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Hyperbolicfunction
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Inmathematics,hyperbolicfunctionsareanalogsoftheordinarytrigonometric,or
circularfunctions.
Thebasichyperbolicfunctionsarethehyperbolicsine"sinh"(/snt/or/an/),[1]
andthehyperboliccosine"cosh"(/k/),[2]fromwhicharederivedthe
hyperbolictangent"tanh"(/tnt/or/n/),[3]hyperboliccosecant"csch"or
"cosech"(/kok/[2]or/kost/),hyperbolicsecant"sech"(/k/or/st/),[4]
andhyperboliccotangent"coth"(/ko/or/k/),[5][6]correspondingtothe
derivedtrigonometricfunctions.
Theinversehyperbolicfunctionsaretheareahyperbolicsine"arsinh"(alsocalled
"asinh"orsometimes"arcsinh")[7][8]andsoon.
Incomplexanalysis,thehyperbolicfunctionsariseastheimaginarypartsofsineandcosine.Whenconsidereddefinedbyacomplex
variable,thehyperbolicfunctionsarerationalfunctionsofexponentials,andarehenceholomorphic.
Hyperbolicfunctionswereintroducedinthe1760sindependentlybyVincenzoRiccatiandJohannHeinrichLambert.[9]Riccatiused
Sc.andCc.([co]sinuscirculare)torefertocircularfunctionsandSh.andCh.([co]sinushyperbolico)torefertohyperbolicfunctions.
Lambertadoptedthenamesbutalteredtheabbreviationstowhattheyaretoday.[10]Theabbreviationsshandcharestillusedinsome
otherlanguages,likeFrenchandRussian.
Contents
1 Standardanalyticexpressions
2 Specialmeanings
2.1 Hyperboliccosine
2.2 Hyperbolictangent
3 Usefulrelations
3.1 Sumsofarguments
3.2 Subtractionformulas
3.3 Halfargumentformulas
4 Inversefunctionsaslogarithms
5 Derivatives
6 Secondderivatives
7 Standardintegrals
8 Taylorseriesexpressions
9 Comparisonwithcircularfunctions
10 Identities
11 Relationshiptotheexponentialfunction
12 Hyperbolicfunctionsforcomplexnumbers
13 Seealso
14 References
15 Externallinks
Standardanalyticexpressions
Thehyperbolicfunctionsare:
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Hyperbolicsine:
Hyperboliccosine:
.
sinh,coshandtanh
Hyperbolictangent:
Hyperboliccotangent:
csch,sechandcoth
Hyperbolicsecant:
Hyperboliccosecant:
(a)cosh(x)istheaverage
ofexandex
Hyperbolicfunctionscanbeintroducedviaimaginarycircularangles:
Hyperbolicsine:
Hyperboliccosine:
Hyperbolictangent:
Hyperboliccotangent: (b)sinh(x)ishalfthe
differenceofexandex
Hyperbolicsecant:
Hyperboliccosecant:
whereiistheimaginaryunitwiththepropertythati2=1.
ThecomplexformsinthedefinitionsabovederivefromEuler'sformula.
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Specialmeanings
Hyperboliccosine
Itcanbeshownthattheareaunderthecurveofcosh(x)overafiniteintervalisalwaysequaltothearclengthcorrespondingtothat
interval:[11]
Hyperbolictangent
Thehyperbolictangentisthesolutiontothedifferentialequation withf(0)=0andthenonlinearboundaryvalue
problem:[12][13]
Usefulrelations
Oddandevenfunctions:
Hence:
Itcanbeseenthatcoshxandsechxareevenfunctionstheothersareoddfunctions.
Hyperbolicsineandcosinesatisfy:
thelastwhichissimilartothePythagoreantrigonometricidentity.
Onealsohas
fortheotherfunctions.
Sumsofarguments
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particularly
Also:
Subtractionformulas
Also:
Source.[14]
Halfargumentformulas
wheresgnisthesignfunction.
