RESOURCE GEOLOGY, vol. 52, no.

4, 329339, 2002

Geology and Alteration-Mineralization Characteristics

of the Cibaliung Epithermal Gold Deposit, Banten, Indonesia

Ciceron A. ANGELES1, Sukmandaru PRIHATMOKO and James S. WALKER2

PT Austindo Nusantara Jaya, Graha Irama, 3rd Floor, Jl. HR Rasuna Said, Kav. 1-2, Jakarta 12950, Indonesia
[e-mail(SP):sukmandaru@austindo.co.id]
1 Present address: 38 Lemonwood St., Greenwoods Executive Village, Cainta, Rizal 1900, Philippines
2 Present address: P.O. Box 50713, Tucson, Arizona 85703, U.S.A.
Received on January 28, 2002; accepted on July 5, 2002

Abstract: The Cibaliung gold project is located at the central portion of the Neogene Sunda-Banda magmatic arc. Gold-sil-
ver mineralization in the area is hosted in a thick sequence of sub-aqueous basaltic andesite volcanics with intercalated sedi-
ments intruded by sub-volcanic andesite to diorite plugs and dykes, and subsequently cut by a cluster of diatreme breccias.
These host rocks are unconformably overlain by dacitic tuffs, younger sediments and basalt flows.
The gold prospects in Cibaliung occur within a NW-trending structural corridor that is 3.5 km wide by at least 6 km long.
It is fault-bounded and is considered to be a graben. Two aligned NNW-trending sub-vertical shoots, Cikoneng and Cibitung,
host the currently defined resource within the steeply dipping vein system with a minimum strike length of 1,300 m. As of July
2001, exploration has defined an inferred + indicated mineral resource of approximately 1.3 million tonnes at 10.42 g/t gold and
60.7 g/t silver at a 3 g/t Au cut-off. This equates to approximately 435,000 ounces of gold and 2.54 million ounces of silver.
Gold-silver mineralization occurs as quartz veins characteristic of the low-sulphidation epithermal adularia-sericite
type. Progressive dilation with a general increase in gold grade has produced multi-stage veining and brecciation that grades
from early to late stages as: pre-mineral fluidized breccia, quartz vein stockwork, massive vein, crustiform vein, colloform-
crustiform vein with progressive increase in chloritic clay bands, clay-quartz milled matrix breccias with a progressive
increase in clay content, and syn- to post-mineral fault gouge with vein clasts. Wall rock alteration is characterized by pro-
grade chlorite+adularia flooding that is locally overprinted by a low temperature argillic alteration (smectite, illite and mixed
layered clays). Generally, the argillic alteration becomes weak with depth. The major mineral constituents of the veins are
quartz, adularia and clay. In the early gold-poor hydrothermal stages, quartz and adularia dominate with minor calcite and
clay (smectite, poorly crystalline chlorite, interlayered chlorite-smectite and illite-smectite). In the later gold-rich hydrother-
mal stages, clay with variable amounts of carbonate increases whereas the abundance of quartz and adularia decreases. Gold
occurs mainly as electrum while silver occurs as argentite-aguilarite-naumannite and electrum, and rarely as native silver,
sulphosalts and tellurides. Sulphides generally comprise <1 vol % of the vein, with pyrite as the most common species.
Together with pyrite, traces of very fine-grained base metal sulphides dominated by chalcopyrite, sphalerite and galena are in
most cases intimately associated with electrum and silver minerals. Partial supergene oxidation generally extends down to
about 200 m below the surface at Cikoneng and further down to more than 300 m at Cibitung.
The hydrothermal system responsible for the gold-silver mineralization in the area may be related to rhyolitic magmatism
focused on a volcanic intrusive center during back arc rifting that formed a graben or pull-apart basin. The dominant mechanism
for the higher grade gold deposition is fluid mixing of up welling metal-bearing hydrothermal solutions with relatively near sur-
face cool, oxygenated condensate and/or steam-heated meteoric fluids, as opposed to retrograde boiling. The strongly focused
dilational structural environment is thought to have been the mechanism for focusing fluid flows, both up welling and descend-
ing, forming pipe-like mineralized bodies in the rhomboidal dilation zones. It is interpreted that mineralization took place under
low temperature conditions (<150-220C) at a minimum depth of around 200-250 m below the palaeo-water table.
Keywords: epithermal gold, low sulphidation, Cibaliung, Indonesia, Cikoneng, Cibitung, vein, dilation

held by Austindo Resources Corporation NL (ARX), a

1. Introduction
The Cibaliung gold project is located at the regency of
Pandeglang, Banten Province, about 150 km southwest of
Jakarta (Figs. 1A and 1B). The project is the westernmost
known gold deposit in the island of Java near the south-
western tip of the island. The project is currently 70 %
publicly listed Australian affiliate of the Indonesia-based
PT Austindo Nusantara Jaya; and 30 % held by PT Aneka
Tambang (Persero) Tbk. companies (Antam). The min-
eral title at the Cibaliung gold project is a Kuasa Pertam-
bangan (KP) or Mining Authority KW96PP0019 held
by Antam for the exclusive benefit of the joint venture.
The KP encompasses an area of 15,710 hectares and is in

329
330 C. A. ANGELES, S. PRIHATMOKO and J. S. WALKER RESOURCE GEOLOGY :

