Exam#4Review:Biology125(HumanBiology)

Chapter20:GeneticsandHumanInheritance
1. ImportantGeneticterms:
Beabletoidentify/determine
Genesvs.alleles
Howtoshowanalleleisdominantvs.recessive.
Genotypeshomozygousdominant,homozygousrecessive,heterozygous
Phenotypesifyouaregivenagenotype.
OtherdominancerelationshipsinaheterozygoteCodominance,incompletedominance
Keytermsgenes,alleles,homologous,homozygous,heterozygous,dominant,recessive,genotype,
phenotype,codominant,incompletelydominant
2. Beabletodothefollowingtypesofgeneticcrossestopredictthegenotypicandphenotypicoutcomeof
offspring:
Onetraitortwotraitcrosses
Examplesinclassinvolvedthefreckles,hairline,andtonguerolling.
Youcouldalsodocrosseswiththegeneticdiseaseswecoveredinclass(seelistinnextsection)
Bloodtypes
Sexlinked(suchascolorblindnessorhemophilia)
KeytermsPunnettsquare,sexlinkedtrait,Xlinkedtrait,codominance,incompletedominance
3. Beabletomatchthefollowingdiseasestotheirphenotypes.
Recessivedisorders:TaySachsdisease,Cysticfibrosis,Phenylketonuria(PKU),Sicklecellanemia,
Albinism
Dominantdisorders:Marfansyndrome,Huntingtonsdisease.
Xlinkeddisorders:Colorblindness,Musculardystrophy,FragileXsyndrome,Hemophilia
Techniquesforprenataltesting
Keytermsamniocentesis,chorionicvillussampling(CVS)
4. Pedigrees
Beabletointerpretapedigreesuchasmalesandfemales,howdoweshowparents?Offspring?
Beabletoidentifyifapedigreeisdominantorrecessive
Beabletodeterminethegenotypeandphenotypeofindividualsonapedigree.
KeytermsCarriers
5. Beyondsimpleinheritancepatterns
Polygenicinheritance,multifactorialinheritance,sexlinkedinheritance

Chapter21:DNAandBiotechnology
1. StructureandfunctionofDNAandRNA:
DescribetheDNAdoublehelix
WhatarethreefunctionsofDNA?
DescribeasinglestrandofRNA.
WhatisthefunctionofeachofthefollowingtypesofRNA:mRNA,rRNA,tRNA
HowareDNAandRNAsimilartoeachother?Howaretheydifferentfromeachother?
Keytermshydrogenbonds,DNAbackbone,nitrogencontainingbases(A,C,G,T,U),phosphate,sugar,
complementarybasepairs,chromosomes,ribosesugar,deoxyribosesugar
2. DNAreplication
HowdoesDNAreplicate?
IfgivenaDNAtemplatestrand,beabletodeterminewhatthereplicatedstrandwouldbe.
KeytermsSphase,DNApolymerase,semiconservativereplication,DNAtemplate

3. Transcription
Whatarethetwostepsforgeneexpression?Wheredoeseachstepoccurandwhatisproduced?
Whatisapromoter?WhathappenstotheDNAatthissiteduringtranscription?
WhatenzymeisresponsibleformakingtheRNA?
ArebothstrandsoftheDNAtranscribedoronlyonestrand?
IfyouaregivenatemplatestrandofDNA,youshouldbeabletodeterminethesequenceofRNAthat
wouldbeproducedbytranscription.
DescribeRNAsplicing.Whatistheresultofthisprocess?
Keytermstranscription,promoter,RNApolymerase,mRNA,introns,exons,RNAsplicing
4. Translation
Giventhetableofthegeneticcode,beabletodeterminewhataminoacidsarebroughttoaproteinfor
asequenceofcodonsinmRNA
BeabletolabelthepartsofatRNAmolecule.
Beabletolabelthepartsofaribosome.
Knowhoweachofthefollowingstagesintranslationproceedsandbeabletorecognizeand/orlabel
figuresofeachstage:Initiation,Elongation,Termination
HowdomutationsintheDNAcodeaffectthesequenceofaminoacidsinaprotein?
Keytermscodons,aminoacids,polypeptide(protein),anticodon,tRNA,ribosomes,largesubunitofthe
ribosome,smallsubunitoftheribosome,startcodon,stopcodon,releasefactor,mutation,natural
selection
5. GeneticEngineering:
DescribehowrecombinantDNAisproduced.
Giveexamplesofapplicationsofgeneticengineering.
Howcanagenebedeliveredtoatargetcell?
Keytermsvector,geneofinterest,restrictionenzyme,stickyends,DNAligase,recombinantDNA,
cloning,polymerasechainreaction(PCR)


