Bacteria Metabolism/Need for O or CO2 Stain, Media and Tests
ACID FAST BACILLI
1. Mycobacterium Obligate aerobic Ziehl-Nieelsen
tuberculosis Kinyoun
Fluorochrome stains
Spenglers (Black)
DNA Testing (AccuProbe)
Semisynthetic Agar Media
(sea-weed based):
Middlebrook 7H10, 7H11
Inpissated egg
media/Nonselective:
Lowenstein-Jensen;
Petragnani and American
Thoracic Society
Broth Media (Middlebrook
7H9, 7H10, BACTEC 12B [10
days isolation with C-labeled
palmitic acid substrate])
Tuberclin Test
Skin tests:
PPD: intradermal infection
Mantoux: intracutaneous
injection
Von Pirquet: scratch
Volmer: patching
2. Mycobacterium leprae Most fastidious Injected in mice =
granulomatous lesions
Injected in armadillos =
lepromatous leprosy (o-
diphenoloxidase)
Specific skin test
(tuberculoid): Lepromin Test
Acid fast stain, microscopy
(lepromatous)
Fite-Faraco Stain
CULTURE CANNOT BE
USED
NO SEROLOGIC TEST
3. Mycobacterium avium
intracellulare
4. Mycobacterium bovis
Culture/Result
Clumped colonies
Tan to buff-colored, irregular
grainy, bumpy, cauliflower (or
warty) appearance in colonies
Cord growth, serpentine
arrangement; purple to red,
slightly curved rods which
often beaded or banded but
may also appear Coccoid,
filamentous (Z-N)
Yellow orange (O & R)
Yellow green (O or R)
Floating blobs
Cauliflower (L-J)
Dry, wrinkled (7H10)
Gram neutral or Gram
ghost (same with Wright
Papanicoulauo
Smooth
Soft
Small, Thin,Transparent
Large, Opaque, Domed
Nonpigmented
Disease Other characteristics
Exudative type Facultative intracellular
Productive type Nonmotile
Ghon Lesion Non encapsulated
Caseation necrosis: cheesy- No pili
like No exotoxin
Primary TB, Latent TB, No endotoxin
Secondary/Reactivated TB Fresh morning sputum
Miliary tuberculosis = MTB in Culture is not useful since it
bloodstream. takes 2 months
Potts Disease = MTB in Boiling for 10 minutes is
spine used to kill
It is also killed within 2
hours in direct sunlight
Leprosy (Hansens disease) Morphology similar to M.
Lepromatous tuberculosis
Tuberculoid Lion-faced appearance to the
infected
Lady Windermere syndrome Intracellular growth
Physiology and structure
similar to M. tuberculosis
Optimal growth 41C
Tuberculosis in cattle
Susceptible to Thiophene-2-
 carboxylic acid hydrozide
5. Mycobacterium kansaii Cross-barred bacilli
Yellow bacillus Shepherds crook
ENTEROBACTERIACEAE 1. ) Catalase (+) 2.)Oxidase (-) except Plesiomonas
6. Escherichia coli Lactose fermenter
Blue-black with green metallic
sheen (EMB)
Flat, nonviscous
7. Klebsiella Large Second common cause of
pneumoniae: Friedlanders Very viscous sepsis
Bacillus Mucoid
rhinoscleromatis: Frisch
Bacillus
8. Enterobacter Raised Large gas producers
More viscous Ampicillin and Cephalosporin
resistant strains
9. Serratia Prodigiosin
10. Hafnia alvei Gastroenteritis (adhesion to Skatole
epithelial cells) Delayed Citrate (+)
11. Proteus PEA Swarming Ampicillin and Cephalosporin
CLED Urea rapidly hydrolyzed resistant
Dienes Phenomenon Highly alkaline urine (Stone
formation)

12. Providencia PEA Ampicillin and Cephalosporin
CLED resistant
13. Morganella PEA Ampicillin and Cephalosporin
CLED resistant
Documented cause of UTI
14. Citrobacter Opportunistic pathogens
Resembles Salmonella
15. Edwardsiella tarda GI disease in tropical and
subtropical
16. Shigella Aerobic Serotyping Circular Shigellosis No gas from dextrose
Convex Bacillary dysentery Ferment glucose
Transparent Scant stool w/ blood (bright
With intact edges red), mucus, pus
17. Salmonella Selenite F Moustache Typhoid Fever (Enteric fever) Facultative intracellular
Tetrathionate broth
SSA
XLD
Rapid Slide Agglutination
Fluorescent antibody
technique
WIDAL Test (Tube dilution
agglutination)

