Plastic Analysis PDF

Structural Analysis - II
Plastic Analysis
Dr. Rajesh K. N.
Assistant Professor in Civil Engineering
Govt. College of Engineering, Kannur
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

Module IV
Plastic Theory
Introduction-Plastic hinge concept-plastic section modulus-shape

factor-redistribution of moments-collapse mechanism-
Theorems of plastic analysis - Static/lower bound theorem;

Kinematic/upper bound theorem-Plastic analysis of beams and
portal frames b
by equilibrium and mechanism methods
methods.
2
Plastic Analysis - Why? What?
Behaviour beyond elastic limit?
Plastic deformation - collapse load
Safe load load factor
Design based on collapse (ultimate) load limit

design
Economic - Optimum use of material
3
Materials
Elastic Elastic-Perfectly plastic
Elastic limit
Elastic limit
4
Upper yield
point
A
Plastic
range
B C
streess
Lower yield
L i ld
point
O strain
Idealised stress-strain curve of mild steel
5
stress
s
O strain
Idealised stress-strain curve in plastic theory
6
Elastic analysis
- Material is in the elastic state
- Performance
P f off structures under
d service
i loads
l d
- Deformation increases with increasing load
Plastic analysis
Material is in the plastic state
Performance of structures under
ultimate/collapse
/ p loads
Deformation/Curvature increases without an
increase in load.
7
Assumptions
Plane sections remain plane in plastic
condition
Stress-strain
S relation
l is identical
d l both
b h in
p
compression and tension
8
Process of yielding of a section
Let M at a cross-section increases gradually.
Within elastic limit, M = .Z

Z is section modulus, I/y
Elastic limit yield stresses reached

My = y.Z
Z
When moment is increased, yield spreads into inner

fibres. Remaining portion still elastic
Finally,
Fi ll th the entire
ti cross-section
ti yields
i ld
9
y
10
Change in stress distribution during
yielding
y y y
y y y
Rectangular cross section
11
y y y y
y y
Inverted T section
12
Plastic hinge
When
h the h section is completely
l l yielded,
ld d the
h
section is fully plastic
A ffully
ll plastic
l section bbehaves
h like
lk ah hinge
Plastic hinge
Plastic hinge is defined as an yielded zone due

to bending in a structural member, at which
large rotations can occur at a section at
constant plastic moment, MP
13
Mechanical hinge Plastic hinge
Reality Concept
Resists zero Resists a constant
moment momentt MP
Mechanical Hinge Plastic Hinge with MP= 0
14
M Moment corresponding to working load
My Moment at which the section yields
MP Moment at which entire section is under yield stress

y
T
y
MP
15
Plastic moment
Moment at which the entire section is
under yield stress
C =T
A
Ac y = At y Ac = At =
2
NA divides cross-section into 2 equal parts
A
C =T = y
2
16
16
y
A
C = y
yc 2
A yt
T = y
2
y
Si il to y Z
Similar
A
y y ( yc + yt ) = y Z p
A
Couple due to
2 2
Plastic modulus
Zp
( > 1) is the shape
p factor
Z
17
Shape factor for various cross
cross-sections
sections
b
Rectangular cross-section:
d
Section modulus
I
Z= =
( 12 )
bd 3
=
bd 2
y ( d 2) 6
A bd d d bd 2
Plastic modulus Z p = ( y c + yt ) = + =
2 2 4 4 4
Zp
Shape factor = 1.5
Z
18 18
Circular section
A
Z p = ( y c + yt )
2
d
d 2 2d 2d d 3
= + =
8 3 3 6
Z=
( d 4
64 )
=
d3 Zp
S= = 1.7
17
d 2 32 Z
19
Triangular section
bh 3
36 2
Z= =
bh 2h
2h 24 CG axis
3
3 h
A
Z p = ( y c + yt ) b
2
yc
E
Equal
l area axis
i
S = 2.346 yt
b
20
I section
20 mm
250 mm 10 mm
20 mm
200 mm
S = 1.132 Mp = 259.6 kNm
21
Load factor
collapse load M P y Z P
Load factor = = =
working load M Z
Rectangular cross-section:
M P = yZP = y
bd 2 bd 2 y bd 2
4
M =Z = =
6 1.5 6
1
M P bd 2 y bd 2
LF = = y = 2.25
2 25
M 4 1.5 6
22
Factor of safety
Yield Load Wy
Factor of Safety = =
Working Load W
Yield Stress y
= =
WorkingStress
g
y
= = 1.5
( y 1 5)
/ 1.5
El ti A
Elastic Analysis
l i - Factor
F t off S
Safety
f t
Plastic Analysis - Load Factor
23
Mechanisms of failure
A statically determinate beam will collapse if one plastic
hinge is developed
Consider a simply supported beam with constant cross

