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Egyptian Journal of Petroleum (2017) xxx, xxxxxx

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Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute

Egyptian Journal of Petroleum


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FULL LENGTH ARTICLE

Comparison of Quantitative Analysis of Image


Logs for Shale Volume and Net to Gross
Calculation of a Thinly Laminated Reservoir
between VNG-NERGE and LAGIA-EGYPT
Ahmed Z. Noah a,*, El-Abbas A.A. Moustafa b

a
Department of Exploration, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
b
Department of Production Engineering, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt

Received 1 March 2016; revised 22 August 2016; accepted 1 September 2016

KEYWORDS Abstract This study focuses on one of the resistivity imaging tools owned by Schlumberger; Full-
Resistivity; bore Formation Micro Imager (FMI). The objective of this paper is to analyze quantitative analysis
Reservoir; that is carried out focusing on calculating the volume on clay volume and net-to-gross measure-
Shale volume; ment. Clay volume in a thinly bedded interval was estimated based on the gamma ray log and
Borehole image; one FMI trace (out of 192 traces).
Laminated; The gamma ray log data resolution is considerably lower than the FMI log to reflect accurate
Gross volume lithology changes in thinly bedded reservoirs. It has been found afterthought some calibrations
and corrections on the FMI resistivity log, the new processed log is used for clay volume and net
to gross calculation of the reservoir, indicating the potential of this log for analysis of thin beds.
A comparison between VNG-NERGE, NORTH SEA WELL, NERWING and LAGIA-8,
LAGIA, EGYPT indicates the calculation for shale volume at different intervals using FMI tools.
Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute. This is an
open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction formations. In this study, we tried to pay a close attention to


the tool description and the physics behind the FMI tool
We used Schlumberger FMI Brochure to help us in under- and how it operates in different kinds of fluids and what are
standing and clarifying the principle behind the image log pre- its limitations. These kinds of problems if not corrected might
sentation with how dipping layer illustration of FMI image cause serious depth mismatching and so affect quality of out-
appears as a sinusoid curve when the image opens in a 2D put processing (Schlumbergers sessions) [2]. Using some exter-
plan, and how these sinusoid curves can be traced in different nal sources, like fluid sampling tools to know the main fluid
flow in the reservoir is essential. During image interpretation,
* Corresponding author. geologists and Reservoir Engineers should be aware and put
E-mail address: alaanooh@hotmail.com (A.Z. Noah). in consideration the conductivity of the fluid present in the for-
Peer review under responsibility of Egyptian Petroleum Research mation as it may lead to misunderstanding in interpreting the
Institute. FMI images.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2016.09.001
1110-0621 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Please cite this article in press as: A.Z. Noah, E.-A.A.A. Moustafa, Comparison of Quantitative Analysis of Image Logs for Shale Volume and Net to Gross Cal-
culation of a Thinly Laminated Reservoir between VNG-NERGE and LAGIA-EGYPT, Egypt. J. Petrol. (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2016.09.001
2 A.Z. Noah, E.-A.A.A. Moustafa

