmes
During the construction of overhead power line~,
-21.6 Raised Motorway., Bridles, etc ovuhead equipnlent for railway eiC'ctrification, etc,
Simple calculations show that side flashing is the danger to persons can be reduced to a mini-
more likely to occur when standing under the edge mum by ensuring that an earthing system is
Tather than on the centre-line of the roadway, installed and properly connected before any
55
IS 2309 1989
Key
1Metal roof, providing a natural air termina.tion.
2 Bond to steel roof and reinforcing bar of each concrete column.
3 Reinforciog bars in column. providing natural down conductor.
Bond to reinforcing bar for earthing.
...
5 Earth electrode in concrete houlinll.
6 Earth ring interconnecting each earth electrode.
NOTE - All continuous or earthed metal should be connected to the earth t~g.
7 Light ring column ( St' Fig. 17 ).
FlO. 37 LIOHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM 'OR SPORTS STA.DIUM ( FOOTBA.1.L GROUND)-
56
Steel column
,
(01 Bond and urth to a column of a reinforced concrete bflf1gt'
Corrosion protection
II
{en Ott8l1 of A .haNint
hlndr," bond (tl Dotail of B shOWing flelCible bO_a
over rollet btlrinG'
FIG. 38 Ba lOGES
conductors other than earth wires are run out. ted to earth in the same manner as when mainte ..
Once the conductors are run out and insulation nance is being carried out after the line is....
installed, they should not be left 'floating whilst commissioned.
men are working on them, but should be cannee-
23 INSPECTION 25 RECORDS
23.1 All lightning protective systems should be 25.1 The following records should be kept on site
visually inspected by a competent person during or by the person responsible for the upkeep of the
installation, after completion and after alteration installation:
or extension, in order to verify that they are in
accordance with the recommendations in this a) Scale drawings showing the nature, dimen-
code. Visual inspections should be repeated at sions, materials, and position of all com
fixed intervals, preferably not exceeding 12 ponent parts of the lightning protective
months. system.
23.2 In addition, the mechanical condition of all b) The nature of the soil and any special
conductors, bonds, joints, and earth electrodes earthing arrangements.
(including reference electrodes) should be checked c) The type and position of the earth electro-
and the observations noted. I f, for any reason, des, illcluding 'reference electrodes'.
such as other site works, it is temporarily not
posslble to inspect certain parts of the installation, d) The test conditions and results obtained
this also should be noted. ( see 2. ).
for fxample, water pi~, gas pipes, metal. either case, an arc., will be formed and this arc:
sheaths, electrical installations, etc, which is in entail! some risk of fire if easily ignita ble
conducting connfction with earth remains essenti- materials are present. The recommended clear-
ally at earth potential during a lightning ances to avoid the ris~ of side flashing are given
discharge. Even if an extended vertical metal in 12.5.
part is not in co~tact with .eart~, a poten~ial
differ~nce between 1t and the ltghtnmg protectlve 21.2.5 Inductance 0/ Down Conductors Relative tfJ'
system is liable to arise although the magnitude Height (Jf Structure
of this potential difference will be smaller than if As the height of a structure increases, the resis-
the metal were earthed. If the resulting short- tive voltage drop in the earth termination network
time potfntial difference between any part of the assumes progressively less importance as compar-
lightning protective system and any adjacent ed with the inductive voltage drop which occurs.,
metal exceeds the electric breakdown strength of only along the down conductors.
the intervening space, be this air, a wall, or any
other structural material, a side flash can occur 27.3 Clause 18 'Tree. aDd Structure. Near
and this can cause physical damage, ignite flam- Tree.'
mable material, or cause electric shocks to per-
~ons or animals. This clause gives the circumstances in which it
may be advisable to provide protection for trees.
27.2.2 Bonding Ext~rnal Vtrtical Runs of Mttal at
Each End The recommended earth termination network is.
designed to protect the roots of the tree and to
Such bonding has to be effected at both extremi- reduce the potential gradient in the event of a
ties of any extended vertical metal. The metal lightning discharge to the tree to a safe value
may then form part of the discharge path but within the area bounded by the outer buried strip
any risk of physical damage or injury is a voided. conductors.
27.2.3 Which Metal Needs Bonding The practice of sheltering under trees during a
thunderstorm is dangerous and should be dis-
Difficulties are liable to arise in deciding which couraged wherever possible.
metal parts require bonding and which can be
disregarded in this context. No such difficulties When a tree is struck by lightning, a potential'
should arise with long continuous installations gradient develops along its branches, trunk and
such as metallic service pipes, ducts, lifts, stair- roots and this may cause a side flash to an adja-
cases, or long ladders. These can usually be cent structure as mentioned in 27.
bonded to the lightning protective system without The flashover strength of a tree can be taken as
excellsive inconvenience or cost. On the other 250 kV/m as compared with the breakdown
hand, the presence of short isolated pieces of strength of air of 500 kV/m. These figures (orm
metal such as window frames, which are merely the basis of the recommendation in 17.1(h) as to'
in fortuitous connection with the ground through the minimum safe clea.rance between a tree and
the raincovered surface of the structure, can be a structure.
disregarded.
