ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF T-

BEAMS AND DOUBLY

REINFORCED BEAMS
TOPICS
Analysis and Design of T-Beams
T-Beams

Analysis of T-Beams

Design of T-Beams

Design of T-Beams for Negative Moments

L-Shaped Beams

Analysis and Design of Doubly Reinforced Beams

Compression Steel

Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Beams

Design of Doubly Reinforced Beams

OBJECTIVES
Analyze T-beams.
Design T-beams

Distinguish singly reinforced concrete beams

from doubly reinforced beams
Analyze doubly reinforced beams

Design doubly reinforced beams

T-BEAMS
Reinforced concrete floor systems normally
consist of slabs and beams that are placed
monolithically. As a result, the two parts act
together to resist loads. In effect, the beams have
extra widths at their tops, called flanges, and
the resulting T-shaped beams are called T-
beams. The part of the T-beam below the slab is
referred to as the web or stem.
 Effective size
T-BEAMS of T-Beams

ACI Specs for effective flange width, b, of T-beams

For Symmetrical T-Beams
b (beam span)
(b bw) 8 (hf) b bw +16 (hf)
b (center to center distance to the next web)
T-BEAMS

ACI Specs for effective flange width, b, of T-beams

For Isolated T-Beams
hf bw
b 4bw
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
specifications relating to the strains in the
reinforcing of T-Beams are identical to
rectangular beams
t 0.005
t 0.004 unless the member is subjected
to an axial loaad 0.10 fc Ag
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
The neutral axis for T-beams can fall either in the
flange or in the stem, depending on the proportions of
the slabs and stems.
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS

If the neutral axis falls in the flange, (a hf)

the section above the neutral axis is rectangular
the concrete below the neutral axis is assumed to be
cracked , and its shape has no effect on the flexure
calculation other than weight
the rectangular formulas apply
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS

If the neutral axis falls in the stem, (a > hf)

the compression concrete section above the neutral
axis is no longer a rectangle
the rectangular formulas do not apply
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
various cross sections of T-beams (a beam does
not really have to look like a T beam to be one)

the concrete on the tension side is assumed to be cracked

therefore the shape or size of the concrete has no effect on
the theoretical resisting moments.
however, the shape, size, and weight of the tensile concrete
affect deflections that occur and the dead weights affect the
magnitudes of the moments to be resisted
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Steps:
1. Check Asmin

2. Compute T = As fy

3. Determine the area of the concrete in

compression (Ac) stressed to 0.85 fc
C = T = 0.85 fc Ac
Ac = T/(0.85 fc)
4. Calculate a, c, and t

5. Calculate Mn
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Example:
Determine the design strength of the T-beam
shown with fc = 4000 psi and fy = 60000 psi.
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Solution:

Check Asmin:
3 f 'c 200bw d
As min bw d As min
fy fy

As min
3 4000
60000
(10in)( 24in) As min
200 (10in)( 24in)
60000
As min 0.76in 2 As min 0.80in 2

As min 0.80in 2 As 6.00in 2 ok

ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Solution:

Compute T:
T Asfy
T 6.00in 2 (60ksi )
T 360 k
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Solution:

Determine Ac:
T C 0.85 f ' cAc
T 0.85 f ' cAc
T
Ac
0.85 f ' c
360 k
Ac
0.85(4ksi )
Ac 105 .88in 2 required concrete area on the compression side
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Solution:

Calculate the flange area:

A flange b h f
A flange 60in(4in)
A flange 240in 2 required concrete area on the compression side
N.A. is in the flange
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Solution: c a
0.85fc
C
N.A.

Calculate a, c, and t:
Ac b a a 1 c t 0.003

d c c
Ac a
a c 0.003(d c)
1 t
b c
105 .88in 2 c
1.76in 0.003(24in 2.07in)
a t
0.85 2.07in
60in
c 2.07in t 0.0318 0.005
a 1.76in
section is ductile and 0.90
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Solution: 0.85fc
c a C
N.A.

Calculate Mn:
a
Mn T (d )
2
1.76in
Mn 0.90(360 k )(24in )
2
Mn 7490 .9in.k
Mn 624 .2 ft .k ans.
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Example:
Compute the design strenght for the T-beam
shown in which fc = 4000 psi and fy = 60000 psi.
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Solution:

Check Asmin:
3 f 'c 200bw d
As min bw d As min
fy fy

As min
3 4000
60000
(14in)(30in) As min
200 (14in)(30in)
60000
As min 1.33in 2 As min 1.40in 2

Asmin 1.40in 2 As 10.12in 2 ok

ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Solution:

Compute T:
T Asfy
T 10.12in 2 (60 ksi )
T 607 .2k
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Solution:

Determine Ac:
T C 0.85 f ' cAc
T 0.85 f ' cAc
T
Ac
0.85 f ' c
607 .2k
Ac
0.85(4ksi )
Ac 178 .59in 2 required concrete area on the compression side
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Solution:

Calculate the flange area:

A flange b h f
A flange 30in(4in)
A flange 120in 2 required concrete area on the compression side
N.A. is in the stem
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Solution:

Locating the center

of gravity of Ac:
AT y Ay

y
Ay
AT
4.19in
120in 2 (2in) 58.6in 2 (4in )
y 2
120in 2 58.6in 2
y 3.34in
 ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS 0.85fc
y
C
Solution: a
c
N.A.

d-y

Calculate a, c, and t:
t 0.003

a 4in 4.19in a 1 c d c c
0.003(d c)
a 8.19in c
a t
c
1 0.003(30in 9.64in)
8.19in t
c 9.64in
0.85 t 0.00634 0.005
c 9.64in section is ductile and 0.90
ANOTHER METHOD IN ANALYZING T-BEAMS
The beam is divided into a set of rectangular parts
consisting of the overhanging parts of the flange and
the compression part of the web
ANOTHER METHOD IN ANALYZING T-BEAMS

The total compression Cw in the web rectangle:

Cw 0.85 f ' c a bw
The total compression in the overhanging flange Cf :
C f 0.85 f ' c(b bw )(h f )
but if a < hf, replace hf with a
ANOTHER METHOD IN ANALYZING T-BEAMS

The nominal moment is determined by multiplying Cw and Cf

by their respective lever arms from their centroids to the
centroid of the steel:

a hf
Mn Cw (d ) C f (d )
2 2
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Example:
Compute the design strenght for the T-beam
shown in which fc = 4000 psi and fy = 60000 psi.
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Solution:

Check Asmin:
3 f 'c 200bw d
As min bw d As min
fy fy

As min
3 4000
60000
(14in)(30in) As min
200 (14in)(30in)
60000
As min 1.33in 2 As min 1.40in 2

Asmin 1.40in 2 As 10.12in 2 ok

ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Solution:

Compute T:
T Asfy
T 10.12in 2 (60 ksi )
T 607 .2k
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Solution:

Determine Ac:
T C 0.85 f ' cAc
T 0.85 f ' cAc
T
Ac
0.85 f ' c
607 .2k
Ac
0.85(4ksi )
Ac 178 .59in 2 required concrete area on the compression side
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Solution:

Calculate the flange area:

A flange b h f
A flange 30in(4in)
A flange 120in 2 required concrete area on the compression side
N.A. is in the stem
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Solution:

Calculate a:
Astem bw (hstem ) a h f hstem
Astem Ac A flange
58.6in 2 a 4in 4.19in
Astem 178 .59in 120in
2 2
hstem
14in a 8.19in
Astem 58.6in 2
hstem 4.19in
a hf
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Solution: Compute Cw :
Cw 0.85 f ' c a bw
Cw 0.85(4ksi )(8.19in)(14in)
Cw 389.8k

Compute Cf:
C f 0.85 f ' c(b bw )(h f )
C f 0.85(4ksi )(30in 14in)(4in)
C f 217 .6k
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Solution: Compute c : a 1 c
a
c
1
8.19in
c
0.85
c 9.64in
Compute t:
t 0.003

d c c
0.003(d c)
t
c
0.003(30in 9.64in)
t
9.64in
t 0.00634 0.005
section is ductile and 0.90
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Solution: Calculate Mn:
a h
Mn Cw (d ) C f (d f )
2 2
8.19in 4in
Mn 389.8k (30in ) 217.6k (30in )
2 2
Mn 16190 in.k
Mn 1349 ft.k

Calculate Mn:
Mn 1349 ft.k
Mn (1349 ft.k )
Mn 0.90(1349 ft.k )
Mn 1214 ft.k
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Seatwork:
Determine the design strength of the T-beam shown
if fc = 35MPa and fy = 420MPa and Es = 200000 MPa
PLATE NO. 20 #5.46/146
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS

PLATE NO. 21 #5.47/146

ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Steps
Determine the effective flange width

Determine the required reinforcement by

trial and error
Compute Mn assuming = 0.90
Assume lever arm z equal to the larger of:
z = 0.90d
z = d hf/2
Compute trial steel area
Check a and z
Calculate As and compare with trial steel area
(As trial steel area or previous area)
Check Asmin, c, t, and
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Example:
Design a T-beam for the floor system shown. MD =
80 ft.k, ML = 100 ft.k, fc = 4000 psi, fy = 60000 psi, and
simple span = 20 ft.
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Solution:

Effective flange width is the least of:

1
(a) b (beam span) (b) b bw 16h f (c) b (c to c dist to the next web)
4
1 b 12in 16(4in) b 10 ft
b (20 ft ) 5 ft
4 b 76in b 120in
b 60in

b 60in and A flange b h f 60in(4in) 240in

2
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Compute Mu:
Mu 1.2M D 1.6M L
Mu 1.2(80 ft.k ) 1.6(100 ft.k )
Mu 256 ft.k

Design reinforcement by trial and error:

Compute Mn assuming = 0.90:

Mn Mu
Mu
Mn

256 ft .k
Mn
0.90
Mn 284 .4 ft .k
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Design reinforcement by trial and error:
Assume lever arm z equal to the larger of:
hf
(a) z 0.90d (b) z d
2
z 0.90(18in) 4in
z 18in
z 16.20in 2
z 16in
z 16.20in

