Advanced Composite Materials (CES 414) A 4" Year Structural Engineering etd > : Advanced Composite Materials (ACM) | tp =) ee ————— | os : >A composite material is a combination of two . | Atysal y 1 | c sal) AGS all al gall or mote different materials with a distinct _ | Advanced Composite Materials interface between them. | CES 414 fs >The constituent materials maintain their I Lecturer separate identities in the composite, yet their peAie Beas combination produces properties and | Structural Engineering Department | characteristics that are different from those of Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University | cima " i the constituents, LUO bo —_ oo ———_———__ | History i Advanced Composite Materials (ACM) a eens | concept of fiber reinforced materials can | > One of these constituents forms a continuous | be traced back to the use sf straw as | phase and is called the matrix. The other | reinforcement in bricks manufactured by the | major constituent is a reinforcement in the | ancient Egyptians in 2800 B.C. | | form of fibers | lu more recent times to the use of short glass | >The most famous ACM in Civil Engineering | fiber reinforcement in cement in the United | applications are Fiber Reinforced Polymers | States in the early 1930's (FRP), which are defined as polymer m | that is reinforced with fibers. Ly Lo “Ain Sharns University, Faculty of Engineering, Dr. Ahmed RashadAin Sham Advan ed Composite Materials (CES 414) Fiber Reinforced Polymer (ERP) > Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) is a composite made of high-strength fibers and a matrix for binding these fibers to fabricate structural | shapes. >Common fiber types include Glass, Carbon, and Aramid; common matrices are epoxies and esters, — General Characteristics of FRP_ | >Meny FRPs offer a combination of strength and modulus that are either comparable to or better th yan many traditional metallic materials. PBecause of their low density, the strength- weight ratio and modulus-weight ratio of these composite materials are markedly superior to | those of metallic materials. 4" Year Structural Engineering | General Characteristics of FRP | Traditional structural metals, such as steel, are | considered isotropic, (equal _ properties irrespective of the direction of load), while, the properties of FRP depend strongly on the direction of load (non-isotropic material). | >The design of FRP structure is considerably mor difficult than that of a metal structure, } due to the non-isotropi¢ nature. | , General Characteristics of FRP >Metals in gene: exhibit yielding and plastic deformation, Most FRPs are elastic in their tensile stress-strain characteristics. >Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) for many FRPs is much lower than that for metals, >An advantage attributed to FRPs is their non- corroding behavior. 's University, Faculty of Engineering, Dr, Ahmed Rashad_Advanced Composite Materials (CRS 414) General Characteristics of FRP > Another unique characteristic of many FRPs is | their high intemal damping. This Jeads to better energy absorption results in reduced transmfssion of noise and vibrations. a [Applications of BEP ACM, | 1- Aircraft & Military Applications | 2- Space Applications, | 3 Automotive Applications. | 4- Sporting goods Applications 5- Marine Applications. 6: Civil Engineering Applications. « Ain Shams University, Faculty of Engine 4" Year Structural Engineerin; Civil Engineering Applications | a- Pipes. b- Structural Elements, c- Reinforcing Bars for R.C. Structures. d- Tendons for Pre-stressing Concrete Structutes. €-Rehabilitation and Strengthening of R.C. Structures, | £ Rehabilitation and Strengthening of Masonry Walls. | Material Selection Process > Material selection is one of the most important and critical steps in the structural or | mechanical design process. >Improperly material selection may cause poor performance (may require maintenance, repair, or replacement) and in the extreme, may fail or causing damage. Dr. Ahmed RashadAdvanced Composite Materials (CES 414) 4" Year