If the actual clearance is found to be too small to
A structure having reinforcement, steelwork, or prevent the occurrence of a side flash to the
cladding forming a continuous close metal mesh structure, the latter should be fitted with lightn-
in the form of internal reinforcement or screen ing protection in such a manner that the energy
approaches the condition of a Faraday Cage in in the side flash is discharged through the pro:-
which any internal metal assumes the same tective system without damage to the structure.
potential as the cage itself. On such a structure,
the risk of side flashing is greatly reduced and the If a tree near a structure is itself fitted with a
rules for bonding can be substantially relaxed. lightning protective system, the structure may
In cases of doubt specialist advice should be thus be adequately protected. No further lightn-
in~ protection for the structure will then be requi-
sought.
red, provided the conditions recommended in this,
27.2.4 Dangers oj Thin AIdaL Cov~ring.r Code with respect to the cone of protection and-
separation are foHowed.
If any part of the outer surface of the structure
is covered with a thin metal skin, this metal may t 27.4 Claa 2 'Mlaeellaueous Structures'
by accident or design, form part of the path of 27.4.1 Small T mls
the lightning current as it goes to earth. The
current may be caused to leave the metal, either For small tents the foregoing recommendations,
through the metallic path not being contiDuouS would be expensive. However, in~Jareal of severe
or through its crosl-sectional area being inade. thunderstorm activity, and in', mountainoUf '
quare to carry th.; current without melting. In regjonl, campers using small tents are stronsly,-
IS 2309 r 1989
.:.advised to adopt certain precautions. These are the ground stress can be obtained from an
listed below ( se, Fig. 39 ): assumption that the equipotentials in the ground
a) Protection for small tents can be achieved are hemispherical shells. Hence with a median
by the use of one or two telescopic metal current of 30 kA and an average soil resistivity
of 103 n m the ground stress will be about 50
poles outside ~he tent which should be so
arranged that the tent lies within the kV fm at a distance of 10 m from the column and
will fall off as the square of the distance ( Sf(!
protective angle recommended in 12.2.
The foot of each of these metal poles Fig. 17 and 37 ).
'should be connected to an earth spike On the assumption that for human beings the
placed in a direction away from the tent voltage gradient should not exceed 10kV 1m, a
and, wherever possible, driven into a moist distance of 22 m from the column base would be
piece of ground. In addition, a bare metal needed in order to reach this level.
wire should be laid on the ground around
the tent and connected to the foot of each Use of a suitable earth electrode in the form of a
metal pole. circular mesh 10 m in diameter could significantly
reduce the ground voltage stress in the vicinity of
b) In the case of a metal .. frammed tent, the the tower. Additional protection against ground
metal, if continuous, will act as the lightn- voltage stress could also be obtajned by providing
ing conductor. The frame should be Con- an imulated mat of 4-ply 1 000 gauge PV C sheet
nected to two earthing spikes driven as just below the final asphalt layer.
described above in opposite directions away
from the tent. For protection against direct contact with the
tower itself. a 4 mm coating of epoxy r~sin spray-
c) In a thunderstorm it is essential, parti- t'd on to the structure from ground level to at
cularly in unprotect~d tents, to avoid the least 3 m high is recommended.
ri~k of potential difference across the body,
This may be accomplished by lying on a Care must be taken in the choice of matuial used
metal-frammed cot. If this is not possible, in order to keep its degradation by sunlight to a
the risk can be reduced by sitting on the minimum.
ground with the knees down up to the 27.5 Magnetic Wipml of Data in Computer
chest and by avoiding physical contact with Memoriea
the tent and with other occupants.
This question is sometimes asked and although it
'27.4.2 Sports Stadiums is possihle for data to be wiped from certain types
of memories, the current would have to pass so
Wh en a taU lighting column is struck by lightn .. close to the memory store that the chance of it
jng, the current flows into the ground from the happening can be ignored. No reference to this
ob ase of the column and a good approximation to problem is, therefore, made in this Code.