Compute trial steel area:

Mn Tz 12in
284 .4 ft .k ( )
Mn Asfyz As
1 ft
Mn 60 ksi (16.2in)
As
fy z As 3.51in 2
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Design reinforcement by trial and error:
Compute a :
C T
0.85 f ' c Ac Asfy
0.85(4ksi ) Ac 3.51in 2 (60ksi )
Ac 61.9in 2 A flange 240in 2
N.A. in flange
Ac ab
Ac
a
b
61.9in 2
a
60in
a 1.03in
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Design reinforcement by trial and error:
Recompute z with N.A. in the flange:
a
zd
2
1.03in
z 18in
2
z 17.48in

Compute trial steel area:

Mn Tz 12in
284 .4 ft .k ( )
Mn Asfyz As
1 ft
Mn 60 ksi (17.48in)
As
fy z As 3.25in 2
not close to previous As try again
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Design reinforcement by trial and error:
Recompute a :
C T
0.85 f ' c Ac Asfy
0.85(4ksi ) Ac 3.25in 2 (60ksi )
Ac 57.4in 2 A flange 240in 2
N.A. in flange
Ac ab
Ac
a
b
57.4in 2
a
60in
a 0.96in
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Design reinforcement by trial and error:
Recompute z with N.A. in the flange:
a
zd
2
0.96in
z 18in
2
z 17.52in

Compute trial steel area:

Mn Tz 12in
284 .4 ft .k ( )
Mn Asfyz As
1 ft
Mn 60 ksi (17.52in)
As
fy z As 3.25in 2 close to previous As ok
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Check Asmin:
3 f 'c 200bw d
Asmin bw d As min

fy fy
3 4000 200 (12in)(18in)
Asmin (12in)(18in) As min
60000 60000
Asmin 0.68in 2 As min 0.72in 2

As min 0.72in 2 As 3.25in 2 ok

DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Compute c : Compute t:
a 1 c t 0.003

d c c
a
c 0.003(d c)
1 t
c
c
0.96in 0.003(18in 1.13in)
t
0.85 1.13in
c 1.13in t 0.045 0.005
section is ductile and
0.90 as assumed

Required steel reinforcement :

As 3.25in 2
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Example:
Design a T-beam for the floor system shown. MD =
200 ft.k, ML = 425 ft.k, fc = 3000 psi, fy = 60000 psi,
and simple span = 18 ft.
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Solution:

Effective flange width is the least of:

1
(a) b (beam span) (b) b bw 16 h f (c) b (c to c dist to the next web)
4
1 b 15in 16(3in) b 6 ft
b (18 ft ) 4.5 ft
4 b 63in b 72in
b 54in

b 54in and A flange b h f 54in(3in) 162in

2
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Compute Mu:
Mu 1.2M D 1.6M L
Mu 1.2(200 ft .k ) 1.6(425 ft .k )
Mu 920 ft .k

Design reinforcement by trial and error:

Compute Mn assuming = 0.90:

Mn Mu
Mu
Mn

920 ft .k
Mn
0.90
Mn 1022 ft .k
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Design reinforcement by trial and error:
Assume lever arm z equal to the larger of:
hf
(a) z 0.90 d (b) z d
2
z 0.90(24in) 3in
z 24in
z 21.6in 2
z 22.5in
z 22.5in

Compute trial steel area:

Mn Tz 12in
1022 ft .k ( )
Mn Asfyz As
1 ft
Mn 60 ksi (22.5in )
As
fy z As 9.08in 2
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Design reinforcement by trial and error:
Compute a :
C T
0.85 f ' c Ac Asfy
0.85(3ksi ) Ac 9.08in 2 (60ksi )
Ac 213 .6in 2 A flange 162in 2
N.A. in stem or web

Astem Ac A flange
Astem bw hstem
Astem 213 .6in 2 162in 2 51.6in 2 15in(h )
stem
Astem 51.6in 2
h 3.44in
stem
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
:

Solution:
Design reinforcement by trial and error:
Locating the neutral axis of Ac :

AT y Ay

y
Ay
AT
3.44in
162in 2 (1.5in) 51.6in 2 (3in )
y 2
162in 2 51.6in 2
y 2.28in
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Design reinforcement by trial and error:
Recompute z :

zdy
z 24in 2.28in
z 21.72in

Compute trial steel area:

Mn Tz 12in
1022 ft .k ( )
Mn Asfyz As
1 ft
Mn 60 ksi (21.72in )
As
fy z As 9.41in 2
not close to previous As try again
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Design reinforcement by trial and error:
Recompute a :
C T
0.85 f ' c Ac Asfy
0.85(3ksi ) Ac 9.41in 2 (60ksi )
Ac 221 .4in 2 A flange 162in 2
N.A. in stem

Astem Ac A flange Astem bw hstem

Astem 221 .4in 2 162in 2 59.4in 2 15in(hstem )
Astem 59.4in 2 hstem 3.96in
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
:

Solution:
Design reinforcement by trial and error:
Locating the neutral axis of Ac :

AT y Ay

y
Ay
AT
3.96in
162in 2 (1.5in) 59.4in 2 (3in )
y 2
162in 2 59.4in 2
y 2.43in
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Design reinforcement by trial and error:
Recompute z :

zdy
z 24in 2.43in
z 21.57in

Compute trial steel area:

Mn Tz 12in
1022 ft .k ( )
Mn Asfyz As
1 ft
Mn 60 ksi (21.57in )
As
fy z As 9.48in 2
not close to previous As try again
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Design reinforcement by trial and error:
Recompute a :
C T
0.85 f ' c Ac Asfy
0.85(3ksi ) Ac 9.48in 2 (60ksi )
Ac 223 .1in 2 A flange 162in 2
N.A. in stem

Astem Ac A flange Astem bw hstem

Astem 223 .1in 2 162in 2 61.1in 2 15in(hstem )
Astem 61.1in 2 hstem 4.1in
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
:

Solution:
Design reinforcement by trial and error:
Locating the neutral axis of Ac :

AT y Ay

y
Ay
AT
4.1in
162in 2 (1.5in) 61.1in 2 (3in )
y 2
162in 2 61.1in 2
y 2.47in
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Design reinforcement by trial and error:
Recompute z :

zdy
z 24in 2.47in
z 21.53in

Compute trial steel area:

Mn Tz 12in
1022 ft .k ( )
Mn Asfyz As
1 ft
Mn 60 ksi (21.53in )
As
fy z As 9.49in 2
not close to previous As try again
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Design reinforcement by trial and error:
Recompute a :
C T
0.85 f ' c Ac Asfy
0.85(3ksi ) Ac 9.49in 2 (60ksi )
Ac 223 .3in 2 A flange 162in 2
N.A. in stem

Astem Ac A flange Astem bw hstem

Astem 223 .3in 2 162in 2 61.3in 2 15in(hstem )
Astem 61.3in 2 hstem 4.09in
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
:

Solution:
Design reinforcement by trial and error:
Locating the neutral axis of Ac :

AT y Ay

y
Ay
AT
4.09in
162in 2 (1.5in) 61.3in 2 (3in )
y 2
162in 2 61.3in 2
y 2.5in
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Design reinforcement by trial and error:
Recompute z :

zdy
z 24in 2.5in
z 21.5in

Compute trial steel area:

Mn Tz 12in
1022 ft .k ( )
Mn Asfyz As
1 ft
Mn 60 ksi (21.5in )
As
fy z As 9.51in 2
not close to previous As try again
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Design reinforcement by trial and error:
Recompute a :
C T
0.85 f ' c Ac Asfy
0.85(3ksi ) Ac 9.51in 2 (60ksi )
Ac 223 .8in 2 A flange 162in 2
N.A. in stem

Astem Ac A flange Astem bw hstem

Astem 223 .8in 2 162in 2 61.8in 2 15in(hstem )
Astem 61.8in 2 hstem 4.12in
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
:

Solution:
Design reinforcement by trial and error:
Locating the neutral axis of Ac :

AT y Ay

y
Ay
AT
4.12in
162in 2 (1.5in) 61.8in 2 (3in )
y 2
162in 2 61.8in 2
y 2.5in
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Design reinforcement by trial and error:
Recompute z :

zdy
z 24in 2.5in
z 21.5in

Compute trial steel area:

Mn Tz 12in
1022 ft .k ( )
Mn Asfyz As
1 ft
Mn 60 ksi (21.5in )
As
fy z As 9.51in 2
close to previous As ok
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Check Asmin:
3 f 'c 200bw d
As min bw d As min

fy fy
3 4000 200 (15in)( 24in)
As min (15in)( 24in) As min
60000 60000
As min 1.14in 2 As min 1.2in 2

As min 1.2in 2 As 9.51in 2 ok

DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Compute c : Compute t:
a 1 c t 0.003

d c c
a
c 0.003(d c)
1 t
c
3in 4.12 0.003(24in 8.38in)
c t
0.85 8.38in
c 8.38in t 0.0056 0.005
section is ductile and
0.90 as assumed

Required steel reinforcement :

As 9.51in 2
ALTERNATE METHOD IN DESIGNING T-BEAMS
Steps:
Assume a value of z

Compute a trial steel area

Determine a for that steel area assuming a

rectangular section
If a < hf, then design as rectangular beam with
b = effective flange width
If a > hf, then the section is a real T-beam
Divide the beam into its rectangular
components
The compressive force provided by the
overhanging flange rectangles will be
balanced by the tensile force Asf
ALTERNATE METHOD IN DESIGNING T-BEAMS
Steps:
The compression force in the web is
balanced by the remaining tensile force
Asw
For the overhanging flange
0.85 f ' c(b bw )h f As f fy
0.85 f ' c(b bw )h f
As f
fy
hf
Mu f As f fy (d )
2
For the web
Muw Mu Mu f