Structural Engineering a == Material Selection Process Vegi >The material selection process requires* the . knowledge of the performance requirements of "GU the structure, such as: 1. Types of loading, (Axial, Bending, Shear, or Types of Fibers | Torsion) 2. Mode of loading. (Static, impact, or fatigue) 3. Service life. ee Material Selection Process Reinforcing Fibers | 4. Operating or service environment, (Temperature, Humidity, or Presence of »Fibers ave the principal constituent in the fiber reinforced composite materials. chemicals) >They occupy the largest volume fraction in the "| 5. Manufacturing processes, composite laminate. > They bear the mejor portion of the load acting on the composite structure. 6 versity, Faculty of Engineering. ” a * : Dr. Ahmed Rashad » Ain ShamsAdvanced Composite Materials (CES 414) Reinforcing Fibers volume >Proper selection of the fiber type, fibe fraction, fiber length, and fiber orientation is ‘very important, >Main fibers used for commereial.production of civil engineering applications are’ Glass, ‘arbon, and Aramid Forms of Commercial Fibers t unit of a >Filament: A single fiber (Small fibrous material). > Bundle: produced by gathering a large number | of continuous filaments, either in untwisted or twisted form, > Strand: an untwisted bundle of filaments. > Yagn: a twisted bundle of filaments. , Ain Shams University, Faculty of Engineering. 4" Year Structural Engineering Forms of Commercial Fibers >Chopped Strands: are produced by cutting continuous strands into short lengths. >Tow: untwisted filaments gathered together | into one continuous bundle (for carbon fibers). >Roving; unlike yarns, @ roving is loosely assembled bundle of untwisted parallel filaments or strands. Forms of Commercial Fibers »Mats; randomly oriented fibers held together with a small amount of adhesive binder. ‘> Braids: yarns or tows are braided into tubular shape Dr. Abmed RashadAdvanced Composite Materials (CES 414) Forms of Commercial Fibers | >Eabries: >A fabric is defined as a manufactur assembly of long fibers to produce a flat sheet | of one or more layers-of fibers. >These layers are held together either by | | | mechanical interlocking of the fibers | themselves or with a binder. ————— | Forms of Commercial Fibers > Eabries:, oI ae ae | TNE sAin Shams University, Faculty of Engineering, 4" Year Structural Engineering _ — Forms of Commercial Fibers > Unidirectional fabrics: A fabric made with 2 weave pattem designed | for strength in only one direction. | > Woven Roving (Bidirectional Fabric) : A. fabric woven in two mutually perpendicular | which continuous rovings are directions. Strength relation to fiber orientation lll Ze i ~ Dr. Ahmed Rashad: Advanced Composite Materials (CES 414) 4 Year Structural Engineering tT . are gan gee | Glass Fibers Properties of Glass Fibers | Tensile | Tensile [Strain af strength) modutus| Failure (MPa) | (GPa) (%) | E-glass | 2.60 3450 724 | 48 reinforcing fibers because of an economical Sezlass | 248 | 4500 | 87.0 | 5.4 balance of cost and specific strength [ ecias 262 | 3625 | 725 | ae | | | properties | 72.5 | [AR-Glass]_ 2.70 | 3240 | 73.4 = ae | (g/em) invented by Robert Hooke, an English ; Density scientist, in the 17% century. | Glass fibers aré the most cammon of all — fibers are the first man-made fiber FT | —— ee eeenereeees = Glass Fibers Properties of Glass Fibers | >Glass fiber is composed of silica (SiO,) with the addition of oxides of caleium, boron, 4 : sodium, iron, and aluminum, i i | >the four commonly known glass fibers are i : Electric glass (E-glass), High stiffness and | | strength glass (S-glass), Chemical glass (C- enna . | Blass), and Alkali resistant glass (AR-glass) Reduction of tensile stress in E-glass fibers as a . function of tinre.t¢ various temperatures.” \Ain Shams University, Faculty of Engineering, 7 Dr. Ahmed RashadAdvanced Composite Materials (CES 414) 4" Year Structural Engineering Disadvantages of Glass Fibers Properties of Glass Fibers » Tensile Modulus = 70 - 90 GPa. Low tensile modulus, | » Tensile Strength = 3200 - 