A approximately 1.3 million

INDONESIA tonnes at 10.42 g/t gold and
60.7 g/t silver at a 3 g/t Au
Kelian cut-off. This equates to
Mesel
Mt.Muro Tombulilato Gosowong approximately 435,000
ounces of gold and 2.54 mil-
Rawas lion ounces of silver.
Lebong Tandai Grasberg
Jakarta 2. Regional Geology
Lebong Donok
Batu Hijau
The Cibaliung area (Fig.
Location 1B) is located in the central
portion of the Neogene
B 105E 107E Sunda-Banda magmatic arc
6S (Carlile and Mitchell, 1994).
Jakarta
It is situated within the zone
CIBALIUNG of transition from northwest-
PROJECT oriented right-lateral strike-
Cibugis
WEST JAVA
slip dominated fault move-
BANTEM G.Limbang G.Pongkor
ment along the Sumatra por-
Bogor
Ciawitali tion of the arc, to the more
Cirotan east-west oriented compres-
Cikidang sional faulting in Java.
7S N Cikotok Bandung Regionally, the igneous
complex in this area, the
0 50 Honje Igneous Complex, is
km located 15 km west and sepa-
Epithermal gold deposit rate from the well-known
Porphyry copper deposit Honje igneous complex Bayah Dome where the
. . .
Vein-type base-metal deposit . . . Bayah dome Gunung Pongkor and the
Active epithermal gold mine Pliocene-Quaternary Cikotok mineral districts are
Main active subduction zones volcanic products
located. The rock units of the
Fig. 1 (A) Major gold deposits of Indonesia. (B) Location of Cibaliung and other gold Honje Igneous Complex seem
deposits in Banten-West Java area (Modified after Marcoux and Milesi, 1994). to be quite similar to those in
the Bayah Dome; where
Oligocene to Quaternary calc-
the exploration stage. alkaline rhyolitic to andesitic rocks and small intrusive
The western Java area of Indonesia is a well-known stocks are exposed (Marcoux and Milesi, 1994). The pres-
epithermal gold-silver metallogenic province, mainly cen- ence of co-eval basic and acidic igneous rocks indicative
tered on the Bayah Dome (Basuki et al., 1994; Marcoux of bimodal volcanism suggests that the Honje Igneous
and Milesi, 1994; Milesi et al., 1999; Rosana and Complex was developed in a back arc-rifting environment
Matsueda, 2002). Two operating underground gold mines, comparable to that of the Bayah Dome.
Cikidang (Cikotok) and Gunung Pongkor, are located 70 The oldest rock unit is the Honje Formation of proba-
km and 90 km east and east-northeast respectively from ble Late Miocene age (Marjoribanks, 2000). It is equiva-
the Cibaliung gold project. The mines are based on gold lent to the similarly named unit shown on the govern-
veins of a similar geological character to those found at ment geological map of the area (Sudana and Santosa,
Cibaliung. The reserves for Gunung Pongkor as of 1992). The Formation is composed of a thick sequence of
November 2000 are 2.14 million ounces of gold and 26.0 basaltic andesite to andesite flows and volcanic breccias
million ounces of silver. The Cibaliung area, although less with some intercalated sediments. They are extensively
well known, is probably another mineral district separate folded and faulted, and exposed in a north-trending horst
from the Bayah Dome. This paper describes the geology (structural high) bounded by west-dipping normal faults
and alteration-mineralization characteristics of the along the Java coast to the west, and east dipping normal
Cibaliung gold project area. As of July 2001, exploration faults below the sedimentary basin to the east. Overlying
has defined an inferred + indicated mineral resource of unconformably the Honje Formation is a massive flat
vol. 52, no. 4, 2002 Cibaliung Epithermal Gold Deposit, Indonesia 331

lying sheet of dacitic tuffs,

called the Cibaliung Tuff

9260000mN
(Marjoribanks, 2000).
A sequence of younger east-
erly dipping sedimentary rocks
0 2 km
overlies the above rock units SCALE
(Marjoribanks, 2000). They are
more or less equivalent to the Basalt flows
sedimentary units shown on the CIKONENG Sediments Post-Mineral
existing geological map, namely CIBITUNG ...
...... Dacitic tuff (Cibaliung tuff)
the Late Miocene Bojongmanik Honje volcanics Pre-Mineral
Formation and the Pliocene Vein
Cipacar Formation (Sudana and Fault
Santosa, 1992). The lower unit
9250000mN

Circular pattern
is composed of conglomerate,
calcareous sandstone and clay- Favorable
Structural Corridor
stone, and limestone with some
lignite intercalations. Bedding 580000mE
570000mE
dips are steepest, around 20-30,
in the extreme west, and are Fig. 2 Local geology of the Cibaliung project area (Modified after Marjoribank,
sub-horizontal in the east. The 2000).
upper unit sits upon the lower
unit with a pronounced scarp consisting of EPITHERMAL
various tuffaceous sediments and tuffs. VEINS NE
There are isolated thin sheets and ero- SW V V V V V V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V

+
sional remnants of basalt flows of probable + +
+ +
Quaternary age in the north and northeast + +
+

of the KP area (Marjoribanks, 2000). The + + +

+
+
+
+

+
+ + + + +
flows thicken towards the east and were + + ++
+ +
+ +
probably derived from volcanic centers +
+ + ++
+ + +

