TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................1
2.0 THEORY...................................................................................................................................2
2.1 Types of Boiling..........................................................................................................................3
2.1.1 Convective Boiling...................................................................................................................3
2.1.2 Nucleate Boiling.......................................................................................................................3
2.1.3 Film Boiling..............................................................................................................................3
2.2 Condensing Heat Transfer...........................................................................................................4
3.0 APPARATUS.............................................................................................................................7
3.1 Description..................................................................................................................................7
3.1 Description..................................................................................................................................8
3.2 Specifications..............................................................................................................................9
4.0 EXPERIMENT PROCEDURES...............................................................................................9
4.1 Important Notes...........................................................................................................................9
4.1.1 Before Experiment Check that:.................................................................................................9
4.1.2 Air venting operation..............................................................................................................10
4.1.3 Checking of leaks...................................................................................................................10
4.1.4 Charging or recharging...........................................................................................................10
4.1.5 Discharging.............................................................................................................................11
4.2 Operating Procedure..................................................................................................................11
4.2.1 Determination of heat flux and surface heat transfer coefficient at constant voltage..............11
4.2.2 Shut down procedure..............................................................................................................11
5.0 RESULT..................................................................................................................................12
6.0 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION............................................................................................13
1.0 INTRODUCTION

The Pool Boiling Heat Transfer Unit (GAD-215) is designed to illustrate the
characteristics of the boiling phase-change phenomenon. It involves observing the
rate of boiling of a saturated liquid (in this case, R141b: Tbp 305K) on the surface of
a submerged hot object and measuring the variation of the subject temperature with
time. When R141b is in contact with the surface of a solid (in this case, copper) at a
higher temperature, heat is transferred to R141b and a phase change occurs. The
nature and rate of this heat transfer changes considerably as the temperature
difference between the copper surface and R141b is increased. By measuring the time
variation of the coppers temperature, the rate of boiling, and the boiling curve can be
constructed based on upon the application of the lumped capacitance method. A
sample boiling curve is given in Figure 1.
Although boiling is a process familiar to everyone, the production of vapor
bubbles is a very interesting and complex process. Due to surface tension, the vapor
inside a bubble must be higher than the surrounding liquid. The pressure difference
increases as the diameter of bubble decreases, and is insignificant when the bubble is
large. However, when the bubble is minute, an appreciable pressure difference exists.
(An analog may be drawn with the inflation of a balloon, i.e. it is difficult to inflate
when the balloon is small, but it becomes much easier as the diameter increases.)
The pressure inside a bubble is the vapor pressure corresponding with the
temperature of the surrounding liquid. Thus, when no bubbles exist (or are very
small), it is possible for the liquid temperature in the region of the heat transfer
surface to be well above the temperature of the bulk of the liquid. (This will be close
to the saturation temperature corresponding with the pressure at the free liquid-vapor
interface.)

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 2.0 THEORY

Figure 1. Boiling curve for water including regime illustrations and labelling of key points

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2.1 Types of Boiling

2.1.1 Convective Boiling

When the heating surface temperature is slightly hotter than the saturation
temperature of the liquid, the excess vapor pressure is unlikely to produce bubbles.
The locally warmed liquid expands and convection currents carry it to the liquid-
vapor interface where evaporation takes place and thermal equilibrium is restored.
Thus, in this mode, evaporation takes place at small temperature differences and
with no bubble formation.

2.1.2 Nucleate Boiling

As the surface becomes hotter, the excess of vapor pressure over local liquid pressure
increases and eventually bubbles are formed. These occur at nucleating points on the
hot surface where minute gas pockets, existing in surface defects form the nucleus
for the formation of a bubble. As soon as a bubble is formed, it expands rapidly as the
warmed liquid evaporates into it. The buoyancy detaches the bubble from the surface
and another starts to form.
Nucleate boiling is characterized by vigorous bubble formation and turbulence.
Exceptionally high heat transfer rates and heat transfer coefficients with moderate
temperature difference occur in nucleate boiling, and in practical applications, boiling
is nearly always in this mode.

2.1.3 Film Boiling

Above a critical surface-liquid temperature difference, it is found that the surface
becomes vapor locked and the liquid is unable to wet the surface. When this
happened there is a considerable reduction in heat transfer rate and if the heat input
to the metal is not immediately reduced to match the lower ability of the surface to
transfer heat, the metal temperature will rise until radiation from the surface plus the
limited film boiling heat transfer, is equal to the energy input.

If the energy input is in the form of work (including electrical energy) that is no limit
to the temperature which could be reached by the metal, its temperature can rise
until a failure or a burn out. Immersion heater must obviously design with
sufficient area so that the heat flux never exceeds the critical value.