4500 MPa. >High density. | >Ultimate Elongation = 4.4 - 5.4% > Sensitivity to abrasion during handling. > Low fatigue resistance. >Low resistance to moisture. > Sensitive to alkaline environment. a Carbon Fibers Advantages of Glass Fibers > Low cost. >Carbon fibers were known since Thomas Edison’s development of the incandescent > High tensile strength. tani i8y6 ight in >However, the fibers were not made in large | > High chemical resistance, if > High insulating properties quantity until the late 1960's mostly for aerospace application where bigh strength, | high modulus, and lightweight materials are required. eee es ~ 7 7 ‘Dr. Ahmed Rashad Ain Shams University, Faculty of Engineering.Advanced Composite Materials (CES 414) 4" Year Structural Engineering ee | Carbon Fibers Carbon Fibers | >Carbon fibers are commercially available with 1. Pitch Precursors a variety of tensile modulus values rafging ‘ * Pitch is‘a petrolettt distillation by-product. from 207 GPa to 1035 GPa. + Relatively low in cost and high in carbon fiber >There are two types of carbon fiber; high output (50 % of the initial mass). | modulus (Type I) and high strength (Type 11) * The uniformity from batch to batch is low. >The low-modulus fibers have lower density, * Pitch precursors are used to produce low | | lower cost, higher tensile strength, and higher . modulus carbon fibers. ultimate strain than the high-modulus fibers. | Carbon Fibers Carbon Fibers | "| »Carbo has practically near’ zer0 thermal 2.Poly-acryl PAN precursors expansion coefficient making it a material of + High degree of crystal orientation fibers. choice for aerospace applications - + High carbon fibers output (50-55 %). >Carbon fibers are manufactured from two lypes of precursors (starting materials): * The majority of carbon fibers are produced by PAN precursor. | I l Ain Shams University, Faculty of Engineering. ~ Fr 5 Dr. Ahmed RashadAdvaineed Composite Materials (CES 414) : 4° Year Structural Engineering Properties of Carbon Fibers Advantages of Carbon Fibers || rm Site ed ioc] ean| SR, |) > High strength and stiffness to weight ratios aa) [6a ara | ] ceo > Excellent moisture and chemical resistance. rane] 7 [ire] aor | sos [0 | 880 pa hebme tae eto : >Thermal stability up to 2000°C, ven | > Very low coefficient of thermal expansion. | fans] >High fatigue strength. crm| #2 ieeoes (ress Rr > High thermal conductivity, Disadvantages of Carbon Fibers | Properties of Carbon Fibers > Tensile modulus = 220-760 GPa > High cost. | | Tensile strength = 1500-5700 MPs >Low ultimate strain. > Ultimate elongation = 0.32-1.81 % > Low impact resistance. | | | > High electrical conductivity, which may cause “shorting” in unprotected electrical | * | machinery. | ‘Ain Shams Universi ‘Dr. Ahmed Rashad_Advanced Compisite Materials (CES 414) ' Year Structural Engineering Aramid Fibers Properties of Aramid Fibers > Tensile modulus = 70-180 GPa }000- 3600 MPa | Samnit fer i he generic name given to | aromatic ployamide fibers. >Tensile strength = 0-46 % > Aramid fibers are registered under different > Ultimate elongation = rade names by seyeral companies: Kevlar ° (Dupont, USA), Twaron (Akzo Nobel, Jetherlands), and Technora (Teijin, Japan) Properties of Aramid Fibers Advantages of Aramid Fibers > Lowest density. L Gravity) Gray | cars) | cH | Me | {| > High tensile strength (tor | ras | sor | sez, 20 |g 25uy | > Highest tensile strength-to-weight ratio. - T T Goad resistance to chemical attack. kevlar 149] 1.47 | 179 | 3.45 19 ~ t > High resistance to abrasion and impact, Technora | 1.39 70 3.00 46 50 i eee nec ee ene ee ~ _—__ Ain Shams University, Baculty of Engineering. a ~ W - Dr. Ahmed RashadAdvanced Composite Materials (CES 414) | Disadvantages of Aramid Fibers >Low compressive strength, > Susceptibility to UV lights. > Difficulty in cutting or machining, > These fibers are hygroscopic. > They exhibit a loss of strength and modulus at elevated temperatures. | ’ ane atetincon ies} Ain Shams University, Faculty of Engineering, > v v q > The surface treasnent of filaments is cafried 4" Year