located east of the KP area. The basalts Intrusive Intrusive

complex complex
unconformably overlie all of the above
NOT TO SCALE
rock units. Post - Mineral Sequence Pre - Mineral Sequence
Sub-volcanic andesite plugs and dykes Basalt flows
V
V
V Honje volcanics
intrude the Honje Formation. In the ~~~~~
Sediments + ++ Intrusives
~~~~~
northern part of the Honje Igneous Dacitic tuff Milled matrix breccia
Unconformity ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Complex, a rhyolite dome is observed to Fault
be associated with polymictic diatreme
breccias (Prihatmoko, 2000). Fig. 3 Schematic geological section (Modified after Marjoribank, 2000).

3. Local Geology breccias are autobrecciated flows and hyaloclastites, the

The rock units at the KP area are divided into pre- and
post-mineral rock sequences (Figs. 2 and 3). Although
there are no available radiometric age data, it is speculated
that the pre-mineral rocks are probably Miocene to
Pliocene age, correlated to the Honje Formation. They are
exposed as erosional windows along river valleys and
low-lying areas in the southwestern portion of the KP.
The oldest pre-mineral rock unit is a volcanic pile con-
sisting of a thick sequence of basaltic andesite volcanic
flows and volcanic breccias with occasional intercalated
tuffaceous sediments, which is a part of the Honje Vol-
canics. The volcanic flows are massive while the volcanic
latter showing chilled/quenched textures. The presence of
hyaloclastites as well as pepperites in the intercalated sed-
iments is indicative of extrusion of lavas into a sub-aque-
ous environment, which results to quench shattering
(Applied Petrological Service (APS), 2000a). Minor inter-
calations of dacitic tuff, some ignimbritic or welded, have
also been noted within the basaltic andesitic rocks.
Several sub-volcanic andesite plugs and dykes
intrude the Honje Formation in the vicinity of Cibitung.
The intrusive rocks are commonly porphyro-aphanitic
with dominant plagioclase and pyroxene phenocrysts.
Heterolithic milled matrix breccias (HMMB) with
diatreme affinities have been recognized intruding the
332 C. A. ANGELES, S. PRIHATMOKO and J. S. WALKER RESOURCE GEOLOGY :

andesite intrusions. They occur in several

569400mE
9254600 mN
N
clusters of plug-like to dyke-like bodies
generally 1 to 120 m wide, 20 to >300 m
long with depth extensions from 20 to 0 200m
Cikoneng
>200 m. They are more prevalent in the 2 1 Vein Vein zone
northern part of the drilled area, e.g., 7
3 Drill Hole Location
12 4
Cikoneng (Figs. 4 and 5). The breccias con- 5 Drill hole location mentioned
sist of angular to rounded clasts of pre-min- in the text
eral rocks set in rock flour or detrital vol- 1. AC.04
Cit 6 2. AC.05
canic matrix. The clasts are mainly basaltic 9253800mN
e luk 11 Cibitung 3. CDDH.09
andesite, fine volcaniclastics, porphyritic Riv 13 Vein
4. AC.03
er 8,10
5. AC.36
andesite, diorite and rare granodioritic rocks 9
6. AC.39
7. AC.01
(e.g., drill holes AC-04/277.45-279.45 m, 8. AC.18A
AC-05/314.5-316.0 m and CDDH-09/344- 14 9. AC.06
Cibeber 10. AC.13
350.0 m). The breccias vary from mosaic to Vein 11. CDDH.35

570200mE
12. AC.02
slab breccias, to rotational breccias and to 13. AC.07
Melinjo
fluidized-milled matrix breccias. Carbonized Vein 14. CDDH.23 & CDDH.48
wood clasts are identified in some of the Fig. 4 Cikoneng-Cibitung vein zone and drill hole locations.
breccias (e.g., drill holes AC-03/ 45.3m,
AC-04/291.5-295.5m, AC-05/ 314.5-316 m,
AC-36/10.75-12.25 m and AC-39/246.35- 1 Early Hydrothermal Stages 2 Late Hydrothermal Stages
247.65 m). This indicates that the breccias
have vented to the surface incorporating
wood fragments into the interior of the brec- Cikoneng Shoot
Cikoneng Vein
cia bodies after the eruptive phase of the dia- (Cymoid Bend)
treme formation.
The HMMBs are spatially and genetical- Dominant Left-
Lateral NNE
ly associated with the andesitic intrusions. Dominant Right- Faults
They are emplaced right after the intrusives Lateral WNW &
Extensional
but before the development of epithermal (Right-Lateral) Fi .
Cibitung Shoot
veining. They are definitely pre-mineral but NNW Faults
some later ones are possible precursors of
epithermal vein mineralization as evidenced N N
Cibitung Vein
by the presence of fluidized milled pyrite-
rich breccias cut by the veins, e.g., drill hole 4
AC-01/225 m (Leach, 2000) and breccias
with a hydrothermal matrix of quartz and Fig. 5 Schematic model of Cikoneng-Cibitung shoot development.
sulphides, e.g., drill hole AC-18A/308 m.
All of the above pre-mineral rocks are unconformably tuff was derived (Marjoribanks, 2000). It is also proba-
overlain by a thin veneer of the post-mineral Cibaliung ble that the Cibaliung Tuff is co-genetic and co-eval
Tuff, generally covering the NW-trending graben area with the latest stage of diatreme formation.
except along the dissected drainages (Marjoribanks,
2000). The tuff is generally a few meters thick at the dril- 4. Local Structure
led area, but may reach up to 30 m. A thin layer of uncon-
solidated colluvium/alluvium consisting of pre-mineral The gold prospects in Cibaliung occur within a NW-
rocks and quartz vein material is common at the base of trending structural corridor that is 3.5 km wide by at
the tuff. This is indicative of erosion of the pre-mineral least 6 km long (Fig. 2). It is fault-bounded and is con-
rocks including the veins prior to the deposition of the sidered to be a graben (Marjoribanks, 2000) or pull-
tuff. apart basin that was subsequently filled up by post-min-
Circular patterns within the Cibaliung Tuff as inter- eral dacitic tuffs (Leach, 2000). The two aligned sub-
preted from aerial photos are located northeast and vertical shoots, Cikoneng and Cibitung, are located on
northwest of the drilled area (Fig. 2). These patterns can the southwestern edge of the graben as dilational jogs
be interpreted as evidence for volcanic cauldron col- on a NNW-trending, steep dipping oblique-slip fault