section loaded with a point load P at midspan
If P is increased until a plastic hinge is developed at the point

of maximum moment (just underneath P) an unstable
structure
t t will
ill b
be created.
t d
Any further increase in load will cause collapse
24
For a statically
y indeterminate beam to collapse,
p more than one
plastic hinge should be developed
The plastic hinge will act as real hinge for further increase of
load (until sufficient plastic hinges are developed for
collapse )
collapse.)
As the load is increased,, there is a redistribution of moment,,

as the plastic hinge cannot carry any additional moment.
25
Beam mechanisms
Determinate
D i beams
b
& frames: Collapse
after
f first
fi plastic
l i Simple beam
hinge
26
Indeterminate beams &
frames:
a es: Mo
Moree than
t a oonee
plastic hinge
to develop p mechanism
Fixed beam
Plastic
l hinges
h d
develop
l at the
h ends
d first
f
Beam becomes a simple beam
Plastic hinge
g develops
p at the centre
Beam collapses
27
Indeterminate beam:
Moree than
Mo t a oonee p
plastic
ast c
hinge to develop
mechanism
Propped cantilever
Plastic
l hinge
h d
develops
l at the
h fixed
f d support first
f
Beam becomes a simple beam
Plastic hinge
g develops
p at the centre
Beam collapses

Panel mechanism/sway mechanism
29
Gable Mechanism
W
Composite (combined) Mechanism
- Combination of the above
30
Methods of Plastic Analysis
y
Static method or Equilibrium method
- Lower bound: A load computed on the basis of an assumed
equilibrium BM diagram in which the moments are not greater than
MP is always less than (or at the worst equal to) the true ultimate
l d
load.
Kinematic method or Mechanism method or Virtual work

method
- Work performed by the external loads is equated to the internal
work absorbed by plastic hinges
- Upper bound: A load computed on the basis of an assumed

mechanism is always greater than (or at the best equal to) the true
ultimate load.
31
Collapse
p load (Wc)): Minimum load at which
collapse will occur Least value
Fully plastic moment (MP): Maximum moment

capacity for design Highest value
32
Determination of collapse load
1. Simple beam
Equilibrium method:
Wu .l
MP =
4
MP
M 4M P
Wu =
l
33
Virtual work method:
WE = WI
l
Wu = M P .2
2
Wu
4M P
Wu =
2 l
l

2
34
2. Fixed beam with UDL
w.l 2
M CENTRE = ,
24
w.l 2
M ENDS = > M CENTRE
12
Hence plastic hinges will develop at the ends first.
M
MC1
M P
C2
M
M
MB1
PP
35
Equilibrium:
wu
wu .l 2
2M P =
8

16 M P 2
wu = 2
l
Virtual work: WE = WI
l
0+ 16 M P
l wu = 2
= M P ( + 2 + )
2 wu 2
2 2 l

36
3. Fixed beam with point load
Wu
MP
MP
2
Virtual work:
l Equilibrium:
Wu = M P ( + 2 + )
2 l
2 M P = Wu
4
8M P 8M P
Wu = Wu =
l l
37