IS 2509 , 1989
V(
General arrangement
General artlnotmlnt
62
18 2301 , 191t
ANNEX A
( Foreword)
<COMPOSITION OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS SECTIONAL COMMITTEE, ETDC 20
ChtJi'miln
SSll) M. L. DONGRlD
M3 Satyam. 88 Sion Circle. Bombay 400022
Mltnb,,, R.p,mnting
:SHBIP.ANANTBABAKAN Engineer.. in-Cb itf'. Branch, Army Headquarters (Ministry or
Defence ), New DeJhi
SSBI S. K. SSANGABI ( AltmlGu )
:SBBI P. D. B..t.GADIl Tata Consul ting Engineer., Bombay
SHIH R. K. KAUL (All",..,,)
SsaI V. S. BSA:1'U. Siemens India Ltd, Bombay
SURI M. M. SUlDTRlf A ( Alt'N""' )
:.SURJ K. V. CIl.A.tiBAL Federation of Electricity Undertaking of India, Bombay
SHRI K. S. JOSSI ( A11I,n,II, )
Ssal R. R. CaOtiDHUllI Lanen & Toubro ( Construction Group ), Madru
SaRI N. BALA8UBR.UU,NUN ( Alt"nat. )
'CaIEl' ELII:CTltJOAL ENGINElCa Railway Board ( Miniltry of RailwaYI ), New DeJhi
DEPUTY DIllBOrOR STAnARD8 ( ELBO )-01,
ROSO ( AtUrntn' )
oCalBJ ELBCTBIOAL INSPEOTOR TO GOl'ftN'MDT Chief Electrical Inspector to Government of Tamil Nadu, Madras
OF T AlI(IL N AD'O
ELECTRIOAL INsPBO'1'oa (TBODNIOAL) '1'0
GOVnNJlBNT OJ' TAlIIIL N.wl1 ( .Altmus,.)
-CSIEJ' ENGUIElIl& (ELBO )-1 Central Public Works Department, New Delhi
SUPERUI:1'JlNDlDN'1' SUB'V1DYOB OJ' WORE.
( ELBO )-1 ( AlI'fTUll' )
Sual DEVlDNDBl\ NATU Larsen & Toubro Ltd, Bombay
Smu T. P. R. SI.BJU. ( AI"'"all )
SaRI K. W. DSAlI.IIADBIJ:A.B1 Jyoti Ltd, Vadodara
DR V. N. MALLB. ( AUlrMt, )
:SsaI G. L. DUA Rural Electrification CorporatioD Ltd, New Delhi
SaRI S. K. SETHI ( AI",,,.,,) Delhi Electric Supply Undertaking, New Delhi
,$ BBI R. C. KHANN A
Smu P. S. SAWBDY (AltmUJI')
MaMBBR ( HYDRo-ELEOTBIO ) Central Electricity Authority, New Delhi
OlRBCTOR ( HED )-1 ( AI",nat,)
OR S. PANJ!!II!RBBLVAK Tamil Nadu Electricity Board, Madras
SDRI V.JANABDBANAN (AIU,nat')
SHRI K. P. R. PILLA! Fact Engineering and Design Organization, UdyogamandaJ
Sol C. R. R. MIINON (Altnnat')
SDRI V. RADDA KBIBllNA!I1 Bbarat Hfavy Electrical, Ltd, Hyderabad
:Swu H. S. RAO Crompton Greaves Ltd, Bombay
FROF G. RAVPNDRAX NAIB Cbief Electrical Inspector to the Government of Kerala, Trivandrum
:SaRI S. R. SARDA Maharashtra State Electricity Board. Bombay
SBRI R. SATHIYABI.L Tariff Advisory Committee ( Generallnaurance ), Bombay
SHRt K. K. MONDAL ( Alt",raU )
SHRI H. K. SITAIUK Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation Ltd, Calcutta
SlIal S. K. P 1.1,1'1' (
SHRI P. SRUUVAU POTI
JW"""" ) Karnataka Electricity Board, Bangalore
SHRt JOSEPH PIIILOJPNY ( A11ITnat')
Salt! D. S. TAWARlII Electrical Engineer to Government of Maharaabtra, Bombay
SWU S.J.
HARIDA8 ( Al'lfnat, )
,SHRI G. N. THADANI Engineers India Ltd, New Delhi
SSRt S. K. GHOSH (AU"nat' )
SURI G. S. TUAIOB
Cbief Electrical lrupector, Government of Madbya Pradesb, Bbopal
SHRI V. T. WARANG
Bombay Electric Supply and Transport Undertakwg, Bombay
:ciRRI R. P. PATlIIL ( 041'",,111,)
:5BRI S. P. SAOBPBV, Director General, BIS ( Ex-ojfi&io MImIHr )
Director ( Elec tech)
SIC"tO'J
K. GAlIJCSB
SallI
Deputy Director ( Elee teeh ), BIS
63
IS 2309 a 1989
Panel {or Code of Practice for Protection of Buildings and Allied Structures Against Lightning,
ETDC 20: P9
CanDI"" &pmmt;ng
BRRI G. N. THADANI Engineers hadia Ltd. New Delhi
l\{,mb" s
SBRI Y. K. JAIN ( Alt",.4te to
Shri G. N. Thadaoi )
SHRI N. BALASOBBAXANIAN Lanen & Toubro ( CODltruction Group) J Madra.
