Suggestions_October, 2016

CEP- 420 Course Name: Transport Phenomena

Q1
a) State Newtons law of viscous flow. What is the physical significance of the viscosity
coefficient? Write down the generalized form of Newtons viscous law and discuss the
meaning of each term in it.
Source: Bird et al., pp.16-18
b) i) Find the analogy among Newtons law for viscous flow, Ficks law for diffusion
transport and Fourier law for heat transfer.
ii) Write down the Ficks law in terms of molar concentration and mole fraction, and
show how they are correlated
c) The following data are available on the viscosity of mixtures of hydrogen and Freon-12
(dichlorodifluoromethane) at 25C and 1 atm:
Mole fraction, xH2 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
Viscosity, x10 ,6 124.0 128.1 131.9 135.1 88.4
-1 -1
g.cm s
Draw a viscosity vs. composition plot. Find the viscosity of the composition at xH2 =0.35, 0.65
and 0.85. Also, compute the values by the following equations:
2
n
xi i 1 M M
mix ij (1 i ) 0.5 1 ( i ) 0.2 ( j ) 0.25
n
j
x
i 1 8 Mj Mi
j ij
j 1
,

and compare them with those obtained from the graph.:

Source: Bird et al. Problem 1A. 4B, Calculation of viscosities of gas mixtures at low
density, p.38
 d) Use Fig. 1.3-1 to find the viscosity of methyl fluoride in Pa.s of CH3F at 370C and
120 atm. Use the following values for the critical constants: Tc = 4.55C, pc = 58.0 atm, c = 0.300
g/cm3. Atomic mass of fluorine is 19.
2/3 1/6
= 7.701/2
Consult with Bird et al. p.22

Q2
a)
i) Derive the momentum flux (shear stress) and velocity profile for a viscous isothermal liquid
film falling along an inclined bed. Also determine the maximum velocity, average velocity,
volumetric flow rate, film thickness and the force exerted at the wall
Source: Bird et al. Flow of a falling film, p.42-46
ii) From appropriate equations of changes, deduce the momentum flux equation for the case in (i)
and explain why and how different terms of the equations disappears.

b) Derive the momentum flux (shear stress) and velocity profile for an isothermal liquid film
(with variable viscosity) falling along an inclined bed. The viscosity-variation obeys the
following law:
0 exp( x / )
Also determine the maximum velocity, average velocity, volumetric flow rate, film thickness and
the force exerted at the wall
Consult with Bird et al. Example 2.2-2 Falling Film with variable viscosity, p. 47-48

Q3
a)
i) For flow of a Newtonian fluid through a circular tube, derive the momentum flux (shear
stress) and velocity profile. Also determine the maximum velocity, average velocity, volumetric
flow rate and the force exerted at the wall
Source: Bird et al. Flow through a circular tube, p. 42-47
ii) From appropriate equations of changes, deduce the momentum flux equation for the case (i)
and explain why and how different terms of the equations disappears.
iii)
One method for determining the radius of a capillary tube is by measuring the rate of flow of a Newtonian
liquid through the tube. Find the radius of a capillary from the following flow data:
Length of capillary tube- 50.02 cm, Kinematic viscosity of liquid- 4.03 10-5 m2/s, Density of liquid-
0.9552 103 kg/m3, Pressure drop in the horizontal tube- 4.829 l05 Pa and Mass rate of flow through
tube- 2.997 10-3 kg/s
Source: Bird et al., Problem 2A.2, p.62

b) For flow of a Bingham fluid through a circular tube, derive the momentum flux (shear stress)
and velocity profile. Also determine the maximum velocity, average velocity, volumetric flow
rate, and the force exerted at the wall
Source: Bird et al. Flow through a circular tube, p. 42-47 (old edition)

Q4
a) For adjacent flow of two immiscible Newtonian fluids between two flat plates under the
influence of a pressure gradient, derive the momentum flux (shear stress) and velocity profile.
Also determine the maximum and the average velocity of each fluid
Source: Bird et al. Flow through an annulus, pp. 56-58

b) i) For flow of a Newtonian fluid through an annulus, derive the momentum flux (shear stress)
and velocity profile. Also determine the maximum velocity, average velocity, volumetric flow
rate, and the force exerted at the wall
Source: Bird et al. Flow through an annulus, p. 53-56
ii) A horizontal annulus, 27 ft in length, has an inner radius of 0.495 in. and an outer radius of
1.1 in. A 60% aqueous solution of sucrose (C12H22O11) is to be pumped through the annulus at
20C. At this temperature the solution density is 80.3 lb/ft3 and the viscosity is 136.8 lbm/ft.hr.
What is the volume flow rate when the impressed pressure difference is 5.39 psi?
Source: Bird et al. Flow through an annulus, p. 62

Q5

a)

Fig. 2B.6 Velocity distribution and z-momentum balance for the flow of a falling film on the outside of a
circular tube
In a gas absorption experiment, a viscous fluid flows upward through a small circular tube and
then downward on the outside (see Fig. 2B.6). Set up a momentum balance over a shell of
thickness r in the film, as shown in the figure. Note that the Momentum in and Momentum
out arrows are always taken in the positive r-direction in setting up the balance, even though in
this case the momentum turns out to be flowing in the negative r-direction.