Structural Engineering _ Fiber Surface Treatment (Sizing) The fibers are surface-treated with compounds called “coupling agents”. out immediately after their formation. Sizing chemistry varies from one app! to another. Sizing is necessary for the effective teansfer of stress from matrix to fiber and vice versa. | Fiber Surface Treatment (Sizing) | he primary functions of fiber sizing are to: improve the fiber surface wettability with the matrix Create a stronger bond at the fiber-matrix interface. Protect the fiber from damage during processing and from environmental attacks. Dr. Ahmed Rashad“Advanced Composite Materials (CES 414) 4° Year Structural Engineering =a bY . ; I Introduction >The polymer matrix is the continuous phase in 4k joll SaLual} a composite material. 5 >The roles of the polymer matrix are to: | Polymer Matrix 2 1. Hold the fibers together. | 2. Transfer stresses between the reinforcing | fibers. ——__—_ — ee | Introduction Introduction | >Poly means many whereas mer means unit or part. Thus, polymer means many units or parts, | Chemically, polymer is a long chain of hydrogen and carbon atoms or hydrocarbon { ‘ molecules. 3. Protect the fibers from mechanical and environmental degradation. | 4, Provide @ lateral support against fiber buckling under compression loading. : >The matrix plays a minor role in the tensile | load carrying capacity of a composite . structure Ain Shams University, Faculty of Engineering. a ~ Dr. Ahmed RashadAdvanced Compisite Materials (CES 414) — 5 || Introduction ea | >However, selection of a matrix has a major | influence on the compressive, interlaminar shear as well as in-plane shear properties of | the composite . | >The ability to manufacture the composite, and defects within , depend strongly on the | matrix’s characteristics such as viscosity, melting point, and curing temperature, — Introduction >The mechanical properties of polymer matrix depend strongly on both the ambient | temperature and the loading rate. | j | i) “Ain Shams University, Faculty of Engineering, 4" Year Structural Engineering ee ee Polymer Matrix | > Polymeric materials, referred to as “m after cure, can be classified into two categories, based on their reaction to heating and cooling: thermoplastics and thermosets. > Thermoplastic polymers can soften by heat and harden when cooled. | —— Polymer Matrix > Thermosetting polymers (low molecular- weight liquids with very low viscosities are converted to solids by using free radicals) once set are permanently hard and cannot be reversed by heat. Dr. Ahmed RashadAdvanced Composite Materials (CES 414) Polymer Matrix | ee Anan AEE >An inorease in temperature causes a gradual | | ‘ softening of the polymer matrix up to a certain. point, indicating a transition from a glassy behavior to a rubbery behavior, >This temperature is called the glass transition temperature, T,, which decreases in the presence of moisture Le Polymer Matri >A continued inerease in temperature beyond «| this tyansition point causes the polymer to undergo @ rapid transition from glassy behavior to rubbery behavior. 4" Year Structural Engineering ee Glass Transition Temperature elon NL nite eeion | Vinyl ester} Polypropylene Epoxy Ain Shams University, Faculty of Engineering. : Dr. Ahmed RashadAdvanced Composite Materials (CES 414) 4" Year Structural Engineering Thermosets vs. Thermoplastics Thermoplastic Polymers naan ann aOR | >In thermoplastic polymers, individual | >Like metals, thermoplastics soften with molecules are linear without any chemical heating and eventually melt, hardening again Jinking (crosslinking) between them. with cooling, > In contrast, the molecules of a thermoset resin >High impact strength as well as high fracture are chemically crosslinked, resistance. eee RS >High ultimate strain. zoe > Unlimited storage life L ws piece (ee i — Thermosets vs. Thermoplastics | Thermoplastic Polymers >The most important difference is the behavior under heat and pressure. r > Post formability, >Ease of joining and repair by welding and >Thermoset polymer matrices. «are