Cent Eur

Central Europe
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Major geographic features of central Europe
Central Europe lies between Eastern Europe and Western Europe.[1][2][3] The concept
of Central Europe is based on a common historical, social and cultural identity.[4]
[5][6][7][8][7][9][10][11][12][13] Central Europe is going through a phase of
"strategic awakening",[14] with initiatives such as the CEI, Centrope and the
Visegrd Four. While the region's economy shows high disparities with regard to
income,[15] all Central European countries are listed by the Human Development
Index as very highly developed.[16]
Central Europe according to The World Factbook (2009),[17] Encyclopdia Britannica,
and Brockhaus Enzyklopdie (1998)
Central Europe according to P. Jones (Leibniz Institute for Regional Geography).
Many Central European countries and regions were part of the German and Austro-
Hungarian empires and the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth and thus share common
cultural and historical connections.
Contents
1 Historical perspective
1.1 Middle Ages and early modern era
1.2 Before World War I
1.3 Interwar period
1.4 Mitteleuropa
1.5 Central Europe behind the Iron Curtain
1.6 Current views
2 States
2.1 Other countries and regions
3 Geography
4 Statistics
4.1 Data
4.2 Demography
5 Economy
5.1 Currencies
5.2 Human Development Index
5.3 Globalisation
5.4 Prosperity Index
5.5 Corruption
5.6 Infrastructure
5.6.1 Rail
5.6.2 River transport and canals
5.7 Branches
5.7.1 Agriculture
5.7.2 Business
5.7.3 Tourism
5.7.4 Outsourcing destination
6 Education
6.1 Languages
6.2 Scholastic performance
6.3 Higher education
6.3.1 Universities
6.3.2 Central European University
6.3.3 Regional exchange program
7 Culture and society
7.1 Architecture
7.2 Religion
7.3 Central Europe church buildings gallery
7.4 Cuisine
7.5 Human rights
7.5.1 History
7.5.2 Present
7.6 Literature
7.7 Media
7.8 Sport
8 Politics
8.1 Organisations
8.2 Democracy Index
8.3 Global Peace Index
9 Central European Time
10 In popular culture
11 See also
12 References
13 Bibliography
14 Further reading
15 External links
Historical perspective
Middle Ages and early modern era
Elements of unity for Western and Central Europe were Roman Catholicism and Latin.
Eastern Europe, which remained Eastern Orthodox Christian, was the area of
Byzantine cultural influence; after the schism (1054), it developed cultural unity
and resistance to the Western world (Catholic and Protestant) within the framework
of Slavonic language and the Cyrillic alphabet.[18][19][20][21]
Frankish Empire and its tributaries (AD 843-888)

Moravia under Svatopluk
Certain and disputed borders of Great Moravia under Svatopluk I (AD 870894)
Kingdom of Poland in late 12th-13th centuries.
Bohemia in 1273
Kingdom of Hungary in 1190
Holy Roman Empire in 1600 superimposed on modern state borders
According to Hungarian historian Jen Szcs, foundations of Central European

history at the first millennium were in close connection with Western European
development. He explained that between the 11th and 15th centuries not only
Christianization and its cultural consequences were implemented, but well-defined
social features emerged in Central Europe based on Western characteristics. The
keyword of Western social development after millennium was the spread of liberties
and autonomies in Western Europe. These phenomena appeared in the middle of the
13th century in Central European countries. There were self-governments of towns,
counties and parliaments.[22]
In 1335 under the rule of the King Charles I of Hungary, the castle of Visegrd,
the seat of the Hungarian monarchs was the scene of the royal summit of the Kings
of Poland, Bohemia and Hungary.[23] They agreed to cooperate closely in the field
of politics and commerce, inspiring their late successors to launch a successful
Central European initiative.[23]
In the Middle Ages, countries in Central Europe adopted Magdeburg rights.

Before World War I
A view of Central Europe dating from the time before the First World War (1902):
[24]
Central European countries and regions: Germany and Austria-Hungary (without
Bosnia & Herzegovina and Dalmatia)
Regions located at the transition between Central Europe and Southeastern/Eastern
Europe: Romania
Before 1870, the industrialization that had developed in Western and Central Europe
and the United States did not extend in any significant way to the rest of the
world. Even in Eastern Europe, industrialization lagged far behind. Russia, for
example, remained largely rural and agricultural, and its autocratic rulers kept
the peasants in serfdom.[25] The concept of Central Europe was already known at the
beginning of the 19th century,[26] but its real life began in the 20th century and
immediately became an object of intensive interest. However, the very first concept
mixed science, politics and economy it was strictly connected with intensively
growing German economy and its aspirations to dominate a part of European continent
called Mitteleuropa. The German term denoting Central Europe was so fashionable
that other languages started referring to it when indicating territories from Rhine
to Vistula, or even Dnieper, and from the Baltic Sea to the Balkans.[27] An example
of that-time vision of Central Europe may be seen in J. Partschs book of 1903.[28]
On 21 January 1904, Mitteleuropischer Wirtschaftsverein (Central European Economic

Association) was established in Berlin with economic integration of Germany and
AustriaHungary (with eventual extension to Switzerland, Belgium and the
Netherlands) as its main aim. Another time, the term Central Europe became
connected to the German plans of political, economic and cultural domination. The
"bible" of the concept was Friedrich Naumanns book Mitteleuropa[29] in which he
called for an economic federation to be established after the war. Naumann's idea
was that the federation would have at its center Germany and the Austro-Hungarian
Empire but would also include all European nations outside the Anglo-French
alliance, on one side, and Russia, on the other.[30] The concept failed after the
German defeat in World War I and the dissolution of AustriaHungary. The revival of
the idea may be observed during the Hitler era.
Interwar period
Interwar Central Europe according to Emmanuel de Martonne (1927)
Little Entente, Central European defense union of Czechoslovakia, Romania and
Yugoslavia[31]
CE countries, Sourcebook of Central European Avant-Gardes 19101930 (L.A. County
Museum of Art)[32]
According to Emmanuel de Martonne, in 1927 the Central European countries included:

Austria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Switzerland. Italy
and Yugoslavia are not considered by the author to be Central European because they
are located mostly outside Central Europe. The author use both Human and Physical
Geographical features to define Central Europe.[33]
The interwar period (19181939) brought new geopolitical system and economic and
political problems, and the concept of Central Europe took a different character.
The centre of interest was moved to its eastern part the countries that have
(re)appeared on the map of Europe: Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland. Central
Europe ceased to be the area of German aspiration to lead or dominate and became a
territory of various integration movements aiming at resolving political, economic
and national problems of "new" states, being a way to face German and Soviet
pressures. However, the conflict of interests was too big and neither Little
Entente nor Intermarium (Midzymorze) ideas succeeded.
The interwar period brought new elements to the concept of Central Europe. Before
World War I, it embraced mainly German states (Germany, Austria), non-German
territories being an area of intended German penetration and domination German
leadership position was to be the natural result of economic dominance.[26] After
the war, the Eastern part of Central Europe was placed at the centre of the
concept. At that time the scientists took interest in the idea: the International
Historical Congress in Brussels in 1923 was committed to Central Europe, and the
1933 Congress continued the discussions.[34]
Hungarian scholar Magda Adam wrote in her study Versailles System and Central
Europe (2006): "Today we know that the bane of Central Europe was the Little
Entente, military alliance of Czechoslovakia, Romania and Kingdom of Serbs, Croats
and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia), created in 1921 not for Central Europe's
cooperation nor to fight German expansion, but in a wrong perceived notion that a
completely powerless Hungary must be kept down".[34]
The avant-garde movements of Central Europe were an essential part of modernisms

evolution, reaching its peak throughout the continent during the 1920s. The
Sourcebook of Central European avantgards (Los Angeles County Museum of Art)
contains primary documents of the avant-gardes in Austria, Czechoslovakia, Germany,
Hungary, Poland, Romania and Yugoslavia from 1910 to 1930.[32] The manifestos and
magazines of Western European radical art circles are well known to Western
scholars and are being taught at primary universities of their kind in the western
world.
Mitteleuropa
The Mitteleuropa: AT, HR, CZ, DE, HU, PL, SK, SI, EE/LV/LT, large parts of RO, RS,
minor parts of FR, IT, RU, UA
The German term Mitteleuropa (or alternatively its literal translation into
English, Middle Europe[35]) is an ambiguous German concept.[35] It is sometimes
used in English to refer to an area somewhat larger than most conceptions of
'Central Europe'; it refers to territories under Germanic cultural hegemony until
World War I (encompassing AustriaHungary and Germany in their pre-war formations
but usually excluding the Baltic countries north of East Prussia).[citation needed]
According to Fritz Fischer Mitteleuropa was a scheme in the era of the Reich of
18711918 by which the old imperial elites had allegedly sought to build a system
of German economic, military and political domination from the northern seas to the
Near East and from the Low Countries through the steppes of Russia to the Caucasus.
[36] Later on, professor Fritz Epstein argued the threat of a Slavic "Drang nach
Westen" (Western expansion) had been a major factor in the emergence of a
Mitteleuropa ideology before the Reich of 1871 ever came into being.[37]
In Germany the connotation was also sometimes linked to the pre-war German
provinces east of the Oder-Neisse line[citation needed] which were lost as the
result of World War II, annexed by People's Republic of Poland and the Soviet
Union, and ethnically cleansed of Germans by communist authorities and forces (see
expulsion of Germans after World War II) due to Yalta Conference and Potsdam
Conference decisions. In this view Bohemia and Moravia, with its dual Western
Slavic and Germanic heritage, combined with the historic element of the
"Sudetenland", is a core region illustrating the problems and features of the
entire Central European region.
The term "Mitteleuropa" conjures up negative historical associations among some

elder people, although the Germans have not played an exclusively negative role in
the region.[38] Most Central European Jews embraced the enlightened German
humanistic culture of the 19th century.[39] German-speaking Jews from turn of the
20th century Vienna, Budapest and Prague became representatives of what many
consider to be Central European culture at its best, though the Nazi version of
"Mitteleuropa" destroyed this kind of culture instead.[35][39][40] However, the
term "Mitteleuropa" is now widely used again in German education and media without
negative meaning, especially since the end of communism. In fact, many people from
the new states of Germany do not identify themselves as being part of Western
Europe and therefore prefer the term "Mitteleuropa".
Central Europe behind the Iron Curtain
Politically independent CE states during Cold War: Finland, Austria,
Yugoslavia[41]
Following World War II, large parts of Europe that were culturally and historically
Western became part of the Eastern bloc. Czech author Milan Kundera (emigrant to
France) thus wrote in 1984 about the "Tragedy of Central Europe" in the New York
Review of Books.[42] Consequently, the English term Central Europe was increasingly
applied only to the westernmost former Warsaw Pact countries (East Germany, Poland,
Czechoslovakia, Hungary) to specify them as communist states that were culturally
tied to Western Europe.[43] This usage continued after the end of the Warsaw Pact
when these countries started to undergo transition.
The post-World War II period brought blocking of the research on Central Europe in
the Eastern Bloc countries, as its every result proved the dissimilarity of Central
Europe, which was inconsistent with the Stalinist doctrine. On the other hand, the
topic became popular in Western Europe and the United States, much of the research
being carried out by immigrants from Central Europe.[44] At the end of the
communism, publicists and historians in Central Europe, especially anti-communist
opposition, came back to their research.[45]
According to Karl A. Sinnhuber (Central Europe: Mitteleuropa: Europe Centrale: An

Analysis of a Geographical Term)[41] most Central European states were unable to
preserve their political independence and became Soviet Satellite Europe. Besides
Austria, only marginal Central European states of Finland and Yugoslavia did
preserve their political sovereignty to a certain degree, being left out from any
military alliances in Europe.
According to Meyers Enzyklopdisches Lexikon,[46] Central Europe is a part of