The FMI tool includes 192 electrodes, which measure the logs sample every 15 cm (150 mm), with 60 times less resolu-
formation micro-resistivity, and the log is displayed as an tion than the image logs Rider and Kennedy [7]. So far few
image of the borehole. quantitative analyses of the image logs have been conducted
Out of 192 traces for an image log trace was selected and to characterize thin beds, rock permeability, fractures and sed-
filtered by Fourier Transform and the resistivity values of this imentary environments.
trace correlated with RXO curve to use for shale volume calcu- The main challenge in quantitative analysis of the image
lation due to the log high vertical resolution in spotting thin logs is the huge volume of data that have to be formulated
layers. in a proper mathematical manner to extract potential informa-
In this study, we will cover the FMI tool in terms of its phy- tion from the log. In this subject, a mathematical approach is
sics and how it operates, imaging processing, imaging interpre- implemented to find a better estimation of the reservoir shale
tation, and finally how to make a quantitative analysis of log volume and net to gross ratio in thinly bedded reservoirs with
data for net to gross calculation of a thinly laminated reser- comparison between VNG-NERGE, NORTH SEA WELL,
voir. Moreover, we used Enhanced Reservoir Characteriza- NERWING AND LAGIA-8, LAGIA, EGYPT. The impor-
tion Based on Borehole Images and Dip meter Data by tance purpose is to investigate the information potential in
Saadallah [1], to identify different kinds of data and logs that the image logs that is normally under-used by the log
need to be given with image data in order to provide the FMIs operators.
exact location inside the well, and so depth matching with
image acquired. 1.1. Borehole image log interpretation
Image logs for quantitative analysis are a very important
methodology in the interpretation of image logs especially in The set of borehole imaging in visualizing sedimentary features
case of dip/azimuth estimation of reservoir layers and accurate of the reservoir lets geologists and reservoir engineers recog-
placement of pressure tools. Then, using reservoir parameters nize and describe different reservoir geometries, petrophysical
like shale volume, porosity, saturation and lithology which parameters, and the interpretation of dip data helps to better
are being estimated using the conventional log interpretation, characterize and define the sedimentary structures in the reser-
we may estimate gross reservoir volume; all these parameters voir. Geo-mechanical applications of borehole resistivity imag-
can be used to calculate the Original Oil In-Place (OOIP). In ing is also available, ranging from fracture identification to
addition the quantitative analysis is used to define reservoir differentiation of opened and closed fractures along with stress
intervals capable of hosting producible hydrocarbon by using analysis and borehole stability determination to porosity esti-
limits called (cutoff). By calculating these intervals we then mation. Although borehole image logs cannot replace core
can calculate net sand, gross sand and therefore, net to gross analysis or seismic observations, it connects and scales the
ratio. After normalizing the FMI curve with RXO curve in a gap between both, to provide key sediment-logical and sub-
scale from 0 to 1 to correct for the EMEX current variations, seismic structural information, allow quantification of subsur-
the quantitative analysis is also used to improve formation face fracture networks and is inputs to geo-mechanical and
resistivity estimates by using the multiplier RXO-FMI (cor- petro-physical interoperation Amer et al. [8].
rected). In addition, quantitative analysis on FMI logs assist For the image log to be plotted in the correct position, a
in the estimation of the clay volume, since clay rocks may clear understanding of the tool orientation, geometry of the
cause disturbances in the resistivity readings. tool and borehole size are all required. One of the pads in
FMI tool was used in Krishna Godavari Basin, India as dis- the FMI tool string has to be defined as a reference pad herein
cussed in Application of Fullbore Formation Micro-imager PAD1 azimuth (P1AZ) in FMI log which has 0 to 360 degree
in recognizing structural elements by Bhavana and Rao values starting from North direction. Image log data are usu-
[3,4], to provide a comprehensive image interpretation and ally plotted from North orientation reference and ends to 360
dip evaluation. The study was designed to primarily identify degrees at the same point again. So the orientation order of log
structural elements and features in formation. The best source plot is North-East-South-West-North [9].
of information which can be used to strengthen the image log
evaluation is to integrate them with core data where available.
Significant improvements have recently been made in the qual- 2. Discussion of quantitative analysis of image logs
ity of borehole imaging measurements, which have led to
growing applications of this technology Felder [5]. In the late At interval Depth from 3610 m to 3661 m for VNG-NERGE,
1950s, the technology started to develop Lagraba et al. [6]. the formation composed of variation of sand and shale layers,
In 1986, the latest dip-meter tool was developed by Schlum- but it is considered the main reservoir interval because it has
berger, called the Formation Micro-Scanner (FMS). Later ver- the highest sand volume of the whole depth. Fig. 1 shows a
sions of this tool were called Full-bore Formation Micro- 1/200 scale of reservoir interval log from 3610 m to 3661 m
imager (FMI). with the FMI image of this section.
There is a major role in reservoir description for Borehole However, most of the petrophysical properties for reservoir
image logs since they provide very detailed information about such as shale volume, porosity, saturation and lithology are
the reservoir rocks. Subsequently, quantitative analysis of the being estimated using the conventional log interpretation.
image log was carried out to analyze the reservoir shale volume Meanwhile, from seismic interpretation we may have gross
and net to gross ratio. The log contains a lot more information reservoir volume, with the above estimated reservoir petro-
than what is normally used at the present time. The log pro- physical properties; we can calculate the reserve volume of
vides very high resolution information about the reservoir oil in place by using the following equation [1]:
where conventional logs are not able to the same extent. Image
logs are generally sampled every 2.5 mm where conventional OOIP GRV  1  Sw  / 1