lapse structures, and may be the vents from which the zone, hosting the currently defined resource.
vol. 52, no. 4, 2002 Cibaliung Epithermal Gold Deposit, Indonesia 333

EARLY Increasing Dilation LATE 2) Polyphasal vein development -

Increasing Gold the fluidized breccias are cut by a
later epithermal vein system that
Pre-Min StockworkMassive Crustiform CrustiformColloform
Clay - Matrix Post-Min
Veins Breccias
Fluidized Vein Veins
Mosaic Milled Gouge
Fault grades from early stockwork/sheeted
Breccias QAdCb Q+AdBlCb
Q+Ad+Sul
Q+Cy Cy+Q+Sul
veins, through massive, crustiform
Chl+Cy
and crustiform-colloform (early dom-
Vein Types

inated by quartz-adularia to later

dominated by quartz-clay) veins, to
late stage clay matrix breccias.
During the later stages, the abun-
dance of clay minerals and carbon-
ates increases whereas the abundance
100 of quartz and adularia decreases. This
sequence of events reflects a change
Au g/t

10
1 from a hydrothermal system domi-
0 nated by up welling hot hydrothermal
Abbreviation : Q: quartz, Ad: adularia, Cb: carbonate, Chl: chlorite, Cy: clay, Sul: sulphide,
Bl: bladed
Fig. 6 Sequence of hydrothermal stages (Modified after Leach, 2000).
Ore shoots in the Cikoneng-Cibitung area occur in
complex dilational jogs and cymoid bends formed at
intersections between NW, NNW and NNE fault systems
(Walker, 2001). Mineralized zones are of considerably
greater vertical than lateral extent. The unusual geometry
is thought to result from the combined dilation effects of
the three major fault sets. During the early relatively gold-
poor hydrothermal stages, the right-lateral arc-parallel
NW fault sets were dominant, thereby creating large-scale
NNW dilational vein jogs (Fig. 5).
During the later gold-rich hydrothermal stages, the
left-lateral NNE set predominated, creating the two
high-grade shoots where the NNE set forms jogs on the
early relatively gold-poor NNW vein structures. Syn- to
post-mineral fault movement offsets mineralization.
These offsets occur along sub-vertical causative jog
structures cutting the Cikoneng and Cibitung shoots.
5. Alteration and Mineralization
A successive sequence of hydrothermal stages has
been defined (Leach, 2000; Leach and Corlett, 2000).
As illustrated in Figure 6, the stages are as follows:
1) Pre-mineral fluidized breccia - this event is occa-
sionally present near the veins (e.g., drill holes AC-
01/222.3 m, AC-06/154.35 m and AC-13/324.75 m).
This style of polyphasal crackle to fluidized brecciation,
that grades from early clay to later quartz/silica/pyrite-
rich breccias, is a common precursor to many epither-
mal vein systems (Corbett and Leach, 1998). These flu-
idized breccias, usually narrow and discontinuous, are
perceived to be later than the bigger bodies of
HMMBs, which are generally weakly altered to chlo-
riteepidotecarbonate.
fluids, to one dominated by cool con-
densate or surficial steam heated
waters (Leach and Corlett, 2000). It
is to be noted that not all vein zones
have all of the stages shown below.
2a) Stockwork to sheeted quartz-calcite-adularia vein
(<0.5 g/t Au) - occurs along the margins of the main
epithermal vein system. In addition, the later formed
quartz veins grade downward into sheeted/stockwork
veins at deeper levels (e.g., at 140 m RL in drill hole
CDDH 09), and laterally flare into sheeted /stockwork
veins at shallow levels between Cikoneng and Cibitung
shoots (e.g., drill hole CDDH 35) and south of Cibitung.
The sheeted to stockwork veins generally consist of mas-
sive quartz-adulariacalcite veins that locally grade into
crustiform banded textures in the central portions of some
veins. These veins are typically barren of significant gold
mineralization.
2b) Massive vein (<2 g/t Au) - consists of coarse-
grained intergrowths of quartz, adularia and varying
abundance of calcite, with negligible sulphides. The
coarse-grained nature of the vein is indicative of slow
crystal growth within a relatively passive, and relatively
high temperature, hydrothermal environment. Wall rock
vein breccias consisting of wall rock clasts set in mas-
sive to crudely banded quartz-adularia matrix are genet-
ically associated with these veins and are found at the
edges of the vein zones near its contact with the wall
rocks. Both the massive and wall rock vein breccias
rarely contain significant gold mineralization.
2c) Crustiform banded vein (<3 g/t Au) - consists of
rhythmic bands of coarse quartz and/or adularia that
alternate with bands of finer grained quartz-adularia.
The crustiform textures are indicative of more rapidly
changing conditions as the up welling hydrothermal
fluid fluctuates between cooling quickly (depositing
fine-grained bands), possibly through boiling, and slow-
ly, thereby depositing coarser grained bands. The local
334 C. A. ANGELES, S. PRIHATMOKO and J. S. WALKER
occurrence of quartz after bladed carbonate indicates
sporadic boiling conditions in response to sudden pres-
sure releases. Sulphides occur in only trace amounts and
only minimal gold mineralization is encountered.
2d) Crustiformcolloform banded vein (~1 - >30 g/t
Au) - grades from early crustiform-colloform bands of
quartz and adularia, to later ones in which there is pro-
gressive increase in the abundance of bands that contain
clay (smectite and/or chloritic clay, i.e., either chlorite-
smectite or poorly crystalline chlorite), calcite and locally
kaolinite. The colloform bands are indicative of deposi-
tion of amorphous material, and subsequent re-crystalliza-
tion, and form in response to very rapidly changing condi-
tions (either boiling or quenching). Although adularia can
be deposited either through boiling or cooling, smectite
and kaolinite clays, especially with carbonate minerals are
strongly suggestive of deposition by mixing with cool sur-
ficial waters. In places, very fine-grained sulphides are
associated with thin dark quartzadularia bands and local-
ly grade to >10-20 g/t Au. Some of the later clay-rich
bands are also sulphide-rich and are associated with
