Flight Mechanics

Project
Bra KURU 13030021020
Burak Dam 13030021007
Muhammet Mustafa ABAY 13030021002

22.05.2017
Contents
1.Problem Definition ...............................................................................................................................2
1.1 Limitations and Conditions .............................................................................................................2
2.Pre-Solution ..........................................................................................................................................3
2.1 Equations of Flight ..........................................................................................................................3
2.2 Assumptions....................................................................................................................................3
2.3 Simplification of Equations of Flight ...............................................................................................4

2.4 Selection of Solution Way and Tool ................................................................................................4

3.Solution .................................................................................................................................................5
3.1 Hand Calculations ...........................................................................................................................5
3.2 Excel Calculations ...........................................................................................................................5
4.Post-Solution...................................................................................................................................... 11
4.1 Solutions of Euler Method with t=1 s. ...................................................................................... 11
4.2 Solutions of Euler Method with t=0,01 s. ................................................................................ 12
4.3 Solutions of Clasical RK-4 with t=1 s. ........................................................................................ 12
4.4 Solutions of Clasical RK-4 with t=0,01 s. ................................................................................... 12

4.5 Correction .................................................................................................................................... 13

5.Result ................................................................................................................................................. 14

Sayfa 1
1. Problem Definition
At known altitude, there is a aircraft that havent motor. With known initial velocity, it wants
that aircraft will fly maximum distance. Design this aircraft for maximum range. In figre 1.1,
Missions is shown.

1.1 Limitations and Conditions

Initial conditions are like follow;

h0=50m
e=0.9
X0=0
0=0
CD-0 =0.03
Limitations are like follow;
T=0
V0 10 m/s
m 100 kg
Cl max 2.5
c(y) 2m
b 20m
stoll 20
cl=0 -5

Sayfa 2
 Figre 1.1 :Starting of motion

2. Presolution
Before solve problem, some assumptions and way of solution should be determined. This
step is very important for solution

2.1 Equations of Flight

Figure 2.1 : General Equations of flight

The general equations of flight is shown in figure 2.1.

2.2 Assumptions
Before simplicating of equation of flight, some values is assumed that costant, and some
values is neglected.

<<<
CL is constant
V0=10

Sayfa 3
 m0=100 and costant.
Actually V0 and m0 arent known. There are some limitations about them. But, When
mass equals to minimum and velocity equals to maximum, the result would be maximum.
It can be estimated clearly. So these values were selected.

2.3 Simplification of Equations of Flight

Equations are prefered to solve related to time(t).

Simplification of Equations of Flight is shown figure 2.2

Figure 2.2: simplification of flight equations

2.4 Selection of Solition Way and Tool

Firstly, problem was solved with hand calculation. After studing,all iterations with all
combinations were tried with excel and Microsoft visual basic for applications.

Sayfa 4
 Figure 2.3 Screen of VBA

3. Solution
Problem was solved with varied methods

3.1 Hand Calculations

Choosen Variables

m=100 kg W=981 N
AR=20
b=10m
S=5m2
First calculation with Euler method t =1 second

Solutions are in appendix-1.1

Second calculation with Euler method t=0.01 second

Solutions are in appendix-1.2

Third calculation Classical Runge Kutta-4 method t =1 second

Solutions are in appendix-1.3

. 3.2 Excel Calculations

Choosen variables

m=100 kg

V0=10 m/s

Sayfa 5
Changing variables

Wing span =0.5m to 10m step 0.5m

For each span value; chord=0.1m to 2m step 0.1

For each combinations; CL =0 to 2.5 step 0.05

Number of all combinations is 10400

First calculation with Euler method t =1 second

Second calculation with Euler method t=0.01 second

Third calculation Classical Runge Kutta-4 method t =1 second

Fourth calcaulation Classical Runge Kutta-4 method t =0.01 second

Solutions were sent with email.

3.2.1 VBA Codes

3.2.1.1 Euler Method Solution

Sub iteration()

Dim deltaq, deltav, deltah, deltax, q, v, h, x As Double

Dim sayac As Double

m = 100

w = m * 9.81

q=0

v = 10

h = 50

x=0

Cells(1, 1).Value = "wing span"

Cells(1, 2).Value = "chord"

Cells(1, 3).Value = "area"

Cells(1, 4).Value = "aspect ratio"

For span = 0.5 To 10 Step 0.5

For chord = 0.1 To 2.1 Step 0.1

sayac = (chord / 0.1 + 1) + 20 * ((span / 0.5) - 1)

