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Analysis of T-Beams
Design of T-Beams
L-Shaped Beams
Compression Steel
2. Compute T = As fy
5. Calculate Mn
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Example:
Determine the design strength of the T-beam
shown with fc = 4000 psi and fy = 60000 psi.
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Check Asmin:
3 f 'c 200bw d
As min bw d As min
fy fy
As min
3 4000
60000
(10in)( 24in) As min
200 (10in)( 24in)
60000
As min 0.76in 2 As min 0.80in 2
Compute T:
T Asfy
T 6.00in 2 (60ksi )
T 360 k
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Determine Ac:
T C 0.85 f ' cAc
T 0.85 f ' cAc
T
Ac
0.85 f ' c
360 k
Ac
0.85(4ksi )
Ac 105 .88in 2 required concrete area on the compression side
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Calculate a, c, and t:
Ac b a a 1 c t 0.003
d c c
Ac a
a c 0.003(d c)
1 t
b c
105 .88in 2 c
1.76in 0.003(24in 2.07in)
a t
0.85 2.07in
60in
c 2.07in t 0.0318 0.005
a 1.76in
section is ductile and 0.90
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Solution: 0.85fc
c a C
N.A.
Calculate Mn:
a
Mn T (d )
2
1.76in
Mn 0.90(360 k )(24in )
2
Mn 7490 .9in.k
Mn 624 .2 ft .k ans.
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Example:
Compute the design strenght for the T-beam
shown in which fc = 4000 psi and fy = 60000 psi.
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Check Asmin:
3 f 'c 200bw d
As min bw d As min
fy fy
As min
3 4000
60000
(14in)(30in) As min
200 (14in)(30in)
60000
As min 1.33in 2 As min 1.40in 2
Compute T:
T Asfy
T 10.12in 2 (60 ksi )
T 607 .2k
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Determine Ac:
T C 0.85 f ' cAc
T 0.85 f ' cAc
T
Ac
0.85 f ' c
607 .2k
Ac
0.85(4ksi )
Ac 178 .59in 2 required concrete area on the compression side
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
y
Ay
AT
4.19in
120in 2 (2in) 58.6in 2 (4in )
y 2
120in 2 58.6in 2
y 3.34in
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS 0.85fc
y
C
Solution: a
c
N.A.
d-y
Calculate a, c, and t:
t 0.003
a 4in 4.19in a 1 c d c c
0.003(d c)
a 8.19in c
a t
c
1 0.003(30in 9.64in)
8.19in t
c 9.64in
0.85 t 0.00634 0.005
c 9.64in section is ductile and 0.90
ANOTHER METHOD IN ANALYZING T-BEAMS
The beam is divided into a set of rectangular parts
consisting of the overhanging parts of the flange and
the compression part of the web
ANOTHER METHOD IN ANALYZING T-BEAMS
a hf
Mn Cw (d ) C f (d )
2 2
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Example:
Compute the design strenght for the T-beam
shown in which fc = 4000 psi and fy = 60000 psi.
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Check Asmin:
3 f 'c 200bw d
As min bw d As min
fy fy
As min
3 4000
60000
(14in)(30in) As min
200 (14in)(30in)
60000
As min 1.33in 2 As min 1.40in 2
Compute T:
T Asfy
T 10.12in 2 (60 ksi )
T 607 .2k
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Determine Ac:
T C 0.85 f ' cAc
T 0.85 f ' cAc
T
Ac
0.85 f ' c
607 .2k
Ac
0.85(4ksi )
Ac 178 .59in 2 required concrete area on the compression side
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Calculate a:
Astem bw (hstem ) a h f hstem
Astem Ac A flange
58.6in 2 a 4in 4.19in
Astem 178 .59in 120in
2 2
hstem
14in a 8.19in
Astem 58.6in 2
hstem 4.19in
a hf
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Solution: Compute Cw :
Cw 0.85 f ' c a bw
Cw 0.85(4ksi )(8.19in)(14in)
Cw 389.8k
Compute Cf:
C f 0.85 f ' c(b bw )(h f )
C f 0.85(4ksi )(30in 14in)(4in)
C f 217 .6k
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Solution: Compute c : a 1 c
a
c
1
8.19in
c
0.85
c 9.64in
Compute t:
t 0.003
d c c
0.003(d c)
t
c
0.003(30in 9.64in)
t
9.64in
t 0.00634 0.005
section is ductile and 0.90
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Solution: Calculate Mn:
a h
Mn Cw (d ) C f (d f )
2 2
8.19in 4in
Mn 389.8k (30in ) 217.6k (30in )
2 2
Mn 16190 in.k
Mn 1349 ft.k
Calculate Mn:
Mn 1349 ft.k
Mn (1349 ft.k )
Mn 0.90(1349 ft.k )
Mn 1214 ft.k
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Seatwork:
Determine the design strength of the T-beam shown
if fc = 35MPa and fy = 420MPa and Es = 200000 MPa
PLATE NO. 20 #5.46/146
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Mn Mu
Mu
Mn
256 ft .k
Mn
0.90
Mn 284 .4 ft .k
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Design reinforcement by trial and error:
Assume lever arm z equal to the larger of:
hf
(a) z 0.90d (b) z d
2
z 0.90(18in) 4in
z 18in
z 16.20in 2
z 16in
z 16.20in
fy fy
3 4000 200 (12in)(18in)
Asmin (12in)(18in) As min
60000 60000
Asmin 0.68in 2 As min 0.72in 2
As 3.25in 2
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Example:
Design a T-beam for the floor system shown. MD =
200 ft.k, ML = 425 ft.k, fc = 3000 psi, fy = 60000 psi,
and simple span = 18 ft.
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Mn Mu
Mu
Mn
920 ft .k
Mn
0.90
Mn 1022 ft .k
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Design reinforcement by trial and error:
Assume lever arm z equal to the larger of:
hf
(a) z 0.90 d (b) z d
2
z 0.90(24in) 3in
z 24in
z 21.6in 2
z 22.5in
z 22.5in
Astem Ac A flange
Astem bw hstem
Astem 213 .6in 2 162in 2 51.6in 2 15in(h )
stem
Astem 51.6in 2
h 3.44in
stem
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
:
Solution:
Design reinforcement by trial and error:
Locating the neutral axis of Ac :
AT y Ay
y
Ay
AT
3.44in
162in 2 (1.5in) 51.6in 2 (3in )
y 2
162in 2 51.6in 2
y 2.28in
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Design reinforcement by trial and error:
Recompute z :
zdy
z 24in 2.28in
z 21.72in
Solution:
Design reinforcement by trial and error:
Locating the neutral axis of Ac :
AT y Ay
y
Ay
AT
3.96in
162in 2 (1.5in) 59.4in 2 (3in )
y 2
162in 2 59.4in 2
y 2.43in
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Design reinforcement by trial and error:
Recompute z :
zdy
z 24in 2.43in
z 21.57in
Solution:
Design reinforcement by trial and error:
Locating the neutral axis of Ac :
AT y Ay
y
Ay
AT
4.1in
162in 2 (1.5in) 61.1in 2 (3in )
y 2
162in 2 61.1in 2
y 2.47in
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Design reinforcement by trial and error:
Recompute z :
zdy
z 24in 2.47in
z 21.53in
Solution:
Design reinforcement by trial and error:
Locating the neutral axis of Ac :
AT y Ay
y
Ay
AT
4.09in
162in 2 (1.5in) 61.3in 2 (3in )
y 2
162in 2 61.3in 2
y 2.5in
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Design reinforcement by trial and error:
Recompute z :
zdy
z 24in 2.5in
z 21.5in
Solution:
Design reinforcement by trial and error:
Locating the neutral axis of Ac :
AT y Ay
y
Ay
AT
4.12in
162in 2 (1.5in) 61.8in 2 (3in )
y 2
162in 2 61.8in 2
y 2.5in
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Design reinforcement by trial and error:
Recompute z :
zdy
z 24in 2.5in
z 21.5in
fy fy
3 4000 200 (15in)( 24in)
As min (15in)( 24in) As min
60000 60000
As min 1.14in 2 As min 1.2in 2
As 9.51in 2
ALTERNATE METHOD IN DESIGNING T-BEAMS
Steps:
Assume a value of z
As w bw d
Required steel reinforcement
As As f Asw
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Example:
Design a T-beam for the floor system shown. MD =
200 ft.k, ML = 425 ft.k, fc = 3000 psi, fy = 60000 psi,
and simple span = 18 ft.