Europe composed by the surface of the Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Germany,
Hungary, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Romania and Switzerland, and northern
marginal regions of Italy and Yugoslavia (northern states Croatia, Vojvodina and
Slovenia), as well as northeastern France.
Current views
Rather than a physical entity, Central Europe is a concept of shared history which
contrasts with that of the surrounding regions. The issue of how to name and define
the Central European region is subject to debates. Very often, the definition
depends on the nationality and historical perspective of its author.
Main propositions, gathered by Jerzy Koczowski, include:[47]
West-Central and East-Central Europe this conception, presented in 1950,[48]

distinguishes two regions in Central Europe: German West-Centre, with imperial
tradition of the Reich, and the East-Centre covered by variety of nations from
Finland to Greece, placed between great empires of Scandinavia, Germany, Italy and
the Soviet Union.
Central Europe as the area of cultural heritage of the PolishLithuanian
Commonwealth Ukrainian, Belarusian and Lithuanian historians, in cooperation
(since 1990) with Polish historians, insist on the importance of the concept.
Central Europe as a region connected to the Western civilisation for a very
long time, including countries such as the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, Kingdom
of Croatia, Holy Roman Empire, later German Empire and the Habsburg Monarchy, the
Kingdom of Hungary and the Crown of Bohemia. Central Europe understood in this way
borders on Russia and South-Eastern Europe, but the exact frontier of the region is
difficult to determine.
Central Europe as the area of cultural heritage of the Habsburg Empire (later
Austria-Hungary) a concept which is popular in regions along the Danube River.
Habsburg-ruled lands
A concept underlining the links connecting Belarus and Ukraine with Russia and
treating the Russian Empire together with the whole Slavic Orthodox population as
one entity this position is taken by the Russian historiography.
A concept putting an accent on the links with the West, especially from the
19th century and the grand period of liberation and formation of Nation-states
this idea is represented by in the South-Eastern states, which prefer the enlarged
concept of the "East Centre" expressing their links with the Western culture.
According to Ronald Tiersky, the 1991 summit held in Visegrd, Hungary and attended
by the Polish, Hungarian and Czechoslovak presidents was hailed at the time as a
major breakthrough in Central European cooperation, but the Visegrd Group became a
vehicle for coordinating Central Europe's road to the European Union, while
development of closer ties within the region languished.[49]
Peter J. Katzenstein described Central Europe as a way station in a Europeanization

process that marks the transformation process of the Visegrd Group countries in
different, though comparable ways.[50] According to him, in Germany's contemporary
public discourse "Central European identity" refers to the civilizational divide
between Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy.[50] He says there's no precise,
uncontestable way to decide whether the Baltic states, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia,
Romania, and Bulgaria are parts of Central Europe or not.[51]
Lonnie R. Johnson points out criteria to distinguish Central Europe from Western,
Eastern and Southeast Europe:[52]
One criterion for defining Central Europe is the frontiers of medieval empires
and kingdoms that largely correspond to the religious frontiers between the Roman
Catholic West and the Orthodox East.[53] The pagans of Central Europe were
converted to Roman Catholicism while in Southeastern and Eastern Europe they were
brought into the fold of the Eastern Orthodox Church.[53]
Multinational empires were a characteristic of Central Europe.[54] Hungary and
Poland, small and medium-size states today, were empires during their early
histories.[54] The historical Kingdom of Hungary was until 1918 three times larger
than Hungary is today,[54] while Poland was the largest state in Europe in the 16th
century.[54] Both these kingdoms housed a wide variety of different peoples.[54]
He also thinks that Central Europe is a dynamical historical concept, not a static
spatial one. For example, Lithuania, a fair share of Belarus and western Ukraine
are in Eastern Europe today, but 230 years ago they were in PolishLithuanian
Commonwealth.[54]
Johnson's study on Central Europe received acclaim and positive reviews[55][56] in
the scientific community. However, according to Romanian researcher Maria Bucur
this very ambitious project suffers from the weaknesses imposed by its scope
(almost 1600 years of history).[57]
The Columbia Encyclopedia defines Central Europe as: Germany, Switzerland,

Liechtenstein, Austria, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary.[58] The
World Factbook[17] uses the same definition adding Slovenia too. Encarta
Encyclopedia and Encyclopdia Britannica do not clearly define the region, but
Encarta places the same countries into Central Europe in its individual articles on
countries, adding Slovenia in "south central Europe".[59]
The German Encyclopaedia Meyers Grosses Taschenlexikon (English: Meyers Big Pocket
Encyclopedia), 1999, defines Central Europe as the central part of Europe with no
precise borders to the East and West. The term is mostly used to denominate the
territory between the Schelde to Vistula and from the Danube to the Moravian Gate.
Usually the countries considered to be Central European are Austria, Croatia, the
Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland; in the
broader sense Romania too, occasionally also Belgium, the Netherlands, and
Luxembourg.
The European floristic regions
The Pannonian Plain, between the Alps (west), the Carpathians (north and east), and
the Sava/Danube (south)
Carpathian countries (north-west to south-east): CZ, AT, PL, SK, HU, UA, RO, RS
States
The comprehension of the concept of Central Europe is an ongoing source of

controversy,[60] though the Visegrd Group constituents are almost always included
as de facto C.E. countries.[61] Although views on which countries belong to Central
Europe are vastly varied, according to many sources (see section Current views on
Central Europe) the region includes the states listed in the sections below.
Austria
Croatia[62][63][64][65][66] (alternatively placed in Southeastern Europe)[67]
[68]
Czech Republic
Germany
Hungary
Liechtenstein
Poland
Slovakia
Slovenia[69] (sometimes placed in Southeastern Europe)[70]
Switzerland
Depending on context, Central European countries are sometimes grouped as Eastern

or Western European countries, collectively or individually[71][72][73][74] but
some place them in Eastern Europe instead:[71][72][73] for instance Austria can be
referred to as Central European, as well as Eastern European[75] or Western
European.[76]
Other countries and regions
Some sources also add neighbouring countries for historical reasons (the former
Austro-Hungarian and German Empires, and modern Baltic states), or based on
geographical and/or cultural reasons:
Romania (Transylvania[77] and Bukovina[78])[79][80][81]