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2.2 Condensing Heat Transfer
Condensation of a vapor onto a cold surface may be filmwise or dropwise. When
filwise condensation occurs, the surface is completely wetted by the condensate and
condensation is onto the outer layer of the liquid film, the heat passing through the
film and into the surface largely by conduction.

A. Heat Flux and Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient

Heat transfer could be determined via Newtons Law of Cooling, which is given as
follows:

Q=hA (T metal T liquid )

Where,

Q : Heat transfer, W

A : Area of the metal surface,m2

h : Heat transfer coefficient, W.m-2. C-1

Tmetal : Temperature of the metal, C

Tliquid : Temperature of the liquid, C

Power is mostly defined as the rate of energy change with time. The power is simply
depended of current, which is the rate of charge flow past a given area called electric
current, and potential difference. The power is determined as follows:

P=I V

In many heat transfer application it is important to know the rate at which heat is
transferred from a hot surface to the surrounding fluid, at a given temperature difference.
This rate is expressed by the heat flux and is expressed in Wm-2.

Heat flux=q=Q/ A

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For many design purpose it is more convenient to express the thermal performance of a
surface/ fluid combination in terms of the heat flux per degree of temperature difference
i.e., surface heat transfer coefficient and is expressed in Wm-2K-1. In boiling heat transfer
both the heat flux and the surface heat transfer coefficient are extremely high compared
with other types of heat transfer.

B. Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

The overall heat transfer coefficient could be used to determine the total heat transfer
through heat exchanger or a system. The overall heat transfer coefficient depends on the
heat transfer area, log mean temperature difference of the system and rate of heat
transfer. The formulation is given as follows.

Q=UA T lm

Where,
Q : Heat transfer, W
A : Area of the metal surface, m2
U : Overall heat transfer coefficient, W.m
Tlm : Log mean temperature difference, C-2, C-1

The heat transfer could be obtained by following formula.

Q=m c p (T outlet T inlet )

Where,
m : Mass flow, g
Cp : Heat capacity. J.K-1
Toutlet : Temperature of inlet stream, C
Tinlet : Temperature of outlet stream, C

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For the calculation of the log mean temperature difference, the following formula is
used:

T 2 T 1
T lm
T2
ln
T1

Where,

T 1=T saturation T inlet

T 2=T saturation T outlet

C. Saturation Pressure

During the boiling, liquid vapor equilibrium is reached for closed system after adequate
time is passed. At equilibrium, the vapor and liquid amounts are not changed. To
determine the vapor pressures, Antoine equation could be utilized, which is demonstrated
as follows:

B
ln Psat kPa= A
T ( C ) +C

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 3.0APPARATUS
3.1 Description
The apparatus for this experiment is GAD Pool Boiling Heat Transfer Unit
(DAD-215). Study carefully Figures 2 and 3 to gain an understanding of the operation
unit, as well as the locations for temperature measurements.
A high watt density (300W) electric heating element in a copper sleeve
submerged in the liquid is mounted vertically in a vertical glass cylinder. The
temperature of the copper sleeve is measured by a thermocouple and digital indicator.
The electrical input to the heater may be varied from 0 to approximately 300
W by using a controller, the actual heat transfer rate being obtained from the product
of the voltmeter and ammeter readings.
At the upper end of the chamber is the condenser, which cooling water flows
through. The coil condenses the vapor produced and the liquid formed returns to the
bottom of the chamber for re-evaporation.
A water flow meter used in conjunction with thermos sensors measuring the
cooling water temperatures, enables the rate of heat transfer at the condenser to be
measured. The logarithmic mean temperature difference may also be determined.
Thermo sensors are also mounted inside the glass cylinder to indicate the temperature
of the copper surface, R141b liquid and R141b vapor.
Vapor pressure is measured by a pressure gauge and a pressure transmitter. For
safety, a solenoid is install. When the chamber pressure exceeds the pre-set pressure
limit, pressure transmitter will send signal to the solenoid valve and open the valve to
relief pressure.

3.1 Description

Pressure gauge Control Panel

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Solenoid Valve

Flow meter
Figure Copper Sleeve
2 : Pool Boiling Heat Transfer
Condenser Unit
 Figure 3: Diagram of the pool boiling heat transfer
unit and the locations of temperature sensors

3.2 Specifications
The dimensions and properties of the equipment that will be used in the experiment
are given as follows.

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 Fluid R141b(1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane)
Fluid boiling point 32C(89.6F)
Quantity of the fluid Liquid level to be not less than 40 mm
above heating element
Condenser surface area 0.022m2
Maximum permitted surface 150C
temperature
Heater cut out temperature 180C
Dimension of heating surface Diameter = 34mm
Effective length = 71mm
Surface area = 0.0085 m2
Dimension of glass chamber Nominal internal diameter = 100 mm
Length = 300 mm
Volume = 0.0024 m2

4.0EXPERIMENT PROCEDURES
4.1 Important Notes
4.1.1 Before Experiment Check that:
1) The cooling water is connected and ready for use.
2) The pressure and temperature of the R141b agree with those at saturation
conditions. If not, it is probably that air is present and the air venting operation
should be carried out.
3) When the unit is in normal use or shut down, both the vent valve and charging
valve should be in closed position.