grades of >10 g/t Au. Relatively abundant visible gold (up
to 1-2 mm) was noted in dark kaolinite-sulphide-rich
(especially chalcopyrite and sphalerite) bands in drill hole
AC-01/223224 m.
2e) Clay matrix breccia (~5 - 30 g/t Au) - occurs as
hydraulically emplaced breccias in which quartz-adularia
vein clasts are set in a fine-grained clay (mainly smectite
or chloritic clay)-calcite-quartz-sulphide matrix. These
breccias consist of crackle, rotational, mosaic and flu-
idized breccias that indicate progressively increasing
degrees of fracturing, clast rotation and transportation.
These breccias are typically high grade, with the grade
increasing with the increase in matrix to clast ratios. In
later more clay-rich breccias, there is a progressive
decrease in quartz content that is inferred to represent a
decrease in the input of the up welling fluids and this is
accompanied by a corresponding decrease in gold grades.
3) Post-mineral fault gouge (<1 - 10 g/t Au) - this cuts
many of the earlier vein stages as either sizeable gougy
highly fractured zones or clay (smectite)/pyrite-filled frac-
tures extending into the adjacent mineralized veins. When
adjacent to a mineralized vein intercept, the fault gouge
may contain vein material, thereby termed fault-vein.
Locally, fault-veins can carry significant mineralization.
Although mostly post-mineral, fault-vein commonly
grades into smectite/chloritic clay-matrix dominated vein
breccia and is therefore partly syn-mineral also. Faulting
along the edge and interior of the shoots is common, as
would be expected because the mineralized structure
facilitated transfer of fault movement across the jog.
The early stages 2a, 2b and 2c quartz veins display con-
siderably longer lateral dimensions than the mineralized
shoots (retrograde stages 2d, 2e and 3) contained within
RESOURCE GEOLOGY :
them (Walker, 2001). The early, massive to banded quartz
veins are effective host rocks for the mineralized shoots,
readily fracturing in response to crosscutting NNE right-
lateral strike-slip faulting. Shoots formed when movement
on the NNE faults became dominant and jogs formed
where they crossed the NNW faults (Cikoneng) and
WNW faults (Cibitung).
Potential ore-grade material is almost invariably carried
in the retrograde stages 2d, 2e and 3, with the bulk hosted
by stage 2e materials. In general, the highest grades are
hosted in the vein-breccias where the matrix is quartz
dominated. Significant gold grades are occasionally host-
ed by stockwork directly in the hanging wall contact of
the shoots, and in stockworked wall rocks within the
shoots. Both the Cikoneng and Cibitung shoots display a
central core of maximum dilation, defined by grade multi-
plied by thickness contours (Connolly diagram), with a
steep southerly rake within the mineralized structure
(Fig. 7). Both the Cibitung and Cikoneng shoots appear
on deposit scale to contain continuously mineralized
zones consistent with the shoot-scale nature of the
deposit-controlling dilational jogs.
Syn- to post-mineral fault movement offsets mineral-
ization. Offset occurs along sub-vertical causative jog
structures cutting the Cikoneng and Cibitung shoots,
and also along conjugate, sub-vertical NNW faults cut-
ting the Cikoneng shoot at high-angles (Fig. 5).
5.1. Shoot geometry
Cikoneng and Cibitung that host the currently defined
resource occur as sub-vertical shoots within a NNW-strik-
ing vein system of considerable width, i.e., <5 to 18 m,
steeply dipping to the east (Fig. 7). The Cikoneng shoot is
located at the northern end while the Cibitung shoot is at
the southern end, about 400 m away (Figs. 4 and 7). Most
of the gold is confined at +120 to 0 m RL at Cikoneng
and at +120 to 140 m RL at Cibitung (Fig. 7). Silver
generally increases at depth, reaching >80 g/t at +40 to 0
m RL at Cikoneng and 0 to 40 m RL at Cibitung.
The widths for both shoots are almost the same.
Cikoneng is about 2 to 10 m wide while Cibitung is 1 to
8 m wide. In terms of strike length, Cikoneng is 200 m
while Cibitung is 140 m long. Both shoots extends
down to >300 m and are still open at depth. Cibitung is
relatively simple in geometry, i.e., one main shoot with
no splays and splits. Cikoneng is more complex. It has
one main shoot at the central portion and splays to sev-
eral narrower sub-shoots to the north and south. The
main shoot also has several hanging wall splits (Fig.
8A). The largest split is about 2-4 m wide and located at
Section Lines 5120 - 5240mN.
The two shoots, together with their peripheral vein
and stockwork zones define a known vein/stockwork
system with a minimum strike length of 1,300 m. North
vol. 52, no. 4, 2002 Cibaliung Epithermal Gold Deposit, Indonesia 335

SSE 4500mN 5000mN NNW

Cibitung Shoot Cikoneng Shoot

200mRL
0.00
12.93 38.67 43.65 46.20
24.588.16 0.00
0.00
8.53 6.87
25.31 2.87 51.40
106.53
0.00 34.4842.37 112.34 12.76 0.00
104.73 93.75
30.05 0.00 41.24 102.8014.61 2.27
0.00 51.11 8.59 0.00 14.55 206.84 47.47
0.00 12.01
145.27
134.19 100.42 35.35
0 mRL 16.39 37.06 0.00 16.86 32.96 0.00
0.00 4.43 3.29
157.75 25.47 1.65
0.00 70.90
31.46
64.44 11.66 33.57
30.14 5.88 0.00
9.01

Axi ot
s
Sho
Axiost

-200mRL
4490mN

5200mN
Sho

<3 30 to 50
HOLE LOCATION 3 to 10 50 to 100 0 100m
45.27 m g/t Au 10 to 30 > 100
Fig. 7 Cikoneng-Cibitung Connolly diagram (true width in meter Au grade at 3 g/t cut-off).

5000mE 5200mE 5100mE 5300mE

W E W AC-030 AC-027A E
AC-001
024

A
018
160mRL
DH_

AC-
CD

AC-020
AC-040

18A
AC--0
CD

160mRL
CD

DH_

--013
DH

00
_
01

42

AC
2
0

_0
DH
CD

CD
DH_
00
6

4. 0m 1167
99. 80mRL
.55m

19
9.2 0mRL
0m

25
1.8
0m
0mRL
80mRL
29
5.9
. 0m

0 m
6 .1
30

- 80mRL
160mRL

375
.30
m
0m 0 50m
1.0
(A) 0 50m 37
5m
(B) 400
.40m
?

? 37 4.6 -160mRL 410.

.00m

LITHOLOGY Andesite Breccia ALTERATION

Vein
Soil Porphyritic Andesite Shoot: grade 3.0 g/t Au
Dacitic Tuff Dacitic Ignimbrite Chlorite Fault
Smectite Illite Mineralised Intercept
Volcaniclastic Sediments Diatreme Cut-off grade 3.0 g/t Au