Serbia[82][83][84][85][86]
The Baltic states, geographically located in Northern Europe, have been considered
part of Central Europe in the German tradition of the term, Mitteleuropa. Benelux
countries are generally considered a part of Western Europe, rather than Central
Europe. Nevertheless, they are occasionally mentioned in the Central European
context due to cultural, historical and linguistic ties.
The following states or some of their regions may sometimes be included in Central
Europe:
Italy (South Tyrol, Trentino, Trieste and Gorizia, Friuli, occasionally Veneto
or all of Northern Italy)[citation needed]
Ukraine (Transcarpathia,[87] Galicia and Northern Bukovina[78])
Geography
Geography defines Central Europe's natural borders with the neighbouring regions to
the North across the Baltic Sea namely the Northern Europe (or Scandinavia), and to
the South across the Alps, the Apennine peninsula (or Italy), and the Balkan
peninsula[88] across the Soa-Krka-Sava-Danube line. The borders to Western Europe
and Eastern Europe are geographically less defined and for this reason the cultural
and historical boundaries migrate more easily West-East than South-North. The Rhine
river which runs South-North through Western Germany is an exception.[original
research?]
Southwards, the Pannonian Plain is bounded by the rivers Sava and Danube- and their
respective floodplains.[89] The Pannonian Plain stretches over the following
countries: Austria, Croatia, Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia and Slovenia, and
touches borders of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Republika Srpska) and Ukraine ("peri-
Pannonian states").
As southeastern division of the Eastern Alps,[90] the Dinaric Alps extend for 650
kilometres along the coast of the Adriatic Sea (northwest-southeast), from the
Julian Alps in the northwest down to the ar-Korab massif, north-south. According
to the Freie Universitaet Berlin, this mountain chain is classified as South
Central European.[91]
Danubian Central Europe
The Central European flora region stretches from Central France (the Massif
Central) to Central Romania (Carpathians) and Southern Scandinavia.[92]
At times, the term "Central Europe" denotes a geographic definition as the Danube
region in the heart of the continent, including the language and culture areas
which are today included in the states of Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary,
Poland, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia and usually also Austria and Germany, but never
Russia and other countries of the former Soviet Union towards the Ural mountains.
[93]
Statistics
Data
Area: 1.036.370 km2 (2012) Steady

Population: (calculated data) 163.518.571 (July 2012) Increase
Population density: (calculated data) 157.78/km2 (2012) Increase
GDP (PPP) per capita: US$34.444 (2012) Decrease
Life expectancy: (calculated data) 78.32-year (2012) Increase
Unemployment rate: 8.2% (2012) Increase
Fertility rate: 1.41 births/woman (2012) Increase
Human Development Index: 0.874 (2012) (very high) Increase
Globalization Index (regional): 80.09 (2013) Decrease[94]
Demography
Central Europe is one of continent's most populous regions. It includes countries

of varied sizes, ranging from tiny Liechtenstein to Germany, the largest European
country by population (that is entirely placed in Europe). Demographic figures for
countries entirely located within notion of Central Europe ("the core countries")
number around 165 million people, out of which around 82 million are residents of
Germany.[95] Other populations include: Poland with around 38.5 million residents,
[96] Czech Republic at 10.5 million,[97] Hungary at 10 million,[98] Austria with
8.5 million, Switzerland with its 8 million inhabitants,[99] Slovakia at 5.4
million,[100] Croatia with its 4.3 million[101] residents, Slovenia at 2 million
(2014 estimate)[102] and Liechtenstein at a bit less than 40,000.[103]
Population density (people per km2) by country, 2015
If the countries which are occasionally included in Central Europe were counted in,
partially or in whole Romania (20 million), Lithuania (2.9 million), Latvia (2
million), Estonia (1.3 million) it would contribute to the rise of between 2535
million, depending on whether regional or integral approach was used.[104] If
smaller, western and eastern historical parts of Central Europe would be included
in the demographic corpus, further 20 million people of different nationalities
would also be added in the overall count, it would surpass the 200 million people
figure.
Economy
Currencies
Currently, the members of the Eurozone include Austria, Germany, Luxembourg,

Slovakia, and Slovenia. Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Romania
use their currencies (Croatian kuna, Czech koruna, Hungarian forint, Polish zoty,
Romanian leu), but are obliged to adopt the Euro.
Human Development Index
World map by quartiles of Human Development Index in 2013.
Very High
Low
High
Data unavailable
Medium
Countries in descending order of Human Development Index (2014 data):
Switzerland: 0.917 (ranked 3)

Germany: 0.911 (ranked 6)
Liechtenstein: 0.889 (ranked 18)
Austria: 0.881 (ranked 21)
Slovenia: 0.874 (ranked 25)
Czech Republic: 0.861 (ranked 28)
Poland: 0.834 (ranked 35)
Slovakia: 0.830 (ranked 37)
Hungary: 0.818 (ranked 43)
Croatia: 0.812 (ranked 47)
Globalisation
Map showing the score for the KOF Globalization Index.
The index of globalization in Central European countries (2015 data):[105]
Austria: 89.83 (ranked 4)

Switzerland: 87.01 (ranked 5)
Hungary: 85.78 (ranked 9)
Czech Republic: 83.60 (ranked 17)
Poland: 79.90 (ranked 23)
Germany: 78.24 (ranked 27)
Slovenia: 76.24 (ranked 32)
Croatia: 75.59 (ranked 35)
Liechtenstein: not listed (ranked 180 in 2015 with 29.23)
Prosperity Index
Legatum Prosperity Index demonstrates an average and high level of prosperity in