Sayfa 6
Cells(sayac, 1).Value = span

Cells(sayac, 2).Value = chord

Cells(sayac, 3).Value = span * chord

Cells(sayac, 4).Value = span / chord

Next chord

Next span

For cl = 0 To 2.5 Step 0.05

Cells(1, 5 + (cl / 0.05)).Value = "for Cl=" & cl

For burak = 2 To 401 Step 1

ar = Cells(burak, 4).Value

s = Cells(burak, 3).Value

k = 1 / (Application.WorksheetFunction.Pi() * 0.9 * ar)

cd = 0.03 + k * cl ^ 2

For t = 0.01 To 100000 Step 0.01

l = 0.5 * 1.225 * s * v ^ 2 * cl

d = 0.5 * 1.225 * s * v ^ 2 * cd

deltaq = (l - w * Cos(q)) / (m * v)

deltav = (-d - w * Sin(q)) / m

deltah = v * Sin(q)

deltax = v * Cos(q)

q = q + 0.01 * deltaq

v = v + 0.01 * deltav

h = h + 0.01 * deltah

x = x + 0.01 * deltax

If h <= 0 Then Exit ForNext t

Cells(burak, 5 + (cl / 0.05)).Value = t

h = 50

q=0

v = 10

Sayfa 7
x=0

Next burak

Next cl

For i = 1 To 86 Step 1

Cells(1, i).Interior.ColorIndex = 25

Cells(1, i).Font.ColorIndex = 2

Next i

End Sub

3.2.1.2 Classical Runge Kutta-4 Method Solution

Sub iteration()

Dim deltaq, deltav, deltah, deltax, q, v, h, x As Double

Dim sayac As Double

m = 100

w = m * 9.81

q0 = 0

v0 = 10

h0 = 50

x0 = 0

Cells(1, 1).Value = "wing span"

Cells(1, 2).Value = "chord"

Cells(1, 3).Value = "area"

Cells(1, 4).Value = "aspect ratio"

For span = 0.5 To 10 Step 0.5

For chord = 0.1 To 2.1 Step 0.1

sayac = (chord / 0.1 + 1) + 20 * ((span / 0.5) - 1)

Cells(sayac, 1).Value = span

Cells(sayac, 2).Value = chord

Sayfa 8
Cells(sayac, 3).Value = span * chord

Cells(sayac, 4).Value = span / chord

Next chord

Next span

For cl = 0 To 2.5 Step 0.05

Cells(1, 5 + (cl / 0.05)).Value = "for Cl=" & cl

For burak = 2 To 401 Step 1

ar = Cells(burak, 4).Value

s = Cells(burak, 3).Value

k = 1 / (Application.WorksheetFunction.Pi() * 0.9 * ar)

cd = 0.03 + k * cl ^ 2

stepsize = 0.01

aby_sbt = 0.5 * 1.225 * s * cl

brk_sbt = 0.5 * 1.225 * s * cd

For t = 0.01 To 100000 Step 0.01

l = aby_sbt * v0 ^ 2

d = brk_sbt * v0 ^ 2

deltax1 = v0 * Cos(q0)

deltah1 = v0 * Sin(q0)

deltav1 = (-d - w * Sin(q0)) / m

deltaq1 = (l - w * Cos(q0)) / (m * v0)

q1 = q0 + (stepsize / 2) * deltaq1

v1 = v0 + (stepsize / 2) * deltav1

h1 = h0 + (stepsize / 2) * deltah1

x1 = x0 + (stepsize / 2) * deltax1

'Debug.Print x1

l = aby_sbt * v1 ^ 2

d = brk_sbt * v1 ^ 2

deltax2 = v1 * Cos(q1)

Sayfa 9
deltah2 = v1 * Sin(q1)

deltav2 = (-d - w * Sin(q1)) / m

deltaq2 = (l - w * Cos(q1)) / (m * v1)

q2 = q1 + (stepsize / 2) * deltaq2

v2 = v1 + (stepsize / 2) * deltav2

h2 = h1 + (stepsize / 2) * deltah2

x2 = x1 + (stepsize / 2) * deltax2

l = aby_sbt * v2 ^ 2

d = brk_sbt * v2 ^ 2

deltax3 = v2 * Cos(q2)

deltah3 = v2 * Sin(q2)

deltav3 = (-d - w * Sin(q2)) / m

deltaq3 = (l - w * Cos(q2)) / (m * v2)

q3 = q2 + (stepsize) * deltaq3

v3 = v2 + (stepsize) * deltav3

h3 = h2 + (stepsize) * deltah3

x3 = x2 + (stepsize) * deltax3

l = aby_sbt * v3 ^ 2

d = brk_sbt * v3 ^ 2

deltax4 = v3 * Cos(q3)