4. Fixed beam with eccentric point load
Wu
a b
Equilibrium:
q
ab
2 M P = Wu
l
MP 2 M Pl
Wu =
MP ab
38
Virtual work:
Wu a1 = b 2
a b
1 2 b
1 = 2
1 + 2 a
Wu ( a1 ) = M P 1 + (1 + 2 ) + 2
Wu ( b 2 ) = M P 2 2 + 2 2
b
a
MP b = 2M P ( a + b) Wu =
2 M Pl
Wu =
b 2 2 a 2 + 2 2 ab ab

5. Propped cantilever with point load at
midspan
M
MMC2
C1
P
M
MPB1
P
40
Wu
Vi t l work:
Virtual k
Equilibrium:
WE = WI
Wu .l
l M P + 0.5M P =
(Wu ) = M P ( + 2 ) 4
2
6M P
6M P Wu =
Wu = l
l
41
6. Propped cantilever with UDL
wl 2 Maximum p
positive BM
8
x1
MP
MP
At collapse
E
x2
Required
q to locate E
42
ME =
l 2 wu x2 2
wu lx
x2
MP = MP (1)
2 2 l
For maximum, dM E
=0
dx2
wu l MP (2)
wu x2 =0
2 l
From (1) and (2), x2 = 0.414l
MP
From (2), wu = 11.656 2
l

Problem 1: For the beam, determine the design plastic moment
capacity.
i
50kN 75kN
1.5m 1.5m
7.5m
Degree
D off Indeterminacy,
d N=32=1
No. of hinges, n = 3
No. of independent mechanisms ,r = n - N = 2
44
50kN 75kN
1.5m
50kN 75kN
1.5m
1 5m 45m
4.5m 1.5m
1 5m
1
Mechanism 1
+1
1.5
1 5 = 61
1.5 1 =
6
1.5 1.5
50 (1.5 ) + 75 1.5 = M p + +
6 6
M p = 45.83
45 83
45
50 75
1.5m 4.5m 1.5m

1
+1 6 = 1.51
Mechanism 2
1.5
= 1
6
1.5 1.5 1.5
50 1.5 1 + 75 (1.51 ) = M p 1 + 1 + 1
6 6 6
M p = 87.5 kNm
Design
g pplastic moment ((Highest
g of the above)) = 87.5 kNm

Problem 2: A beam of span 6 m is to be designed for an ultimate UDL
off 25 kN/m.
kN/ Th beam
The b i simply
is i l supported t d att the
th ends.
d Design
D i a
suitable I section using plastic theory, assuming y= 250 MPa.
25 kN/m
25kN/m
6m
Degree of Indeterminacy, N = 2 2 = 0
No. of hinges, n = 1
No. of independent mechanisms, r = n-N = 1
25kN/m Mechanism

2
3m 3m
3m
47
Internal
te a work
o k done
do e WI = 0 + M p 2 + 0 = 2 M p
0 + 3 = 225
External work done WE = 2 25 3
2
WI = WE 2 M p = 225 M p = 112.5 kNm
MP 112.5 106
Plastic modulus Z P = = = 4.5 105 mm 3
y 250
ZP = 4.5
.5 10
0 5
Section modulus Z= = 3
3.913
913 10 5
mm 3
S 1.15
Assuming shape factor S = 1.15
Adopt ISLB 275@330 N/m (from Steel Tables SP 6)

Problem 3: Find the collapse load for the frame shown.
shown
B A/2 W A/2 C
A/2 Mp
E
W/2
2Mp 2Mp
A/2
D
A
49
No. of hinges, n = 5 (at A, B, C, E & F)
Beam Mechanisms for members AB & BC
Panel Mechanism
50
Beam Mechanism for AB
B Mp WI = 2M p + 2M p (2 ) + M p = 7 M p
A/2
2 W A
WE =
E 2 2
W/2 2Mp
28M p
WE = WI Wc =
A/2 A

