Effect of alkaline and high-pressure homogenization on the extraction of phenolic acids from potato peels

Xindi Zhu, Yanling Cheng, Paul Chen, Peng Peng, Shiyu Liu, Dong Li, Roger Ruan
PII: S1466-8564(16)30182-5 DOI: doi: 10.1016/j.ifset.2016.08.006 Reference: INNFOO 1603
To appear in: Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies
Received date: 3 March 2016 Revised date: 1 August 2016 Accepted date: 4 August 2016
Please cite this article as: Zhu, X., Cheng, Y., Chen, P., Peng, P., Liu, S., Li, D. & Ruan, R., Effect of alkaline and
high-pressure homogenization on the extraction of phenolic acids from potato peels, Innovative Food Science and
Emerging Technologies (2016), doi: 10.1016/j.ifset.2016.08.006
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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Effect of alkaline and high-pressure homogenization on the extraction of phenolic
acids from Xindi Zhu
a,b

, Yanling Cheng
b,c , Paul Roger Ruan b,*
a College of Engineering, China Agricultural b Center for Biorefining and Department
University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., c Biochemical Engineering
_____________________
* Corresponding author: University, and Professor, 55108, USA. Tel.: +1 E
612 P University Yangtze College, 625 T E 1710; D Scholar Beijing of Chen M St. potato of
Union A Paul, Bioproducts University, b , N Peng peels
MN University,Beijing U
Peng S 55108, Beijing C and b , R Shiyu USA Biosystems I 10083, P Liu T
100023, China b , Engineering, Dong China Li
a,*

,
Distinguished Guest Professor, Nanchang
Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN
Engineering, 100083, China. China Tel./fax: C
Agricultural C
+86 10 62737351(Dong University, fax: P.O. +1 Li)
612 Box 624 3005 (R.Ruan). College of 50, 17 Qinghua Donglu, Beijing
E-mail address: A
ruanx001@umn.edu (R. Ruan). dongli@cau.edu.cn(Dong Li)
ABSTRACT
Phenolic acids were extracted from potato peels with NaOH treatment and a
high-pressure homogenization (HPH) process. Total phenolic content, total flavonoid
content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity and extraction
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
yield were determined with different treatment conditions. Significant improvement was
observed compounds acid, specific nuclear cellular the increased residues. Industry High-
pressure HPH p-coumaric structure magnetic phenolic and after the relevance contained NaOH
extraction the homogenization acid, may acids alkaline resonance treatments. gallic be
chlorogenic varied yield the and P acid, mechanisms and and T with HPH In E as sinapic
functionality conclusion, particle acid, different a D treatments. process caffeic acid, M for size
A treatments. the the vanillic method of acid measurements N HPLC improvement combined the
U and phenolic acid, has S analysis ferulic Scanning C been treatment syringic R acids in
suggest acid. shows applied I extraction P electron from acid, The of T that that NaOH widely
the protocatechuic yields the microscope, rendered changes potato and phenolic of in these in
by
HPH
peel
industry. High-pressure It can A
homogenization help C with C
E emulsification as an assist and method sterilization to improve significantly. the yield But of
extraction the potential from food
of
food and food waste has not been developed. The positive effect of phenolic and flavonoids
has been proved and found in potato peels. However, the release of these bioactive
components is a difficulty with traditional method. The High-pressure homogenization can
reduce the particle size apparently and release the bioactive compound. For potato peels,
the production can be added into bread, meat, beverage, etc. to increase the fiber and
nutrition. For other sorts of similar material, the high-pressure homogenization can be a
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
novel to improve the extraction process of bioactive component bound in cell wall instead
of inside the cell. In this article, homogenization and alkaline treatment Meanwhile, the process
can be we developed to improve scale up to adjustment.
Keywords:
Potato peel
Phenolic acid
High-pressure homogenization
NaOH treatment
D a the industry M A

N
U new S extraction with C method R minor I P process with T
modification high-pressure dramatically.
and
1. Introduction
Potatoes are a major crop P
in T