Fig. 8 Geology and alteration of the representative cross-sections. (A) Cikoneng (5200mN) and (B) Cibitung (4490mN).
336 C. A. ANGELES, S. PRIHATMOKO and J. S. WALKER
of the Cikoneng shoot, the vein structure appears to
split into several lower grade veins and pinch out at
depth. South of Cibitung, the vein flares into a zone of
stockworking at surface consolidating into several gold-
poor fault/vein zones at depth.
Discontinuous gold-silver mineralization is also rec-
ognized in two other vein systems, the NE-striking
Cibeber and N-S-striking Melinjo, located about 600 m
WSW of Cibitung. They comprise several sub-parallel 1
to 2 m wide veins with minimum strike lengths of 200
to 300 m. Both systems have been tested down to about
130 m below the surface.
5.2. Ore mineralogy
5.2.1. Vein: Gold-silver mineralization associated with
base metal-bearing sulphides is generally accompanied
with the later hydrothermal stages 2d, 2e and 3.
Precious metal deposition is mainly associated with
clay-rich bands where they alternate with late stage
quartz-adularia bands. Gold and silver also occur in
trace amounts in early quartz-adularia bands and
extends into the late stage formation of clay-matrix
breccias (Leach and Corlett, 2000).
Sulphides generally comprise <1 vol % of the vein,
with pyrite as the earliest and most common species.
Besides pyrite, micron-sized arsenopyrite (S. Williams,
pers. com., 1997) and marcasite were noted (Leach and
Corlett, 2000; S. Williams, pers. com., 1997). Very fine
grained sulphides, usually only tens of microns in diam-
eter, had been identified by ore microscopy and micro-
probe work to be a mixture of base metal sulphides
together with electrum and silver minerals (Leach and
Corlett, 2000; APS, 2000c).
The base metal sulphides are mainly chalcopyrite,
sphalerite and galena, and minor to trace amounts of bor-
nite and tennantite-tetrahedrite. Sphalerite is generally
iron-poor and may contain cadmium (to 2.2 wt%). Pyrite,
chalcopyrite, bornite and sphalerite commonly host inclu-
sions of electrum. Intergrowths of electrum have been
noted with chalcopyrite, bornite and galena. Intergrowths
with Ag sulphide/selenides are noted also with galena,
bornite and sphalerite. Altaite (PbTe) is also suspected as
inclusions in bornite in drill hole AC-02/89.8 m.
Gold occurs mainly as electrum, with a close spatial
association with silver minerals (APS, 1999, 2000b,
2000c; Leach and Corlett, 2000; Corlett, 2000). It occurs
as free grains intergrown with clays and carbonate that, in
places, fill cavities in quartz-adularia bands; as inter-
growths and overgrowths on quartz-adularia; and as inclu-
sions in, overgrowths on, and intergrowths with sulphide
minerals, especially in the clay-rich bands (Leach and
Corlett, 2000). Most of the electrum occurs as over-
growths or intergrowths with other sulphide minerals
while very little is free in clays or carbonates. Rarely, Ag
RESOURCE GEOLOGY :
sulphide/selenides and hessite are intergrown or host
inclusions of electrum (APS, 2000c). Grain size ranges
from <1 to up to 260 m, but generally average about
25 to 50 m. It is finer grained, about 7-10 m, where it
occurs as inclusions in sulphides and coarsest where it
overgrows sulphides and fills cavities in quartz-adularia
bands. The mean gold fineness ranges from 422 to 670,
which is typical of epithermal deposits (Corlett, 2000;
APS, 2000c).
Silver occurs mainly as Ag sulphide/selenide and elec-
trum and rarely as native silver, polybasite, hessite and
stromeyerite. Scout electron microprobe studies (S.
Williams, pers. com., 1997; APS, 2000b; Corlett, 2000)
had shown that some if not most of the argentite (Ag2S)
identified microscopically is actually aguilarite (Ag4SeS)
and naumannite (Ag2Se). Silver sulphide/selenides may
occur as intergrowths with chalcopyrite and sphalerite
and rarely pyrite, polybasite and galena. Inclusions of
electrum in Ag sulphide/selenides are also common.
Native silver has been identified especially in the deep-
er portions of the shoots where Ag grades are very high. It
is usually associated with galena and sphalerite.
Polybasite [(Ag,Cu)6Sb2S11], a Ag sulphosalt, was noted
together with chalcopyrite, tennantite-tetrahedrite and Ag
sulphide/selenide in drill hole AC-01/222.44 m together
with visible electrum (Leach and Corlett, 2000). Hessite
(Ag2Te) usually occurs as free grains, sometimes contain-
ing inclusions of electrum. Although they occur in close
proximity, hessite has not been seen intergrown with chal-
copyrite, sphalerite and galena (APS, 2000c). Stromeye-
rite (AgCuS) was noted also in drill hole AC-01/222.44
m. It is associated with late carbonate fill, locally inti-
mately intergrown with aguilarite (Corlett, 2000).
5.2.2. Wall rock: Pyrite is the only sulphide present in
the wall rock lithologies. It occurs mainly as dissemina-
tions and rarely as fracture fills and stringers. It is abun-
dant near to the veins and in smectite and illite domi-
nant alteration types at the hanging wall side, averaging
about 1 to 3 vol %. In chloritic to propylitic alteration,
pyrite is less, about <1 to 1 vol %.
5.3. Gangue mineralogy
5.3.1. Vein: The major vein mineral constituents are
quartz and adularia, especially in the early hydrothermal
stages. Minor amounts of carbonate are sometimes pre-
sent, mainly as calcite and occasionally as rhodochrosite.
Rhodonite may also be present with rhodochrosite (Leach,
2000). In both the later retrograde hydrothermal stages
and at the deeper portions of the vein system, clay (smec-
tite, poorly crystalline chlorite, interlayered chlorite-smec-
tite and illite-smectite), chlorite and carbonate are locally
significant vein constituents. At Cibitung, paragonite was
detected in drill hole AC-07/244.6 m (Leach and Corlett,
vol. 52, no. 4, 2002 Cibaliung Epithermal Gold Deposit, Indonesia 337

2000). The occurrence of 10.1 illite at 66.7 m in drill (Fig. 8A) and may also be in direct contact with the vein
