ACTIVE FORM USED AS A CO-FACTOR DEFICIENCY / TOXICITY NOTES
VITAMIN B1 / Thiamine pyrophosphate Pyruvate dehydrogenase DEFICIENCY THIAMINE -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase Beri-beri Branched chain AA dehydrogenase Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome Transketolase (Phase 2) reactions in the HMP shunt VITAMIN B2 / Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN) Redox reactions, as electron carrier NO DEFICIENCY STATES RIBOFLAVIN Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD) Stomatitis, cheilosis, dermatitis, corneal vascularization VITAMIN B3 / Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide + Redox reactions, as electron carrier DEFICIENCY May be derived from TRYPTOPHAN NIACIN Phosphate (NAD and NADP) Pellagra (Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia) using Vitamin B6 Hartnup Disease: tryptophan absorption Carcinoid Syndrome: serotonin tryptophan metabolism Isoniazid Use: Vitamin B6 VITAMIN B5 / Constituent of Coenzyme A (needed to Co-factor for acyl transfers NO DEFICIENCY STATES PANTOTHENATE activate fatty acids) Component of fatty acid synthase Dermatitis, enteritis, alopecia, Adrenal insufficiency VITAMIN B6 / Pyridoxal Phosphate Used as a coenzyme in AA transamination DEFICIENCY PYRIDOXINE Used as a coenzyme for: Isoniazid toxicity: INH + Pyridoxal Phosphate Inactive derivative; Glycogen phosphorylase can lead to peripheral neuropathy Cystathione synthase TOXICITY ALA synthase Intake of >2g/day Synthesis of niacin from tryptophan Gait problems and CNS Toxicity VITAMIN B12 / 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin Co-factor for methionine synthase DEFICIENCY Structure: Cobalt in center of corrin COBALAMIN used for methionine synthesis Homocysteine + N-methyl THF Pernicious Anemia ring methionine + THF Autoimmune destruction of parietal cells IF secretion - Methylcobalamin: contains methyl Methylcobalamin Co-factor of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase Vitamin B12 absorption group Used for isomerization reactions Methylmalonyl CoA Succinyl CoA Early SSx: Megaloblastic Anemia - Cyanocobalamin: contains CN Late SSx: Neuropsychiatric (subacute combined degeneration) Needs intrinsic factor for absorption; Diagnosis: Schilling Test, VitB12, anti-IF produced by parietal cells Other causes: Malabsorption, Absence of terminal ileum Absorbed in the terminal ileum VITAMIN B9 / Tetrahydrofolate Used as coenzyme for 1-carbon transfer DEFICIENCY Structure: Pterin ring + Para- FOLIC ACID Dihydropteroate synthetase: PABA Methylation reactions, like synthesis of Megaloblastic anemia with no neurologic symptoms aminobenzoic acid (PABA) + DHF; inhibited by Sulfamethoxazole purines and thymine Hypersegmentation of neutrophils (earliest manifestation) glutamate residues Dihydrofolate reductase: DHF Macrocytic anemia Humans cannot synthesize PABA and THF; inhibited by Trimethoprim Neural tube defects add glutamate humans cannot Pregnant mothers must be given 400 mcg folate daily synthesize folate
VITAMIN B7 / Used as a co-factor for carboxylation reactions DEFICIENCY Pyruvate carboxylase:
BIOTIN Pyruvate carboxylase (Pyruvate OAA) Induced by AVIDIN in egg whites Gluconeogenesis Acetyl CoA carboxylase (Acetyl CoA Dermatitis Acetyl CoA carboxylase: Fatty Acid Malonyl CoA) Enteritis Synthesis Propionyl CoA carboxylase (Propionyl CoA Propionyl CoA carboxylase: Odd- Methylmalonyl CoA) numbered fatty acid VITAMIN C / Used as a co-factor in DEFICIENCY Vitamin C reduces Fe3+ to Fe2+ in ASCORBIC ACID Hydroxylation of proline and lysine Scurvy stomach to increase Fe absorption (collagen synthesis) Loose teeth and sore gums, swollen joints, fragile vessels, anemia Dopamine -hydroxylase (dopamine to