SRRI V. V. PARANJAPJII Tata COlllultinlJ Eogineen, Bombay
SlJIU R. K. K.OL (.dIUrnal. )
SHRt K. P. R. PILLAI Fact Engineering Delisa OrganizatioD, Udyogamandal
SBRI A. O. OOMIIIIIll( ( Altlrnat. )
SHRI RAJA. RAO Bharat Heavy Electricab Ltd, New Delhi
SaRI N. HAQ (.A.lt",.IJI, )
SURVlIIYOR OJ' WORlt8 ( ELlllOTR10ALS ) Central Public Work. Departmeot, New Delhi
64
( COf.llituud,{rom sleond COUIT )
nis Code was. first issued in 1963 and revised subsequently in 1969. The 1969 version was an
~ttf"mpt to take mto account the then advanc~ in th~ protectio~ of buildings and structur'es againat
Jightnl~g and ~oug.ht uJ? to date the first version by Incorporatmg the current practice in providing
protection against lightning.
Based on data available, the 1969 version introduced a digital system of assessing the risk of
damage to buildings due to lightning. In this system, index figures are allotted to the various
facton ~ftuencing th~ risk ~f da~age due ~o lightning. to buildings and structures. The degree
of necell1ty or otherwlIe of bghtrung protection can be Judged from the sum of the index figures
- tbt higher, the total figure, the greater tbe need for lightning protection. It was, however,
emphasized that this system should be regarded as an aid to judgement and not as a sole
criterion.
The present revision updates the contents of the Code and also reorganizes the presentation in
IUCb a manner u to enhance ita use. While retaining most of the topics, it includes additioul
factors and chaugcs, paiticu.larly the current waveform which affects the clearance for prevmt-
iDg aide flashing.
This Code is intended to give guidance on the principles and practice which experience has
shown to be important in protecting structures against damage from lightning. This Code is not
a specification, but gives recommendations and guidance. This limitation is due to the inconsis-
tent nature of the lightning phenomenon which means that the degree of protection has to be
bUl"d on statistics and cannot be stated in exact terms. Moreover, the Code recognizes the
fact that wide variations in the architecture of the buildings and in the topography and atmospheric
condition. in different parts of the coWltry require that conaiderabJe freedom in the design of the
protective system abould be given.
In the preparation of this Code. assistance has been derived from BS 6651 : 1985 'Code of Prac-
tice for Protection of Structures Against Lightning', issued by the British Standards Institution.
Composition of Electrical Installations Sectional Committee, ETDC 20, which was responsible for the
preparation of this standard ia given in Annex A.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is compJied with. the
final value, observed or calculated. expressing the result of a tcst, shall be rounded off in accordance
with IS 2 : 1960 'Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised)'. The number of significant
places retained in the rounded off value should be the aame as that of the specified value in this
standard.
ltaadard Mark
The use of the Standard Marie u governed by the provilioDi of tbe B",,1111 of India,. SItuuUmlz
.tkt, 1986 and the RWei and Regulations made thereunder. The Standard Mark on products
covered by &D Indian Standard convey. the aSlW'aDce that they have been produced to comply
with the requirementl of that standard under a well defined system of inspection, testing and
quality control which i. devised and raupervised by BIS and operated by the producer. Standard
marked products are &1.0 continuously checked by BIS for cO'lfOl'mity to that standard as a
further safeguard. Details of conditions under which a licence for the usc of the Standard Mark
may be granted to manufacturers or pro<iucen may be obtained from the Bureau of
Indian StaDdarcb.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
.....ao'WJu~.
BIS i. a statutory iDltkutiOll ettablthed under the s",,. of,lndia St4tulardl .del, 1986 to prom_
harmonious development or the activitiell of standardization, marking and quality certification or goods
_nen
and attending to c:onneeted ... . the COUDtry.
in
BIS -has the copyright of all itll publicationJ. No part of these pubJicadon. may be reproduced in any form
without the prior permission in writing of BIS. Thi. does not preclude the free use, in the courae of
implementing the standard, of necessary details, IUch as symbols aDd sizes, type or grade desipatiou.
E.aquiriea relating to copyright be ad~ to the Director ( PublicatioDi ), DIS.
~ ., IDdJaa It_d
Indian Standards are te'riwed pet'iodican, and reviled, when neceury and amendmentl, if any. are
iuued from time to time. Uaen of Indian Studardl should aacertain that they are in poueuion of the
latest amendments or edition. Commenq on thia Indian Standard may be tent to BIS livIDI the
following refereDce: ..