The Paleolithic Age

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The Paleolithic Age, or Old Stone Age in India spanned from 500,000 B.C. to 10,000 B.C in the
Pleistocene Period of the Ice Age. It was the first part of the Stone Age. During this period, man relied
on hunting and had no knowledge of cultivation and house building. According to the nature of tools
and the change in the climate, the Paleolithic Age in India is divided into three phases; Lower
Paleolithic (500,000 BC to 50,000 BC), Middle Paleolithic (50,000 BC to 40,000 BC), and Upper
Paleolithic (40,000 BC to 10,000 BC).

Chronology

In India Paleolithic Age was divided into three phases:

Lower Paleolithic extended from 500,000 B.C. to 50,000 B. C. In India its sites were
discovered in Punjab, Kashmir, UP, Rajasthan etc.
Middle Paleolithic extended from 50,000 B.C. to 40,000 B. C. In India its sites were found
around Tungabhadra River Valley and Narmada River Valley
Upper Paleolithic extended from 40,000 B.C. to 10,000 B. C. In India its sites were discovered
in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Central Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, southern Uttar Pradesh,
and South Bihar Plateau

Characteristics

Summary- Paleolithic man was a hunter and food gatherer. He used simple chipped and chopped
type stone tools for hunting and other purposes. There was no trace of knowledge of agriculture and
building houses, hence no settled life. With the change in climate the humidity from Lower
Paleolithic decreased to a reasonable amount till the Upper Paleolithic Period, which could have
probably led to the settled lifestyle. It has been found that people survived consumed on roots of trees
and fruits and lived in hills and caves.
Body-Paleolithic man was a hunter and food gatherer. He used simple chipped and chopped type
stone tools for hunting and other purposes. There was no trace of knowledge of agriculture and
building houses, hence no settled life. With the change in climate the humidity from Lower
Paleolithic decreased to a reasonable amount till the Upper Paleolithic Period, which could have
probably led to the settled lifestyle. It has been found that people survived consumed on roots of trees
and fruits and lived in hills and caves.

Lower Paleolithic Age mainly spread in Western Europe and Africa and early human lived a
nomadic lifestyle. No specific human group was the carrier of Lower Paleolithic period, but
many scholars believe that this era was a contribution of Neanderthal-like Palaenthropic men
(Third stage of hominid evolution)

Middle Paleolithic Age was mainly associated with early form of man, Neanderthal, whose
remains are often found in caves with evidence of the use of fire. He got his name from the
valley of Neander (Germany). Neanderthal was hunter of prehistoric time. The Middle
 Paleolithic man was scavenger but few evidences of hunting and gathering were traced. The
dead were painted before burial

Upper Paleolithic Age was characterized by the appearance of new flint industries and Homo
Sapiens (Modern type men) in world context. This was the last part of the Paleolithic Age
which gave rise to the Upper Paleolithic culture. This period covered approximately one-tenth
time of the total Paleolithic Period but in short span of time, the primitive man made greatest
cultural progress. The culture has been referred as the Osteodontokeratic culture, i.e. tools made
up of bone, teeth, and horns

Tools

Tools have been discovered from Chhota Nagpur Plateau, Kurnool, and Andhra Pradesh and are
nearly 100,000 B.C. old.

Lower Paleolithic population preferred to live near the water source because the stone tools are
abundant near the river valleys. In this era, the first stone tool fabrication started (including the
earliest stone tools found today) and was called Oldowan tradition which refers to a pattern of
stone-tool manufacturing by Hominid (Homo habilis). Splintered stones called eoliths have
been considered the earliest tools. These tools were made from large and small scrapers,
hammer stones, choppers, awls, etc. Hand axes and cleavers were the typical tools of these
early hunters and food-gatherers. Tools used in Lower Paleolithic era were mainly cleavers,
choppers, and hand axes. These tools were mainly used for cutting, digging, and skinning the
prey. These tools were found from Belan Valley of Mirzapur (U.P.), Didwana in Rajasthan,
Narmada Valley, and from Bhimbetka (near Bhopal, M.P.)

The Middle Paleolithic Period was majorly dependent on flakes which were used to make
bores, points, and scrapers etc. A crude pebble industry is also noticed in this period. Stones
found were very small and were called microliths. Stone tools of this period are of the flake
tradition. For example, use of needles to sew furs and skins which were used as body coverings

Tools used in Upper Paleolithic Age were majorly large flake blades, scrapers, and burins. The
lifestyle of this man was not different from that of Neanderthal and Homo erectus; the tools
used were still crude and unsophisticated during early period of this age. There are evidences of
appearance of bone artifacts and the first form of art for the first time in Africa. From artifacts,
the first evidence of fishing is also seen in places such as Blombos Cave in South Africa. The
use of polished fine cutting edge tools and mortars and pestles used for grinding grain also
came into existence.

