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METHODOLOGY
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CHAPTER Ill
METHODOLOGY
method depends upon the nature of the problem selected and the kind of data
necessary for its solution" (Sukhia, 1974). The validity and the reliability of the
findings depend upon the method adopted and hence methodology occupies
institutions. Normative Survey method was found appropriate for this study.
existed in the past, there are other kinds of investigations which study,
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. Methodology
Survey' IS generally used for the type of research that attempts to find out that
(Sen, 1968):
It provides the background and data from which many more refined
of any research study. The success of any research study depends largely on
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Methodology
the nature of tools used. Factual materials unknown so far are necessary for
every study. They can be obtained from any sources, direct or indirect. It is
For collecting new and unknown data required for the study of
any problem, various devices are made use of and the selection of such
appropriate tools are to be used for collecting various kinds of information for
information from students and teachers regarding the nature and practice of
common for students, teachers and the parents of those students studying in
practised.
The Questionnaire
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Methodology
the purpose of the study and explain the meaning of items that may not be
clear".
When opinions rather than facts are desired, an opinionnaire or attitude scale
have got a number of advantages The person who administers the tool has
explain the meaning of items that may not be clear. Anyhow, individuals who
spending a great deal of time and money for travel. It is in such situations that
'Closed type' and 'Open type'. Closed type items are easy and take little time
to respond to. They keep the respondent on the subject and are relatively
objective.
At the same time, 'open type' items call for a free response in
these two types of items was used in the questionnaire prepared for this
investigation
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- -~ - - Methodology
discussions helped the ~nvestigatorto modify the items and further to prepare
suitable items for the questionnaire. Thus two draft questionnaires, one
teachers were prepared. They were submitted to experts in the field for
were interviewed in this regard and their opinions were also noted. According
to their suggestions, some items were modified and some others were
rejected. Thus the final form of the questionnaires was prepared with 20
items in Part A and 5 secttons in Part B for the teachers' questionnaire and 20
items in Part A and 6 sections in Part B for the students' questionnaire. The
parts. Part A and Part 6. Part A of the questionnaire consists 20 items which
is collected through the first four items in this questionnaire. The items 5 to 10
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- -- - -- -- .-
Methodology
try to find out their choice towards the system of internal assessment. The
among teachers whether the system had got any negative characteristics.
suggestions for making the system of internal assessment more reliable and
and finally on their opinion about the extent of consideration for taking these
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-- -- . Methodology
educational ~nstitutions
assessment The second item seeks the opinion of students about the
examination. The third item in this section tries to find out the personlpersons
for internal assessment. The last two sections (V and VI) seek from the
students their arguments for and against the system of internal assessment in
educational institutions.
institutions selected for the study. met the teachers and students and
explained to them the purpose of the study. Then the questionnaires were
distributed to them and after answering they were collected back. Ninety
were posted. Out of the 114 quest~onnaireswhich were returned. 104 were
students and 312 questionnaires which were complete in every respect were
selected.
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Methodology
selected for the study is given in Appendix V). Based on their suggestions,
some items were modified and some were deleted. An opinionnaire for pilot
The answer sheets were then collected and scoring was done.
statement.
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~ --
Methodology
ltem Analysis
ltem analysis was done to select suitable items for the final
opinionnaire,
arranged in the order of magnitude of the total scores. Then the highest 27
percent and the lowest 27 percent were taken out for analysis since 27
inconsistent aims - (i) to make extreme groups as large as possible and (ii) to
were selected for item analysis. The 370 response sheets were arranged in
the descending order of the total scores. The top 27 percent (the top 100)
and the bottom 27 percent (the bottom 100) response sheets from each
section were used as extreme groups for item analysis. The scores obtained
for each item in these extreme groups were used for calculating the
calculating the critical ratio 't' using the formula (Edwards, 1957, p.153).
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.- --
-. --. -- Methodology
The 't' values calculated for the items in the opinionnaire are
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..... ..- Methodology
Table 3.1
ltem
't' value 't' value
Number : Number Number
~- ~~ .
13. 6.71'
~
For the preparation of the final opinionnaire, items with 't' value
equal to or greater than 1.75 were selected as the value of 't' which is a
high and low group. In the present study, 30 items having 't' values greater
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- - Methodology
for teachers, students and parents was calculated using split-half method.
The scores obtained for odd and even numbered items in the attitude scale
Cx'y' Cx Cy
r - -
. -
N
ox' cy'
-
- correlation coefficient
r
2r
K -
I +r
Where R = Reliability coefficient of the whole test
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- Methodology
Validity.
Validity of a tool lies mainly in the procedure adopted for constructing it. The
opinionnaire was constructed by taking care to cover all the aspects relating
modification and the draft scale was item analysed and only the items which
have the required discriminating power have been selected. Thus, the
From these, 264 opinionnaires were collected back from teachers, 418 from
406 of students and 102 of parents were selected as the final sample which
Thrissur and Kozhikode. The districts selected for the study included south,
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-. -
.~ Methodology
north and the middle area of Kerala state. The institutions selected included
and Teacher education institutions (training colleges). The final form of the
Population
that are relevant to the subject of enquiry. Usually the characteristics of the
for the present study consists of the teachers and students of the educational
Sample
and Lev (1965) pointed out that the decisions as to the number of cases and
that methods by which they shall be collected, is a crucial one because the
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-- Methodology
adopted is survey. Sampling stands for the process by which relatively small
selected or analysed in order to find out something about the entire population
1960). In the present study, the theories of sampling were followed to get a
Cochran (1959:) "in every branch of science we lack resources to study more
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Methodology
institutions and the teachers who are teaching in these institutions. A sample
of 406 students, 254 teachers and 102 parents were selected for the
Kozhikode districts for the study. Students (both male and female) pursuing
situated in rural and urban areas. The list of institutions selected for the study
is given as Appendix I.
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-- - -- - Methodology
Table 3.2
T--
- -
' t -
, Tr~vandrum
Kottayam
, . ~~~~~ ~
I 1 Kozh~kode
,~--~
i
~ ~
i I Total
1 I-.-- ~
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Methodology
Table 3.3
I I I Course categorv I I
6 14 22 65
14 15 6 25 18 54
~.
12 12 7 24 20 48
.
17 15 4 15 5 20 17 67
- ~
of all institutions selected for the questionnaire for teachers and students are
given below:
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-- Methodology
Table 3.4
I. ; Teachers
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Methodology
Table 3.5
42 39 24 21 20
Total
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Methodology
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-- Methodology
I
1
Respondents Urban Rural Govt Aided Unaided 1 1 I &I
I Trivandrum
1,
i
,i 3.
No.
- ~ -,~ ~ ~~
Students
.. . -
~.
31
59
64
131
-
I
-
-
-
29
62
35
69
Parents 11 24 14 10
1 Teachers 24 38 9 14 26 35
1 Kottayam
1.
*,
-
-
.. Students 66
.~
59 66 31 28 52 73
1 3 Parents 13 5 11 5 2 10 8
Teachers
Ernakulam
t~p- 2. Students
Parents
Teachers
Thrissur ) 2. Students
Parents
Kozhikode
Parents 20
below:
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Methodology
classified on the basis of sex, locality (rural or urban) and management of the
techniques.
X2 =Z
in which
squared and divided by the expected number in each case, and the sum of
these quotients is X Z .
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Methodology
Where.
N?Pi+ NZPZ
P -
- -- -
N1+ N2
Q -- 100 - P;
N1 - Total sample of the first group
N2 - Total sample of the second group
PI
- Percentage of the first group;
- Percentage of the second group.
p2
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- Methodology
References
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