4.1.2 Air venting operation

The unit comes with a vent valve to safely vent the air that has been admitted to the
glass chamber. To vent air from the system, it is necessary to increase the system
pressure to 0.5 bar by turning on the heater. Once 0.5 bar is reached the vent valve
should be briefly opened. Close the valve well before the system pressure reduces to 0
bar.

4.1.3 Checking of leaks

If a leak of R141b is suspected, e.g if there is significant loss of liquid from the system,
the following procedure should be followed:

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 1) If there is refrigerant in the system, turn on the heater until the liquid temperature
reaches 32-35C. The pressure throughout the system will now be above atmospheric
and the leak may be located either by applying a soap of detergent solution to joints,
or by using electronic leak detector.

2) If there is no referent in the system, pressure the system to 0,5 bar with air by
applying a manual pump, e.g motor car tire pump, to the charging valve at the base
of the chamber. The leak may then be located as in step 1.

4.1.4 Charging or recharging

The unit is delivered with the glass chamber containing R141b and ready for use. If
the liquid level falls to 10mm above the heater, then it is necessary to recharge it.
Before recharging, it is recommended that the unit is set up in the following way:

1) Ensure that the unit is switched OFF, the vent valve is briefly opened and a
moderate water flow through the condenser.
2) Connect the yellow hose of manifold pressure gauge to the charging/discharging
tube and the red hose to the R141b tank. Make sure both red and blue side valves
are in closed position.
3) Open the valve knob on the R141b than open the charging/discharging valve.
4) Slowly open the red side valve.
5) Turn the R141b tank upside down and the liquid will flow into the chamber.
6) When the liquid level in the chamber is 40mm above the heater, close the
charging/discharging valve and vent valve, follow by the red side valve of
manifold pressure gauge and valve knob of R141b tank
7) Disconnect the hose from the unit and R141b.
8) The recharging procedure is likely to result in some air entering the system. To
remove the air follow the procedure described in Air Venting Operation.

4.1.5 Discharging
To empty the liquid in the chamber, open the vent valve and charge/discharge valve,
and direct the liquid into a suitable container.

4.2 Operating Procedure

4.2.1 Determination of heat flux and surface heat transfer coefficient at constant
voltage
1) Turn on the Isolator and Power, and wait for the indicator to stabilize.
2) Circulate cooling water through the condenser and the adjust flow rate to low
setting. Allow the digital thermometer to stabilize.

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 3) At constant voltage, by changing the flow rate, record the temperature of liquid,
metal, saturation, inlet and outlet, flow rate and gauge pressure.
4) In each run, in order to attain the liquid and vapor equilibrium, 3-5 minutes should
be waited.

4.2.2 Shut down procedure

1) Turn off the heater switch. Allow the cooling water to flow for at least 5 minute
through the condensers to cold them down.
2) Switch off the main switch and unplug the power supply cable.
3) Close the water supply and disconnect the cooling water connection tubes if
necessary.
4) If the unit will not be using for a long duration, discharge the liquid inside the
chamber through the discharge valve MV-101.

5.0RESULT

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6.0ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

1) Name some application by using this mechanism and explain it?

The application by using this mechanism is Nuclear power plant. A nuclear
power plant or nuclear power station is a thermal power station in which the
heat source is a nuclear reactor. As is typical in all conventional thermal power
stations the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine
connected to an electric generator which produces electricity. The conversion to
electrical energy takes place indirectly, as in conventional thermal power
stations. The fission in a nuclear reactor heats the reactor coolant.

2) Discuss 2 possible source of errors (other than parallax error) and how its
can effect the result?
The two possible sources of errors are:

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 a) Instrumental. For example, for this experiment some parts of this
instrument cant be used due to broken. There also may be poorly
calibrated. The equipment must be calibrated before run the experiment.
b) The environmental errors occur due to some external conditions of the
instrument. External conditions mainly include pressure, temperature,
humidity or due to magnetic fields. In order to, reduce the environmental
errors:
Try to maintain the humidity and temperature constant in the
laboratory by making some arrangements.
Ensure that there shall not be any external electrostatic or
magnetic field around the instrument.

3) Construct the graph heat transfer coefficient versus voltage rate for
Experiment 2 ?

Below is the graph heat transfer coefficient versus voltage for experiment 2.
175

170

165
Voltage

160
Heat Tra nsfer vs Vol tage
155

150

145
27.3 43.93 27.4 25.35 27.3
Heat Transfer Coefficient

Graph 1: Heat Transfer Coefficient versus Voltage

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