Weapons: The Paleolithic people primarily used hand-axes as weapons which were used for
hunting as well as for protection. This contained the core tool culture including the tools made
by chipping the stone to form a cutting edge.

Community Life: The early Stone Age man was a nomad and had no knowledge of house
building and agriculture. Hence he had no community life and lived in hills and caves.

Geographical Location
The Paleolithic people were entirely dependent on weapons and tools made from stone as they lived
close to the hilly areas, caves, rivers, and rock shelters.

The important Indian sites of Old Stone Age are:

Lower Paleolithic

Valley of Sohan in Punjab (now in Pakistan)

Kashmir and Thar Desert
Belan Valley in Mirzapur district, UP
Bidwana in Rajasthan
Narmada Valley

Middle Paleolithic

Narmada River Valley

Tungabhadra River Valley

Upper Paleolithic

Andra Pradesh
Karnataka
Central MP
Maharashtra
Southern UP
South Bihar Plateau
The Mesolithic Age
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Overview

The Mesolithic Age, which means Middle Stone Age, was the second part of the Stone Age. This age
is characterized by the use of Microliths (small bladed stone tools).

Key points related to this period are as following:

In India, it spanned around 9,000 B.C. to 4,000 B.C. This age was a transitional phase between
the Paleolithic Age and the Neolithic Age
The people of this age lived on hunting, fishing, and food gathering initially but later on they
also domesticated animals
The characteristic tools of this age were Microliths
The people of this age practised painting. The paintings depicted birds, animals, and human
beings. A considerable number of painted rock shelters have been found in Bhimbetka, Madhya
Pradesh
Mesolithic sites have been found in Rajasthan, south of the river Krishna, central and eastern
parts of India, and also in southern Uttar Pradesh
Bagor in Rajasthan and Adamgarh in Madhya Pradesh are examples of Mesolithic sites in India

In Detail

The Mesolithic Age (9000 BC to 4000 BC), which means Middle Stone Age, was the second part of
the Stone Age. This age is characterized by the appearance of Microliths (small bladed stone tools).

This age was a transitional phase between the Paleolithic Age and the Neolithic Age. The people of
this age lived on hunting, fishing, and food gathering and later on they also domesticated animals.
Thus, it has the characteristics of both the Paleolithic Age and the Neolithic Age.

The word Mesolithic is a combination of Meso+lithic. The word Meso means middle. It is a Greek
word. The word lithic is related to the use of stone implements in a specified cultural period. It
originated from the Greek word lithikos which means stone.

Chronology

In India, it spanned around 9000 B.C. to 4000 B.C.

Characteristics

The Mesolithic Age was a transitional phase between the Paleolithic Age and the Neolithic Age. It
has the characteristics of both the Paleolithic Age and the Neolithic Age. The people of this age lived
on hunting, fishing, and food gathering while at a later stage they also domesticated animals.

Tools: The people of this age used microliths.

Art: The people of this age practiced painting. Their paintings depicted birds, animals, and human
beings.

Geographical Location
In India, Mesolithic sites have been found south of the river Krishna, Rajasthan, southern Uttar
Pradesh as well as in central and eastern parts of India.

Successor

The Mesolithic Age was succeeded by the Neolithic Age.

The list of Mesolithic sites, their locations, and characteristics are given below:

Name of Location Characteristics

Mesolithic Sites

Bagor Rajasthan It had a microlithic

industry and its
people lived on
hunting and
pastoralism.

Adamgarh Madhya Pradesh It shows the earliest

evidence for the
domestication of
animals.

Bhimbetka Madhya Pradesh It has more than

500 painted rock
shelters.

Langhnaj Gujarat Provides the earliest

evidence of burial
of the dead.

Mohrana Pahara Mirzapur, Uttar Provides the earliest

Pradesh evidence of burial.
The Neolithic Age
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Overview

The Neolithic Age started in India around 7,000 B.C. It was the third and last part of the Stone Age.
The other two parts were 1) Paleolithic Age (500,000 B.C. to 10,000 B.C.) and 2) Mesolithic Age
(9,000 B.C. to 4,000 B.C.). The Neolithic Age is mainly characterized by the development of settled
agriculture and the use of tools and weapons made of polished stones.