solvent bonding. A hygrothermally sensitive; they can degrade at > Can be reprocessed and recycled. moderately high temperatures through. | > Low creep resistance. ‘ | moisture absorption | : + |] plow thermal stability «Ain Shams University, Paculty of Engineering. a ‘Dr. Ahmed Rashadvein Shams University, Faculty of Engineering, Advanced Composite Materials (CES 414) — fi Thermoset Polymers >Thermoset polymers are the polymer matrices most commonly used in structural engineering applications, ¥Thermoset polyiners are formed from a chemical reaction when the resin and hardener (ot catalyst) are mixed and then undergo a | nonreversible chemical reaction to form a hard, infusible product. Thermoset Polymers >The cure rate can be controlled through proper proportioning witha catalyst. They provide good thermal stability and chemical resistance. They also exhibit reduced creep in coi to thermoplastic polymers. : parison 4" Year Structural Engineerin _ Thermoset Polymers >They generally have a short shelf-life efter mixing with curing agents, low strain-to- failure, and low impact strength > Better bonding-between fibers and matrix. YAbIlity to cure at room temperature in the presence of a catalyst, Thermoset Polymers { >Many varieties of thermoset resins are available commercially, mainly Polyesters, Viny| esters, and Epoxies. Dr. Abmed RashadAdvanced Composite Materials (CES 414) 4" Year Structural Engineering | Polyester Resins >Unsaturated polyester resin that contains a number of C=C double bonds is the starting material for the polyester matrix. > Unsaturated polyesters the most widely used resins, representing almost 75% of the total thermoset resins used by the composites | industry. | "Polyester Resins Resins —,| >The curipg reaction for polyester resins is ‘| initiatad by adding small quantities of a catalyst, such as an organic peroxide. - >The curing time for polyester resins depends | on the decomposition rate of the catalyst, | >The decomposition rate of a catalyst is ereased by adding small quantities of an cel has cobalt naphthanate, | ———_____—_ rain fama University, Facaiy of Engineering *:] thermal stability of cured polyester resins are Polyester Resins | >The modulus, glass transition temperature, and . ‘improved’ by incteasing the cross-link density, but the strai to-failure and impact energy are " reduced. Properties of Polyester Resins Density (g / m3) 110-143 | | Tensile Strength (MPa) | 34.5-1035 | | Tensile Modulus (GPa) | 2.10-3.45 Elongation (%) 1-5 || Cure Shrinkage(%) | 5-12 EESSnEELCDE De STETU ON TS OIRO ESTER O EE) Dr. Ahmed RashadAdvanced Composite Materials (CES 414) 4" Year Structural Engineering Advantages of Polyester Resins Epoxy Resins >Low viscosity > Epoxy resins have epoxide groups whi three membered rings containing one oxygen h are >Fast cure time 7 : | atom and two carbon atoms, Lowe 9, > Good thermal resistance va —¢ t | > Good impact resistance i | > Good moisture resistance >The resins are cross-linked with catalysts or Excellent resistance to mild acids and alkalis hardeners Disadvantages of Polyester Resins Epoxy Resins shrinkage (5 to 12%) >Epoxies are used in high-performance composites to achieve superior mechanical > High volumet > Difference in shrinkage between the resin and fibers properties and resistance to a corrosive environment. | > Limited range of working times. >Epoxies also have a much higher viscosity | ‘ than most polyester resins, which makes them more difficult fo We." * | be «Ain Shams University, Faculty of Engineering, oS Dr. Ahmed Rashad4" Year Structural Engineering Advanced Composite Materials (CES 414) Stress Strain Diagram for Epoxy Properties of Epoxy Resin Density (g / em?) 12-13 Tensile Strength (MPa) | 8-130 Tensile Modulus (GPa) | 2.75 4.10 | . Poisson’s Ratio "0.20 - 0.33 CTE 19° (m/m per C’) 50 - 80 Cure Shrinkage (%) 1-5 Disadvantages of Epoxy Resins Advantages of Epoxy Resins > Wide range of properties. >High cost. > Absence of volatile matters during cure. >Long cure time. >Low volumetric shrinkage. - | > High coefficient of thermal expansion. > Excellent resistance to chemicals and solvents, > Property changes due to moisture absorption. >Excellent edhesion to a wide variety of fillers, fibers and other substrates 7 Dr. Ahmed Rashad «Ain Shams University, Faculty of Engineering.Advanced Composite Materials (CES 414) 4 Year Structural Engineering i Vinyl Ester | Advantages of Vinyl Ester 4 ‘ >The starting material for a vinyl ester is an > Excellent corrosion resistance. | unsaturated viny] ester resin. 