2Mp
51
Beam Mechanism for BC
W
B A/2 F A/2 C

A Mp Mp
Mp
2
2
Mp
WI = M p + M p (2 ) + M p = 4 M p
A
WE = W
2
8M p
WE = WI Wc =
A
52
Panel Mechanism
WI = 2 M p + M p + M p = 4 M p
W W A
WE =
Mp A/2 A/2 Mp 2 2
F 16M p
WE = WI Wc =
A/2 A
A

W/2 2
E
A/2
2Mp
53
Combined Mechanism
W
WI = 2 M p ( ) + M p (2 )
A/2 A/2 Mp
A + M p ( + )

2
2 = 6 M p
A/2
Mp
A

W/2 2
W A A 3
E WE = + W = W A
2 2 2 4
A/2
88M
Mp
2Mp WE = WI Wc =
A
8M p
True Collapse Load, ( Lowest of the above ) ,Wc =
A
54
Problem 4: A portal frame is loaded upto collapse. Find
the plastic moment capacity required if the frame is of
uniform section throughout.
10kN/m
B C
25 kN
25kN
8m
Mp
4m Mp Mp
A D
55
No. of possible plastic hinges, n = 3

(at B, C and between B&C)
Beam Mechanism for BC
Panel Mechanism
56
10kN/m
Beam Mechanism for BC B
C

Mp 4 Mp
0 + 4 = 160 2
WE = 2 10 4 Mp
2
WI = M p ( + 2 + ) = 4 M p
M p = 40 kNm
57
25kN
Panel Mechanism 4
Mp Mp
WE = WI
M p ( + ) = 25 4
M p = 50 kNm
58
Combined Mechanism 10kN/m
8 x 1
25kN 4 x
x Mp
+1
Mp

It is required to locate the
plastic hinge between B & C 4m
Assume plastic hinge is

formed at x from B
x = ( 8 x )1
x + 10 8 x ( 8 x )1
WE = 25 4 + 10 x ( )
2 2
59
x
WI = M p ( + 1 ) + 1 + = 2 M p +
8 x
5 ( 5 + 2 x )( 8 x )
WE = WI M p =
4
dM P
For maximum, =0
dx
x = 2.75 m
5 ( 5 + 2 x )( 8 x )
Mp = = 68.91 kNm
4
Design plastic moment of resistance, ( largest of the above ) , M p = 68.91 kNm
60
Problem 5: Determine the Collapse load of the continuous beam.
P
P
A A/2 B A/2 C
D E
A A
A collapse can happen in two ways: SI = 4 2 = 2
1 D
1. Due tto hinges
hi d
developing
l i att A,
A B and
dD
2. Due to hinges developing at B and E
61
Equilibrium:
Hinges at A, B and D
Mp
Mp >Mp
Mp
Pu A E
Pu A
4 4
Pu A 88M
Mp
= M p + M p Pu =
4 A
Moment at E is greater than Mp. Hence this mechanism is

not possible.

Hinges at B and E
Mp
Mp
Mp
Pu A
Pu A
4
4
Pu A Mp 6M p
= Mp + Pu =
4 2 A
6M p
True Collapse Load, Pu =
A
63
Virtual work: P P
A B C
A/2 D E A/2
A A
SI = 4 2 = 2

Hinges at A, B and D
2
A 8M p
Pu = M p ( + 2 + ) Pu = Hinges at B and E
2 A
A 6M p
Pu = M p ( + 2 ) Pu =
2 A
64
Problem 6: For the cantilever, determine the collapse load.
A L/2
L/2
C
2 Mp
p B Mp
Degree of Indeterminacy
Indeterminacy, N = 0
No.
No of possible plastic hinges,
hinges n = 2 (at A&B)
No.
No of independent mechanisms ,rr = n - N = 2
65
Wu
L/2
/2 L/2
Mechanism 1
L/2
Mp
L 2M p
Wu = M p Wu =
2 L
Wu
L