hole CDDH-23 (at 50 m from the current surface) at zones (Fig. 8B). Due to insufficient petrographic work, it
Cibitung indicates a minimum of 200-250 m erosion is not clear how far laterally the chlorite+adularia zone
since mineralization (Leach and Corlett, 2000). extends away from the vein zone. This alteration zone is
There is no apparent zonation in clays at Cikoneng, quite extensive though, as all rocks at the drilled area are
with smectite and minor interlayered chlorite-smectite affected. This may be due to the permeable nature of the
being the only clay minerals detected, even over depth volcanic pile (APS, 1999). It is inferred that further away
intervals of 160 m. These clays indicate that precious from the smectite dominant and chlorite+adularia zones,
metal mineralization took place at temperatures of the alteration fades away as weakly developed chlorite-
lower than 150C and near neutral pH conditions (pH 5- calcite and then to unaltered rocks.
6) (Leach and Corlett, 2000). On the other hand, miner-
alization associated with illite and interlayered illite- 6. Supergene Alteration
smectite at the upper parts of Cibitung implies higher
mineralization temperatures of around 180-220C at Weathering associated with supergene oxidation is
slightly acidic conditions (pH~5). generally shallow, about several meters below the sur-
face. Within the vein zones, however, complete super-
5.3.2. Wall rock: Prior to epithermal vein mineraliza-
gene oxidation generally reaches down to 40 to 80 m
tion, weak thermal metamorphism to metasomatic alter-
deep. The base of partial oxidation is deeper in Cibitung
ation has affected the Honje volcanic pile due to the intru-
(>300 m) than in Cikoneng (~200 m).
sions of the andesite plugs and dykes (APS, 2000a). This
The major change in the depth of oxidation occurs at
is evidenced by petrography done on drill hole CDDH-
the southern end of the Cikoneng shoot (Micromine
48/123.3 m at Cibitung. The replacement assemblage
Consulting, 2001). The weathering profile follows the
comprising albite/K-feldspar-quartz-magnetite-garnet-epi-
surface topography until it crosses the fault zone where
dote-clinopyroxene is indicative of conductive heat trans-
it extends at depth following the structure. Clearly,
fer while an associated quartz-magnetite-albite-epidote
weathering has permeated to greater depths exploiting
vein mineralogy indicates a metasomatic component dur-
the fracture zones.
ing this stage of alteration.
The reason for Cibitung having deeper oxidation is
During the early hydrothermal stages (2a, 2b and 2c),
not yet clear. Possible explanations are that it is nearer
alteration of the wall rock lithologies is characterized by
to the main river or the fault zone is more intense com-
pervasive chlorite and adularia with variable minor
pared to Cikoneng, or a combination of both. There is
amounts of quartz and zoisite and/or epidote. Minor over-
not much change in the vein mineralogy during oxida-
prints of later smectite-illite and/or smectite are common
tion except for the replacement of the minor amounts of
including sporadic occurrence of laumontite (zeolite)
sulphides by limonite and concomitant leaching out of
calcite. From considerations of the crystallinity of the
the base metals and silver. There seems to be no major
illitic clay and the presence of zoisite and laumontite,
supergene re-mobilization and enrichment of gold in the
temperatures of hydrothermal alteration (and mineraliza-
oxidized portions of the mineralized veins.
tion) are considered to be in the order of 220 to 250C
(APS, 1999).
7. Discussion and Conclusions
During the later retrograde hydrothermal stages (2d,
2e and 3), pervasive smectite-dominant alteration over-
Gold-silver vein mineralization in Cibaliung is charac-
prints the chlorite+adularia alteration. This alteration
teristic of the low-sulphidation epithermal adularia-
type comprises variable amounts of smectite, interlay-
sericite type (Hayba et al., 1985; Bonham, 1986) or the
ered illite-smectite and chlorite-smectite, poorly crys-
epithermal quartz gold-silver vein style (Corbett and
talline chlorite, carbonate and rare occurrence of
Leach, 1998; Leach and Corlett, 2000). Just like all miner-
prehnite and anhydrite.
al deposits, however, Cibaliung has some subtle differ-
In terms of zonation, smectite dominant alteration
ences, which makes it unique. Firstly, the early extensive
forms an envelope around the vein zones. At Cikoneng
quartz-adularia-rich veins do not carry appreciable
(Fig. 8A), it is generally wide at near surface (~300 m at
amounts of precious metals, whereas precious metals
+160 m RL) and narrows down at depth (50 m at 80 m
associated with adularia-quartz stage has been reported
RL). At Cibitung (Fig. 8B), it is narrower and irregular in
from the Hishikari deposit (Izawa et al., 1990; Nagayama,
shape, i.e., <5 to 15 m at the hanging wall side and <10 to
1993; Hayashi et al., 2000; Etoh et al., 2002; Imai and
40 m at the footwall side. Away from the smectite domi-
Uto, 2002). It is the later relatively narrower clay-rich
nant zone, chlorite+adularia alteration predominates. It
veins and breccias that define the mineralized shoots.
also occurs as remnant patches within the smectitic zones
Secondly, the mineralized shoots are of considerably
338 C. A. ANGELES, S. PRIHATMOKO and J. S. WALKER
greater vertical than lateral extent, a feature not commonly
found in epithermal vein deposits. The unusual geometry
is thought to result from the structural and hydrological
complexity in the formation of the veins. Lastly, the pres-
ence of selenides as the main silver minerals is also not
common. Cibaliung is not alone in this respect. Silver
selenides have been documented at similar deposits such
as Gunung Pongkor (Milesi et al., 1999) and Hishikari,
Japan (Izawa et al., 1990; Corlett, 2000).
The probable age of the gold-silver vein mineraliza-
tion at Cibaliung can be constrained to a narrow range.
Since the veins formed during the hiatus between the