5 . : > Higher’mectiahical properties than polyesters, > Vinyl ester resins are more flexible and have | high resins. > Higher fracture toughness than epoxy resins, r fracture toughness than cured polyester . >Low viscosity. | »They are cured with the same conventional > Short curing time. organic peroxides. | > Good adhesion with glass fibers Properties of Vinyl Ester Disadvantages of Vinyl Ester Fann Sn ae aR . > Higher cost than polyesters. Density (g/ em’) 1.12-1.32 f pause oe eee > Adhesive strength is moderate When compared Tensile Strength (MPa) 73-81 to that of epoxy resins, iste norte necemncconain ee Tensile Modulus (GPa) Elongation (%) 35-55 | | Cure Shrinkage (%) 5-10 > High volumetric shrinkage (5 to 10%). | ee «Ain Shams University, Faculty of Engineering, " : Dr. Ahmed Rashad“Advanced Composite Materials (CES 414) 4" Year Structural Engineering Fillers and Additives | > Fillers are added to a polymer matrix for one | or more of the following reasons : Strengthening of Members Subjected to Axial Load 1. Reduce cost, 2. Reduce curing shrinkage. 3. Control the viscosity. 4, Improve the stiffixess and other properties. Fillers and Additives Introduction | >Commonly used fillers “include calcium >Many techniques have been utilized to repair carbonate, clay, silica, and glass microspheres. damaged columns or strengthen them > Fillers are not common in high performance >Steel jackets have been used extensively for composites seismic ret of reinforced concrete | : > Although fillers increase the modulus of conta | unreinforced matrix, they tend to reduoe its » 4. >Steel jacketing has .a, number of limitations | strength and impact resistance . | . (weight of the material itself & corrosion | susceptibility) Ain Shams University, Faculty of Dngineering . “ Dr. Ahmed RashadAdvanced Composite Materials (CES 414) 4" Year Structural Engineering Introduction Confinement of R.C. Sections > Strengthening can also be achieved with R.C. >One of the most important and feasible ackets, | techniques to improve strength and ductility of ) >The existing concrete cross-section is enlarged ae with a layer of concrete’ containing both >Confinement may be achieved with a variety | . longitudinal and transverse Rfts: of materials including steel or R.C. jackets, or >The stiffness increase of the conerete jacketed se elements is the major disadvantage of the concrete jackets. . | Introduction Concrete Confined by Reinforcement | | PFRP are attractive altemative to steel and R.C. “[ >In RC. elements, concrete is commonly jackets confined by transverse Rft (stirrups), in the > These materials are resistant to corrosion and form of closely spaced steel spirals or hoops. durable in a wide range of aggressive > Confinement by transverse reinforcement can environments. considerably improve ductility an strength of concrete. s+ Ain Shams University, Faculty of Engineering, na == Dr. Ahmed Rashadr dyanced Composite Materials (CES,414) Concrete Confined by Reinforcement Conpessi Soin Strese-Sleain Model for Confined and Uncenfined Conerete [Pavly ea. (1992)) Concrete Confined by Reinforcement >The confining pressure increases the stress at which! the concrete fails by suppressing or delaying micro-crack initiation, >In post-peak stage, the confinement holds the member together, allowing further loads and deformations to take place while retaining structural integrity 4" Year Structural Engineering Circular Confinement >Equation for ultimate strength [Richart et al. (1929)} Circular Confinement | >Equation for ultimate strain [Richart et al. (1929):[Adyanced Composite