As w bw d
Required steel reinforcement
As As f Asw
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Example:
Design a T-beam for the floor system shown. MD =
200 ft.k, ML = 425 ft.k, fc = 3000 psi, fy = 60000 psi,
and simple span = 18 ft.
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Solution:

Effective flange width is the least of:

1
(a) b (beam span) (b) b bw 16 h f (c) b (c to c dist to the next web)
4
1 b 15in 16(3in) b 6 ft
b (18 ft ) 4.5 ft
4 b 63in b 72in
b 54in

b 54in
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Compute Mu:
Mu 1.2M D 1.6M L
Mu 1.2(200 ft .k ) 1.6(425 ft .k )
Mu 920 ft .k

Design reinforcement:
Solve Asf assuming = 0.90:

0.85 f ' c(b bw )h f As f fy

0.85(3ksi )(54in 15in)(3in)
As f
60ksi
As f 4.97in 2
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Design reinforcement:
Solve Muf :
hf
Mu f As f fy (d )
2
3in
Mu f 0.90(4.97in 2 )(60 ksi )( 24in )
2
Mu f 6039 in.k
Mu f 503 ft .k

Solve Muw :
Muw Mu Mu f
Muw 920 ft.k 503 ft .k
Muw 417 ft.k
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Design reinforcement:
Solve Asw : 0.59 fy
Muw fybw d 2 (1 )
f 'c
12in 1000 lb 0.59 (60)
417 ft.k ( )( ) 0.90 (60000 psi)(15in)(24in) 2 (1 )
1 ft 1k 4
0.0126
As w bw d
As w 0.0126 (15in)( 24in)
As w 4.54in 2
Required As : As As f As w
As 4.97in 2 4.54in 2
As 9.51in 2
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS FOR NEGATIVE
MOMENTS
When T-beams are resisting negative moments,
their flanges will be in tension and the bottom of
their stems will be in compression.

in tension

in compression (a
rectangular
beam)
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS FOR NEGATIVE
MOMENTS
ACI Code requires that part of the flexural steel
in the top of the beam in the negative moment
region be distributed over the effective width of
the flange or over a width equal to one-tenth of
the beam span, whichever is smaller.

in tension

in compression (a
rectangular
beam)
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS FOR NEGATIVE
MOMENTS
Should the effective width be greater than one-
tenth of the span length, the Code requires that
some additional longitudinal steel be placed in
the outer portions of the flange.

in tension

in compression (a
rectangular
beam)
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS FOR NEGATIVE
MOMENTS
For statically determinate members with their
flanges in tension, bw in the equations is to be
replaced with either 2bw or the width of the
flange, whichever is smaller.

in tension

in compression (a
rectangular
beam)
L-SHAPED BEAMS
edge T-beams with a flange on one side only
Effective width of the overhanging flange:

b 1/12 (span length of beam)

b bw + 6 hf
b (center to center dist. to the next web)
PLATE NO. 22 #5.23/142
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS

PLATE NO. 23 #5.49/147

DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
DOUBLY REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM
concrete beam that has compression steel as well as
tensile steel
COMPRESSION STEEL
steel used on the compression side of the beam

needed in addition to tensile steel when space or

aesthetic requirements limit beams to small sizes

increases not only the resisting moments of

concrete sections, but also the amount of
curvature that a member can take before flexural
failure
COMPRESSION STEEL
makes beam tough and ductile, enabling them to
withstand large moments, deformations,and
stress reversals that might occur during
earthquakes

effective in reducing long term deflections due to

shrinkage and plastic flow

helpful for positioning stirrups by tying them to

the compression bars and keeping them in place
during concrete placement and vibration
DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS
when compression steel is used, the nominal resisting
moment of the beam consist of two part:
the part due to the resistance of the compression
concrete and the balancing tensile reinforcement
the part due to the nominal moment capacity of
compression steel and the balancing amount of the
additional tensile steel.
DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

doubly compression compression steel

reinforced in concrete is is balanced by
beam balanced by the additional
the tensile tensile
reinforcement reinforcement
DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

Nominal moment of beam, assuming the tensile steel has yielded

Mn Mn1 Mn2
a
Mn As1 fy (d ) As2 fy (d d ' )
2
a
Mn [ As1 fy (d ) As2 fy (d d ' )]
2
DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

Nominal moment of beam, assuming the compression steel has yielded

Mn Mn1 Mn2
a
Mn As1 fy (d ) As ' fy (d d ' )
2
a
Mn [ As1 fy (d ) As ' fy (d d ' )]
2
 DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

