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GIGANTISM
Occurs in the young the epiphyses in long
bones fuse with the diaphysis
Excessive production of the growth
hormone
Abnormal growth of the skeleton
The Pituitary
Growth hormone stimulates the cartilage
Sits in hypophyseal fossa: depression in cells of the epiphyseal cartilage to
sella turcica of sphenoid bone continue laying down new matrix, so that
fusion of the epiphyses with the shaft of
Pituitary secretes 9 hormones
long bones is delayed and the bone
lengthen enormously.
ACROMEGALY Growth does not stop entirely, and the
different parts of the body are in relatively
Occurs after adolescence, following the
normal proportions.
fusion of the epiphyses in long bones with
the diaphysis individual cannot grow taller Person is of normal intelligence, but the
facial skin is often wrinkled and sexual
Overgrowth occurs in the bones and soft
maturation is delayed.
tissues of the forehead, nose, lower jaw,
hands, and feet
In the fully developed syndrome, the The Thyroid Gland
prominent supraorbital ridges and mandible,
Anterior neck on trachea just inferior
the very large nose, and the very large, thick
to larynx
hands and feet make the diagnosis relatively
easy. Two lateral lobes and an isthmus
The thyroid gland is invested in a
sheath derived from the pretracheal
PITUITARY DWARFISM
fascia
The achondroplastic dwarf has an
Explains why the thyroid gland
orthopedic reason for having short
follows the movements of the larynx
limbs and a short spinal colum.
in swallowing
The pituitary dwarf lacks growth
hormone (an endocrine reason). Important because any pathologic
neck swelling that is part of the
SYMPTOMS:
thyroid gland will move upward
GH Deficiency when the patient is asked to swallow.
Low blood sugar The close relationship between the
trachea and the lobes of the thyroid
gland commonly results in pressure
on the trachea in patients with
pathologic enlargement of the
thyroid
Produces two hormones
Thyroid hormone: tyrosine
based with 3 or 4 iodine
molecules
T4 (thyroxine) and T3
Calcitonin involved with
calcium and phosphorus
metabolism
laryngeal nerve, which supplies the
cricothyroid muscle.
The terminal branches of the inferior
thyroid artery on each side are
relayed to the recurrent laryngeal
nerve. Damage to the external
laryngeal nerve results in an inability
to tense the vocal folds and in
hoarseness
Function of PTH
(parathyroid hormone or parathormone)
Increases blood Ca++ (calcium)
concentration when it gets too low
Mechanism of raising blood calcium
1. Stimulates osteoclasts to
Parathyroids release more Ca++ from bone
(two types of cells) 2. Decreases secretion of Ca++
Rare chief cells by kidney
Pineal Gland
Hypoparathyroidism
Location and Development
Most commonly caused by injury to
or removal of the glands during Outgrowth of the roof of the diencephalon.
surgical procedures on the thyroid
gland Found near the posterior margin of the
The main symptoms and signs of low corpus callosum, slightly cranial and
serum calcium. superior to cerebellum.
Numbness and tingling in the Arterial Supply: circulosus arteriosus cerebri
fingers and toes
Carpopedal spasm (cramps in Venous Drainage: cavernous venous sinus
the hands and feet)
Function: MELATONIN amino acid
Spasm, or muscle tetany, may
derivative thought to have connection with
also involve the facial or
regulating sleep cycle
laryngeal muscles.
The central nervous system may Pineal Calcification
also be involved (confusion and
loss of memory) With age, the pineal gland
The condition is treated by accumulates magnesium phosphate
giving the patient calcium and carbonate within the glial cells
gluconate and large quantities of and connective tissue.
vitamin D by mouth These deposits are useful to
radiologists, because they serve as a
Congenital Anomalies of the Parathyroid landmark and assist in determining
Glands whether the pineal gland has been
displaced laterally by a space-
Absence and Hypoplasia of the Parathyroid
occupying lesion within the skull.
Glands
Agenesis or incomplete development Pineal Tumors and Reproductive Function
of the parathyroid glands
Pineal tumors may have an
Ectopic Parathyroid Glands antigonadtropic effect.
As they increase in size, they may
Close relationship between the
obstruct the cerebral aqueduct of the
parathyroids and the developing
midbrain, producing hydrocephalus.
thymus
Occasionally, the tumor destroys the
If the parathyroid glands remain
pineal gland and causes precocious
attached to the thymus, they may be
puberty.
pulled inferiorly into the lower part
of the neck or thoracic cavity.
1. The superior suprarenal
arteries are multiple small branches from
the inferior phrenic artery, whereas the
2. Middle suprarenal artery is a
direct branch from the abdominal aorta.
ENDOCRINE GLANDS IN ABDOMEN
AND PELVIS
3.
A