deltah4 = v3 * Sin(q3)

deltav4 = (-d - w * Sin(q3)) / m

deltaq4 = (l - w * Cos(q3)) / (m * v3)

xnew = x0 + stepsize * (1 / 6) * (deltax1 + 2 * deltax2 + 2 * deltax3 + deltax4)

hnew = h0 + stepsize * (1 / 6) * (deltah1 + 2 * deltah2 + 2 * deltah3 + deltah4)

qnew = q0 + stepsize * (1 / 6) * (deltaq1 + 2 * deltaq2 + 2 * deltaq3 + deltaq4)

vnew = v0 + stepsize * (1 / 6) * (deltav1 + 2 * deltav2 + 2 * deltav3 + deltav4)

If hnew <= 0 Then Exit For

q0 = qnew

Sayfa 10
v0 = vnew

h0 = hnew

x0 = xnew

Next t

Cells(burak, 5 + (cl / 0.05)).Value = t

h0 = 50

q0 = 0

v0 = 10

x0 = 0

Next burak

Next cl

For i = 1 To 86 Step 1

Cells(1, i).Interior.ColorIndex = 25

Cells(1, i).Font.ColorIndex = 2

Next i

End Sub

4. Post-Solution
After solutions, all result was examined. And each
method was evaluated .

. 4.1
SOLUTIONS OF EULER METHOD
WITH t=1 s.
This method is very usefull for hand calculations. It is
very easy and fast. But results are inaccurate.

As seem in Figure 4.1, some values are found very

irrelevant. So this way shouldnt be used for this
Figure 4.1 Euler method for step size
problem.
is 1 sec.

Sayfa 11
. 4.2 SOLUTIONS OF EULER METHOD WITH t=0.01 s.
When step size is selected 0.01 sec, With this way,
more accurate result will be found.

Maximum endurance is 77,82 sec for b=10 m , c=0,4 m

and cl=2,5 so;

S=4 m2 and AR=25

Maximum range is 1126,367 m for b=10 m, c=0,3 m

and cl=2,35 so ;

S=3 m2 and AR=33,333

. 4.3
SOLUTIONS OF CLASSICAL RUNGE
KUTTA-4 METHOD t=1 s.
The result is same with euler method dt=0.01

T=78 sec. It is very close. So RK-4 method is most usefull method for this problem.

. . 4.4
SOLUTIONS OF CLASSICAL RUNGE KUTTA-4 METHOD
t=0.01 s.
Maximum value of time is 77,94 sec for b=10 m , c=0,4 m and cl=2,5 so

S=4 and AR=25

Maximum value of distance is 1175,913 m for b=10 m , c=0,2 m and cl=2,5 so

S=2 and AR=50

Sayfa 12
4.5 Correction
For all solutions, Cl was considered constant. For changing Cl, a way was determined.

When higher than identified value, Cl would be less. And When less than identified
value, Cl would be higher.

After some iteration, the way was determined ;

Cl0= 2.28

(/3) Cl=1.81

-(/3) Cl=2.5

This way increase euler method result, but the best range is result of RK-4 Method.

Result of this way is 1137,925 m.

Cl
3

2,5

1,5

0,5

0
5,77
0,01
0,33
0,65
0,97
1,29
1,61
1,93
2,25
2,57
2,89
3,21
3,53
3,85
4,17
4,49
4,81
5,13
5,45
6,09
6,41
6,73
7,05
7,37
7,69
8,01
8,33
8,65
8,97

Sayfa 13
5. Result
Maximum value of distance is 1175,913 m for b=10 m , c=0,2 m and cl=2,5 so

S=2 and AR=50

Sayfa 14
 10
15
20
25
30

0
5

0,5
1,5
2,5

0
1
2
3
0,01
2,67

20
40
60

-20
0,1 5,33
43,37068841 7,99
110,8766292 10,65
149,7234408 13,31
208,7149723 15,97
264,9122596 18,63
308,3906075 21,29
373,9235377 23,95
421,1143216 26,61
474,7832572 29,27
535,7619141 31,93
v

34,59

Cl
581,8979707

h
643,2767839 37,25
696,5647039 39,91
747,9162147 42,57
809,5177867 45,23
859,065583 47,89
916,7648624 50,55

Figure 5.1 ;Changing related to t

973,6166706 53,21
1024,71182 55,87
1084,954689 58,53
1137,633492
1192,935107
1251,237014
v

1303,220865

h
Cl

Sayfa 15