2.18.89 INFLUENCE OF TROPICAL MONSOON AND LOCAL WIND CIRCULATION TO LIGHTNING DISCHARGE OVER INDONESIA. Reynaldo Zoro Departement of Electrical Engineering Bandung Institute of Technology Abstract Monsoon and local wind circulation give the significant effect to the lightning discharge characteristic in tropical area especially in coast and mountainous area of west Jawa region in Indonesia, Monsoon wind from notthside of equator move slong South Sumatra sland and west Jawa island to the east during rainy season and during dry season east monsoon from Australian continent move to the west through Jawa and south Sumatra island and tum to the north-east at the equator due to earth rotation effect, This dey wind but bring the water to the west as they passed the se This weather situation produced thundercloud through the year and lightning discharge at the mountaninaous area at Mat “Tangkuban Perahu region Lightning characterise and lighming_ ground flash density that wore produced by these thundezclod were. described and evaluated. Local wind circllaton play a significant role on evelopment of thundercloud during dry season at the region, Cloud formation in the ‘mountainous area and coast area can be derived from lightning flash density in the area and lightning current statistic derived from lightning location system. It were recorded that postive charge have lower amplitude thao negative on. Lightning characteristic derived from local mesutement and lightning data recorded by Indonesia lightning location system in the region of Mat. Tangkuban Perahu were compared and evaluated. Lightning Ground Flash Density, through the year in west jawa region were introduced to show the significant influence of High Vonage Enginesring Sympesium, 22-27 August 1899 Conteronen Pubkestion No. 467, ©, 1998 Indonesia local and regional correlation to the lightning discharge characteristic. Introduction Indonesian continent located in the masitme area influenced by monsoon wind as 2 secondary circullation and local wind as tertiary cixcullation inthe region. Monsoon wind is caused by different thermal effects between continent and the sea which is change seasonally. Indonesia is influenced by south-east and east Asia monsoon, In rainy Season the circullaion in Indonesia took place from Asian continent which has high pressure flows to Australian continent. In dry season the ‘wind ftom Austalia flows through Indonesia to the Asia and due to rotation effect of earth rotation the wind will be reflected atthe equator. Local citeullation took place along, the year independent ftom monsoon cirullaion. ‘Mountain wind that flows from the valley to the mountain due 1 local surface healing of ‘mountain slope starting at 10 am in the morning til ate in the evening produced intensive updraft to form the thundercloud above the mountain. Sea-wind and land-wind atthe coastal area give also the the same inluence in producing local thundercloud afong the coast and fat area, Lightning characteristic recorded at Mat Tangkuban Perah located in the middle of the mountainous area in west Jawa island shows a significant influence of local mountain-wind that prodiced Cummulonimbus Cloud. On the flate ‘area and area along the coast there were no sigoificant influence of local sea- and land-wind activities, Lightning flash density recorded by lighting location system shows the lightning activity along the year and mainly took place at mountainous atea especially a dry season,2,189.89 The Weather Monsoon flows fiom Asia continent in rainy season pass aver south Sumatra to west Java along tie mountainous area to Australia continent, Months of December through February are very wet season and March, April and May re the transition periode with more Tightning discharge than the wet cason. Monsoon circullate from Australian continent ‘hat have high pressure will take place on June, July and August, bring the dry wind and on September, Oktober and November will become 8 tansition periode which have more lightning and more wet than dry season, During flowing, from Australis to Asia through west Jawa the ‘wind will bring some water absorbed from the journey as they passed the sea. This phenomenon will produced the thundercloud at mountainous area along Jawa island due to influence of geographic condition fogether with local ‘mounlain-wind. Te were recorded that some lightning discharge have sil taken place during dry'season in Mat, Tangkuban Pera region. Figure 1. Monsoon Cicullaion from ‘Asia / Siberia to Australia bring rainy season in Indonesia and from Australia to Asia in dry season, Duc to its geographic condition in the region local circullation such a8 mountain- and valley= wind at the mountainous area and sea~ and land- wind in coastal area have given the significant effects in producing local thundercloud, This indication could be especially monitored on the dry season where the east monsoon bring very keen water to the north through west Jawa region. Local thundercloud produced by mountain-wind took place from about 10 am in the moming up to 8 pm at the evening, The monsoon wind will bbe moving through the day and produce thundercloud due to orographic condition of earth surface, Local wind will also produce the Jocal thundercloud but only due t mountain- wind, The Lighting Characteristic Lightning Characteristic was recorded by using local measurement system installed at Lightning Measurment Station at Mn, Tangkubaa Perahi ‘West Jawa and also recoeded by using Lightning Location System ftom LPATS. Figure 2. Monthly variation of Lightaing discharge through