Central Europe (2016 data):[106]
Switzerland (ranked 4)
Germany (ranked 11)
Luxembourg (ranked 12)
Austria (ranked 15)
Slovenia (ranked 20)
Czech Republic (ranked 27)
Poland (ranked 34)
Slovakia (ranked 36)
Croatia (ranked 43)
Hungary (ranked 47)
Corruption
Overview of the index of perception of corruption, 2015.
90100 6069 3039 09
8089 5059 2029 No information
7079 4049 1019
Most countries in Central Europe score tend to score above the average in the
Corruption Perceptions Index (2015 data):[107]
Switzerland (ranked 7)
Germany (ranked 10, tied)
Austria (ranked 16, tied)
Poland (ranked 30, tied)
Slovenia (ranked 35)
Czech Republic (ranked 37, tied)
Croatia (ranked 50, tied)
Hungary (ranked 50, tied)
Slovakia (ranked 50, tied)
According to the Bribe Payers Index, released yearly since 1995 by the Berlin-based
NGO Transparency International, Germany and Switzerland, the only two Central
European countries examined in the study, were respectively ranked 2nd and 4th in
2011.[108]
Infrastructure
Industrialisation occurred early in Central Europe. That caused construction of

rail and other types of infrastructure.
Rail
Rail network density.
Central Europe contains the continent's earliest railway systems, whose greatest
expansion was recorded in Austro-Hungarian and German territories between 1860-
1870s.[109] By the mid-19th century Berlin, Vienna, and Buda/Pest were focal points
for network lines connecting industrial areas of Saxony, Silesia, Bohemia, Moravia
and Lower Austria with the Baltic (Kiel, Szczecin) and Adriatic (Rijeka, Trieste).
[109] Rail infrastructure in Central Europe remains the densest in the world.
Railway density, with total length of lines operated (km) per 1,000 km2, is the
highest in the Czech Republic (198.6), Poland (121.0), Slovenia (108.0), Germany
(105.5), Hungary (98.7), Slovakia (73.9) and Croatia (72.5).[110][111] when
compared with most of Europe and the rest of the world.[112][113]
River transport and canals
Before the first railroads appeared in the 1840s, river transport constituted the
main means of communication and trade.[109] Earliest canals included Plauen Canal
(1745), Finow Canal, and also Bega Canal (1710) which connected Timioara to Novi
Sad and Belgrade via Danube.[109] The most significant achievement in this regard
was the facilitation of navigability on Danube from the Black sea to Ulm in the
19th century.
Branches
Compared to most of Europe, the economies of Austria, Croatia, the Czech Republic,
Germany, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia and Switzerland tend to demonstrate
high complexity. Industrialisation has reached Central Europe relatively early:
Luxembourg and Germany by 1860, the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia and
Switzerland by 1870, Austria, Croatia, Hungary, Liechtenstein, Romania, Serbia and
Slovenia by 1880.[114]
Agriculture
Central European countries are some of the most significant food producers in the
world. Germany is the world's largest hops producer with 34.27% share in 2010,[115]
third producer of rye and barley, 5th rapeseed producer, sixth largest milk
producer, and fifth largest potato producer. Poland is the world's largest
triticale producer, second largest producer of raspberry, currant, third largest of
rye, the fifth apple and buckwheat producer, and seventh largest producer of
potatoes. The Czech Republic is world's fourth largest hops producer and 8th
producer of triticale. Hungary is world's fifth hops and seventh largest triticale
producer. Serbia is world's second largest producer of plums and second largest of
raspberries.[116][117] Slovenia is world's sixth hops producer.
Business
Central European business has a regional organisation, Central European Business

Association (CEBA), founded in 1996 in New York as a non-profit organization
dedicated to promoting business opportunities within Central Europe and supporting
the advancement of professionals in America with a Central European background.
[118]
Tourism
Central European countries, especially Austria, Croatia, Germany and Switzerland

are some of the most competitive tourism destinations.[119] Poland is presently a
major destination for outsourcing.[120]
Outsourcing destination
Krakw, Warsaw, and Wroclaw, Poland; Prague and Brno, Czech Republic; Budapest,
Hungary; Bucharest, Romania; Bratislava, Slovakia; Ljubljana, Slovenia and Zagreb,
Croatia are among the world's top 100 outsourcing destinations.[121]
Education
Central European countries are very literate. All of them have the literacy rate of
96% or over (for both sexes):
Country Literacy rate
(all) Male Female Criteria
World 84.1% 88.6% 79.7% age 15 and over can read and write
(2010 est.)
Liechtenstein 100% 100% 100% age 10 and over can read and write
Poland 99.7% 99.9% 99.6% age 15 and over can read and write
(2011 est.)
Slovenia 99.7% 99.7% 99.7% (2010 est.)
Slovakia 99.6% 99.7% 99.6% age 15 and over can read and write
(2004)
Czech Republic 99% 99% 99% (2011 est.)
Germany 99% 99% 99% age 15 and over can read and write (2003 est.)
Hungary 99% 99.2% 98.9% age 15 and over can read and write (2011
est.)
Switzerland 99% 99% 99% age 15 and over can read and write (2003 est.)
Croatia 98.9% 99.5% 98.3% age 15 and over can read and write
(2011 est.)
Austria 98% N/A N/A age 15 and over can read and write
Languages
Languages taught as the first language in Central Europe are: Croatian, Czech,
French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Polish, Romansh, Slovak and Slovenian. The most
popular language taught at schools in Central Europe as foreign languages are:
English, French and German.[122]
Map of the results of the EF English Proficiency Index
Proficiency in English is ranked as high or moderate, according to the EF English

Proficiency Index:[123]
Slovenia (position 6)
Luxembourg (position 8)
Poland (position 9)
Austria (position 10)
Germany (position 11)
Hungary (position 21)
Czech Republic (position 18)
Switzerland (position 19)
Slovakia (position 25)
Croatia (not ranked)
Liechtenstein (not ranked)
Other languages, also popular (spoken by over 5% as a second language):[122]
Croatian in Slovenia (61%)

Czech in Slovakia (82%)[124]
French in Romania (17%), Germany (14%) and Austria (11%)
German in Slovenia (42%), Croatia (34%), Slovakia (22%), Poland (20%), Hungary
(18%), the Czech Republic (15%) and Romania (5%)
Hungarian in Romania (9%), Serbia (5%) Slovakia (12%)[125]
Italian in Croatia (14%), Slovenia (12%), Austria (9%) and Romania (7%)
Russian in Poland (28%), Slovakia (17%), the Czech Republic (13%) and Germany
(6%)
Polish in Slovakia (5%)
Slovak in the Czech Republic (16%), Serbia (2%)
Spanish in Romania (5%)
Scholastic performance
Student performance has varied across Central Europe, according to the Programme
for International Student Assessment. In the last study, countries scored medium,
below or over the average scores in three fields studied.[126]
In maths:
The results for the 2012 "Maths" section on a world map.
Liechtenstein (position 8) above the OECD average

Switzerland (position 9) above the OECD average
Poland (position 14) above the OECD average
Germany (position 16) above the OECD average
Austria (position 18) above the OECD average
Slovenia (position 21) above the OECD average
Czech Republic (position 24) similar to the OECD average
Slovakia (position 35) below the OECD average
Hungary (position 39) below the OECD average
Croatia (position 40) below the OECD average
Serbia (position 43) below the OECD average
In the sciences:
The results for the 2012 "Science" section on a world map.