Please cite this article in press as: A.Z. Noah, E.-A.A.A. Moustafa, Comparison of Quantitative Analysis of Image Logs for Shale Volume and Net to Gross Cal-
culation of a Thinly Laminated Reservoir between VNG-NERGE and LAGIA-EGYPT, Egypt. J. Petrol. (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2016.09.001
Analysis of image logs for shale volume and net to gross calculation 3

Figure 1 A 1/200 scale of reservoir interval log from 3610 m to 3661 m with the FMI image of this section.

Please cite this article in press as: A.Z. Noah, E.-A.A.A. Moustafa, Comparison of Quantitative Analysis of Image Logs for Shale Volume and Net to Gross Cal-
culation of a Thinly Laminated Reservoir between VNG-NERGE and LAGIA-EGYPT, Egypt. J. Petrol. (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2016.09.001
4 A.Z. Noah, E.-A.A.A. Moustafa

where OOIP: Original Oil In-Place, GRV: gross rock vol- Curve and the interval in this section is the gross thickness
ume, Sw: water saturation, /: effective porosity. of interval in 3700 to 3715 m and used it to compared with
Fig. 2 shows that the calculated shale and sand volume the result of used this technique of FMI log for Lagia-8
from the used of new technique by corrected FMI Resistivity well in Egypt that for quantitatively shale volume and

Figure 2 Calculated shale and sand volume from the use of corrected FMI resistivity curve. The gross thickness of the interval in 3700
3715 m.

Please cite this article in press as: A.Z. Noah, E.-A.A.A. Moustafa, Comparison of Quantitative Analysis of Image Logs for Shale Volume and Net to Gross Cal-
culation of a Thinly Laminated Reservoir between VNG-NERGE and LAGIA-EGYPT, Egypt. J. Petrol. (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2016.09.001
Analysis of image logs for shale volume and net to gross calculation 5