Key points related to the Neolithic Age are as following:

The time span of the Neolithic Age in India was around 7,000 B.C. to 1,000 B.C.
The Neolithic Age was preceded by Mesolithic Age (9,000 B.C. to 4,000 B.C.) and succeeded
by Chalcolithic Age (c.2100 to 700 B.C.)
The major crops grown were ragi, horse gram, cotton, rice, wheat, and barley. The people of
this age domesticated cattle, sheep, and goats. They resided in pits near a lake side and had
hunting and fishing economy
The people used microlithic blades in addition to tools made of polished stones as well as
bones. They used axes, adzes, chisels, and celts
Pottery first appeared in this age and included grey ware, black burnished ware, and mat-
impressed ware
The Neolithic Age is significant for its Megalithic Architecture
The people of this period lived in circular or rectangular houses which were made from mud
and reed. At some places they lived in mud-brick houses
They had common rights over property and led a settled life
The Neolithic settlements have been found in North-Western part (Such as Kashmir), Southern
part (Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh), North Eastern frontier (Meghalaya), and
Eastern part (Bihar and Odisha) of India
Some of the important Neolithic settlements are Mehrgarh (located in Baluchistan, Pakistan),
Burzahom (Kashmir), Gufkral (Kashmir), Chirand (Bihar), and Utnur (Andhra Pradesh)
The oldest Neolithic settlement in the Indian Subcontinent was Mehrgarh which is located in
Baluchistan, a province of Pakistan
Jarf el Ahmar and Tell Abu Hureyra (both in Syria) were the major Neolithic sites in Asia

In Detail

Neolithic Age, which means New Stone Age, was the last and third part of Stone Age. The term Stone
Age was first used in the late 19th Century AD and it was divided by the historians into different
periods which are as following: Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic.

The word Neolithic is a combination of Neo+lithic. Neo means new or recent. It originated from
Greek word Neos. The word lithic is related to the use of stone implements in a specified cultural
period. It originated from the Greek word lithikos which means stone.
The other two parts of Stone Age were 1) The Paleolithic Age (500,000 B.C. to 10,000B.C.) and 2)
The Mesolithic Age (9,000B.C. to 4,000 B.C.). The Neolithic Age started in 9,000 B.C. in world
context but in Indian context it started around 7,000 B.C.

Preceded by the Mesolithic Age (9,000 B.C. to 4,000 B.C.) and succeeded by the Chalcolithic Age
(c.2100 to 700 B.C.), the Neolithic Age is mainly characterized by the development of settled
agriculture and the use of tools and weapons made of polished stones.

The Neolithic Age was succeeded by the Chalcolithic Age (c.2100 to 700 B.C.) which saw the use of
copper; the first metal to be used at the end of the Neolithic Age.

Chronology

The Neolithic Age started in 9,000 B.C. in world context but in Indian context it was varying from
7,000 B.C. to 1,000 B.C. In South India, the Neolithic settlements are generally considered to be
around 2,500 B.C. old while the Neolithic sites discovered on the northern spurs of the Vindhyas are
not older than 5,000 B.C. Some Neolithic sites found in parts of Eastern India and South India are
only 1,000 B.C. old.

Characteristics

The Neolithic Age saw the man turning into food producer from food gatherer. It also witnessed the
use of pottery for the first time. People used microlithic blades in addition to tools made of polished
stone. The use of metal was unknown.

Agriculture: The people of Neolithic Age cultivated ragi, horse gram, cotton, rice, wheat, and barley
and hence were termed as food producers. They domesticated cattle, sheep, and goats.

Tools: The people used microlithic blades in addition to tools made of polished stones. They used
stone hoes and digging sticks for digging the ground. The ring stones of 1-1/2 kg of weight were fixed
at the ends of these digging sticks. They also used tools and weapons made of bone; found in
Burzahom (Kashmir) and Chirand (Bihar).

Weapons: The people primarily used axes as weapons. The North-western part of Neolithic
settlement used rectangular axes having curved cutting edge. The Southern part used axes with oval
sides and pointed butt while polished stone axes with rectangular butt and shouldered hoes were use
in the north-eastern part.

Housing: The people of Neolithic Age lived in rectangular or circular houses which were made of
mud and reed. Thepeople of Mehrgarh lived in mud-brick houses while pit-dwelling is reported from
Burzahom, the Neolithic site found in Kashmir.