E
produced (FAOSTAT). One E
third the of world. In 2013, 376.45 million tons of potatoes were
the consumptions, rest went A
into which C
processing C
include frozen flow the to fries meet production and the wedges, demands was consumed crisps,
for convenience starch as a and fresh dried product and fast potatoes. while
food
During processing, most potatoes need to be peeled with various methods, resulting in a
large amount of potato peel residues.
The potato peel residues from food processing contain starch, non-starch polysaccharide,
protein, and fat. Therefore, it has been used as a carbon source in fermentation to produce
lactic acid, biofuels (Arapoglou, Varzakas, Vlyssides, & Israilides, 2010), reducing sugars
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
(Bhattacharyya, Chakraborty, Datta, Drioli, & Bhattacharjee, 2013), and cellulolytic
enzymes glycoalkaloids sinapic chlorogenic Maldonado, activity Ma, antioxidants, such
(Rehman, proteins lamb mackerel & as meat Ma, acid, of and butylated (dos (Farvin, these
Habib, 2012). (Kanatt, Mudge, lipids acid vanillic which A are Santos, acids C have & These
while Grejsen, found hydroxyanisole, Ganzle, can C Shah, acid, Chander, were been Gomes, E
exhibiting replace phenolic in caffeic observed 2004). P & potatoes, & extracted T Jacobsen,
Schieber, Radhakrishna, Bonomo, unhealthy acid, E compounds These antimicrobial in butylated
D especially potato syringic and 2014). natural 2012), M & anti-oxidant identified peels A have
Franco, & hydroxytoluene, acid, Higher in soy antioxidants activity. N Sharma, than potato been
U protocatechuic bean in quantities 2012). in S additives proven They potato peels. potato oil C
2005), can (Rehman, Phenolic R have to Ferulic tert-butyl flesh peels and used retard I be chilled
P acid, been stronger an (Wu, T (Friedman, in source acid, compounds the Habib, used p-
coumaric food minced hydroquinone Xu, oxidation antioxidant gallic in of products, Ma, &
radiated natural 1997;
Shah, horse acid,
Cao, and and
of
2004), vegetables oil (A. A. A. Mohdaly, Sarhan, Mahmoud, Ramadan, & Smetanska,
2010), among other uses.
The phenolic acids may exist in free or bound form in potato peels. Most methods can
isolate almost all of the free phenolic acids, but a smaller percentage of the bound phenolic
acids. Most of ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid found in plants are bound to the cell wall
polysaccharides through ester-bonds (Fry, 1986). The bound form phenolic acids can
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
potentially offer strong antioxidant capacity if they are released from the cellular matrix
(Nara, Miyoshi, Honma, & Koga, 2006). Alkaline hydroxide solution have been shown to break
the ester-bonds phenolic acids, resulting in a higher total yield of phenolic & Koga, 2006).
compounds and extract and addition, There ethyl petroleum more have a acetate few from
phenolic been ether(Adel new at potato many high methods acids peels, temperatures. studies A.
from A. have using T Mohdaly, on potato E been the organic D It conventional developed peels
has Sarhan, M solvents been compared A N Smetanska, shown to methods U treatments S acids
C for and R (Nara, extraction such release I P
T as Miyoshi, the dilute of bound phenolic Honma, sodium
form
such as methanol, acetone, ethanol,
that methanol and ethanol can
to acetone, hexane, diethyl ether
& Mahmoud, 2010). In
potato Zhao, & peels Yu, and 2015), other subcritical C
crop E
residues. P
water extract the active components in
These include ultrasonic assisted extraction (Chen,
under high pressure A C
(Alvarez, Cahyadi, or Xu, pressurized & Saldana, liquid 2014; extraction P. P. Singh at above &
Saldana, 100 C
2011),
acidified water- and ethanol-based solvents (Maldonado, Mudge, Ganzle, & Schieber,
2014), and microwave-assisted extraction (A. Singh, Sabally, Kubow, Donnelly, Gariepy,
Orsat, et al., 2011).
High-pressure homogenization (HPH) has been reported to reduce particle size
dramatically (Grau, Kayser, & Mller, 2000; Li, Ruan, Chen, Liu, Pan, Lin, et al., 2004),
and is used for pharmaceuticals, food and other materials manufacturing industries.
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Homogenization is mainly a mechanical process that disrupts cellular structures; for
example, products technique techniques micro-streams can treatment combined effect flavonoids