net-to-gross calculation of thinly laminated reservoir at certain cutoff Phillips and Wen [11]. In this section of the study, is
interval depth. included the investigation of shale volume of the reservoir in
To define reservoir intervals capable of hosting producible thinly laminated shaly-sand section to define net sand intervals
hydrocarbon, limits called (cutoff) are being used by geoscien- and net to gross ratio of the reservoir using the filtered and
tists and reservoir engineers for shale volume and water satu- corrected FMI log. Net to gross ratio is as already noted in
ration. For instance, if the reservoir porosity in a certain the previous equation (Number 2) in case of shale percentage
interval is greater than the porosity cutoff (e.g., 10%) and in Lagia-8, Egypt is 75% shale and 25% LST.
shale volume is smaller than the shale volume cutoff (e.g., Core data Analysis can be obtained from the direct estima-
40%) and water saturation is smaller the saturation cutoff tion of reservoir rock shale volume. However, cores are not
(e.g., 50%), the zone is defined as net reservoir interval. The usually available in the whole reservoir layers. Several indirect
sum of the net interval thicknesses over the reservoir divided methods can be used for shale volume calculation in hydrocar-
by the whole reservoir interval (Gross) is called net to gross bon reservoirs. Wireline/LWD logging is normally done
ratio (NTG). Net to gross ratio as a multiplier is applied to through the whole reservoir section and analysis of these logs
equation [2] to estimate producible reservoir volume by follow- together with calibration to the cores can be used for clay vol-
ing equation: ume calculation. Single clay indicators of Gamma Ray, Neu-
tron, Resistivity, SP, etc. and double clay indicators of
OIP GRV  1  Sw  /  NTG 2
Neutron/Density, Density/Sonic, Sonic/Neutron, etc. are nor-
First of all it is necessary to identify the laminated zones mally used in IP for this purpose.
and to determine the proportion of sand to shale. The most The presentation of scales on the log print is consistent with
reliable way to identify laminated sand is through direct other wells or generally accepted industry norms. These are
inspection of the core. Darling [10] shows that the measure- generally:
ments should be made to determine the relative thicknesses
of the sand and shale layers as a function of depth. Gamma Ray, GR 050 API
It is recommended to assume common properties for the Caliper 81800
sand, with the porosity taken from a core average and the sat- Resistivity 0.22000 Ohm-m on log scale
uration derived using a saturation height function from core Density 1.952.95 (Solid line)
capillary pressure measurement till 66,000 psi and calculated Neutron 0.15 Porosity fraction (dashing line)
of pore size distribution. If core is not available, then common 0.45
ways to identify laminated sands are use of borehole images Sonic 14040 ls/ft
such as FMI or derived from either resistivity or Ultrasonic
based tools. In addition to, the presence of strong shows while
drilling in zones appearing to be non-reservoir on the logs. Shales often appear as low resistivity rocks since the mineral
The thickness of the sandy layers get below the resolution lattice holds water molecules inside which helps an electrical
of the logging tools, thinly laminated shale sand rocks. current to pass through the rock easily. Pore size distribution
Nearby shale responses here have a very serious effect on the in shale rocks are very small such that hydrocarbon cannot
response measured from the log. The effect of the adjacent migrate into shale porosity due to enormous capillarity of
shale layer plays a very important role in the petrol physical these micro pores. However, shale rocks always keep the
interpretation, and may lead to inaccurate interpretation espe- original water inside the micro pores. The original water
cially in thin sandy layers and as a result affects the reserves in the shale rocks is saline enough to lower the resistivity
calculation. For this problem, we have very suitable solution reading far beyond the resistivity values in hydrocarbon
such as it is to use high resolution logging tools such as image bearing sands.
logs to limit the adjacent shale layer effect on the log measure- In thinly laminated shale-sand reservoirs, therefore, many
ments. In these layer formations, every log response, in general of the logging tools may not be able to distinguish these low
that including of the gamma-ray log and resistivity logs, is and high resistivity shale and sands due to low vertical resolu-
affected by adjacent layers to some extent. However, the focus tion of these tools. Image log data with a very high vertical res-
in this subject is on the image logs to develop a method for bet- olution (2.5 mm) is one of the logging tools to differentiate thin
ter estimation of the net to gross ratio in thinly laminated sand and shale layers and to compute a reliable reservoir
formations. hydrocarbon volume. In contrary to the low resistivity clays
Few intervals of VNG-NORGE AND LAGIA-8, EGYPT sometimes clay rocks can show high/very high resistivity
wells show thinly laminated sand-shale response in the FMI ranges as well. These ranges of high clay resistivity cause diffi-
log particularly in the interval between 3700 m to 3715 m and culties in shale volume calculation from the use of image log
600 to 1010 ft. The FMI log as already mentioned measures resistivity logs in hydrocarbon bearing intervals as water satu-
reservoir rock conductivity through its 192 electrical buttons rated shale and hydrocarbon bearing sands are approximately
mounted on the logging tool. The log reading is done every at the same range of resistivity.
2.5 mm interval by all buttons and the measurement produces In case of VNG-NORGE well, the sand layers in the hydro-
an array of 192 conductivity traces for every measured point. carbon bearing sections are thick sand without shaly sections.
In general, Shale volume and net to gross (NTG) calculation, The thinly laminated reservoir section lies in the water bearing
which are net sand comprises that have smaller volume of zone of the well below 3700 mD. Drilling fluid in VNG-
shale and a defined cutoff. Net reservoir includes net sand NORGE well is highly saline water based mud with Chlorine
intervals that have porosities greater than a defined porosity (CL-) concentration of 90,000 ppm. The filtrate invasion
cutoff and net pay covers those net reservoir intervals that hold affected the RXO curve such that the log read very low resis-
water saturation of smaller than a defined water saturation tivity values in sandy sections. On the contrary, clay bound