folding/uplift of the Late Miocene Honje Formation and
deposition of the Cibaliung Tuff (Marjoribanks, 2000),
the lower age limit of the mineralization is Late
Miocene. The upper age limit is Quaternary since the
Quaternary basalts are definitely post-mineral. A pre-
liminary dating (40Ar/39Ar) of two hydrothermal alter-
ation samples from drill holes AC-13 and AC-15 yielded
11 Ma (Agung Harijoko, written com., 2001). This con-
firmed that Cibaliung vein system has a significant age
difference to the ages of the mineral deposits in the Bayah
Dome, e.g., 2.05 0.05 Ma for Gunung Pongkor (Milesi
et al., 1999), and 2.5 0.6 to 1.5 0.01 Ma for Ciawitali,
Cirotan and Cipangleseran (Marcoux and Milesi, 1994).
So far, the related igneous activity responsible for the
gold-silver mineralization has not been identified.
Although the andesite intrusives and associated het-
erolithic milled matrix breccias are pre-mineral, some
of the later fluidized breccias (i.e., hydrothermal stage
1) are suspected to be precursors of epithermal vein sys-
tems (Leach, 2000). These breccias have been noted
also at Pongkor (Milesi et al., 1999). Marjoribanks
(2000) inferred that the gold mineralization is associat-
ed with a volcanic intrusive center. The center, defined
by the 3 2 km annular potassium radiometric anomaly
at the eastern edge of the vein system, is now largely
concealed below the Cibaliung Tuff. The center, if it
exists, formed during the hiatus between the
folding/uplift of the Honje Formation and deposition of
the Cibaliung Tuff.
In other epithermal vein deposits of Java and South
Sumatra, such as at Pongkor or Rawas, gold-bearing
quartz veins are associated with late normal faults which
cut the rim of circular cauldron-collapse structures
(Marjoribanks, 2000; Milesi et al., 1999). Some other
indirect evidences of the volcanic intrusive center are the
circular patterns interpreted from aerial photos and a
coincident positive potassium radiometric anomaly and
aeromagnetic high. The NW-trending structural corridor
through the area of gold mineralization may well have
been focussed by this volcanic intrusive center.
The pervasive adularia replacement of the mafic to
intermediate rocks at the drilled area is a rare phenome-
RESOURCE GEOLOGY :
non. This has to be due to the potassic nature of the up
welling hydrothermal fluid (Leach, 2000). Rhyolite
intrusions and extrusions are common in the back arc
setting of Sumatra and Java (Leach, 2000), and rhyolite
domes crop out approximately 10km north of the
Cibaliung area (Prihatmoko, 2000). It is therefore spec-
ulated that the hydrothermal system at Cibaliung is
related to rhyolitic magmatism at depth in back arc rift-
ing setting (Leach, 2000).
It is postulated that the early quartz-adularia-calcite
vein stages were deposited from a hot, up welling boiling
fluid, whereas the later clay-sulphide-carbonate vein
stages were deposited from the mixing of these upwelling
fluids with cool surficial waters. Gold-silver and base
metal mineralization are not associated with the early
quartz-adularia veins, in the similar way that the quartz-
adularia assemblages at Broadlands, New Zealand are vir-
tually barren of mineralization (Leach and Corlett, 2000).
It is therefore reasonable to conclude that the domi-
nant mechanism for gold-silver and base metal sulphide
mineralization at Cibaliung is the mixing of up welling
metal-bearing solution with cool, relatively oxidized
near-surface fluids (Leach, 2000; Leach and Corlett,
2000). The strongly focused dilational structural envi-
ronment is thought to have been the mechanism for
focusing fluid flows, both up welling and descending,
forming pipe-like mineralized bodies in the rhomboidal
dilation zones.
Based on hydrothermal clay species, it is interpreted
that the temperatures of the gold-poor hydrothermal
stages (2a, 2b and 2c) are in the order of 220 to 250C
(APS, 1999), while those of the retrograde gold-rich
hydrothermal stages (2d, 2e and 3) took place under
lower temperatures (<150 to 220C) at near neutral pH
(5-6) conditions (Leach and Corlett, 2000). The miner-
alization temperatures during the retrograde stages at
Cibitung (~180-220C) are higher than Cikoneng
(<150C), while the pH at Cibitung is slightly lower,
i.e., from about pH 5 to pH 5-6 (Leach and Corlett,
2000). The inferred difference in mineralization temper-
atures is caused by different hydrological regimes rather
than any fault displacement between the two vein sys-
tems. The higher temperatures of mineralization at
Cibitung may reflect closer proximity to the source of
mineralized fluids, or less significant input of surficial
waters during mineralization.
Although more laboratory data such as fluid inclusion
and isotopic studies are required, the above models will
certainly help future workers in vectoring towards the
high grade shoots within apparently barren quartz veins
in the area. These models highlight that mineralization
in epithermal quartz Au-Ag systems is not uniform
along the vein structures, and that mineralization is
dependent on unique conditions to precipitate precious
vol. 52, no. 4, 2002 Cibaliung Epithermal Gold Deposit, Indonesia
metals from an up welling hydrothermal fluid (Leach,
2000). The absence of gold in an epithermal vein does
not necessarily indicate that the vein is uniformly absent
of mineralization throughout.
Acknowledgements: The authors express their apprecia-
tion to the management of Austindo Resources Corpora-
tion NL and International Antam Resources Ltd. for
allowing us to publish this paper. We are indebted to all
the technical staffs who have helped in the data collec-
tion, discussions and interpretations.
Special mention is extended to Terry Leach, Roger
Marjoribanks, Graeme Corlett and Anthony Coote, our
consultants who formed the core of the ideas presented
in this paper. Constructive reviews by John Carlile,
Terry Leach, Drew Henry and Colin Davies are also
gratefully acknowledged.
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