treatment However, 2. damage Materials of alkaline and it process used to method and usually
breaks the there extract increased A are and in radical cell treatment C this on created is to cell
Methods generate walls phenolic C the no alkaline study, scavenging walls access E yield report
as and time P can a 30 and acids fluid reduce of of treatment T and generate on Mpa. solvent
individual compartments, E capacity; accelerates the from concentration D the In use and to
particle 160 potato M the cellular major of and HPH Mpa, A microfluidization into a peels.
resulting to size N method phenolic on methods chambers whereas materials. determine U the
more This S yield in combining acids. significantly C conventional used research the so
Microfluidization, the of R that technique, direct total separately; effect I P the seeks phenolic
HPH T release high (McCrae, of homogenization the high to and impact to compare of combined
acid, study the velocity alkaline cellular
1994). shear HPH
total the a
2.1 Materials and chemicals
The potato peel residues were provided by Old Dutch Food Inc. (Roseville, MN, USA).
HPLC-grade acetonitrile and water were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO,
USA). Phenolic standards of highest purity available were used. Ferulic acid (FER), gallic
acid (GAR), sinapic acid (SIN), vanillic acid (VAN), caffeic acid (CAF), syringic acid
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
(SYR), protocatechuic acid (PRO), p-coumaric acid (p-COU) and chlorogenic acid (CHL)
were analytical by extraction Minnesota 930.15), protein before was 40 used 2.2 Potato sieves.
C pretreated for Sample obtained for the (AOAC each peels carbohydrate varying grade The
experiments. process. Valley preparation, sample. A were samples in from 990.03), ordered C
ethanol Testing amounts The lyophilized C Sigma-Aldrich Sample (calculated), with extraction
The E from starch with Laboratories, chemical of P chemical particle time Sigma-Aldrich
Number 100 T and (MVTL E procedure (0-24 ml fat milled analysis size D (St. composition
NaOH (AOAC 1 Inc R&D) is h). between M Louis, with the (New and is of (St. Table A control
and as 2003.05), a varying experiment laboratory N Louis, Ulm, MO, follows: 125m of ash 2 U
shows potato sample (AOAC MN, USA). concentration S MO, crude and 4 C bench the peels g
USA). procedure USA). 355m that potato All R 942.05) fiber experimental was did mill, I other
The P (AOCS peel were not (0-0.4 analyzed T were and moisture chemicals residue go used then
BA6A-05), mol/L) through determined conditions for by screened
(AOAC
power the the
at were
the
NaOH pretreatment and HPH process. After that, the samples were neutralized with HCL
in ethanol to pH 7.0 and passed through the High Pressure Homogenizer twice at 158.58
Mpa. All samples were diluted with ethanol to 200 mL and incubated at 40 C for 1 h for
extraction. In succession, the samples were centrifuged at 8000rpm for 10 min and filtrated
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through a 0.45 m membrane. The upper layer liquid (supernatant) was collected and
stored in -20 C for further testing.
2.3 Determination of total phenolic content
A modified Folin-Ciocalteu assay (Singleton, total phenolic content of potato peel extracts.
Gallic series of which was 100 L Na 2
CO
3 incubation Folin-Ciocalteu solution gallic a for plot 1 acid h of (12%) at solutions gallic room
Reagent was acid temperature, added, (0-100 T concentration was E followed D mg/L) added the
M
was to absorbance vs. A by 1 prepared N 1999) U
acid S was to was C establish employed R used I P as the T a to standard standard determine
curve, and the a
absorbance at 760 nm. For the analysis,
mL sample or blank. After 5 min, 1 mL
addition of 5 mL distilled of samples was water.
After DR5000 Spectrophotometer P
(Hach Compary, Germany) at 760nm in a 1 mL measured cuvette.
on a results were expressed as E
mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight (mg GAE/g DW).
The
2.4 Determination A C
of C
total flavonoid content (TFC)
The total flavonoid content was determined based on the method reported by (Zhishen,
Mengcheng, & Jianming, 1999) with slight modification. A series of catechin solutions
(0-100 mg/L) was prepared to establish the standard curve. Briefly, 1 mL sample or blank
was diluted with 250 L of distilled water, and then 75 L NaNO
2

