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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 9( Version 5), September 2014, pp.151-157
ABSTRACT :
The suspension system is used to observe the vibrations from shock loads due to irregularities of the road
surface. It is perform its function without impairing the stability, steering (or) general handling of the vehicle.
Generally for light vehicles, coil springs are used as suspension system. A spring is an elastic object used to
store mechanical energy and it can be twist, pulled (or) stretched by some force and can return to their original
shape when the force is released. The present work attempts to analyze the safe load of the light vehicle
suspension spring with different materials. This investigation includes comparison of modeling and analyses of
primary suspension spring made of low carbon-structural steel and chrome vanadium steel and suggested the
suitability for optimum design. The results show the reduction in overall stress and deflection of spring for
chosen materials.
Keywords: coil springs, primary suspension system, modeling, static analysis, ANASYS 12.0, PRO-E
I. INTRODUCTION
The complete suspension is to observe the of the wire, the overall diameter of the spring, its
vehicle body from road shocks and vibrations shape, and the spacing of the coils.
otherwise it is transferred to the passengers and load. Normally, helical spring failure occur due to
It must keep the tires in contact with the road, high cyclic fatigue in which the induced stress should
regardless of road surface. A basic suspension system remain below the yield strength level and also with
consists of the parts springs, axles, shock absorbers, poor material properties. K Pavan Kumar1 et.al.
arms rods and ball joints. The spring is the flexible (2013) discussed about the static analysis of primary
component of the suspension. Modern passenger suspension system, their work is carried out on
vehicles usually use light coil springs. Light modeling helical spring in Pro/E and analysis in
commercial vehicles have heavier springs than ANSYS of primary suspension spring with two
passenger vehicles, and can have coil springs at the materials Chrome Vanadium is a existing material
front and leaf springs at the rear. Each side of the and 60Si2MnA steel is a new material, the
vehicle wheels connected by solid or beam, axles. conventional steel helical spring 60Si2MnA is proved
Then the movement of a wheel on one side of the as best material for helical spring by reduction of
vehicle is transferred to the other wheel with deflection and overall stress. Priyanka Ghate 2 et al.
independent suspension, the wheel can move investigated the failure of A Freight Locomotive
independently of each other, which reduce body helical spring by redesigning to improve the
movement. And it is also prevents the other wheel durability and ride index in this the composite
being affected by movement of the wheel on the suspension system can sustain the loads in under
opposite side and reduces body movement. normal operation conditions and maintains the ride
Coil springs are used on the front suspension of index but the failure occurs during cornering and
most modern light vehicles. Then the spring act as an hunting speeds to avoid this the study of dynamic
elastic object used to store mechanical energy. They behavior of a composite spring is analyzed. The
can twist, pulled (or) stretched by some force and can dynamic analysis was performed using ADAMS/Rail
return to their original shape when the force is at four different velocities and three different track
released. A coil spring is made from a single length conditions and numerical simulation also carried out.
of special wire, which is heated and wound on a The results shows that the stress value obtained from
former, to produce the required shape. The load numerical simulations in ADAMS was verified with
carrying ability of the spring depends on the diameter analytical design calculations for the spring and the
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 9( Version 1), September 2014, pp.
ride index was found to 1.78 which was 8% better material, low carbon structural steel material; the
than the earlier spring. It is concluded that the new specifications, modeling and analysis are as follows.
spring design can enhance durability and ride index
Mehdi Bakhshesh3 et al.(2012) worked on 2.1 Specifications of helical spring and Material
optimum design of steel helical spring related to light data
vehicle suspension system under the effect of a Specification of spring:
uniform loading has been studied and finite element Wire diameter =9.49 mm, Coil outer diameter
analysis has been compared with analytical solution. =56.94 mm, Coil free height =152 mm, No.of active
This spring has been replaced by three different coils =11, pitch =13.8 mm,and test load on each
composite helical springs which are made of E- spring =2750 N
glass/Epoxy, Carbon/Epoxy and Kevlar/Epoxy. The
optimum design based on the parameters of weight, Material property:
maximum stress and deflection and have been For Chromium vanadium steel material properties
compared with steel helical springs. It has been are Youngs modulus =207000MPa, Poisson ratio
shown that spring optimization by material spring =0.27, Density =7860kg/m3
changing causes reduction of spring weight and For low carbon structural steel material properties
maximum stress considerably. N.K.Mukhopadhyay4 are Youngs modulus =198000MPa, Poisson ratio
et.al (2006), investigation on the premature failure of =0.37, Density =7700 kg/m3
suspension coil spring of a passenger car, which
failed during the service within few months and 2.2 Modeling of helical spring
identified the reasons for the failure. This A coil spring is designed by using PRO-E as per
investigation micro structural analysis,SEM analysis, the specifications and analyzed by ANSYS 12.0
hardness testing, and chemical analysis. The results software. In this the spring behavior will be observed
stated that the inherent material defect in association by applying different materials loads, to optimum
with deficient processing led to the failure of the stresses and the result shows best material. Model of
spring. Reduction in weight of automobile vehicles is the spring will be first created by using PRO-E. begin
economical for automotive industry, so P.S.Valsange5 by drawing a line of 152 mm length and it is the free
et. al (2012), investigated the effect of parameters on height of spring. The line is at a distance of 56.94
the quality of coil springs. And also estimated factors mm from vertical axis and it is outer diameter of the
affecting on the strength of coil spring, by using coil. Next enter the pitch of spring. Pitch is calculated
F.E.A. approaches. Thus the springs are to be by free height of coil the spring divided by the
designed for higher stresses with small dimensions to number of turns. In this 152/11=13.8mm. create the
have better spring design which leads to save in circle of wire diameter 9.49mm of spring and create
material and reduction in weight. It is observed that if Solid model of Helical spring as shown in figure 1
the inner side of the coil spring is shot peened the
stresses on inside coil surface reduces and fatigue life
of coil spring increases. S.S.Gaikwad6 et.al
(2013),examined on Static Analysis of Helical
Compression Spring Used in Two-Wheeler Horn,
using NASTRAN solver and compared with
analytical results .Static analysis determines the safe
stress and corresponding pay load of the helical
compression spring. it is concluded that the
maximum safe pay load for the given specification of
the helical compression spring is 4 N. At lower loads
both theoretical and NASTRAN results are very
close, but when load increases the NASTRAN results
are uniformly reduced compared to theoretical
results. The objective of the present work is analyze
the safe load of the light vehicle suspension coil
spring with different materials and attain the
optimum design.