Ifx0,then
[15]
Inversefunctionsaslogarithms
Derivatives
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ifx0
ifx0
if1<x
if1<x<1
ifx<1or1<x
if0<x<1
ifx0
Secondderivatives
Sinhandcosharebothequaltotheirsecondderivative,thatis:
Standardintegrals
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Thefollowingintegralscanbeprovedusinghyperbolicsubstitution:
whereCistheconstantofintegration.
Taylorseriesexpressions
ItispossibletoexpresstheabovefunctionsasTaylorseries:
ThefunctionsinhxhasaTaylorseriesexpressionwithonlyoddexponentsforx.Thusitisanoddfunction,thatis,sinhx=sinh(x),
andsinh0=0.
ThefunctioncoshxhasaTaylorseriesexpressionwithonlyevenexponentsforx.Thusitisanevenfunction,thatis,symmetricwith
respecttotheyaxis.Thesumofthesinhandcoshseriesistheinfiniteseriesexpressionoftheexponentialfunction.
where:
isthenthBernoullinumber
isthenthEulernumber
Comparisonwithcircularfunctions
Thehyperbolicfunctionsrepresentanexpansionoftrigonometrybeyondthecircularfunctions.Bothtypesdependonanargument,
eithercircularangleorhyperbolicangle.
Sincetheareaofacircularsectorwithradiusrandangleuis itwillbeequaltouwhenr=squarerootof2.Inthediagramsuch
acircleistangenttothehyperbolaxy=1at(1,1).Theyellowsectordepictsanareaandanglemagnitude.Similarly,theyellowandred
sectorstogetherdepictanareaandhyperbolicanglemagnitude.
Thelegsofthetworighttriangleswithhypotenuseontheraydefiningtheanglesareoflength2timesthecircularandhyperbolic
functions.
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MellonHaskellofUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeleydescribedthebasisofhyperbolic
functionsinareasofhyperbolicsectorsinan1895articleinBulletinoftheAmerican
MathematicalSociety(seeExternallinks).Hereferstothehyperbolicangleasan
invariantmeasurewithrespecttothesqueezemappingjustascircularangleisinvariant
underrotation.
Identities
Thehyperbolicfunctionssatisfymanyidentities,allofthemsimilarinformtothe
trigonometricidentities.Infact,Osborn'srule[16]statesthatonecanconvertany
trigonometricidentityintoahyperbolicidentitybyexpandingitcompletelyintermsof
integralpowersofsinesandcosines,changingsinetosinhandcosinetocosh,and
switchingthesignofeverytermwhichcontainsaproductof2,6,10,14,...sinhs.This
yieldsforexampletheadditiontheorems Circleandhyperbolatangentat(1,1)
displaygeometryofcircularfunctionsin
termsofcircularsectorareauand
hyperbolicfunctionsdependingon
hyperbolicsectorareau.
the"doubleargumentformulas"
andthe"halfargumentformulas"[17]
Note:Thisisequivalenttoitscircularcounterpartmultipliedby1.
Note:Thiscorrespondstoitscircularcounterpart.
Thederivativeofsinhxiscoshxandthederivativeofcoshxissinhxthisissimilartotrigonometricfunctions,albeitthesignis
different(i.e.,thederivativeofcosxissinx).
TheGudermannianfunctiongivesadirectrelationshipbetweenthecircularfunctionsandthehyperboliconesthatdoesnotinvolve
complexnumbers.
Thegraphofthefunctionacosh(x/a)isthecatenary,thecurveformedbyauniformflexiblechainhangingfreelybetweentwofixed
pointsunderuniformgravity.
Relationshiptotheexponentialfunction
Fromthedefinitionsofthehyperbolicsineandcosine,wecanderivethefollowingidentities:
and
Theseexpressionsareanalogoustotheexpressionsforsineandcosine,basedonEuler'sformula,assumsofcomplexexponentials.
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Hyperbolicfunctionsforcomplexnumbers
Sincetheexponentialfunctioncanbedefinedforanycomplexargument,wecanextendthedefinitionsofthehyperbolicfunctions
alsotocomplexarguments.Thefunctionssinhzandcoshzarethenholomorphic.