(5%) was added. After 5

min, 150 L AlCl
3
(10%) was added. After another 5 min, 500 L of 1M NaOH was added
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and finally the solution was diluted with 2 mL distilled water. After incubation for 30 min
at Spectrophotometer by equivalent/g capacity modified L absorbance 515 radical-scavenging
2.5 The comparing sample room nm DPPH Determination and every temperature, or was dry
used blank assay the weight read 5 C to activity (Hach readings min C was measure described on
of (mg E until the mixed the Compary, (RSA) P 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl catechin/g against
DR5000 the absorbance T the with by E radical was reaction Germany). (Brand-Williams, D the
1 Spectrophotometer calculated DW). mL scavenging standard M was of reached A 1 The using
N mM read curve total U capacity a solution the Cuvelier, at S plateau flavonoid and (Hach
equation C (DPPH) 510 of expressed R of potato Compary, (around nm & DPPH I content
below P Berset, radical-scavenging T on peel as in as 70 was the Germany), ethanol. extracts. mg
a DR5000 calculated
catechin
1995) was
300
The
at
min). The
of DPPH discoloration:

A
percentage
=
()()()
100
where A
sample

is the absorbance of the sample at 515 nm, and A

control

is the absorbance of
a blank at 515 nm.
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2.6 Extraction yield measurement
The yield measurement was carried potato peel extract was lyophilized extraction yield was
calculated and peels). Every sample was measured in 2.7 Particle size distribution The particle
size analyzer (LS-13-320, out through freeze and the residue was displayed as mg (bioactive
distribution Backman Coulter was triplicate.
measured Inc., M Brea, A N using CA) U with S a C collected drying. R I component)/g P
Briefly, and T
weighed. 10 (potato mL The of
laser diffraction particle size
The Polaris (Thermo 2.8 The mean Isolation HPLC solvent Fisher and analysis A median and
delivery Scientific C quantification C was of modules E the Inc. performed P particle Waltham,
T (Palo E of individual size D on Alto, a MA), was Varian CA), calculated 3m, phenolic Pro
employing 4.6 Star acids
x from HPLC 150mm. a the the Acclaim system, universal triplicates. A gradient C30 equipped
liquid column profile module. with
was
developed for this test. In detail, the elution was carried out using a binary gradient
consisting of 2% acetic acid (A) and 100% acetonitrile (B). The column temperature was
set at 30 C and the flow rate was 0.5 mL/min. The solvent gradient program was set as
follows: 5% B for the first 5 min, then increased to 100% over 25 min. Then B was kept
100% for 13 min and decreased to 5% over 5 min. At the end B was kept at 5% until 60
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
min. The injection volume was 10 L and all the samples were filtered through a 0.45 m
membrane. Gallic acid, sinapic acid, vanillic p-coumaric acid and chlorogenic acid were caffeic
acid and ferulic acid were detected detector (Palo Alto, CA). The concentrations prepared under
the same conditions.
2.9 Scanning electron microscopy
of stubs (60%-40%). microscope Scanning modification with double-sided electron at an
Specimens to accelerating the microscopy ultrastructure E carbon were P
voltage T (SEM) adhesive E observed of D of potato was 5 M at monitored acid, 320 were
carried A nm N syringic calculated U out using at S a to wavelength acid, a C provide Varian
from R protocatechuic standard I Pro P a visual of T Star 280 curves 325 confirmation nm, acid,
UV
while
peels. Samples were mounted on aluminum
tabs, and sputter coated with gold-palladium
in a Hitachi S3500N scanning electron
2.10 Statistical A
C analysis