Please cite this article in press as: A.Z. Noah, E.-A.A.A. Moustafa, Comparison of Quantitative Analysis of Image Logs for Shale Volume and Net to Gross Cal-
culation of a Thinly Laminated Reservoir between VNG-NERGE and LAGIA-EGYPT, Egypt. J. Petrol. (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2016.09.001
6 A.Z. Noah, E.-A.A.A. Moustafa

water is very resistive equivalent to the salinity of 8000 ppm The baseline of resistivity is 0.6 ohm that was selected as the
NaCl. The salinity contrast causes micro-resistivity value clean sand baselines picked from a two meter clean sand inter-
increase in shale rock than the clean sands in the water bearing val at 36493651 m from core interval. The baseline shale
parts. The previous condition gives a possibility of defining value is 3.5 ohm that was taken from a shaly interval with
baselines for shale and sand resistivity from the corrected an average GR reading of 140 API at 3766 m to 3770 m.
FMI resistivity curve. Shahinpour [12] illustrates the calculation of shale and sand

Figure 3 Shale volume calculations from GR log in the same thinly beaded shale and sand in case of Lagia-8, Egypt The gross thickness
of the interval in 1246.11248.9 m.

Please cite this article in press as: A.Z. Noah, E.-A.A.A. Moustafa, Comparison of Quantitative Analysis of Image Logs for Shale Volume and Net to Gross Cal-
culation of a Thinly Laminated Reservoir between VNG-NERGE and LAGIA-EGYPT, Egypt. J. Petrol. (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2016.09.001
Analysis of image logs for shale volume and net to gross calculation 7