Slovenia (position 20) above the OECD average
Czech Republic (position 22) above the OECD average
Austria (position 23) similar to the OECD average
Slovakia (position 40) below the OECD average
In reading:
The results for the 2012 "Reading" section on a world map.

Czech Republic (position 26) similar to the OECD average
Austria (position 27) below the OECD average
Slovenia (position 38) below the OECD average
Higher education
Universities
Karolinum of the Charles University in Prague
The first university east of France and north of the Alps was the Charles
University in Prague established in 1347 or 1348 by Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor
and modeled on the University of Paris, with the full number of faculties (law,
medicine, philosophy and theology).[127] The list of Central Europe's oldest
universities in continuous operation, established by 1500, include (by their dates
of foundation):
Czech Republic Charles University in Prague,[128] Czech Republic (1348)

Poland Jagiellonian University[129] in Krakw, Poland (1364)
Austria University of Vienna[130] in Vienna, Austria (1365)
Hungary University of Pcs[131] in Pcs, Hungary (1367)
Germany Heidelberg University[132] in Heidelberg, Germany (1386)
Germany Cologne University[133] in Cologne, Germany (1388)
Croatia University of Zadar[134] in Zadar, Croatia (1396)
Germany University of Leipzig[135] in Leipzig, Germany (1409)
Germany University of Rostock[136] in Rostock, Germany (1419)
Germany University of Greifswald[137] in Greifswald, Germany (1456)
Germany University of Freiburg[138] in Freiburg, Germany (1457)
Switzerland University of Basel[139] in Basel, Switzerland (1460)
Germany Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich[140] in Munich, Germany (1472)
Germany University of Tbingen[141] in Tbingen, Germany (1477)
Central European University

The entrance of the Central European University in Budapest
The Central European University (CEU) is a graduate-level, English-language

university promoting a distinctively Central European perspective. It was
established in 1991 by the Hungarian philanthropist George Soros, who has provided
an endowment of US$880 million, making the university one of the wealthiest in
Europe.[142] In the academic year 2013/2014, the CEU had 1,381 students from 93
countries and 388 faculty members from 58 countries.[143]
Regional exchange program
Central European Exchange Program for University Studies (CEEPUS) is an

international exchange program for students and teachers teaching or studying in
participating countries. Its current members include (year it joined for the first
time in brackets):[144]
Albania (2006)
Austria (2005)
Bosnia and Herzegovina (2008)
Bulgaria (2005)
Croatia (2005)
Czech Republic (2005)
Hungary (2005)
Kosovo*[145] (2008)
Macedonia (2006)
Moldova (2011)
Montenegro (2006)
Poland (2005)
Romania (2005)
Serbia (2005)
Slovakia (2005)
Slovenia (2005)
Culture and society
Research centers of Central European literature include Harvard (Cambridge, MA),

[146] Purdue University[147]
Architecture
Central European architecture has been shaped by major European styles including
but not limited to: Brick Gothic, Rococo, Secession (art) and Modern architecture.
Four Central European countries are amongst those countries with higher numbers of
World Heritage Sites:
Germany (position 4th, 38 sites)

Poland (position 17th, 15 sites)
Czech Republic (position 19th, 12 sites)
Switzerland (position 20th, 11 sites)
Religion
Central European major Christian denomination is Catholicism (map) as well as large
Protestant populations
Jews in Central Europe (1881)
Central European countries are mostly Roman Catholic (Austria, Croatia,

Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia) or mixed Catholic and
Protestant, (Germany, Hungary and Switzerland). Large Protestant groups include
Lutheran and Calvinist. Significant populations of Eastern Catholicism and Old
Catholicism are also prevalent throughout Central Europe. Central Europe has been a
centre of Protestantism in the past; however, it has been mostly eradicated by the
Counterreformation.[148][149][150] The Czech Republic (Bohemia) was historically
the first Protestant country, then violently recatholised, and now overwhelmingly
non-religious, nevertheless the largest number of religious people are Catholic
(10.3%). Romania and Serbia are mostly Eastern Orthodox with significant Protestant
and Catholic minorities.
Before the Holocaust (1941-45), there was also a sizeable Ashkenazi Jewish
community in the region, numbering approximately 16.7 million people.[151]
In some of these countries, there is a number of atheists, undeclared and non-

religious people: the Czech Republic (non-religious 34.2% and undeclared 45.2%),
Germany (non-religious 38%), Slovenia (atheist 30.2%), Luxembourg (25% non-
religious), Switzerland (20.1%), Hungary (27.2% undeclared, 16.7% "non-religious"
and 1.5% atheists), Slovakia (atheists and non-religious 13.4%, "not specified"
10.6%) Austria (19.7% of "other or none"), Liechtenstein (10.6% with no religion),
Croatia (4%) and Poland (3% of non-believers/agnostics and 1% of undeclared).
Central Europe church buildings gallery
St. Vitus Cathedral, Prague (Catholic), Czech Republic
Zagreb Cathedral, Zagreb (Catholic), Croatia
Wrocaw Cathedral (Catholic), Poland
St. Mary's Basilica in Krakw (Catholic), Poland
St. Stephen's Basilica in Budapest (Catholic), Hungary
Jesuit Church, Lucerne (Catholic), Switzerland
Berlin Cathedral (Lutheran), Germany
Grossmnster (Calvinist), Switzerland
Reformed Great Church of Debrecen (Calvinist), Hungary
Abbey of Saint Gall (Catholic), Switzerland
Cologne Cathedral (Catholic), Germany
Matthias Churchis a Roman Catholic church located in Budapest, Hungary
Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul in Brno (Catholic), Czech Republic
Vaduz Cathedral (Catholic), Liechtenstein
St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna (Catholic), Austria
St. Elisabeth Cathedral in Koice (Catholic), Slovakia
Evangelical church in Partiznska upa (Lutheran), Slovakia
Esztergom Basilica (Catholic), is an ecclesiastic basilica in Esztergom,