C
kV.
All experiments were carried out in triplicate and the results were expressed as mean
standard deviation. All the data were subjected to analysis of variance (p<0.05), and the
results were processed by SPSS Version 23.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
3 Results and discussion
3.1 Proximate composition of potato peels residue
in 72.21-72.57 and compared procedures The Table 6.58-9.09% chemical 1. with (Camire, %
Carbohydrates of composition the was the Violette, data potato crude for of fiber. peels. were
Dougherty, samples potato Lower found Among peels obtained M
& to protein expressed the McLaughlin, A be carbohydrates, N the through and U as main S
higher a percentage 1997) C abrasion component R 45.60-49.45% moisture . I P of T
weight is shown
accounting for
was starch
were observed
and steam peeling
fat, protein and total carbohydrate D
can be found in potato peel Similar ash, powders of moisture,
particle size 3.2 As samples. shown Effect size. of in However, A NaOH Table C
C and 2, more E the homogenization P extraction starch T E and yield lower pretreatment (EY)
crude increased fiber on the can from extract be found 24.83 yield
in mg/g lower to different particle
102.33
mg/g with 0.1 mol/L NaOH treatment for 18 h, and improved a large amount when
treated by HPH. The combined treatment yielded the highest EY. With the increase of
NaOH treatment time from 6 h up to 24 h, the EY increased slightly. The homogenization
process and concentration of NaOH have a significant impact on the extraction yield,
while the pretreatment time did not affect it significantly (p<0.05). Similar trends of total
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) can be observed from this table.
The bound bioactive alkaline treatment and components, especially the phenolic HPH process.
The TPC and TFC rose acid, from I
P were 2.88 T
mg/g released and with
mg/g The combined for TPC mol/L concentration process. TPC antioxidant that 18 both HPH
and or to h, NaOH, TFC 3.87 Similarly, and TFC treatment TPC process component were mg/g
the A alkaline can whether and C TFC obtained. be with and augmented can C TFC obtained up
being treatment 3.63 the E push or to were P rise not 3.95 This mg/g gradually the T with in
them they affected E mg/g could can TPC respectively NaOH 0.1 D contribute were to oxidized
up with be and M 3.67 treatment to significantly due 0.2 treated 0.1 4.16 A with to mg/g mol/L
after mol/L N more the mg/g time, 0.1 U by that. process and NaOH NaOH to S mol/L by with
HPH. no ANOVA the 3.11 C homogenization significant 0.1 finishing compared treatment R
active NaOH Consequently, mg/g. mol/L (p<0.05) component treatment Furthermore, in
improvements NaOH for with 18 12 also h and 0.3 the h. and treatment for showed and release
Higher
NaOH lower
some 18 2.61
0.4 the
of h.
concentration. However, pretreatment time of NaOH only have significant effect on TFC.
From Table 2, it can be seen that the combined extraction method did not improve the
TPC and TFC as much as the summation of two individual methods. One reason may be
the starch pastes formed during the direct alkaline extraction, because the major
component of the potato residue from the factory is starch. The starch pastes with a high
viscosity affected the extraction efficiency and inhibited the diffusion of the extract (Zhou,
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Robards, Helliwell, & Blanchard, 2004). This effect reduced the velocity of the sample in
the chamber, supported by which the finding in turn that reduced the particle the release size of
of the the control active component. sample I P is T
This can also lower than that be
the degraded noticeably the cycles more treatment NaOH except 3.3 Table samples samples
Effect active and for and during 2 softens improvement improved 18 of also treated were HPH
component, A h NaOH respectively. the C shows processed the treatment by extraction C by and
cell NaOH. E that NaOH of homogenization wall resulting P anaerobic by can HPH the The T
process to combined and be E release radical-scavenging other changes in HPH D combined
digestion the which reason the M HPH treatment. pretreatment increase the bound was A and
physical is to efficiency N supported that improve 0.2 active of U The capacity some antioxidant
on mol/L S structure highest the component. (Fang, C by kinds the NaOH antioxidant R
expressed the efficiency DPPH of Zhang, of result capacity. the treatment phenolic In sample
was of conclusion, by of Zhang, of HPLC. extracts 58.62 The DPPH acids extraction for to Jin,
NaOH obtain 2 when were
pass was
the
Li, of
Zhang, et al., 2014; Zhang, Zhang, Zhang, Ma, Wu, & Ma, 2012). The radical-scavenging
capacity of extract from plants can be improved by HPH, which was also reported by(Hu,
Nie, & Xie, 2013). Varying concentration did not significantly affect DPPH, which also
agrees with the findings of (Hu, Nie, & Xie, 2013). Additionally, with the prolonging of
treatment time, the DPPH declined slightly because of the decomposition and oxidation
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
of the active components in the extraction. The homogenization and concentration of
NaOH peels A treatment NaOH elliptical was Zhou, 2012). adhered Narula, 3.4 SEM through
starch Effect Zheng, significantly The with micrographs 2015). to shape while C the (see crude
of HPH show A & starch NaOH During granules Table Zheng, D C fiber treatment. the through
affected of C granules 1), and samples was NaOH this E 2015; in and homogenization P broken
Fig. F process, the The and starch express Le or T pretreated DPPH, 1 separated, E Thanh-