Chapter22:EvolutionandOurHeritage
1. ChemicalandCellularEvolution:
Whatarethefirststepsofchemicalevolution(inorganicmoleculestoprotocells)andwhatevidencedid
theexperimentsbyStanleyMillerandHaroldUreyprovide?
Howoldistheearliestevidenceoftheprokaryotes?Eukaryotes?Multicellularlife?
Howdoesmutationandnaturalselectionleadtoshiftingenefrequencies,adaptationoforganisms,
speciationandevolution.
Beabletointerpretaphylogenetictrees
KeytermsMutation,naturalselection,adaptation,population,genepool,allelefrequencies,species,
phylogenetictrees,
2. Evidenceforevolution.
Beabletodiscussevidenceforevolutionintermsofeachofthefollowing:
Comparativemolecularbiology
Fossilrecord
Geographicdistribution
Comparativeanatomyandembryology
Whendidmodernhumansevolve?
Whydoesracehavenomeaningonageneticlevel?
KeytermsFossils,biogeography,Pangaea,analogousstructures,convergentevolution,homologous
structures

Chapter23:Ecology,theEnvironmentandUs
1. LevelsofBiologicalorganization:
Describetheorganizationfromspeciestobiosphere
Compareterrestrialandaquaticecosystems
Whatarethecomponentsofanecosystem?
KeytermsSpecies,population,community,ecosystem,biosphere,niche,habitat,abiotic,biotic
producer,consumer
2. TrophicLevels
Howdoesenergyflowfromonetrophicleveltoanotherinfoodchainsandfoodwebs?
Howmuchenergyistransferredfromoneleveltoanother?
Beabletoidentifycomponentsofafoodchainorweb.
KeytermsTrophiclevel,producer,primaryconsumer,secondaryconsumer,tertiaryconsumer,
herbivore,carnivore,omnivore,decomposer
3. Biogeochemicalcycles:
Foreachofthebiogeochemicalcyclesbelow,beabletoidentifythemaincomponents,determinethe
interactionsbetweenthecomponentsandexplaintheimpactofmansactivities:
Watercycle
Carboncycle
Nitrogencycle
Phosphoruscycle
KeytermsBiogeochemicalcycles,reservoirs,exchangepools,sinkholes,globalwarming,greenhouse
effect,nitrogenfixation,nitrification,denitrification,smog,eutrophication

Chapter24:HumanPopulation,LimitedResources,andPollution
1. HumanPopulation:
Whatisthecurrentpopulationonearth?
Howisgrowthratedetermined?
Beabletorecognizethefollowingagestructuresinafigureandexplaintheimportanceofthe
prereproductivebaseoneach:Expanding,Moderatelystabile,Declining
Keytermsgrowthrate
2. Limitstosustainablegrowth:
Whataffectstheearthscarryingcapacity?
WhatareexamplesoftechnologicalandagriculturaladvancesthatimprovetheEarthscarrying
capacity?
DescribeeachofthefollowingtypesofpollutionAir,water,land,andozonelayerdepletion
Howdoesmansincreasingneedforeachofthefollowingresourcesunsustainable?
Land
Food
Freshwater
Energy
Keytermsozonelayer,UVradiation,ozonehole,ecologicalfootprint