Bone

and Joints
Osteoblasts - synthesize, transport and assemble matrix Osteoid - Type I collagen
Osteoclasts - bone resorption
Osteoid osteomas - severe nocturnal pain, <2cm, teens and 20s, NIDUS FORMATION
medulla of vertebrae,
Osteoblastoma - unresponsive to aspirin, >2cm, curetted, enbloc excision, no bony reaction ribs
OSTEOSARCOMA - Malignant mesenchymal tumor, Most common malignant bone tumor, metaphysis,
knee, lace-like pattern, Codman triangles and sunburst appearance Rb gene mutation, 10-20y/o
OSTEOCHONDROMA - Benign cartilage-capped tumor, exostasis,
CHONDROBLASTOMA - Chicken-wire pattern, Second most common malignant bone tumor, anaplastic
chondrocytes
FIBROUS DYSPLASIA - caf-au-lait spots, mcCune-Albright syndrome, precocious puberty
EWING SARCOMA - EWS gene on chromosome 22, Homer-Wright rosettes (central fibrillary space),
Onion-skin appearance from Primitive neuroectodermal cell
GIANT CELL TUMOR osteoclastoma, RANK/RANKL signaling pathway
METASTATIC DISEASE - Most common form of skeletal malignancy
Herniation of synovium - synovial cyst, rheumatoid arthritis (Baker cyst).
Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor - diffuse type (pigmented villonodular synovitis), and the localized type
(giant cell tumor of tendon sheath), red-brown to orange-yellow, knee, pain, locking, and recurrent
swelling similar to monoarticular arthritis
Lipoma - most common soft tissue tumor of adulthood, benign; conventional lipoma, the most
common subtype
Liposarcoma - one of the most common sarcomas of adulthood, deep soft tissues of the proximal
extremities
Deep Fibromatosis (Desmoid Tumors) - large, infiltrative masses that frequently recur but do not
metastasize lesion is generally solitary and unencapsulated, abdominal or extra abdominal
Rhabdomyosarcoma (alveolar and embryonal) -most common soft tissue sarcoma of childhood and
adolescence, usually appearing before age 20, malignant mesenchymal tumor with skeletal muscle
differentiation, Pleomorphic in adults
Sarcoma botryoides variant - submucosal zone of hypercellularity called the cambium layer.
Leiomyoma benign, uterine leiomyomas are the most common neoplasm in women
Leiomyosarcoma painless

-Mai J a u c o n a

Nodular fascitis
-mild nuclear atypia and mitosis
-whorls of fibroblasts
-local excision is curative
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma- most common soft tissue sarcoma
Synovial sarcoma - biphasic growth pattern, within joint cavities, extremities
Myositis ossificans - pseudomalignant osseous tumour
small round cells
-PNET
-Neuroblastoma
-Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma

chondrosarcoma - from Multiple enchondroma

malignant - chordoma, Osteochondroma

benign- osteoma, Osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma, chondroma