L Mechanism 2
2Mp
2M p
Wu L = 2 M p Wu =
L
2M p
T C ll
TrueCollapse L d ( Lowest
Load, L t off the b ) ,Wc =
th above
L
66
Problem 7: A beam of rectangular section b x d is subjected to a
bending moment of 0.9 Mp. Find out the depth of elastic core.
y
Let the elastic core be of depth 2y0
External bending moment must be 2 y0

resisted by the internal couple.
Distance of CG from NA,

y
d 1d y 2
b y0 y y0 + y0 + by0 y0
2 2 2 2 3 3d 2
4 y 2
y = = 0
d y 12 ( d y0 )
b y0 y + by0
2 2
67
I t
Internal
l couple
l (moment
( t off resistance)
i t )
d y 3d 2 4 y0 2
= 2 b y0 y + by0
2 2 12 ( d y0 )
3d 2 4 y0 2
= b y
12
bd 2
External bending moment = 0.9 M p = 0.9 Z p y = 0.9 y
4
3d 2 4 y0 2 bd 2
Equating the above, b y = 0.9 y
12 4
y0 = 0.274d
Hence, depth of elastic core = 2 y0 = 0.548d

68
Summary
Plastic Theory
Introduction-Plastic hinge concept-plastic section modulus-shape

factor-redistribution of moments-collapse mechanism-
Theorems of plastic analysis - Static/lower bound theorem;

Kinematic/upper bound theorem-Plastic analysis of beams and
portal frames b
by equilibrium and mechanism methods
methods.
69

Plastic Analysis PDF

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Structural Analysis - II

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

Introduction-Plastic hinge concept-plastic section modulus-shape

Theorems of plastic analysis - Static/lower bound theorem;

Plastic deformation - collapse load

Safe load load factor

Design based on collapse (ultimate) load limit

Economic - Optimum use of material

Elastic Elastic-Perfectly plastic

Within elastic limit, M = .Z

Elastic limit yield stresses reached

When moment is increased, yield spreads into inner

Rectangular cross section

Plastic hinge is defined as an yielded zone due

Mechanical Hinge Plastic Hinge with MP= 0

My Moment at which the section yields

MP Moment at which entire section is under yield stress

NA divides cross-section into 2 equal parts

S = 1.132 Mp = 259.6 kNm

Consider a simply supported beam with constant cross

If P is increased until a plastic hinge is developed at the point

Any further increase in load will cause collapse

As the load is increased,, there is a redistribution of moment,,

Beam becomes a simple beam

Beam becomes a simple beam

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

Composite (combined) Mechanism

- Combination of the above

Kinematic method or Mechanism method or Virtual work

- Upper bound: A load computed on the basis of an assumed

Fully plastic moment (MP): Maximum moment

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

From (1) and (2), x2 = 0.414l

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

1.5m 4.5m 1.5m

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

WI = WE 2 M p = 225 M p = 112.5 kNm

Assuming shape factor S = 1.15

Adopt ISLB 275@330 N/m (from Steel Tables SP 6)

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

No. of hinges, n = 5 (at A, B, C, E & F)

No. of independent mechanisms ,r = n - N = 3

Beam Mechanisms for members AB & BC

No. of possible plastic hinges, n = 3

No. of independent mechanisms ,r = n - N = 2

Beam Mechanism for BC

Assume plastic hinge is

2. Due to hinges developing at B and E

Moment at E is greater than Mp. Hence this mechanism is

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

External bending moment must be 2 y0

Distance of CG from NA,

Hence, depth of elastic core = 2 y0 = 0.548d

Introduction-Plastic hinge concept-plastic section modulus-shape

Theorems of plastic analysis - Static/lower bound theorem;

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