(a) Show that the velocity distribution in the falling film (neglecting end effects) is
vz
gR 2
4

1 r / R 2a 2 ln( r / R)
2

b) Obtain an expression for the volumetric flow rate Q in the film
c) Show that the expression for the volumetric flow rate Q in the film simplifies to
gW 3
Q if the thickness is very small.
3

(b)
A Newtonian Fluid is in laminar flow in a narrow slit formed by two parallel walls at a distance
2B apart. The width of walls is W. It is understood that B << W, so that "edge effects" are
unimportant. The flow direction is vertically downward. The pressure changes from p0 to pL for a
distance of L along the flow direction.

Fig. 2B.3 Flow through a slit, with B << W << L

i) Make a differential momentum balance and obtain the following expressions for the
distribution of momentum flux and velocity:
0 (0 )2 2
=( ) , = [1 ( ) ]
2

In these expressions = + =

ii) What is the ratio of average to maximum velocity in the slit?

Source: Bird et al., Problem 2B.3, Laminar Flow in narrow slit, p.63

Q6
a) Determine the velocity and shear tress distributions for the tangential laminar flow of an
incompressible fluid between two vertical coaxial cylinders, the outer one of which is
 rotating with an angular velocity . End effect may be neglected. Use the equation of
changes for the solution and explain why some of the terms in the equation vanish.
Then i) determine the minimum torque T to turn the outer shaft, ii) determine the radial
pressure distribution, and describe how the relations derived in this problem lies in
foundation of Couette-Hatschek viscometers.

Source: Bird et al., Example 3.6-3, p.89-91

b)
i) Torque required to turn a friction bearing (Fig. 3A.1). Calculate the required torque in lbf.ft and
power consumption in horsepower to turn the shaft in the friction bearing shown in the figure.
The length of the bearing surface on the shaft is 2 in, and the shaft is rotating at 200 rpm. The
viscosity of the lubricant is 200 cp, and its density is 50 lb,/ft3. Neglect the effect of eccentricity.

Fig. 3A.1. Friction bearing.

Source: Bird et al., Problem 3A.1, p.104

ii)
It is desired to measure the viscosities of sucrose solutions of about 60% concentration by weight at about
20C with a rotating-cylinder viscometer such as that shown in Fig. 3.6-1. This instrument has an inner
cylinder 4.000 cm in diameter surrounded by a rotating concentric cylinder 4.500 cm in diameter. The
length L is 4.00 cm. The viscosity of a 60% sucrose solution at 20C is about 57 cp, and its density is
about 1.29 g/cm3.
On the basis of past experience it seems possible that end effects will be important, and it is therefore
decided to calibrate the viscometer by measurements on some known solutions of approximately the same
viscosity as those of the unknown sucrose solutions.
Determine a reasonable value for the applied torque to be used in calibration if the torque measurements
are reliable within 100 dyne/cm and the angular velocity can be measured within 0.5%. What will be the
resultant angular velocity?
Fig. 3.6-1. (b) A diagram of a Couette viscometer
Source: Bird et al., Problem 3A.4, p.104-105

c) A liquid of constant density and viscosity is in a cylindrical container of radius R. The

container is caused to rotate about its own axis at an angular velocity . The cylinder axis
is vertical so that g = g=0 and gz=-g. Find the shape of the free surface when steady
state has been established. End effect may be neglected. Use the equation of changes for
the solution, and i) explain why some of the terms in the equation vanish and ii) find the
shape of the surface of the rotating liquid.
Source: Bird et al., Example 3.6-4, p.93-95

d) Steady Flow in an Agitated Tank: It is desired to predict the flow behavior in a large,
unbaffled tank of oil, shown in Fig. 3.7-3, as a function of the impeller rotation speed. We
propose to do this by means of model experiments in a smaller, geometrically similar system.
Determine the conditions necessary for the model studies to provide a direct means of prediction.

Fig. 3.7-3. Long-time average free-surface shapes, with ReI = ReII.

 Part B
7. a) Define and discuss the friction factors for flow i) in conduits and ii) around submerged
objects. Also, iii) for turbulent flow in some types of non-circular tubes, define mean hydraulic
radius.
b) What pressure gradient is required to cause diethylaniline, C6H5N(C2H5)2, to flow in a
horizontal, smooth, circular tube of inside diameter D = 3.5 cm at a mass rate of 1200 g/s at 20C?
At this temperature the density of diethylaniline is = 0.935 g/cm3 and its viscosity is = 1.95 cp.