volume from the use of corrected FMI resistivity curve. The and antithetic faults were clearly observed, thus enhancing
gross thickness of the interval is between 3700 and 3715 m. reservoir engineer, log analyst and the geologist work and so
However, in case of Lagia-8, Egypt that Nukhual Formation improving futuristic exploitation methods.
at depth interval 1246.11248.9 m and that various shale vol-
ume cutoffs can be applied for net to gross calculation [13]. Acknowledgments
The gamma ray GR is not a reliable indicator of sand,
due to the presence in sands of radioactive minerals. Shales The authors would like to start by expressing their deep and
can be clearly identified as zones where the density lies to the sincere gratitude to Students Kirollos Abdel-Messih,
right of the neutron, typically by six or more neutron porosity Mohamed Rizk, Mostafa Kandil and Ramy Safien, Depart-
units [10]. For most reservoirs, the following approach is safer ment of Petroleum and Energy Engineering, American Univer-
to determine an average gamma ray GR reading in clean sity in Cairo who have contributed with great efforts for this
sands (GRsa) and a volume for shales (GRsh). For GRsh, do study. We would also like to express special thanks to Schlum-
not take the highest reading observed, but rather the mode berger team that has provided with all possible data for this
of the values observed. In addition to, define the shale, Vsh study. It provided us with focusing on FMI physics, imaging
as {(GR GRsa)/(GRsh GRsa)} by comparing Vsh with the processing, and its qualitative and quantitative analyses.
density/neutron response, determine a value of cutoff. Typi-
cally 50% is used [10]. References
A comparison of the calculated shale volume from the use
of GR log is seen in Ref. [12] and we can show that despite the [1] A. Saadallah, Enhanced Reservoir Characterization Based on
thinly bedded shale and sand at this interval, the GR log values Borehole Images and DipmeterData, Report, 2001.
do not represent the true bed properties but rather an average [2] Schlumberger, Services and Products, <http://www.slb.com/
of multiple beds. Using the same V-Shale >40% cutoff, the services.aspx>.
net to gross ratio in this interval is calculated to be 0.46 [3] P.R. Bhavana, M.V. Rao, Application of Full-bore Formation
(46%) which are 12% greater than the value of estimated by Micro-Imager in recognizing Structural Elements, Sedimentary
the filtered image log data in case of VNB-Norge, Norwegian. Features and Depositional Environments, Case Studies from
Krishna-Godavari Basin, India, ONGC unpublished report,
Therefore, in case of Lagia-8, Egypt shows that Shale volume
2001, pp. 141.
calculations from GR log in the same thinly beaded shale and [4] P.R. Bhavana, M.V. Rao, S.S. Yalamarty, Detection of
sand obtain at depth interval 1246.11248.9 m. Fig. 3 shows structural elements using borehole imagery techniques, a case
the shale volume calculations from GR log in the same thinly study from Krishna-Godavari Basin, India, in: 5th Conference
beaded shale and sand in case of Lagia-8, Egypt for the gross & Exposition on Petroleum Geophysics, Hyderabad, India,
thickness of the interval in 1246.11248.9 m. 2004, pp. 135139.
However, it indicates that the average clay volume esti- [5] R.D. Felder, Advances in open-hole well logging, SPE
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clay from FMI log. In addition, the GR log measurement in [6] P.J. Lagraba, M. Hansen, Spalburg, M. Helmy, Borehole image
thinly laminated shale and sand interval here is more affected tool design, value of information, and tool selection, in: M.
Poppelreiter, C. Garcya-Carballido, M. Kraaijveld (Eds.),
by sand volume than the shale. The calculated lithology varia-
Dipmeter and Borehole Image Log Technology,
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i.e., thinly bedded nature of the zone. However, it illustrated [7] M.H. Rider, M. Kenedy, The geological Interpretation of Well
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be applied for net to gross calculation then, the conventional [8] A. Amer, M. Glascock, J. Schwalbach, M. Khan, Applied
industry accepted shale volume was used in this study. borehole image analysis in complex sedimento-logical and
structural setting: a single well case study, California, in:
Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Society of
3. Conclusion Petroleum Engineers, Colorado, USA, 2011.
[9] R.M. Slatt, Stratigraphic reservoir characterization for
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lated for the reservoir with main focus on an interval of thinly Handbook of Petroleum Exploration and Production, Elsevier
laminated shale and sand. Out of 192 traces for an image log V6, 2006.
trace was selected and filtered by Fourier Transform and the [10] Toby Darling, Well Logging and Formation Evaluation, El-
Sevier Inc. Copyright, 2005.
resistivity values of this trace correlated with RXO curve to
[11] P. Phillips, R. Wen, Improving net-to-gross reservoir estimation
use for shale volume calculation due to the log high vertical with small-scale geological modeling, in: Adapted from Oral
resolution in spotting thin layers. On the addition case-study Presentation at AAPG Annual Convention, Long Beach,
from Lagia-8, Egypt, thinly laminated sands, that the entire California, April 14, 2007.
formation interval using such as will be designated as sections [12] Atefeh Shahinpour, Borehole image log analysis for sedimentary
in reservoir by shown that a Vsh or porosity cutoff and FMI environment and clay volume interpretation, Thesis degree,
images identify structural elements and features in formation. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2013.
Structural features of complex formation such as growth faults [13] Ahmed El-Sayed, Lagia-8 well Report, Mena-IPC Lagia, 2012.

Please cite this article in press as: A.Z. Noah, E.-A.A.A. Moustafa, Comparison of Quantitative Analysis of Image Logs for Shale Volume and Net to Gross Cal-
culation of a Thinly Laminated Reservoir between VNG-NERGE and LAGIA-EGYPT, Egypt. J. Petrol. (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2016.09.001

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