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compressors
Axial compressors have the potential for
both higher pressure ratio and higher
efficiency than centrifugal compressors.
Continued aerodynamic development has
resulted in a steady increase in stage
pressure ratio, with the result that the
number of stages for a given overall
pressure ratio has been greatly reduced.
Some turbofans can achieve PR of 30:1.
2
Multi-stage Axial
Compressor
3
Features of axial
compressors
4
Features of axial
compressors
5
Basic operation
6
Basic operation
In comparison with
turbine blades,
compressor blades
are mechanically
different.
The flow is always
subject to an adverse
pressure gradient.
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Basic operation
8
Basic operation
10
Basic operation
It is desirable to keep axial velocity
component constant throughout the
compressor Flow area must be reduced
as the flow progresses because the
increase of density.
When the machine runs at a lower speed
than design, density in the rear stages be
off from the design value incorrect
axial velocity blade stall.
11
Basic operation
Earlier compressors are mostly subsonic.
Modern compressors are mostly transonic.
Part of the blade becomes supersonic.
As Mach number is further increased
blade section based on parabolic shape
became more effective.
12
Besic operation
13
Elementary theory
Working fluid
Normally: air
Closed cycle: He, CO2 can be used.
Power input: W=mcp(T02-T01)
In stator there is no input work.
T02=T03
All the power is absorbed in the rotor.
Stator merely transforms KE to pressure-
rise.
14
Elementary theory
Increase in stagnation
pressure is
accomplished wholly
within the rotor and
there will be some
decrease in
stagnation pressure in
the stator due to fluid
friction.
15
Compressor stage and T-s diagram
Losses will
also occur in
rotor.
16
Rotor-stator stage
Top: Rotor
blades
Bottom: Stator
blades
17
Elementary theory
Assume Ca=Ca1=Ca2
U
tan 1 tan 1
Ca
U
tan 2 tan 2
Ca
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Elementary theory
Power Input
W mU (C w 2 C w1 )
W mUC a (tan 2 tan 1 )
19
Stage Pressure Rise
W mc p (T02 T01 )
W mUC a (tan 1 tan 2 )
UC a
T0 s T03 T01 T02 T01 (tan 1 tan 2 )
cp
/( 1)
p 03 s T0 s
Rs 1
p 01 T01
20
Factors Affecting Stage
Pressure Ratio
Tip speed
Axial velocity
High fluid deflections in rotor blades
Blockage in compressor annulus -
tip clearance
3D effect
21
Tip speed
b 2 t
b
ct max ardr (2N ) (rt r )
2 2
r
2
ar r
2
22
Tip speed
b rr
2
ct max U t 1
2
2 rt
23
Max centrifugal stress
b
ct max U t
2
(1 b 2 ) K
2
where
(1 d )( 2 b b 2 )
K 1
3 (1 b 2 )
V C U
1
2
1
2
1
2
25
Axial velocity
Early compressors
show Ma~1.1
Larger fans and
compressors show
V
Ma~1.5
26
High fluid deflection in
rotor blades
27
High fluid deflection in
rotor blades
28
Blockage in compressor
annulus
Due to adverse
pressure gradient,
boundary layers
thicken along the
path.
Velocity reaches
developed profile
after fourth stage.
(a) At first stage
(b) At fourth stage
29
Work capacity
Theoretical stage
UCa
T0s (tan1 tan 2 )
cp
Actual stage
UCa
T0 s (tan 1 tan 2 )
cp
30
Design Process