Pottery: With the advent of Agriculture, people were required to store their food grains as well as to
do cooking, arrange for drinking water, and eating the finished product. Thats why pottery first
appeared in the Neolithic Age. The pottery of the period was classified under grey ware, black-
burnished ware, and mat-impressed ware.

Architecture: The Neolithic Age is significant for its Megalithic Architecture.

Technology: In the initial stage of the Neolithic Age, hand-made pottery was made but later on the
foot-wheels were used to make pots.
Community Life: Neolithic people had common right over property. They led a settled life.

Geographical Location

The Neolithic people did not live far away from the hilly areas. They habited mainly the hilly river
valleys, rock shelters, and the slopes of the hills since they were entirely dependent on weapons and
tools made from stone.

They inhabited northern spurs of the Vindhyas, Kashmir, South India, Eastern India, Meghalaya
(north-eastern frontier of India), and Mirzapur and Allahabad districts of Uttar Pradesh.

Some of the important Neolithic settlements are Mehrgarh (located in Baluchistan, Pakistan),
Burzahom (Kashmir), Gufkral (Kashmir), Chirand (Bihar), and Utnur (Andhra Pradesh).

Jarf el Ahmar and Tell Abu Hureyra (both in Syria) were the major Neolithic sites in Asia.

Successor

The Neolithic age was succeeded by Chalcolithic (Chalco+lithic) Age which means stone-copper
phase. Chalco is a Greek word which means copper. Lithic originated from the Greek word lithikos
which means stone. The first metal to be used following the end of Neolithic period was copper.

The list of Neolithic sites, their locations, and characteristics are given below:

Name of Location Time Span Characteristics

Neolithic
Site

Mehrgarh Baluchistan, 7,000B.C. Produced cotton

Pakistan and wheat and
lived in mud-
brick houses.

Burzahom Kashmir 2,700 B.C. The people

(the place of lived on a lake
birch) side in pits.

Domestic dogs
were buried
along with their
masters in their
graves. Used
tools and
weapons made
of polished
stone as well as
bone.
Gufkral Kashmir 2,000 B.C. Practiced both
agriculture &
domestication
of animals.
Used tools and
weapons made
of polished
stone as well as
bone.

Chirand Bihar 2,000 B.C. Used tools and

weapons made
of bone.

Pikilihal, Karnataka 2,000 B.C. The people in

Brahmagiri, to 1,000 Piklihal were
Maski, B.C. cattle-herders.
Hallur, They
Takkalakota, domesticated
T. Narsipur, sheep, goats,
Kodekal, and cattle. Ash
Sanganakallu mounds have
been found.

Paiyampalli Tamil Nadu 2,000-1,000

B.C.

Utnur Andhra 2,000-1,000

Pradesh B.C.

Limitation of the Neolithic Age

Since the people of the Neolithic Age were heavily dependent on stones for making their tools and
weapons, they could not settle far away from the hilly areas. Their settlements covered only the slopes
of the hills, hilly river valleys, and rock shelters.

Moreover, their production was never more than their basic subsistence.

Conclusion

Considerable progress was made in Neolithic Age in terms of technology. The people developed the
practices of cultivation, domestication of animals, building houses, pottery, weaving, and writing.
This revolutionized mans life and paved the way for the beginning of civilization.
The Chalcolithic Culture
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Overview

The first metal to be used at the end of the Neolithic period was copper which was used in addition to
stone by several cultures. The cultures to use stone and copper implements were known as
Chalcolithic which means stone-copper phase. The main occupations of the phase were hunting,
fishing, and farming.

Key points related to Chalcolithic Age are as following:

The first metal age of India is called Chalcolithic Age which saw the use of copper along with
stone. It is also called Stone-Copper age
The Chalcolithic culture mainly had farming communities and they existed between 2000 BC
and 700 BC
The major crops which were cultivated were barley, wheat, lentil, bajra, jowar, ragi millets,
green pea, and green and black grams
The major animals domesticated were cows, goats, buffaloes, sheep, and pigs
Traces of rice cultivation are also found
Cotton was produced in black cotton soil
Metals such as copper and its alloys were used to make knives, axes, fishing hooks, chisels,
pins, and rods
The people of Chalcolithic Age were expert coppersmiths, ivory carvers, lime makers, and
terracotta artisans
Mostly mud made houses with single room are found. For influential people large mud houses
with 5 rooms, 4 rectangular and 1 circular in centre of the settlement are found
Black-and-Red pottery along with OCP (Ochre-Coloured-Pottery) was used during this phase
People buried the dead in the floors of their houses in the north-south direction along with pots
and copper objects. Affluent people were buried with pots and jewellery
Jorwe culture existed from 1400 BC to 700 BC. Almost 200 sites are discovered. Its settlements
were found in Vidharbha, coastal region of Konkan, in Jorwe, Navasa and Daimabad at
Ahemdabad, Chandoli, Soangaon and Inamgaon at Pune, and Prakash and Nasik at Maharashtra
Ahar culture is placed in between 2100 BC and 1500 BC. Ahar culture lay on dry zone of
Banas River valley in Rajasthan. People practiced smelting and metallurgy. Flat axe (Jorwe and
Chandoli), copper chisel (Chandoli) bangles, sheets made up of copper, and bronze are found
Chalcolithic people could not make full use of domestic animals
They did not do much of cultivation as they lived in areas where black cotton soil was found
It was not a healthy period. There are traces of a large number of children being buried which
indicate lack of nutrition and outbreak of epidemics
People had no knowledge of mixing two metals hence couldnt use bronze
People were not aware of the art of writing
In India, the Chalcolithic Age was mainly found in South-Eastern Rajasthan, Western part of
Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra and in South and East India

In Detail
The first metal age of India is called Chalcolithic Age which saw the use of copper along with stone.
It was also called Stone-Copper Age. Along with the use of copper and stone these people also used
low grade bronze to make tools and weapons.

Chronology

Chronologically, there are several settlements. Some are Pre-Harappan or early Harappan
(Kalibangan in Rajasthan and Bhanawali in Haryana) and some are Harappan and Post-Harappan. The
Chalcolithic culture mainly had farming communities and they existed between 2000 BC and 700 BC.
In India it was mainly found in South-Eastern Rajasthan, Western part of Madhya Pradesh and
Maharashtra, and in South and East India.

Characteristics

1. Agriculture and Animals

People of Chalcolithic Age survived on hunting, fishing, and farming

Hunting was one of the important occupations
Animals such as sheep, buffalo, goat, cattle, and pig were reared and killed for food
Remains of camels are also found. People ate beef but no traces of eating pork are found
People of Navdatoli grew ber and linseed
Cotton was produced in black cotton soil
Traces of rice cultivation are also found. This shows that their food included fish and rice.
Eastern India produced rice and Western India produced barley
The major crops cultivated were barley and wheat, lentil, bajra, jowar, ragi millets, green pea,
green and black gram

2. Tools and Weapons

Metals such as copper and its alloys were used to make knives, axes, fishing hooks, chisels,
pins, and rods

3. Houses

Use of bricks was extensive during the Chalcolithic people of Harappa but there are no traces of
burnt (baked) bricks
The planning of the houses was simple which was either rectangular or circular
The walls of houses were made from mud and plastered with cow dung and lime
The houses mostly had only one room, but sometimes multi-roomed houses were also seen
For influential people, large mud houses with 5 rooms, 4 rectangular and 1 circular in centre of
the settlement are found
In Inamgaon, ovens and circular pit houses are found

4. Pottery

Different types of potteries were used by the people of the Chalcolithic phase. The Black-and-Red
pottery among them was quite common. The Ochre-Coloured Pottery(OCP) was also in use.

5. Burials
 People buried the dead in the floors of their houses in the North-South direction along with pots
and copper objects
In Navas, children were buried with necklaces around their necks or with pottery of copper.
These children were mainly from affluent families
In Kayatha region; bodies were found with 29 bangles and 2 unique axes

6. Art and Craft

The specialty of the Chalcolithic culture was wheel made pottery mostly of red and orange
colour
Pottery was painted in linear designs, mainly in black pigment and was decorated with different
shapes
Designs of flowers, vegetation, animals, and birds were used
The Black-and-Red pottery came into existence for the first time
People from Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Bihar produced channel-spouted pots, dish-on-
stands, and bowls-on-stand
The people of Chalcolithic Age were expert coppersmiths, ivory carvers, lime makers, and
terracotta artisans
Ornaments were made from semiprecious stones and beads such as agate, jasper, chalcedony,
and carnelian were used
People had knowledge of spinning and weaving. Flax, cotton, and silk thread is found from
sites in Maharashtra