II. METHODOLOGY
In this work modeling and analysis has been
carried out on different materials for helical spring.
The materials chosen are chrome vanadium steel
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 9( Version 1), September 2014, pp.
Displacement in x- direction
Static analysis:
Structural analysis consists of linear and non-
linear models. Linear models use simple parameters
and assume that the material is not plastically
deformed. Non-linear models consist of stressing the
material past its elastic capabilities. The stresses in
the material then vary with the amount of
deformation as in it. Displacement in z- direction
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N.Lavanya et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 9( Version 1), September 2014, pp.
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N.Lavanya et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 9( Version 1), September 2014, pp.
Displacement in z- direction
vonmises stress
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 9( Version 1), September 2014, pp.
stress intensity
strain 0.0421 0.0564 0.0060 --
Static analysis
X Y Z Displacem
Displa Displac Displac ent vector
cemen ement ement sum
t
vonmises strain --
strain 0.0141 0.060 0.0054
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N.Lavanya et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 9( Version 1), September 2014, pp.
strain and strain response of spring behavior will be CAE, world electric vehicle journal, vol.4,
observed under prescribed or expected loads and the pp. 179-183.
induced stress and strains values for low carbon [9.] B. Kaiser, B. Pyttel and C. Berger (2011),
structural steel is less compared to chrome vanadium Behavior ofhelical compression springs
material also it enhances the cyclic fatigue of helical made of different materials, international
spring. The following points are drawn from the journal of fatigue, vol. 33, pp.23-32
analyses results. [10.] L. Del Llano-Vizcaya, C. Rubio-Gonzalez
i. The vonmises stress induced in chromo &G.Mesmacque (2007), Stress relief effect
vanadium steel is 12201MPa and for low on fatigue and relaxation of compression
carbon structural steel is 11059MPa. springs, material and design, vol.28,
ii. The vonmises strains induced in chromo pp.1130-1134
vanadium steel is 0.05891 and for low carbon
stractural steel is 0.055852.
iii. The stress intensity in chromo vanadium steel
is 13649MPa and for low carbon structural
steel is 12135MPa.
iv. The total mechanical strain induced in chromo
vanadium is 0.090332 and for low carbon
stractural steel is 0.055852.
REFERENCES
[1.] K Pavan Kumar, S Praveen Kumar and G
Guru Mahesh.static analysis of a primary
suspension spring used in locomotive
IJMERR, Vol. 2, No. 4, October 2013
[2.] Priyanka Ghate, Dr. Shankapal S. R., Monish
Gowda M. H. Failure Investigation of A
Freight Locomotive Suspension Spring and
Redesign of the Spring for Durability and
Ride Index,
[3.] Mehdi Bakhshesh and Majid Bakhshesh
Optimization of Steel Helical Spring by
Composite Spring (2012)
[4.] N.K. Mukhopadhyay,B. Ravi kumar, D.K.
Bhattacharya Failure analysis of passenger
car coil spring(2006)
[5.] P.S.Valsange Design of Helical Coil
Compression Spring, IJERA, Vol. 2, 6,
November-December 2012
[6.] S.S.Gaikwad, P.S.Kachare, Static Analysis of
Helical Compression Spring Used in Two-
Wheeler Horn, IJEAT, Volume-2, February
2013.
[7.] Brita Pyttel,K K Ray, S. A. Kaoua
Investigation of probable failure position in
helical compression springs used in fuel
injection system of diesel engines
(IOSRJMCE)ISSN :2278-1684 Volume 2,
Issue 3(Sep-Oct.2012), PP 24-29
[8.] Hsin-Tsun Hsu, Christopher Coker and
Hubert Huang(2010), Optimization of an
electric vehicle suspension system using
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