Nominal moment of beam, assuming the compression steel has not yielded
Mn Mn1 Mn2
a
Mn As1 fy (d ) As ' fs' (d d ' )
2
a
Mn [ As1 fy (d ) As ' fs' (d d ' )]
2
ANALYSIS OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS
Steps:
Check whether the compression steel has yielded
or not.
if s ' s
s
s '
Es
then, compression steel has yielded
and fs ' fy
ANALYSIS OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS
Steps:
Check the ductility of the section

a) if t 0.005
then, the section is ductile
and 0.90

b) if 0.004 t 0.005
then, the section is in transition range
and 0.48 83 t
ANALYSIS OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS
Steps:
Check the ductility of the section

c) if t 0.004
then, the section is not ductile
and the section may not be used

Calculate the moment capacity of the section

a
Mn [ As1 fy (d ) As ' fy (d d ' )]
2
or
a
Mn [ As1 fy (d ) As ' fs' (d d ' )]
2
ANALYSIS OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

Maximum permissible As to ensure tensile failure

As ' fs '
Asmax maxbd
fy
EXAMPLE
Determine the design moment capacity of the beam
shown for which fy = 60000 psi and fc = 3000 psi.
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded

Solving for c:
c d'
Asfy 0.85 fc' 1cb As ' ( )(0.003) Es
c
As 6.25in
2

fy 60000 psi
fc ' 3000 psi
1 0.85
b 14in
As ' 2in 2
d ' 2.5in
Es 29000 ksi
by quadratic formula
c 8.34in
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded

Solving for a:
a 1c
a 0.85(8.34in)
a 7.09in
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded

Solving for s:
s ' 0.003

c d' c
(c d ' )0.003
s '
c
(8.34in 2.5in)0.003
s '
8.34in
s ' 0.00210
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded

Solving for s:
s

Es
fy
s
Es
60000 psi
s
29000000 psi
s 0.00207
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded

Compare s and s:

s ' 0.00210 s 0.00207

the compression steel has yielded
and fs = fy
SOLUTION
check ductility of the section

t 0.003

d c c
(d c)0.003
t
c
(24in 8.34in)0.003
t
8.34in

t 0.00563 > 0.005

section is ductile
and = 0.90
SOLUTION
calculate the design moment strength
a
Mn [ As1 fy (d ) As ' fy (d d ' )]
2

Solving for As1 :

T2 C ' but As As1 As2
As 2 fy As ' fs ' As1 As As2
since fs ' fy As1 6.25in 2 2in 2
As2 fy As' fy
As1 4.25in 2
As2 As'
As 2 2in 2
SOLUTION
calculate the design moment strength

a
Mn [ As1 fy (d ) As ' fy (d d ' )]
2
0.90
fy 60000 psi
d 24in
d ' 2.5in
a 7.09in
As ' 2in 2
As1 4.25in 2

Mn 7016 in.k
Mn 584 .7 ft.k
EXAMPLE
Compute the design moment strength of the section
shown. fy = 60000 psi and fc = 4000 psi.
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded

Solving for c:
c d'
Asfy 0.85 fc' 1cb As ' ( )(0.003) Es
c
As 5.06in
2

fy 60000 psi
fc ' 4000 psi
1 0.85
b 14in
As ' 1.2in 2
d ' 2.5in
Es 29000 ksi
by quadratic formula
c 6in
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded

Solving for a:
a 1c
a 0.85(6in)
a 5.10in
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded

Solving for s:
s ' 0.003

c d' c
(c d ' )0.003
s '
c
(6in 2.5in)0.003
s '
6in
s ' 0.00175
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded

Solving for s:
s
s
Es
fy
s
Es
60000 psi
s
29000000 psi
s 0.00207
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded

Compare s and s:

s ' 0.00175 s 0.00207

the compression steel has
not yielded

fs ' s ' Es
fs ' 0.00175 (29000000 psi)
fs ' 50750 psi
SOLUTION
check ductility of the section

t 0.003

d c c
(d c)0.003
t
c
(24in 6in)0.003
t
6in

t 0.009 > 0.005

section is ductile
and = 0.90
SOLUTION
calculate the design moment strength
a
Mn [ As1 fy (d ) As ' fy (d d ' )]
2

Solving for As1 :

T2 C ' but As As1 As2
As 2 fy As ' fs ' As1 As As2
As ' fs ' As1 5.06in 2 1.015in 2
As2
fy
(1.2in 2 )(50750 psi)
As1 4.045 in 2

As 2
60000 psi

As 2 1.015in 2
SOLUTION
calculate the design moment strength

a
Mn [ As1 fy (d ) As ' fs' (d d ' )]
0.90
2
fy 60000 psi
fs ' 50750 psi
d 24in
d ' 2.5in
a 5.10in
As ' 1.2in 2
As1 4.045in 2
Mn 5863in.k
Mn 488 .6 ft.k
PLATE NO. 24 #5.31/144
ANALYSIS OF DOUBLY REINFORCED
BEAMS

PLATE NO. 25 #5.33/144

ANALYSIS OF DOUBLY REINFORCED
BEAMS

PLATE NO. 26 #5.51/148

ANALYSIS OF DOUBLY REINFORCED
BEAMS
DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM
Steps:
Compute Mu