7. Jowre Culture

Jorwe culture existed from 1400 BC to 700 BC

Its settlements were found in Vidharbha and coastal region of Konkan, in Jorwe, Navasa and
Daimabad at Ahemdabad, Chandoli, Soangaon and Inamgaon at Pune, and Prakash and Nasik
at Maharashtra
The Maharashtra settlement was near semi-arid area of brown black soil with ber and babul
vegetation
People used tiny weapons and tools such as blade and bladelets made of stone. Use of stone
axes was also seen
The settlement was near hills and rivers and several objects made of copper have been found
from different sites
People lived in mud houses
Almost 200 sites are discovered out of which Daimabad near Godavari Valley is the largest (20
hectare and accommodated about 4000 people). A large quantity of bronze material is found
from here
A hierarchical distribution has been observed in the Jorwe culture. There was a remarkable
difference in the sizes of settlements. One as large as 25 hectares and one as small as 5 hectares
are seen. This suggested social distinction

8. Ahar Culture

Ahar culture is placed between 2100 BC and 1500 BC

The earliername of Ahar is Tambavati or the place possessing copper
The settlement was found in Ahar and Giliund in South Eastern Rajasthan
Ahar culture lay on dry zone of Banas River valley in Rajasthan
The use of microlithic tools such as blades and stone axes was altogether missing
 Flat axe (Jowre and Chandoli), copper chisel (Chandoli) bangles, sheets made of copper and
bronze are found
People practiced smelting and metallurgy
People lived in stone houses

9. Kayatha Culture: It existed from 2000 BC to 1880 BC. It shows Post-Harappan influence.

10. Malwa Culture: It existed from 1700 BC to 1200 BC. It is found in Malwa, Kayatha and Eran in
Maharashtra, and Central and Western India.

Importance of Chalcolithic Phase

Chalcolithic area expanded throughout the country except for alluvial region and thick forests
People were settled mostly near hills and rivers
People used microlithic tools of stone and copper
They knew the art of smelting
They used painted pottery for the first time. Mostly all used black and red, wheel turned pots.
These pots were used for cooking, storing, drinking, and eating. Use of lota and thali is seen
At some places where Neolithic phase transferred to Chalcolithic, it was called Neolithic-
Chalcolithic
Chalcolithic people were colonizers
In Peninsular India there was their large village and a large amount of cereal cultivation is
known/seen
They grew wheat, barley, lentils, and rice
Fish and rice were the important foods
People from Kayatha, Inamgaion, and Eran were well-off while the people from Chirand and
Pandi Rajar Dhibi were poor
In Maharashtra, the dead were buried in north-south direction while in South India in the east-
west direction

Limitations of Chalcolithioc Phase

The limitations of Chalcolithic phase were:

Chalcolithic people could not make full use of domestic animals as they used them only for
food and not for milk (they thought that milk is for animals young ones)
They did not do much of cultivation. They lived in black cotton soil area which required iron
tools for cultivation and there are no traces of plough or hoe
Chalcolithc phase did not show longevity. There are traces of a large number of children buried
which indicate lack of nutrition and outbreak of epidemics
People had no knowledge of mixing two metals so they could not use the stronger metal bronze
nicely. Copper had its own limitations and its supply was also less
People were not aware of the art of writing and they could not gain any benefit from the
technical knowledge of the Indus people

Chalcolithic Sites in Indian Sub-Continent

Indus Region

1. Mohenjodaro
 2. Harappa
3. Ropar
4. Suratgarh
5. Hanumangarh
6. Channudaro
7. Jhukar
8. Amri
9. Jhangar

Ganges Region

1. Kausambi
2. Alamgirpur

Brahmaputra Region
Mahanadi Region
Chambal Region

1. Pseva
2. Nagda
3. Paramar kheri
4. Tungini
5. Metwa
6. Takraoda
7. Bhilsuri
8. Maori
9. Ghanta Bilaod
10. Betwa
11. Bilawati
12. Ashta

Rajputana Saurashtra

1. Rangpur
2. Ahar
3. Prashas Patan
4. Lakhabawal
5. Lothal
6. Pithadia
7. Rojdi
8. Adkot

Narmada Region

1. Navdatoli
2. Maheshwar
3. Bhagatrav
4. Telod
5. Mehgam
6. Hasanpur
 Tapi Region

1. Prakash
2. Bahal

Godavari-Pravara Region

1. Jware
2. Nasik
3. Kopergaon
4. Nivasa
5. Daimabad

Bhima Region

1. Karegaon
2. Chandoli
3. Umbraj
4. Chanegaon
5. Anacji
6. Hingni
7. Nagarhalli

Karnataka Region

1. Brahmagiri
2. Piklithal
3. Maski