PSEUDOMONADS GROUP 1.) Strictly aerobic 2.) Catalase (+)
18. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
19. Acitenobacter
20. Burkholderia spp.
21. Stenotrophomonas
maltophilia
ELISA
DNA probe
3.) Oxidase (+)
Obligate aerobe Conventional Fermentation Grape-like/ Corn-tortilla or Ecthyma gangrenosum Ability to grow at 42C
Medium (CFM) with 1% taco odor Oxidase positive
peptone Rough or ground glass (BAP) Do not ferment CHO but most
Hugh and Leifsons oxidative- Blue-green fluorescent strains oxidize glucose
fermentative medium pigment Fimbrae (N-methyl-
BAP Some hemolyze blood phenyalanine pili)
Mac
Susceptibility testing should
be done
Strictly aerobic Mac Purplish Nosocomial septicemia Lack of motility
Susceptibility testing should Inability to reduce nitrates
be done Oxidase negative
Aerobic B. cepacia B. pseudomallei: wrinkled, Meliodosis (B. pseudomallei) Weak oxidase positive (B.
BAP bipolar staining, earthy odor Glanders (B. mallei) cepacia)
CAP Non motile (Only B. mallei)
PC
OFBL
BCSA
B. pseudomallei
Ashdown medium w/ colistin
BAP Lavender green Nonfermentative
Mac DNAse (+)

22. Vibrio Facultative anaerobic
23. Campylobacter Microaerophilic (5-10%
oxygen)
TCBS
pH 8.5-9.5
APW
Media containing NaCl
(except V. cholera and
mimicus)
Peptone agar
BAP (pH 9)
Dark field or Phase contrast:
motility
Skirrow medium (colorless,
gray; watery or sreading)
Anaerobic incubation jar
Phase contrast: Darting
motility
CAMPY Blood Agar
Cefoperazone Vancomycin
Amphotericin (CVA)
Medium and Campylobacter
thioglycollate broth
Convex Cholera is typically a non- Non invasive
Smooth invasive infection and will Susceptible to O/129
Round never affect the bloodstream. Halotolerant (6%)
Opaque Cholera infections leads to
Granular watery diarrhea with
Yellow - V. cholerae characteristic RICE WATER
Blue Green - V. vulnificus STOOLS
Green V. parahaemolyticus
Comma Bacterial enteritis Susceptible to erythromycin
S Febrile diarrhea 42C
Gull wing Unique characteristic of its Catalase (+)
gastroenteritis is the Oxidase (+)
presence of RBCs AND
WBCs in the stool
24. Helicobacter Microaerophilic BHIA Small Duodenal ulcers Lophotrichous
Brucella Gray Antral gastritis
Columbia Transluscent Gastric ulcer
Skirrow pH 6.7 Gastric carcinoma
Stool antigen Test
Serum antibody
Carbon urea breath test
Endoscopy
Special silver stain
Modified Giemsa
Trasport: Brucella broth &
Stuarts
FASTIDIOUS Parvobacter blood loving
25. Haemophilus SBA Flat, grayish brown (CAP) Most common cause of
Pfeiffers Bacillus Horse or rabbit blood meningitis in children aged 5
CAP months to 5 years
Staphylococcus streak
Horse Blood-Bacitracin
Levinthal Agar
Use of X & V Factor
Deltaaminolevulinic acid test
(ALA poryphrin test)
26. Bordatella B. pertussis Pearl Whooping cough Non invasive
Toluidine blue stain (bipolar Mercury Droplets in Bordet- Non motile
metachromatic gradules) Gengou Agar (B. pertussis)
Bordet-Gengou medium with Brown pigments in Bordet-
Penicillin G (Potato glycerol Gengou Agar (Bordetella
base) parapertussis)
Direct Fluorescent Antibody
Test
Slide agglutination with
specific antiserum
Jones-Kendrich Charcoal
Agar
Regan-Lowe Agar (horse
blood & cafelexin)
Steiner Scholte Agar
(cyclodextrin & cefalexin)
27. Brucella Obligate intracellular Brucella Agar Blood + Serum (reagent) Undulant Fever Brucella abortus = Thionine
Biphasic blood culture media Malta Fever (S), Fuchsin (R).
(5-10% CO2) Bang disease Brucella suis = Thionine (R),
Castaneda medium Fuchsin (S)
Agglutination test Brucella canis = Thionine (R),
Blocking antibodies Fuchsin (S)
Brucella melitensis =
Thionine (R), Fuchsin (R)