Calculate Mn assuming = 0.90

Compute beams nominal moment strength

assuming maximum possible tensile steel with no
compression steel
EXAMPLE
Design a rectangular beam for MD = 325ft.k and
ML = 400ft.k if fc = 4000psi and fy = 60000psi.
The maximum permissible beam dimension are
shown.
SOLUTION
Compute Mu
Mu 1.2M D 1.6M L
Mu 1.2(325 ft.k ) 1.6(400 ft.k )
Mu 1030 ft.k

Compute Mn (assume = 0.90)

Mu Mn
Mu1030 ft.k
Mn
0.90
Mn 1144 .4 ft.k total nominal moment the
section should resist
SOLUTION
Compute maximum possible tensile steel ratio, max:

0.85 1 f ' c
max 0.375
fy
0.85(0.85)( 4000 )
max 0.375
60000
max 0.0181
 SOLUTION
Compute beams nominal moment strength, Mn1,
assuming maximum possible tensile steel with no
compression steel
0.59 fy
Mn1 fybd 2 (1 )
f 'c
0.59(0.0181)(60ksi )
Mn1 0.0181(60000 psi)(15in)(28in) 2 [1 ]
4ksi
Mn1 10725579 .7in.lb

Mn1 893.8 ft.k

since Mn1 < Mn,

design section as doubly reinforced beam
SOLUTION
Compute As1, the amount of tensile reinforcement
that will balance the compression concrete section

As1 maxbd
0.851 f ' c
max 0.375
fy
0.85(0.85)(4000 )
max 0.375
60000
max 0.0181

As1 0.181(15in)(28in)
As1 7.6in 2
SOLUTION
Solve for Mn2, the nominal moment that the
compression steel must resist

Mn Mn1 Mn2
Mn2 Mn Mn1
Mn2 1144.4 ft.k 893.8 ft.k
Mn2 250.6 ft.k
SOLUTION
Design compression reinforcement, As

Mn2 As' fy(d d ' )

try #9 rebars
Mn2
As '
fy (d d ' ) n
As '
Ad b
12in
250 .6 ft.k ( )
1 ft 2in 2
As ' n
60ksi (28in 3in) 1in 2
n2
As ' 2in 2
use 2#9 rebars

As 'actual 2in 2
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded

Solving for a:
T1 C
As1 fy 0.85 fc' ab
As1 fy
a
0.85 fc' b
7.6in 2 (60ksi )
a
0.85(4ksi )(15in)

a 8.94in
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded

Solving for c:

a 1c
a
c
1
8.94in
c
0.85
c 10.52in
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded

Solving for s:
s ' 0.003

c d' c
(c d ' )0.003
s '
c
(10.52in 3in)0.003
s '
10.52in
s ' 0.00214
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded

Solving for s:
s
s
Es
fy
s
Es
60000 psi
s
29000000 psi
s 0.00207
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded

Compare s and s:

s ' 0.00214 s 0.00207

the compression steel has yielded

fs ' fy
fs ' 60000 psi
SOLUTION
Compute As2, the required tensile reinforcement that
will balance the compression steel

T2 C'
As2 fy As' fs'
As2 fy As' fy
As2 As'
As 2 2in 2
SOLUTION
Design tensile reinforcement, As

As As1 As2
try #10 rebars
As 7.60in 2 2in 2 As '
n
Ad b
As 9.60in 2
9.60in 2
n
1.27in 2
n 7.56 say 8

use 8#10 rebars

Asactual 10.16in 2
SOLUTION
re-check if compression steel has yielded

Solving for c:
c d'
Asfy 0.85 fc' 1cb As ' ( )(0.003) Es
c
As 10.16in
2

fy 60000 psi
fc ' 4000 psi
1 0.85
b 15in
As ' 2in 2
d ' 3in
Es 29000 ksi
by quadratic formula
c 10.43in
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded

Solving for a:
a 1c
a 0.85(10.43in)
a 8.86in
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded

Solving for s:
s ' 0.003

c d' c
(c d ' )0.003
s '
c
(11.08in 3in)0.003
s '
11.08in
s ' 0.00219
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded

Compare s and s:

s ' 0.00219 s 0.00207

the compression steel has yielded
ok
SOLUTION
check ductility of the section

t 0.003

d c c
(d c)0.003
t
c
(28in 11.08in)0.003
t
11.08in

t 0.0046 < 0.005

section is in transition range
SOLUTION
check ductility of the section
determine :

0.48 83 t
0.48 83(0.0046 )
0.86
SOLUTION
check the adequacy of the designed section

a
Mn [ As1 fy (d ) As ' fs' (d d ' )]
2
0.86
As1( actual) As actual As 2 ( actual)
As1( actual) 10.16in 2 2in 2 8.16in 2
fy 60000 psi
fc ' 4000 psi
1 0.85
b 15in
As 'actual 2in 2
d ' 3in
Es 29000 ksi
SOLUTION
check the adequacy of the designed section

a
Mn [ As1 fy (d ) As ' fs' (d d ' )]
2
Mn 12910 in.k
Mn 1076 ft.k Mu 1030 ft.k

ok, beam is adequate

EXAMPLE
A beam is limited to the dimensions shown. If MD =
170ft.k, ML = 225ft.k, fc = 4000psi and fy = 60000psi,
select the reinforcing required .
SOLUTION
Compute Mu
Mu 1.2M D 1.6M L
Mu 1.2(170 ft.k ) 1.6(225 ft.k )
Mu 564 ft.k