Blicharz, HPH structure D-F and D the tends the the are while treatment phenolic M with
samples protein to starch; pretreatment as of A retain the reported potato 0, N NaoH 0.1 potato
acids Lewandowicz, structure half pretreated granules U and peels of by pretreatment S and
peels on 0.4 the (Sugumaran, C was was the flavonoids, after mol/L component with are R
microstructure changed; damaged Baszczak, shown I HPH P 0, NaOH time 0.1 T Vimal, (Guo,
which in these in did and by without Fig. & potato not. HPH. Prochaska, 0.4 Zeng, Kapur, of
segments had 1 (500x). potato
mol/L
peels HPH
been The
Lu,
&
bound to the fiber structure, were released; this resulted in a dramatic increase of total
phenolic acids and total flavonoids. In Fig. 1, more small segments are observed with
increasing concentration of NaOH treatment. The reason could be that the alkaline
treatment may solubilize extracellular polymeric substance (Fang, et al., 2014). The ester
link was broken and the bound-form phenolic acids such as ferulic acid and p-coumaric
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
were released. We can conclude that the combined treatment of NaOH and HPH
produced many smaller segments found in the micrographs. altered by the treatment and more
bioactive components Additionally, some crystals can be seen after the NaOH were pretreatment
released The R I cellular P and during T
a structure was this process.
is from concentration. shown 206.40-266.80 For observable the a in more neutralized Fig.
specific when Similar m 2. to Evidently, the reaction 44.66-60.32 analysis, structures
concentration of the the NaOH were m, HPH particle D is found with and 0.5 process M size
similar HCl, mol/L. by A of (Eswaran, N so reduced potato changes These the U S amount peels
Stoops, are the C occurring probably mean with increased & different Abtahi, particle in large
amount the NaCl crystals
with increased
1980).
treatment is
sizes from
as well. This result is supported Nie, can be & Xie, concluded 2013; Valencia-Flores, that C
E the P
T by E Hernandez-Herrero, the SEM measurement HPH process can reduce Guamis, the the
median value result and those found by (Hu,
& Ferragut, 2013). It also
dramatically due A
to C
the strong shear and high impact force broke particle the cell size walls of potato to generate
peels
the small cellulose fragment and smaller sphere. On the other side, the effect of NaOH
treatment on the particle size is not significantly. It is supported by the SEM measurement
result, we can see the NaOH treatment gained only small segments so that the mean and
median of particle size declined slightly. The reason may be during the treatment produced
small segments and swelled the other segments simultaneously. However, when the
treatment time was over 12 h the particle size became smaller compared to the short time
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
treatment. Almost the same particle size can be obtained when they are carried out with
HPH conditions treatments major acid caffeic hydrolyze which 2002) mainly This 3.5 Fig. and
has and Effect portion The has 3. acid contributed been sinapic NaOH shows increased the been
and NaOH of and A observed NaOH in bound revealed vanillic reported acid combined C the the
treatment by C the and were extract, results acid the in E acid phenolic the by(Nardini,
homogenization the increased produced treatment. P and major yields increased while report of T
speed HPLC yields E phenolic declined the of with D yields Cirillo, up (Nara, the to syringic
analysis M NaOH pretreatment different the of bound-form acid slightly. A Natella, Miyoshi,
ferulic degradation N treatment acid changes for degrees. U The acid, was Mencarelli, extracts
on Honma, S phenolic reason under the the while p-coumatic C of The specific R lowest. caffeic
with & different could gallic the acid I Koga, Comisso, P protocatechuic different phenolic acid
T More be and acid yield, 2006), treatments. that syringic yield significantly, & chlorogenic
which NaOH acid treatment
Scaccini, in was which acid,
acid. was can All
the
the samples were treated with 4 mol/L NaOH for 1 hour at room temperature. The yield
of protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid and caffeic acid, most of which are non-bound, can
apparently be improved by the HPH.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
4 conclusions
This study is the first time that HPH treatment was used to improve the extraction of
phenolic acid from potato peels residues. The total phenolic acid extraction yield can be
improved by the combined NaOH and HPH treatment. However, the NaOH concentration
and treatment time were not the main factors affecting the extraction. From the results of
particle size and SEM measurements, it is clear that the HPH process produced the
smaller segments that significantly helped the release of the active components. The
HPLC measurement also demonstrated that the NaOH and HPH treatment improved the
extraction yields of most of the individual phenolic acids. In conclusion, we have shown
that the combined NaOH and HPH treatment is an efficient method to promote the
release and extraction of phenolic acids from potato peel residues.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Old Dutch Food Inc. (Roseville, MN, USA) for providing the potato
peels residues. This research is supported in part by the China Scholarship Council, USDA
NIFA, the Center for Biorefining at University of Minnesota and key technology
development and application for utilization and functional evaluation of the hole wheat
bran functional factors (2015DFA30540), international S&T cooperation program of
China.

