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Features of axial

compressors
Axial compressors have the potential for
both higher pressure ratio and higher
efficiency than centrifugal compressors.
Continued aerodynamic development has
resulted in a steady increase in stage
pressure ratio, with the result that the
number of stages for a given overall
pressure ratio has been greatly reduced.
Some turbofans can achieve PR of 30:1.
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Multi-stage Axial
Compressor

3
Features of axial
compressors

Aerodynamic development resulted in


increase in pressure ratio in each stage --
reduction in engine weight due to fewer
number of units required.
For a given frontal area, much larger flow
rate can be transported.

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Features of axial
compressors

For industrial GT (where weight is not


critical factor), high-stage pressure ratio
implies high Mach no and large gas
deflections in the blading use more
conservative design techniques resulting
in more stages.

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Basic operation

AFC consists of a series of stages: rotor


blades and stator blades.
Rotor blades: flow is accelerated
Stator blades: flow is decelerated.
KE generated in rotor is converted to static
pressure rise through stator

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Basic operation

In comparison with
turbine blades,
compressor blades
are mechanically
different.
The flow is always
subject to an adverse
pressure gradient.

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Basic operation

Process consists of a series of diffusions,


both in rotor and stator blade passages:
although the absolute velocity is increased
in the rotor, relative velocity is decreased
in the rotor stagesthere is diffusion
within the rotor passages.

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Basic operation

Careful design of compressor blading


based on both aerodynamic theory and
experiment is necessary in order to
prevent wasteful losses and to minimize
stalling* troubles. Flow reversal may
occur.
*arise when difference between the flow direction and blade angle
becomes excessive.

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Basic operation
It is desirable to keep axial velocity
component constant throughout the
compressor Flow area must be reduced
as the flow progresses because the
increase of density.
When the machine runs at a lower speed
than design, density in the rear stages be
off from the design value incorrect
axial velocity blade stall.
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Basic operation
Earlier compressors are mostly subsonic.
Modern compressors are mostly transonic.
Part of the blade becomes supersonic.
As Mach number is further increased
blade section based on parabolic shape
became more effective.

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Besic operation

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Elementary theory
Working fluid
Normally: air
Closed cycle: He, CO2 can be used.
Power input: W=mcp(T02-T01)
In stator there is no input work.
T02=T03
All the power is absorbed in the rotor.
Stator merely transforms KE to pressure-
rise.
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Elementary theory

Increase in stagnation
pressure is
accomplished wholly
within the rotor and
there will be some
decrease in
stagnation pressure in
the stator due to fluid
friction.

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Compressor stage and T-s diagram

Losses will
also occur in
rotor.

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Rotor-stator stage

Top: Rotor
blades
Bottom: Stator
blades

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Elementary theory

Assume Ca=Ca1=Ca2

U
tan 1 tan 1
Ca
U
tan 2 tan 2
Ca

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Elementary theory

Power Input

W mU (C w 2 C w1 )
W mUC a (tan 2 tan 1 )

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Stage Pressure Rise

W mc p (T02 T01 )
W mUC a (tan 1 tan 2 )
UC a
T0 s T03 T01 T02 T01 (tan 1 tan 2 )
cp
/( 1)
p 03 s T0 s
Rs 1
p 01 T01

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Factors Affecting Stage
Pressure Ratio

Tip speed
Axial velocity
High fluid deflections in rotor blades
Blockage in compressor annulus -
tip clearance
3D effect

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Tip speed

Max centrifugal stress at the blade tip:

b 2 t
b
ct max ardr (2N ) (rt r )
2 2
r
2

ar r
2

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Tip speed

Max centrifugal stress at the blade tip:

b rr
2

ct max U t 1
2

2 rt

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Max centrifugal stress

b
ct max U t
2
(1 b 2 ) K
2
where
(1 d )( 2 b b 2 )
K 1
3 (1 b 2 )

b=hub-tip ratio; d=ratio of cross sectional area


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Axial velocity

For a given frontal area, a high speed


provides a high flow-rate.
IF the inlet velocity is purely axial:
V

V C U
1
2
1
2
1
2

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Axial velocity

Early compressors
show Ma~1.1
Larger fans and
compressors show
V

Ma~1.5

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High fluid deflection in
rotor blades

Assume U is the same


at inlet and outlet of
rotor blade.

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High fluid deflection in
rotor blades

Blade spacing and velocity distribution


thru passage.

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Blockage in compressor
annulus

Due to adverse
pressure gradient,
boundary layers
thicken along the
path.
Velocity reaches
developed profile
after fourth stage.
(a) At first stage
(b) At fourth stage
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Work capacity

Theoretical stage

UCa
T0s (tan1 tan 2 )
cp

Actual stage

UCa
T0 s (tan 1 tan 2 )
cp

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Design Process

Choice of rotational Investigation of


speed and annulus compressibility effects
dimensions Selection of
Determination of compressor blading
number of stages Check on efficiency
Calculation of air Estimation of off-
angles for each stage design performance
Determination of the Rig test
variation of the air
angles from root to
tip 31

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