Compute Mn (assume = 0.90)

Mu Mn
Mu564 ft.k
Mn
0.90
Mn 626.7 ft.k total nominal moment the
section should resist
SOLUTION
Compute maximum possible tensile steel ratio, max:

0.85 1 f ' c
max 0.375
fy

0.85(0.85)( 4000 )
max 0.375
60000
max 0.0181
 SOLUTION
Compute beams nominal moment strength, Mn1,
assuming maximum possible tensile steel with no
compression steel
0.59 fy
Mn1 fybd 2 (1 )
f 'c
0.59(0.0181)(60ksi )
Mn1 0.0181(60000 psi)(15in)(20in) 2 [1 ]
4ksi
Mn1 5472000 in.lb

Mn1 456 ft.k

since Mn1 < Mn

design section as doubly reinforced beam
SOLUTION
Compute As1, the amount of tensile reinforcement
that will balance the compression concrete section

As1 maxbd
0.851 f ' c
max 0.375
fy
0.85(0.85)(4000 )
max 0.375
60000
max 0.0181

As1 0.181(15in)(20in)
As1 5.43in 2
SOLUTION
Solve for Mn2, the nominal moment that the
compression steel must resist

Mn Mn1 Mn2
Mn2 Mn Mn1
Mn2 626.7 ft.k 456 ft.k
Mn2 170.7 ft.k
SOLUTION
Design compression reinforcement, As

Mn2 As' fy(d d ' )

Mn2 try #8 rebars
As '
fy (d d ' ) n
As '
Ad b
12in
170.7 ft.k ( )
1 ft 3.15in 2
As ' n
60ksi (20in 4in) 0.79in 2
n 3.98 say 4
As ' 3.15in 2
use 4#8 rebars

As 'actual 3.16in 2
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded

Solving for a:
T1 C
As1 fy 0.85 fc' ab
As1 fy
a
0.85 fc' b
5.43in 2 (60ksi )
a
0.85(4ksi )(15in)

a 6.39in
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded

Solving for c:

a 1c
a
c
1
6.39in
c
0.85
c 7.52in
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded

Solving for s:
s ' 0.003

c d' c
(c d ' )0.003
s '
c
(7.52in 4in)0.003
s '
7.52in
s ' 0.00140
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded

Solving for s:
s
s
Es
fy
s
Es
60000 psi
s
29000000 psi
s 0.00207
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded

Compare s and s:

s ' 0.00140 s 0.00207

the compression steel has

not yielded
fs ' s ' Es
fs ' 0.00140 (29000000 psi)

fs ' 40600 psi

SOLUTION
Compute As2, the required tensile reinforcement that
will balance the compression steel

T2 C'
As2 fy As' fs'
As2 (60ksi ) (3.16in 2 )(40.6ksi )
As2 2.14in 2
SOLUTION
Design tensile reinforcement, As

As As1 As2
try #10 rebars
As 5.43in 2 2.14in 2 n
As '
Ad b
As 7.57in 2
7.57in 2
n
1.27in 2
n 5.95 say 6

use 6#10 rebars

Asactual 7.59in 2
SOLUTION
re-check if compression steel has yielded

Solving for c:
c d'
Asfy 0.85 fc' 1cb As ' ( )(0.003) Es
c
As 7.59in
2

fy 60000 psi
fc ' 4000 psi
1 0.85
b 15in
As ' 3.16in 2
d ' 4in
Es 29000 ksi
by quadratic formula
c 7.53in
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded

Solving for a:
a 1c
a 0.85(7.56in)
a 6.4in
SOLUTION
check ductility of the section

t 0.003

d c c
(d c)0.003
t
c
(20in 7.53in)0.003
t
7.53in

t 0.00497 < 0.005

section is in transition range
SOLUTION
check ductility of the section
determine :

0.48 83 t
0.48 83(0.00497 )
0.89
SOLUTION
check the adequacy of the designed section

a
Mn [ As1 fy (d ) As ' fs' (d d ' )]
2
0.89
As1( actual) As actual As 2( actual)
As1( actual) 7.59in 2 2.13in 2 5.46in 2
fy 60000 psi
fc ' 4000 psi
1 0.85
b 15in
As 'actual 3.16in 2
d ' 4in
Es 29000 ksi
SOLUTION
check the adequacy of the designed section

a
Mn [ As1 fy (d ) As ' fs' (d d ' )]
2
Mn 6800 .8in.k
Mn 566.7 ft.k Mu 564 ft.k

ok, beam is adequate

SEATWORK (1WHOLE)
Solve Prob. #538/145
PLATE NO. 27 #5.35/145
DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

PLATE NO. 28 #5.53/148

DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

PLATE NO. 29
DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS
FLOWCHART
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