RelationshipstoordinarytrigonometricfunctionsaregivenbyEuler'sformulaforcomplexnumbers:
so:
Thus,hyperbolicfunctionsareperiodicwithrespecttotheimaginarycomponent,withperiod ( forhyperbolictangentand
cotangent).
Hyperbolicfunctionsinthecomplexplane
Seealso
e(mathematicalconstant)
WikimediaCommonshas
Equalincirclestheorem,basedonsinh
mediarelatedtoHyperbolic
Inversehyperbolicfunctions functions.
Listofintegralsofhyperbolicfunctions
Poinsot'sspirals
Sigmoidfunction
Trigonometricfunctions
Modifiedhyperbolictangent
References
1.(1999)CollinsConciseDictionary,4thedition,HarperCollins,Glasgow,ISBN0004722574,p.1386
2.CollinsConciseDictionary,p.328
3.CollinsConciseDictionary,p.1520
4.CollinsConciseDictionary,p.1340
5.CollinsConciseDictionary,p.329
6.tanh(http://www.mathcentre.ac.uk/resources/workbooks/mathcentre/hyperbolicfunctions.pdf)
7.Abramowitz,MiltonStegun,IreneA.,eds.(1972),HandbookofMathematicalFunctionswithFormulas,Graphs,andMathematicalTables,
NewYork:DoverPublications,ISBN9780486612720
8.Someexamplesofusingarcsinh(https://www.google.com/books?q=arcsinh+library)foundinGoogleBooks.
9.RobertE.Bradley,LawrenceA.D'Antonio,CharlesEdwardSandifer.Eulerat300:anappreciation.MathematicalAssociationofAmerica,
2007.Page100.
10.GeorgF.Becker.Hyperbolicfunctions.ReadBooks,1931.Pagexlviii.
11.N.P.,Bali(2005).GoldenIntegralCalculus.FirewallMedia.p.472.ISBN8170081696.
12.EricW.Weisstein."HyperbolicTangent".MathWorld.Retrieved20081020.
13."Derivationoftanhsolutionto1/2f=f^3f...".MathStackExchange.Retrieved18March2016.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_function 8/9
4/27/2017 HyperbolicfunctionWikipedia
14.Martin,GeorgeE.(1986).Thefoundationsofgeometryandthenoneuclideanplane(1.,corr.Springered.).NewYork:SpringerVerlag.
p.416.ISBN3540906940.
15."math.stackexchange.com/q/1565753/88985".StackExchange(mathematics).Retrieved24January2016.
16.Osborn,G.(July1902)."Mnemonicforhyperbolicformulae".TheMathematicalGazette.2(34):189.JSTOR3602492.
17.Peterson,JohnCharles(2003).Technicalmathematicswithcalculus(3rded.).CengageLearning.p.1155.ISBN0766861899.,Chapter26,
page1155(https://books.google.com/books?id=PGuSDjHvircC&pg=PA1155)
Externallinks
MellenW.Haskell(1895)Ontheintroductionofthenotionofhyperbolicfunctions(http://www.ams.org/journals/bull/189501
06/S000299041895002669/S000299041895002669.pdf)BulletinoftheAmericanMathematicalSociety1(6):1559.
Hazewinkel,Michiel,ed.(2001),"Hyperbolicfunctions",EncyclopediaofMathematics,Springer,ISBN9781556080104
Hyperbolicfunctions(http://planetmath.org/hyperbolicfunctions)onPlanetMath
Hyperbolicfunctions(http://mathworld.wolfram.com/HyperbolicFunctions.html)entryatMathWorld
GonioLab(https://web.archive.org/web/20071006172054/http://glab.trixon.se/):Visualizationoftheunitcircle,trigonometric
andhyperbolicfunctions(JavaWebStart)
Webbasedcalculatorofhyperbolicfunctions(http://www.calctool.org/CALC/math/trigonometry/hyperbolic)
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