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Introduction
Definition of terms
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z sound (sound) n. 1. Vibrations transmitted
through an elastic medium (solid, liquid or gas)
within the approximate range of 20 to 20k Hz,
capable of being detected by human organs of
hearing. 2. The alternation of rarefaction and
compression of air particles produced by a
vibrating object. 3. The alternation of stress,
pressure, particle velocity and particle
displacement transmitted through air or
another medium by a vibrating object.
ECE 211 - Broadcast Engineering &
Acoustics (Physics of Sound) 3
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z ultrasound (ul!tr-sound) n. 1. Sound with
frequencies well above the human range of
hearing. 2. A device in medicine used to view
internal organs without the need for
exploratory surgery.
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Question
Answer
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Real answer
Part 1a
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Generation of sound
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ECE 211 - Broadcast Engineering &
Acoustics (Physics of Sound) 13
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Medium for sound
Velocity of sound
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For solids
where:
For liquids
where:
For gases
where:
specific heat constant
p
vs = p steady gas pressure (N/m2)
d
d density of gas (kg/m3)
ECE 211 - Broadcast Engineering &
Acoustics (Physics of Sound) 17
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Velocity of sound in dry air:
vs = 344.85m s 1 at 20C
Sample problems
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2. A meteorologist studying a storm on the
horizon times a thunderclap after a lightning
strike to arrive at about 5 seconds on the
average. If the storm is about 1.75 kilometers
away, what was the temperature that day?
Sound as a wave
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Parts of a wave
More definitions
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z frequency (fre!kwen-se) n. The rate at which
the rarefaction and compression of air
particles occur within a given time. This is
perceived as pitch (see).
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Part 1b
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ECE 211 - Broadcast Engineering &
Acoustics (Physics of Sound) 29
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Modes of Propagation
z Reflection
z Refraction
z Diffraction
z Absorption
Reflection
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Plane reflection
Parabolic reflection
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Refraction
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ECE 211 - Broadcast Engineering &
Acoustics (Physics of Sound) 37
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Diffraction
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Absorption
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Doppler Effect
GENERATED WAVEFRONT
REGULARLY SPACED
WAVEFRONTS WILL BE PERCEIVED
AS A FIXED FREQUENCY (PITCH)
POINT SOURCE
OBSERVER
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ORIGINAL WAVEFRONT
BUNCHING OF WAVEFRONTS
WILL BE PERCEIVED AS A
HIGHER PITCH
POINT SOURCE
OBSERVER
ORIGINAL WAVEFRONT
POINT SOURCE
OBSERVER
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