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Fig. 1. Scanning electron micrographs of potato peels of control (A), treatment with 0.1
N NaOH (B), 0.4 N NaOH (C), HPH (D), 0.1N NaOH+HPH (E) and 0.4N+HPH NaOH (F),
and all the NaOH treatment were processed for 18 h.
DA
EB
FC

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300
250 )
200
150
100
50
0
Contral 0. 1N 0. 2N 0. 3N 0. 4N
NaOH concentration
HPH(mean) HPH(median) Without HPH(mean) Without HPH(median)

(a)
300
250 )
200

A
C
C
150
100
50 E
0

P
Contral 6h 12h 18h 24h
NaOH treatment time HPH(mean) HPH(median) Without HPH(mean) Without HPH(median)

(b)
Fig. 2. the effect of NaOH concentration (a) and NaOH treatment time (b) combined with
HPH treatment on the mean and median of potato peels particle size.

T
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1
8
320 nm

S4C9RIP
T
280 nm
0 3.000
2.500

5EP
T
E 10 D
Retention M
(a)
A 2 15 N time(min)
3U
6
7
5
20 Control
NaOH
25 30
(sle
2.000
epotatopf
1.500
odleiy
1.000

A
C
C
HPH
NaOH+HPH
noitcar
0.500
txE
0.000

( b)
Fig. 3. (a) HPLC chromatogram of the standard samples mix, peak 1, gallic acid; 2,
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protocatechuic acid; peak 3, chlorogenic acid ; peak 4, vanillic acid; peak 5, syring acid;
peak 6, p-coumaric acid; peak 7 sinapic acid; peak 8, caffeic acid; peak 9 ferulic acid. (b)
the effect of NaOH and HPH treatment on different phenolic compounds, the NaOH
treatment was processed with 0.1 N NaOH for 18 h