Materials (CES 414) 4" Year Structural Engineering -—— Rectangular Confinement R.C. Members Confined with FRP ficiency of rectangular confinement depends > | on the area of the effectively confined concrete ) = thew 5 FRE Jacket Fiber Diceton oe ese eee R.C. Members Confined with FRP R.C. Members Confined with FRP >FRP systems can be used to increase the axial >The ultimate axial load of a concrete member compression strength of a ccnerete member by confined with an FRP jacket can be calculated providing confinement with an FRP jacket. as follows: _ | ®Confining is achieved by orienting the fibers | [P0357 A +067f A Tie Stirrups transverse to the longitudinal axis of the SI — ys I | lente ° P= O40 7, 4 +0767, 4, Cried Sirrips] | * ‘ | >The hoop fibers are similar to conventional . Bono : : spiral or tie R&t. | “Ain Shams University, Faculty of Engineering, 2 Dr. Ahmed Rashad*uavanced Composite Materials (CES 414) r orem : | R.C. Members Confined with FRP. | >The apparent confined concrete strength (f,,) for concrete member wrapped with an FRP woket can be calculated as follows: Presurespvinsteonfning | materials hen feny Resultantettect on confined | member 9, Faculty of Bngincering 4" Year Structural Engineering Confining Pressure 1+ Circular Sections (Fully Confined) fe, = 0.75 & < 0.004) mG] fe 73] Confining Pressure 1: Circular Sections (Partially Confined) Dr. Ahmed RashadNavanced Composite Materials (CES 414) 4 Year Structural Engineering — - | Confining Pressure | | 1- Rectangular Section (Fully Confined! Shear Strengthening Do fo Duetility [ Introduction | >The maximum usable compressive strain for | coneréte confined with FRP can be calculated using the following Equation: 737 Of.-4f,)) lee = = se | | “Ain Shams University, Faculty of Engineering. >FRP wraps increase the shear strength of concrete beams and columns. >The additional shear strength is obtained by orienting the fibers in a direction that is transverse to the axis of the concrete member or perpendicular to the shear cracks. Dr. Abmed Rashad_sbelvanced Composite Materials (CES 414) Ain Shams University, Faculty of Engineering. Introduction | > Increasing the shear strength can also result in flexural failures, which are relatively more — | the act ny factors, including geometry of the beam or column, wrapping scheme, and concrete nal ERP sheer strength is based on |. strength (ee ee | — | | | [Seana eect sides ductile in nature compared with shear failures. | . r 4" Year Structural Engineering — Wrapping Schemes >Completely wrapping the FRP system around the section on all four sides is the most efficient wrapping scheme >It is most .commonly used in column applications. Wrapping Schemes >in beam applications, the shear strength can be improved by wrapping the FRP system around three sides of the member (U-wrap) or bonding to two opposite sides of the member. | peasy Dr. Ahmed RashadAPRavanced Composite Materials (CES 414) [a ee Wrapping Schemes >In all wrapping schemes, the FRP system can be installed continuously along the span of a member or placed as discrete strips. 4" Year Structural Engineering Nominal Shear Strength >The nominal shear strength of a FRP | strengthened concrete member can be determined using the following Equation: O35 Gat Gn * 4p Le) Nominal Shear Strength | aera ais Si Concrete Contribution to Shear Strength: (, [fa | : [fa 0.54, 20.5| 0.24 [Ze [pstm0s{aze Me] Steel Contribution to Shear Strength : 1.4, (4). sine e260 J ly, Ain Shams University, Faculty of Engineering. Dr, Ahmed Rashadvanced Composite Materials (CES 414) | FRP Contribution to Shear Strength 2/3 Jer Conpialy Wrapped Member "*\1.6 Jor Pardally Wrapped Members ‘The center-to-center spacing between the strips ” should not exceed the sum of (min, of d/4 or | 200 mn) plus the width ofthe strip “w?" | = Effective Strain in FRP Completely Wrapped Members: 0.75 &% 0.004 . U-Wrapping or Bonding to 2-Sid =k 6, 50008 : Effective Strain in FRP ee 2s Aid Shams University, Faculty of Engineering. 4" Year Structural Engineering | | (for 3~sided U-Wraps Dr, Ahmed Rashad