Hungary
Cuisine
Central European cuisine has evolved through centuries due to social and political
change. Most countries share many dishes. The most popular dishes typical to
Central Europe are sausages and cheeses, where the earliest evidence of
cheesemaking in the archaeological record dates back to 5,500 BCE (Kujawy, Poland).
[152] Other foods widely associated with Central Europe are goulash and beer. List
of countries by beer consumption per capita is led by the Czech Republic, followed
by Germany and Austria. Poland comes 5th, Croatia 7th and Slovenia 13th.
Human rights
History
Human rights have a long tradition in Central Europe. In 1222 Hungary defined for
the first time the rights of the nobility in its "Golden Bull". In 1264 the Statute
of Kalisz and the General Charter of Jewish Liberties introduced numerous rights
for the Jews in Poland, granting them de facto autonomy. In 1783 for the first
time, Poland forbid corporal punishment of children in schools. In the same year, a
German state of Baden banned slavery.
On the other hand, there were also major regressions, such as "Nihil novi" in
Poland in 1505 which forbade peasants from leaving their land without permission
from their feudal lord.
Present
Generally, the countries in the region are progressive on the issue of human
rights: death penalty is illegal in all of them, corporal punishment is outlawed in
most of them and people of both genders can vote in elections. Nevertheless,
Central European countries struggle to adopt new generations of human rights, such
as same-sex marriage. Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany, and Poland also have a
history of participation in the CIA's extraordinary rendition and detention
program, according to the Open Society Foundation.[153][154]
Literature
Regional writing tradition revolves around the turbulent history of the region, as
well as its cultural diversity,[155][156] and its existence is sometimes
challenged.[157]
Specific courses on Central European literature are taught at Stanford University,

[158] Harvard University[159] and Jagiellonian University[160] The as well as
cultural magazines dedicated to regional literature.[161]
Angelus Central European Literature Award is an award worth 150,000.00 PLN (about
$50,000 or 30,000) for writers originating from the region.[162]
Media
Press Freedom Index results.
There is a whole spectrum of media active in the region: newspapers, television and
internet channels, radio channels, internet websites etc. Central European media
are regarded as free, according to the Press Freedom Index. Some of the top scoring
countries are in Central Europe include:[163]
Poland (position 18)
Liechtenstein (position 27)
Croatia (position 58)
Sport
There is a number of Central European Sport events and leagues. They include:
Central European Tour Miskolc GP (Hungary)*

Central European Tour Budapest GP (Hungary)
Central Europe Rally (Romania and Hungary)*
Central European Football League (Austria, Croatia, Hungary, Serbia, Slovakia,
Slovenia and Turkey)
Central European International Cup (Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Italy,
Poland, Switzerland and Yugoslavia; 19271960)
Central Europe Throwdown*[164]
Football is one of the most popular sports. Countries of Central Europe had many
great national teams throughout history and hosted several major competitions.
Yugoslavia hosted UEFA Euro 1976 before the competition expanded to 8 teams and
Germany (at that times as West Germany) hosted UEFA Euro 1988. Recently, 2008 and
2012 UEFA European Championships were held in Austria & Switzerland and Poland &
Ukraine respectively. Germany hosted 2 FIFA World Cups (1974 and 2006) and are the
current champions (as of 2014).[165][166][167]
Politics
Organisations
Central Europe is a birthplace of regional political organisations:
Visegrad group
Centrope
Central European Initiative
Central European Free Trade Agreement
Middleeuropean Initiative
Visegrd Group
CEFTA founding states
CEFTA members in 2003, before joining the EU
Current CEFTA members

Central Europe according to Peter J. Katzenstein (1997)
The Visegrd Group countries are referred to as Central Europe in the
book[50]
countries for which there's no precise, uncontestable way to decide whether
they are parts of Central Europe or not[51]
According to The Economist and Ronald Tiersky a strict definition of Central

Europe means the Visegrd Group[49][61]
Map of Central Europe, according to Lonnie R. Johnson (2011)[168]
Countries usually considered Central European (citing the World Bank and the
OECD)
Countries considered to be Central European only in the broader sense of the
term.
Central European countries in Encarta Encyclopedia (2009)[59]
Central European countries
Slovenia in "south central Europe"
The Central European Countries according to Meyers Grosses Taschenlexikon
(1999):
Countries usually considered Central European
Central European countries in the broader sense of the term
Countries occasionally considered to be Central European
Middle Europe (Brockhaus Enzyklopdie, 1998))
Central Europe according to Swansea University professors Robert Bideleux and

Ian Jeffries (1998)[169]
Central Europe, as defined by E. Schenk (1950)[170]
Central Europe, according to Alice F. A. Mutton in Central Europe. A Regional

and Human Geography (1961)
Central Europe according to Meyers Enzyklopaedisches Lexikon (1980)
Democracy Index
The Economist Intelligence Unit Democracy index map for 2016, with greener colours
representing more democratic countries
Central Europe is a home to some of world's oldest democracies. However, most of

them have been impacted by totalitarian rule, particularly Nazism (Germany,
Austria, other occupied countries) and Communism. Most of Central Europe have been
occupied and later allied with the USSR, often against their will through forged
referendum (e.g., Polish people's referendum in 1946) or force (northeast Germany,
Poland, Hungary et alia). Nevertheless, these experiences have been dealt in most
of them. Most of Central European countries score very highly in the Democracy
Index:[171]
Liechtenstein (not listed)
Global Peace Index

Global Peace Index Scores.
In spite of its turbulent history, Central Europe is currently one of world's

safest regions. Most Central European countries are in top 20%:[172]
Liechtenstein (not listed)
Central European Time Zone (dark red)