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
b 54in
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Compute Mu:
Mu 1.2M D 1.6M L
Mu 1.2(200 ft .k ) 1.6(425 ft .k )
Mu 920 ft .k
Design reinforcement:
Solve Asf assuming = 0.90:
Solve Muw :
Muw Mu Mu f
Muw 920 ft.k 503 ft .k
Muw 417 ft.k
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
Solution:
Design reinforcement:
Solve Asw : 0.59 fy
Muw fybw d 2 (1 )
f 'c
12in 1000 lb 0.59 (60)
417 ft.k ( )( ) 0.90 (60000 psi)(15in)(24in) 2 (1 )
1 ft 1k 4
0.0126
As w bw d
As w 0.0126 (15in)( 24in)
As w 4.54in 2
Required As : As As f As w
As 4.97in 2 4.54in 2
As 9.51in 2
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS FOR NEGATIVE
MOMENTS
When T-beams are resisting negative moments,
their flanges will be in tension and the bottom of
their stems will be in compression.
in tension
in compression (a
rectangular
beam)
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS FOR NEGATIVE
MOMENTS
ACI Code requires that part of the flexural steel
in the top of the beam in the negative moment
region be distributed over the effective width of
the flange or over a width equal to one-tenth of
the beam span, whichever is smaller.
in tension
in compression (a
rectangular
beam)
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS FOR NEGATIVE
MOMENTS
Should the effective width be greater than one-
tenth of the span length, the Code requires that
some additional longitudinal steel be placed in
the outer portions of the flange.
in tension
in compression (a
rectangular
beam)
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS FOR NEGATIVE
MOMENTS
For statically determinate members with their
flanges in tension, bw in the equations is to be
replaced with either 2bw or the width of the
flange, whichever is smaller.
in tension
in compression (a
rectangular
beam)
L-SHAPED BEAMS
edge T-beams with a flange on one side only
Effective width of the overhanging flange:
Nominal moment of beam, assuming the compression steel has not yielded
Mn Mn1 Mn2
a
Mn As1 fy (d ) As ' fs' (d d ' )
2
a
Mn [ As1 fy (d ) As ' fs' (d d ' )]
2
ANALYSIS OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS
Steps:
Check whether the compression steel has yielded
or not.
if s ' s
s
s '
Es
then, compression steel has yielded
and fs ' fy
ANALYSIS OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS
Steps:
Check the ductility of the section
a) if t 0.005
then, the section is ductile
and 0.90
b) if 0.004 t 0.005
then, the section is in transition range
and 0.48 83 t
ANALYSIS OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS
Steps:
Check the ductility of the section
c) if t 0.004
then, the section is not ductile
and the section may not be used
As ' fs '
Asmax maxbd
fy
EXAMPLE
Determine the design moment capacity of the beam
shown for which fy = 60000 psi and fc = 3000 psi.
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded
Solving for c:
c d'
Asfy 0.85 fc' 1cb As ' ( )(0.003) Es
c
As 6.25in
2
fy 60000 psi
fc ' 3000 psi
1 0.85
b 14in
As ' 2in 2
d ' 2.5in
Es 29000 ksi
by quadratic formula
c 8.34in
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded
Solving for a:
a 1c
a 0.85(8.34in)
a 7.09in
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded
Solving for s:
s ' 0.003
c d' c
(c d ' )0.003
s '
c
(8.34in 2.5in)0.003
s '
8.34in
s ' 0.00210
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded
Solving for s:
s
Es
fy
s
Es
60000 psi
s
29000000 psi
s 0.00207
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded
Compare s and s:
t 0.003
d c c
(d c)0.003
t
c
(24in 8.34in)0.003
t
8.34in
a
Mn [ As1 fy (d ) As ' fy (d d ' )]
2
0.90
fy 60000 psi
d 24in
d ' 2.5in
a 7.09in
As ' 2in 2
As1 4.25in 2
Mn 7016 in.k
Mn 584 .7 ft.k
EXAMPLE
Compute the design moment strength of the section
shown. fy = 60000 psi and fc = 4000 psi.