Source: Bird et al., Example 6.2-1, p.183

Fig. 6.2-2. Friction factor for tube flow

c)
Determine the flow rate, in pounds per hour, of water at 68F through a 1200-ft length of
horizontal 8-in. schedule 40 steel pipe (internal diameter 7.981 in.) under a pressure difference of
4.00 psi. For such a pipe use Fig. 6.2-2 and assume that k/D = 2.3 X10-4

Fig. 6.2-2. Friction factor for tube flow is to be supplied

Source: Bird et al., Example 6.2-2, p.183

d)

Glass spheres of density sph = 2620 kg/m3 are to be allowed to fall through water at 25C. At this
temperature the relevant properties of water are = 997 kg/m3 and = 0.891x10-3 Pa.s. What diameter
should the spheres be to have a terminal velocity of about 0.5 m/s?
Fig. 6.3-1. Friction factor (or drag coefficient) for spheres moving relative to a fluid with a velocity v

Fig. 6.3-1. Friction factor (or drag coefficient) for spheres moving relative to afluid with a velocity v is
to be supplied

Source: Bird et al., Example 6.3-1, p.187

8. a) Derive the expression for friction factor for flow through packed column and then adapting it to
laminar, turbulent and transient regime, write down the expressions for pressure-drop as proposed by
Blake-Kozeny, Burke-Plummer, Ergun and Tallmadge. Comment on the applicability of those
expressions. How do they differ from DArcy law?
Source: Bird et al., p.188-192

b)
A tube of 146 sq. in. cross section and 73 in. height is packed with spherical particles of diameter 2 mm.
When a pressure difference of 158 psi is maintained across the column, a 60% aqueous sucrose solution
at 20C flows through the bed at a rate of 244 lb/min. At this temperature, the viscosity of the solution is
56.5 cp and its density is 1.2865 g/cm3. What is the void fraction of the bed?
Source: Bird et al., Problem 6A.6 Estimation of void fraction of a packed column p. 193

9.
a)
i) Derive the expressions for temperature and heat flux distributions (profile) for flow of electric
current with current density, I amp/cm2 through an electric wire of circular cross section with
radius R and electrical conductivity, ke ohm-1cm-1. Determine also maximum and average
temperature rise as well as heat outflow at the surface.
ii)
A copper wire has a radius of 3 mm and a length of 6 m. For what voltage drop would the
temperature rise at the wire axis be 10C, if the surface temperature of the wire is 20C? For
copper, the Lorenz number k/keTo= 2.23 10-5 volt2/K2, where k is the thermal conductivity.
Source: Bird et al., Example 10.2-1 p. 295
10.
a)
Develop a formula for the overall heat transfer coefficient for the composite cylindrical pipe wall
shown in Fig. 10.6-2.

Fig. 10.6-2. Heat conduction through a laminated tube with a fluid at temperature Ta, inside the
tube and temperature Tb outside
Source: Bird et al., Example 10.6-1 p. 305

e) A copper wire of 0.040 in. diameter is insulated uniformly with plastic to an outer
diameter of 0.12 in. and is exposed to surroundings at 100F. The heat transfer coefficient
from the outer surface of the plastic to the surroundings is 1.5 Btu/hr.ft2.F. What is the
maximum steady current, in amperes, that this wire can carry without heating any part of
the plastic above its operating limit of 200F? The thermal and electrical conductivities
may be assumed constant at the values given below:
k (Btu/hr.ft.F): Copper -220, Plastic- 0.20; ke (ohm-1.cm-1): Copper - 5.1 x l05, Plastic-0.0

Source: Bird et al., Example 10.A-4 p. 320

11.
i) Derive the diffusion flux equation for transport through stagnant gas film, and find
the concentration profile of the species. Describe how could the flux equation be used
for the determination of diffusion coefficient of a vapor?

Fig. 18.2-1. Steady-state diffusion of A through stagnant B with the liquid vapor interface
maintained at a fixed position.

Source: Bird et al., p. 545-549

 ii) The diffusivity of the gas pair O2-CC14 is being determined by observing the steady-
state evaporation of carbon tetrachloride into a tube containing oxygen, as shown in
Fig. 18.2-1. The distance between the CCl4 liquid level and the top of the tube is z2-z1
= 17.1 cm. The total pressure on the system is 755 mm Hg, and the temperature is
0C. The vapor pressure of CCl4 at that temperature is 33.0 mm Hg. The cross-
sectional area of the diffusion tube is 1.0 cm2. It is found that 0.026 cm3 of CC14
evaporate in a 10-hour period after steady state has been attained. What is the
diffusivity of the gas pair O2-CC14?
Source: Bird et al., Example 18.2-2, p. 549

12.

a) Derive the flux equation for diffusion with heterogeneous chemical reaction of the type
2A A2. Consider both instantaneous and slow reaction. Also find the concentration
profile in the gas-solid interfacial film
Source: Bird et al., p. 551-553

b) Derive the flux equation for diffusion with homogeneous chemical reaction of the type
A + B AB in a system as shown in Figure 18.4-1. Also find the concentration profile in
the liquid phase

Fig. 18.4-1. Absorption of A by B with a homogeneous reaction in the liquid phase