‘Table 4: SWOT matrix for LNG fuel versus diesel fuel from rail operator's perspective fuel: ‘substantial reduetion of NOx, SOx, PM and COs tailpipe emissions © High safety record + HPDI engine technology _ solution providing the same — engine performance, reliability and efficieney as diesel’s one * Abundant local natural gas resources © Existing upstream LNG infrastructure ‘© Fuel cost savings + Increased operational efficiency with fuel tender (longer distances without refuelling) * Increased social welfare: reduced air pollution + Positive NPV i re ‘Lower energy content compared with diesel (> reduced operating range, weight and space penalties of fuel tanks) * Need for expensive cooling and eryogenic tanks * Engine technology is not matured and commercialized in European market * High ignition temperature which requires an additional ignition source (diesel) * Higher LNG vehicle costs * Retrofit difficult from technological side * Less developed downstream — fuel distribution systems and infrastructure compared with diesel fuel > lower commercial practice * Absence of supportive regulatory environment and industry standards * Absence of environmental incentives to switch to LNG Additional traini nani * High uncertainty about long term LNG price > risk for a longer payback period + The time and content of regulatory processes for the LNG technology ‘+ The time and costs for engine approval + Risk of lower NG engine pulling capacity ever mountains at acceptable speeds + Life eyele GHG emissions can be si as diesel counterpart (since LNG is produced locally) * Too low market potential for LNG Source: own display