28. Francisella Glucose cysteine blood agar Bubonic plague Biological weapon
Supplemented Charcoal Black death
Yeast Agar Tularemia
Buffered Ulceroglandular Tularemia
Rise in Ab titer
Fluorescent antibody
identification
ELISA
29. Yersinia Facultative anaerobe Bipolar staining Grow rapidly in media Mimics appendicitis (Y. Pesticin - bacteriocin
Microaerophilic IF containing blood or tissue (Y. Entercolitica)
Serum antibody pestis) Black death (Y. pestis)
Waysons stain (bipolar Gray, viscous
staining pin like
appearance)
30. Pasteurella Facultative anaerobe Bipolar staining
MISCELLANEOUS GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI
31. Legionella pneumophilia Fastidious Buffered Charcoal Yeast Agar Pinpoint Legionnaires disease Motile
Aerobic (Opal-lke) Ground glass Pontiac Fever
Intracellular Direct Fluorescent Antibody Round or flat
Testing Entire
Matrix-assisted laser Colorless or varying color
desorption ionization-time of Translucent or pickled
flight mass spectrometry
(MALD-TOFMS)
32. Bartonella Warthin Starry Silver B. bacilliformis (Lutzomyia) Pleomorphic
Semi-solid Nutrient Agar (B. Oroya Fever Slow growing
bacilliformis) Verruga peruana
Giemsa stain rod, granular B. quintana
(B. bacilliformis) Trench fever
Bacillary angiomatosis
B. henslae
Cat-scratch disease (Teenys
disease) - Parinauds
oculoglandular syndrome
Bacillary angiomatosis -
cranberry-like
33. Gardnerella vaginalis Direct went mount Bacterial vaginosis Clue cells
(Human Blood Bilayer No inflammatory cells
Tween) or Columbia Agar Fishy odor
KOH/Whiff Test Many anaerones
pH >4.5
34. Streptobacillus Media with serum protein, L forms Rat-bite fever Irregular chains
moniliformis egg yolk, starch Best at 37C; not at 22C Haverhill fever Pleomorphic
Serum agglutination test Normal inhabitants of the
throats of rats
SPIROCHETES
35. Treponema Microaerophilic (1-4%) T. pallidum T. pallidum subspecies May remain motile in 3-6
Immunofluorescent stain pallidum days at 25C
(Fluorescein-labeled Acquired Syphilis Remain viable for 24 hours in
antitreponeme serum) Hard chancre whole blood or plasma at 4C
FITC-labeled antibodies Condyloma latum Trans verse fission (T.
DFA-TP Congenital Syphilis pallidum)
DFAT-TP T. pallidum subspecies
Dark-field illumination (Tiny, pertenue
hellicaly-shaped) Yaws
Iron stainin T. pallidum subspecies
Silver impregnation method endemicum
NEVER BEEN CULTURED Bejel (Endemic syphilis)
ON ARTIFICIAL MEDIA T. pallidum subspecies
Serologic Test carateum
Nontreponemal tests Pinta
Treponemal antibody
tests
36. Borrelia B. recurrentitis Loosely coiled Gram (-) spiral Bannwarth syndrome
Giemsa stain (Thick and organism (B. recurrentitis) Lyme disease
Thin)
Wright stain
Fluid media with blood, serum
or tissue
Multiplication rapid in chick
embryos
Darkfield (Wet prep)
Serology not reliable
B. burgdorferi
Acid and aniline dyes
Silver impregnation
Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly
medium (BSK II)
Diagnostic laboratory test:
culture is not recommended
because it takes 6-8 weeks to
complete and lacks sensitivity
37. Leptospira Aerobic L. interrogans Tightly coiled, flexible L. interrogans ser
Darkfield spirochete with one end icterohemorrhagiae
Thick smears with Giemsa forming a HOOK Weils disease
Semi-solid media (28-30C)
Ellinghausen-McCullough-
Johnson-Harries (EMJH)
Growth reqt: Oxidation of
long fatty acids and Alkalaine
pH water
Tween 80 Albumin media
Agglutination test
38. Spirillum minor Isolated by inoculation of Tightly coiled with bipolar Rat bite fever (soduko)
guinea pigs and mice tufts of flagella
Wright-Giemsa
Darkfield microscopy
SEROLOGIC TEST ARE
NOT AVAILABLE
UNUSUAL PATHOGENS
39. Mycoplasma Microaerophilic Stain with iodine Susceptible to sulfonamides
Facultative anaerobe
40. Chlamydia Obligate intracellular parasite
Energy parasite
41. Rickettsia Obligate intracellular parasite Giemsa stain
(Except Rochlimaea) IF test
Culture: chick yolk sac, tissue
culture (expcept Rochlimea
on artificial media with blood)
Serologic: CF, ELISA, Weil-
Felix

42. Ehrlichia chaffeensis Human monocyte

echrlichiosis