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded
Solving for c:
c d'
Asfy 0.85 fc' 1cb As ' ( )(0.003) Es
c
As 5.06in
2
fy 60000 psi
fc ' 4000 psi
1 0.85
b 14in
As ' 1.2in 2
d ' 2.5in
Es 29000 ksi
by quadratic formula
c 6in
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded
Solving for a:
a 1c
a 0.85(6in)
a 5.10in
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded
Solving for s:
s ' 0.003
c d' c
(c d ' )0.003
s '
c
(6in 2.5in)0.003
s '
6in
s ' 0.00175
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded
Solving for s:
s
s
Es
fy
s
Es
60000 psi
s
29000000 psi
s 0.00207
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded
Compare s and s:
fs ' s ' Es
fs ' 0.00175 (29000000 psi)
fs ' 50750 psi
SOLUTION
check ductility of the section
t 0.003
d c c
(d c)0.003
t
c
(24in 6in)0.003
t
6in
As 2
60000 psi
As 2 1.015in 2
SOLUTION
calculate the design moment strength
a
Mn [ As1 fy (d ) As ' fs' (d d ' )]
0.90
2
fy 60000 psi
fs ' 50750 psi
d 24in
d ' 2.5in
a 5.10in
As ' 1.2in 2
As1 4.045in 2
Mn 5863in.k
Mn 488 .6 ft.k
PLATE NO. 24 #5.31/144
ANALYSIS OF DOUBLY REINFORCED
BEAMS
0.85 1 f ' c
max 0.375
fy
0.85(0.85)( 4000 )
max 0.375
60000
max 0.0181
SOLUTION
Compute beams nominal moment strength, Mn1,
assuming maximum possible tensile steel with no
compression steel
0.59 fy
Mn1 fybd 2 (1 )
f 'c
0.59(0.0181)(60ksi )
Mn1 0.0181(60000 psi)(15in)(28in) 2 [1 ]
4ksi
Mn1 10725579 .7in.lb
As1 maxbd
0.851 f ' c
max 0.375
fy
0.85(0.85)(4000 )
max 0.375
60000
max 0.0181
As1 0.181(15in)(28in)
As1 7.6in 2
SOLUTION
Solve for Mn2, the nominal moment that the
compression steel must resist
Mn Mn1 Mn2
Mn2 Mn Mn1
Mn2 1144.4 ft.k 893.8 ft.k
Mn2 250.6 ft.k
SOLUTION
Design compression reinforcement, As
As 'actual 2in 2
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded
Solving for a:
T1 C
As1 fy 0.85 fc' ab
As1 fy
a
0.85 fc' b
7.6in 2 (60ksi )
a
0.85(4ksi )(15in)
a 8.94in
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded
Solving for c:
a 1c
a
c
1
8.94in
c
0.85
c 10.52in
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded
Solving for s:
s ' 0.003
c d' c
(c d ' )0.003
s '
c
(10.52in 3in)0.003
s '
10.52in
s ' 0.00214
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded
Solving for s:
s
s
Es
fy
s
Es
60000 psi
s
29000000 psi
s 0.00207
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded
Compare s and s:
fs ' fy
fs ' 60000 psi
SOLUTION
Compute As2, the required tensile reinforcement that
will balance the compression steel
T2 C'
As2 fy As' fs'
As2 fy As' fy
As2 As'
As 2 2in 2
SOLUTION
Design tensile reinforcement, As
As As1 As2
try #10 rebars
As 7.60in 2 2in 2 As '
n
Ad b
As 9.60in 2
9.60in 2
n
1.27in 2
n 7.56 say 8
Asactual 10.16in 2
SOLUTION
re-check if compression steel has yielded
Solving for c:
c d'
Asfy 0.85 fc' 1cb As ' ( )(0.003) Es
c
As 10.16in
2
fy 60000 psi
fc ' 4000 psi
1 0.85
b 15in
As ' 2in 2
d ' 3in
Es 29000 ksi
by quadratic formula
c 10.43in
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded
Solving for a:
a 1c
a 0.85(10.43in)
a 8.86in
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded
Solving for s:
s ' 0.003
c d' c
(c d ' )0.003
s '
c
(11.08in 3in)0.003
s '
11.08in
s ' 0.00219
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded
Compare s and s:
t 0.003
d c c
(d c)0.003
t
c
(28in 11.08in)0.003
t
11.08in
0.48 83 t
0.48 83(0.0046 )
0.86
SOLUTION
check the adequacy of the designed section
a
Mn [ As1 fy (d ) As ' fs' (d d ' )]
2
0.86
As1( actual) As actual As 2 ( actual)
As1( actual) 10.16in 2 2in 2 8.16in 2
fy 60000 psi
fc ' 4000 psi
1 0.85
b 15in
As 'actual 2in 2
d ' 3in
Es 29000 ksi
SOLUTION
check the adequacy of the designed section
a
Mn [ As1 fy (d ) As ' fs' (d d ' )]
2
Mn 12910 in.k
Mn 1076 ft.k Mu 1030 ft.k
0.85 1 f ' c
max 0.375
fy
0.85(0.85)( 4000 )
max 0.375
60000
max 0.0181
SOLUTION
Compute beams nominal moment strength, Mn1,
assuming maximum possible tensile steel with no
compression steel
0.59 fy
Mn1 fybd 2 (1 )
f 'c
0.59(0.0181)(60ksi )
Mn1 0.0181(60000 psi)(15in)(20in) 2 [1 ]
4ksi
Mn1 5472000 in.lb
As1 maxbd
0.851 f ' c
max 0.375
fy
0.85(0.85)(4000 )
max 0.375
60000
max 0.0181
As1 0.181(15in)(20in)
As1 5.43in 2
SOLUTION
Solve for Mn2, the nominal moment that the
compression steel must resist
Mn Mn1 Mn2
Mn2 Mn Mn1
Mn2 626.7 ft.k 456 ft.k
Mn2 170.7 ft.k
SOLUTION
Design compression reinforcement, As
As 'actual 3.16in 2
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded
Solving for a:
T1 C
As1 fy 0.85 fc' ab
As1 fy
a
0.85 fc' b
5.43in 2 (60ksi )
a
0.85(4ksi )(15in)
a 6.39in
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded
Solving for c:
a 1c
a
c
1
6.39in
c
0.85
c 7.52in
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded
Solving for s:
s ' 0.003
c d' c
(c d ' )0.003
s '
c
(7.52in 4in)0.003
s '
7.52in
s ' 0.00140
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded
Solving for s:
s
s
Es
fy
s
Es
60000 psi
s
29000000 psi
s 0.00207
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded
Compare s and s:
T2 C'
As2 fy As' fs'
As2 (60ksi ) (3.16in 2 )(40.6ksi )
As2 2.14in 2
SOLUTION
Design tensile reinforcement, As
As As1 As2
try #10 rebars
As 5.43in 2 2.14in 2 n
As '
Ad b
As 7.57in 2
7.57in 2
n
1.27in 2
n 5.95 say 6
Asactual 7.59in 2
SOLUTION
re-check if compression steel has yielded
Solving for c:
c d'
Asfy 0.85 fc' 1cb As ' ( )(0.003) Es
c
As 7.59in
2
fy 60000 psi
fc ' 4000 psi
1 0.85
b 15in
As ' 3.16in 2
d ' 4in
Es 29000 ksi
by quadratic formula
c 7.53in
SOLUTION
check if compression steel has yielded
Solving for a:
a 1c
a 0.85(7.56in)
a 6.4in
SOLUTION
check ductility of the section
t 0.003
d c c
(d c)0.003
t
c
(20in 7.53in)0.003
t
7.53in
0.48 83 t
0.48 83(0.00497 )
0.89
SOLUTION
check the adequacy of the designed section
a
Mn [ As1 fy (d ) As ' fs' (d d ' )]
2
0.89
As1( actual) As actual As 2( actual)
As1( actual) 7.59in 2 2.13in 2 5.46in 2
fy 60000 psi
fc ' 4000 psi
1 0.85
b 15in
As 'actual 3.16in 2
d ' 4in
Es 29000 ksi
SOLUTION
check the adequacy of the designed section
a
Mn [ As1 fy (d ) As ' fs' (d d ' )]
2
Mn 6800 .8in.k
Mn 566.7 ft.k Mu 564 ft.k
PLATE NO. 29
DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS
FLOWCHART
F05_19
p113
p125
p126
pr05_05
pr05_08
pr05_11
pr05_12
pr05_13
pr05_14
pr05_15
pr05_16
pr05_18
pr05_21
pr05_22
pr05_23
pr05_26
pr05_27
pr05_28
pr05_29
pr05_30
pr05_31
pr05_32
pr05_34
pr05_35
pr05_36
pr05_37
pr05_37
pr05_46
pr05_47
pr05_48
pr05_49
pr05_50
pr05_51
pr05_52
pr05_53
pr05_54
pr05_59