year 1996 inate ‘Shtegets see ede Lewonxill [se a] Figure 3. Monthly variation of fighting discharge year 1997 ‘Monthly lightning variation during year 1996 and year 1997 shows the iatensity of lighting fequency atthe location, High lightning season2,190.89 took place on April 1996 and on December 1997 in the area of observation 20 o 20 (On year 1997 lightning discharge were recorded at Lightning Measurement Station at Mat ‘Tangkuban Perak for coverage area of 20 x 20 he ‘Maximum lightning dischrage was recorded to bbe happened at month December 1997 with 2512 strikes/400km or more than 6 srikeyk” month in December 1997 To analze the activity of local winf a series of ‘measurement of lightning discharge through the day was carried out by measuring the lightning actviy in three mode; Mode A Gam to 4am ModeB 1am to lpm ModeC : 10am to 6am Since the activity of mountain-wind will take place st mode B region the result can be shown at the following figure. pte te Dty Figure 4, Distribution of lightning strike density in Mnt. Tangkuban Perahu region on year 1996 Starting at 11 of 12 am in the moming the sun shine to heat the slope of dhe mountaion. Due to the isobar change the heat will flow along the slope to the top of the mountain. It gives steong ‘updraft and produce thundercloud. Together with the monsoon circullation the form of the cloud begin to develop especially at the B region, Lightning discharge recorded along the year at Mont. Tangkubsm_perahu give the significant Indeatfication of local wind influence. Lightning flash density shown in figure 4 have recorded the very high concentration of lightning fat mountainous region during year 1996 and 1997. It showed that lighting was concentrated at the high region at rainy season on January 1996. On transition period T (March, April, and May) and transition period I (September, October, and November) lighting density were also recorded atthe sea region, Lightning ground flash density recorded at dry season (June, July and August) have given the information about the concentration of lightauing at mountanowus area. It also showed that local lightning circulation have took part in the development of thundercloud. ‘The Lightning Data Some lightning parameter were succesfully recorded by lightning location system using the coverage area of 20 % 20 ken’. Measurement of lighining strike to the communication tower wore catred out at Mat. Tangkban Pera 19 roeasare the peak lighining cunt, lightning current waveform and weather data such a ane fauge, round fash density andthe number of strokes within the measured radius Lighining peak current characteristic recorded by Tihtning locaton system in Mat. Taagkuban Perah region was given in the table 1 1 shows that maximum lighting peak current ever recorded are not greater than 250 KA and the positive lighning current have lower amplitude than the negative on. ‘Some, positive lighting peak current in year 1996 had very high amplitude. Ii also recorded in coastal area in west end region of west Jawa Dat it is not dhe case in year 1995, 1997 and in 1998, Peak lighting current measurement derived from direct strike measurment system to the communiveation tower at Mot, Tangiaban Perahs have been recoreded for the last S years. Since 1995 this results were compared to the ‘measurement derived from LPATS data at the same region. Maximum 90 kA was recorded during the research period The Conclusion Monsoon and local wind circullation in tropical, country have influenced the lighining discharge characteristic especially in the region located at the equator and surrounded by sea (maritime ‘continent like Indonesia, Lighting discharge were occurred even at the ‘dry seaton, ‘These discharged produced significantly by thundercloud developed by local, Wind activities at Mat. Tangkuban Perah area in West Java, Maximum concentration of lightning strokes tded to be happened in April and2.191,89 December and minimum lighting density were recorded in July and August. ‘There was no corelation of lightning amplitude abel 1. Characteristic of Lightning ‘and lighting ground flash density. Lower Peak Current in Mat, ampliuide of positive lightning peak currents ‘Tangkaban Perahu region ‘were recorded and it shows a significant (recorded by LPATS in the difference of lighining data measured in tropical coverage area of 20 x 20 km?) ‘region compared to sub-tropical region. Lightning Discharge 1996, 197, ‘Total Discharge (6531 strikes 7478 strikes Negative Polarity 2472 suikes 4553 stikes ‘Peak Current (-) maximum 235A 2475 kA 2. Peak Curent (-) average 419kA 40,1 1A 3. Peak Curent 50% probability 40,0kA 400A Positive Polarity 1531 strikes 1151 strikes 1. Peakccurrent (+) maximum 197.1, 234,1KA 2, Peak current (+) average 346kA. 2AKA 3. Peak current 0% probability 180k 18,0kA Cloud Discharge 2528 strikes 1774 sitikes Comparison of negative and 2:38 80:20 positive polarity, Literatures 1, Prawirowardoyo,S. “Meteorology”, textbook, Penerbit TTB, Bandung 1996, 2, Zoro, R and K1, Sitit,* Applicetion of Magnetic Peak Current Detector in ‘acasuring lightaing peak current, lectropic — Jakarta 22-~25 September 1996. 3. Zoro, Rand S. Sudiham, “Indonesia Lightning detection Network, JADPEN", Blectropic — Jakarta 22-25 September 1996 4. Hidayat, 8. Characteristic opf Lightning in Indonesia observed by Lightning Location System”, thesis, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 1996. 5. Zoro,R, “Lightning Parameter in ‘Tropical Country measured at Mat, Tangkeuban Perahs~ Indonesia”, Lighting and ‘Mountain 15 June 1997, Chamonix, Mont Blanc, France.