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Particle size 125-212m (%) 212-355m (%)
Moisture 6.00 5.55
Carbohydrate 72.57 72.21
Starch 49.40 45.60
Fiber, Crude 6.58 9.09
Fat, ethyl ether 1.04 1.33
Protein N6.25 12.90 13.60
Ash 7.49 7.31
Table 1 Proximate composition of potato peels residue

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N
um
ber
Homo
genizati
on
NaOH
Concentration
(mol/L)
NaOH
1 0 2 0 0 0.1 Preatment Time M 18 18 (h)

A
N
U 1.76 31.04 (mg/g)
24.83
102.3 EY

SeC
R (mg/g)
0.07 TPC
2.88

cIP
T
(mg/g)
0.11 TFC
3.07
c
DPP
H (%)
36.38
2.26 c
3.87
3.63
0.04
0.17
46.14
cd
ab
bc
3400A

C
C
E 0.2 0.3 P T

E
D
18 18 94.50 3.50 d
1.25 b
3.82
3.40
0.10
0.04
45.67
ab
c
0.50 b
3.59
3.12
97.17
0.05
0.24
44.91
3.61 d
b
c
2.36 b
5 0 0.4 18
103.5
3.56
3.12
03.00
0.15
0.06
cd
b
c
44.25
3.06 b
6 2 0 18 61.50 3.67 3.69 45.51
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5.68 d 0.06
b
0.13
bc
3.32 b
7 2 0.1 8 2 0.2 18 18

N
U 04.36
31.61 104.5
101.3
cd S

C
R 0.22
0.02 4.16
4.09

aIP
T
0.09 3.90
bc
55.24
1.25 a
4.40
0.22
9 2 0.3 D

M
18

A
cd
ab
a
58.62
136.1
73.32
2.48 a
a
3.93
0.15
ab
3.50
0.07
c
51.39
10 2 C
E 0.4 P

T
E
18
3.76
ab
124.1
3.78
3.40
51.82

A
C
72.57
0.11
0.04
4.10
bc
ab
c
ab
11 0 0.1 0 17.83
4.01 e
2.73
0.11
c
2.61
0.10
d
29.59
2.31 c
12 0 0.1 6
101.5
02.00
3.75
0.09
3.32
0.21
45.35
2.44 b
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cd b c
13 0 0.1 12
103.6
75.80
0.18 3.83 I P

T
0.21 3.55
47.38
cd
ab
bc
2.44 b
14
(2)
102.3 S

C
R
31.04
cd
3.87
0.04
ab
3.63
0 0.1 18
U
0.17
bc
15 0 0.1 M 24

A
N
110.3
34.16
46.14
1.56 b
c
3.85
0.10
ab
3.43
0.08
c
42.64
16 2 0.1 P

T
E
D
0 3.60 60.50
0.26
2.13
bc
2.66 d
b
3.11

A
C
C
E
0.12
c
100.0
34.62
2.91 c
17 2 0.1 6
01.82
cd
3.83
0.04
ab
3.86
0.05
bc
56.38
2.43 a
18 2 0.1 12
104.8
37.26
cd
4.09
0.19
ab
3.95
0.23
b
54.84
1.51
ab
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19
(7)
104.5
4.16
2 0.1 18
04.36
0.22
55.24
cd
a
1.25 a
20 2 0.1 24
118.1
75.25
bc
4.02
0.08
ab
3.68
0.15
bc
55.84
3.63 a
*Mean standard deviations within columns for each experiment are significantly
different (p<0.05, Tukey HSD test) when followed by different letters.
Table 2 The results of extraction yield (EY), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid
content (TFC) and DPPH radical-scavenging capacity (DPPH) under different treatment
condition
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3.90 T
0.09
bc
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Highlights
1. Alkaline and high-pressure homogenization method extraction of bioactive
components was studied. 2. Both alkaline and high-pressure homogenization can improve the
extraction yield
significantly. 3. Phenolic acids and flavonoids were identified from the extracts. 4. SEM and
particle size were measured to analyze the mechanism.

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