Central European Time
This section possibly contains unsourced predictions, speculative material,
or accounts of events that might not occur. Information must be verifiable and
based on reliable published sources. Please help improve it by removing unsourced
speculative content. (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The time zone used in most parts of the European Union is a standard time which is
1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. It is commonly called Central European
Time because it has been first adopted in central Europe (by year):
Hungary
Slovakia
Czech Republic
Germany
Austria
Poland (1893[173])
Slovenia
Switzerland
Liechtenstein
In popular culture
Central Europe is mentioned in 35th episode of Lovejoy, entitled "The Prague Sun",
filmed in 1992. While walking over the famous Charles Bridge, the main character,
Lovejoy says: " I've never been to Prague before. Well, it is one of the great
unspoiled cities in Central Europe. Notice: I said: "Central", not "Eastern"! The
Czechs are a bit funny about that, they think of Eastern Europeans as turnip
heads."[174]
Wes Anderson's Oscar-winning film The Grand Budapest Hotel is regarded as a

fictionalised celebration of the 1930s in Central Europe[175] and region's musical
tastes[176]
See also
iconGeography portal Europe portal
Geographical midpoint of Europe

Central and Eastern Europe
Central European Time (CET)
Central European University
East-Central Europe
Eurovoc
Life zones of central Europe
Midzymorze (Intermarum)
Mitteleuropa
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Jacques Rupnik, "In Search of Central Europe: Ten Years Later", in Gardner,
Hall, with Schaeffer, Elinore & Kobtzeff, Oleg, (ed.), Central and South-central
Europe in Transition, Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000 (translated form French
by Oleg Kobtzeff)
Article 'Mapping Central Europe' in hidden europe, 5, pp. 1415 (November 2005)
"Journal of East Central Europe": http://www.ece.ceu.hu
Central European Political Science Association's journal "Politics in Central
Europe": http://www.politicsincentraleurope.eu/
CEU Political Science Journal (PSJ): http://www.ceu.hu/poliscijournal
Central European Journal of International and Security Studies:
http://www.cejiss.org/
Central European Political Studies Review: http://www.cepsr.com/
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Middle Europe.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: East/Central Europe
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Central Europe.
The dictionary definition of central europe at Wiktionary

Halecki, Oscar. "BORDERLANDS OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION A History of East Central
Europe" (PDF). Oscar Halecki. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
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Central Europe

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Frankish Empire and its tributaries (AD 843-888)

Kingdom of Poland in late 12th-13th centuries.

Kingdom of Hungary in 1190

Holy Roman Empire in 1600 superimposed on modern state borders

According to Hungarian historian Jen Szcs, foundations of Central European

In the Middle Ages, countries in Central Europe adopted Magdeburg rights.

On 21 January 1904, Mitteleuropischer Wirtschaftsverein (Central European Economic

According to Emmanuel de Martonne, in 1927 the Central European countries included:

The avant-garde movements of Central Europe were an essential part of modernisms

The term "Mitteleuropa" conjures up negative historical associations among some

According to Karl A. Sinnhuber (Central Europe: Mitteleuropa: Europe Centrale: An

According to Meyers Enzyklopdisches Lexikon,[46] Central Europe is a part of

Main propositions, gathered by Jerzy Koczowski, include:[47]

West-Central and East-Central Europe this conception, presented in 1950,[48]

Peter J. Katzenstein described Central Europe as a way station in a Europeanization

The Columbia Encyclopedia defines Central Europe as: Germany, Switzerland,

The comprehension of the concept of Central Europe is an ongoing source of

Depending on context, Central European countries are sometimes grouped as Eastern

Romania (Transylvania[77] and Bukovina[78])[79][80][81]

Area: 1.036.370 km2 (2012) Steady

Central Europe is one of continent's most populous regions. It includes countries

Currently, the members of the Eurozone include Austria, Germany, Luxembourg,

Countries in descending order of Human Development Index (2014 data):

Switzerland: 0.917 (ranked 3)

The index of globalization in Central European countries (2015 data):[105]

Austria: 89.83 (ranked 4)

Legatum Prosperity Index demonstrates an average and high level of prosperity in

Industrialisation occurred early in Central Europe. That caused construction of

Central European business has a regional organisation, Central European Business

Central European countries, especially Austria, Croatia, Germany and Switzerland

Proficiency in English is ranked as high or moderate, according to the EF English

Other languages, also popular (spoken by over 5% as a second language):[122]

Croatian in Slovenia (61%)

Liechtenstein (position 8) above the OECD average

Poland (position 9) above the OECD average

Poland (position 10) above the OECD average

Czech Republic Charles University in Prague,[128] Czech Republic (1348)

Central European University

The Central European University (CEU) is a graduate-level, English-language

Central European Exchange Program for University Studies (CEEPUS) is an

Culture and society

Research centers of Central European literature include Harvard (Cambridge, MA),

Germany (position 4th, 38 sites)

Central European countries are mostly Roman Catholic (Austria, Croatia,

In some of these countries, there is a number of atheists, undeclared and non-

St. Vitus Cathedral, Prague (Catholic), Czech Republic

Zagreb Cathedral, Zagreb (Catholic), Croatia

Wrocaw Cathedral (Catholic), Poland

St. Mary's Basilica in Krakw (Catholic), Poland

St. Stephen's Basilica in Budapest (Catholic), Hungary

Jesuit Church, Lucerne (Catholic), Switzerland

Berlin Cathedral (Lutheran), Germany

Grossmnster (Calvinist), Switzerland

Reformed Great Church of Debrecen (Calvinist), Hungary

Abbey of Saint Gall (Catholic), Switzerland

Cologne Cathedral (Catholic), Germany

Matthias Churchis a Roman Catholic church located in Budapest, Hungary

Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul in Brno (Catholic), Czech Republic

Vaduz Cathedral (Catholic), Liechtenstein

St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna (Catholic), Austria

St. Elisabeth Cathedral in Koice (Catholic), Slovakia

Evangelical church in Partiznska upa (Lutheran), Slovakia