ANATOMY

1.00 PRACTICAL EXAM TIPS

Phi Alpha Sigma & Alpha Sigma Phi | September 8, 2016
LE 1

I. Tips
OUTLINE
6.
c. What does the deltoid not do?
The structures found at the superficial and
intermediate layer are most commonly asked
#
II. Bones a. Structures in the deep layer are seldom
A. Humerus asked
B. Ulna 7. Know the blood vessels and nerves that pass through
C. Clavicle the various fossae
D. Carpals 8. Usually only the main veins and arteries are asked
E. Sesamoid bones aka nothing too intricate
III. Muscles 9. Review microslides
A. Forearm 10. Get enough sleep
B. Hand 11. Bring food (and share with classmates hehe)
C. Posterior Hand
IV. Upper Limb Blood Supply * High yield questions = topics & questions that are most
A. LaLa Na Po frequently asked during anatomy exams for the past few years
B. Axillary Artery
C. Veins II. BONES
V. Upper Limb Nerve Supply
A. Brachial Plexus Know how to identify laterality and the various markings of
B. Cutaenous Innervation of Hand each bone
VI. Deep Back
A. Extrinsic Back Muscles A. Humerus
B. Intrinsic Back Muscles Place olecranon fossa away from you where head of
C. Suboccipital Triangle humerus is facing = laterality
VII. Histology
A. Epithelium Radiograph
B. Specialization Anatomical neck - more superior & at midline of the
C. Papillary Dermis versus Reticular ball
dermis Surgical neck below tubercles of humerus
D. Glands
E. Hair Follicle B. Ulna
F. Connective Tissue
Place the trochlear notch away from you look for where the
G. Axons versus Dendrites
radial tuberosity is facing = laterality
H. Protoplasmic Astrocytes versus
Fibrous astrocytes
C. Clavicle*
I. Dorsal Root Ganglia versus
Sympathetic Ganglia Look for the acromial end & sternal end look for the smooth
J. Retina side, which is the superior part rotate clavicle 90 degrees in
K. Cerebrum such a way that if it forms an S = left laterality or if it doesnt =
right laterality
Legend:
Remember
Lecturer Book
Previous
Trans Com D. Carpals
(Exams) Trans
Alternative mnemonic:
G ! & 4 !
(lateral to medial)
So Long The Pinky
I. TIPS
Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform
1. The practical examination will have 75 questions with
(medial to lateral)
2 questions per station and 1 minute per station
Here Comes The Thumb
2.
Hamate Capitate Trapezoid Trapezium
3. Difference between IDENTIFY versus CLASSIFY
questions
Radiographs
4. For the radiographs, usually only 2 questions are
Scaphoid: boat shaped
asked regarding this
a. Identify questions are almost usually asked Pisiform
b. Good to be familiar with it however do not o Small bulge which is only seen at palmar
dwell on it so much side
5. Read the questions carefully o If dorsal side, hidden by pisiform
a. What structure is found lateral to the pinned Hook of hamate: top of hamate
structure?
b. What vessel is the tributary of the pinned E. Sesamoid bones
structure? Do not forget these exist at the thumb!
i. Tributary = origin

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 ANATOMY

1.00 PRACTICAL EXAM TIPS
Phi Alpha Sigma & Alpha Sigma Phi | September 8, 2016
LE 1

A. Forearm
III. MUSCLES Basilic v.
Median cubital v. #
Use the brachoradialis as a landmark to differentiate the Other deep veins have the same name as their accompanying
anterior compartment from the posterior compartment arteries
Extensors : Really Long Really Big DiDi MU
(Trysh Olives, 2016) V. UPPER LIMB NERVE SUPPLY
o Only applies to superficial layer
o From lateral to medial A. Brachial Plexus*
o Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
o Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis Roots and divisions are not seen in cadavers
o Extensor Digitorum Communis Know the branches that arise from each area & the
o Extensor Digiti Minimi subsequent effect that damaging them would cost
o Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Use the axillary artery as a landmark for identifying the
cords
B. Hand oLateral to axillary a. = lateral cord
Epol and Apple with Peanut Butter in between oMedial to axillary a. = medial cord
o From medial to lateral oUnderneath axillary a. = posterior cord
o Extensor Pollicis Longus The median nerve can also be used as a landmark
o Extensor Pollicis Brevis o To identify the axillary artery
o Abudctor Pollicis Longus o To identify the ulnar nerve, which is the thin
nerve beside the median n.
C. Posterior Hand
Middle: interossei B. Cutaneous Innervation of Hand*
o PAD: Palmar interossei Adducts Anterior
o DAB: Dorsal interossei Abducts Hypothenar area + 1 digits: Ulnar nerve
Upper: lumbricals Thenar area + 3 digits: Median nerve
Base of thumb: Radial nerve
IV. UPPER LIMB BLOOD SUPPLY
Posterior
A. LaLa Na Po 1 digits: Ulnar nerve
st
Lateral border of 1 rib Posterior area of hand: Radial nerve
Lower border of teres major Tips of 3 digits: Median nerve
o LL where axillary artery becomes the brachial
artery VI. DEEP BACK
Neck of radius
o Brachial artery bifurcates into radial artery and A. Extrinsic Back Muscles
ulnar artery Not for posture
Palmar arch Not true back muscles
o Anastomoses
Innervation: anterior rami of spinal nerves
o DR. SU
Deep palmar arch is mainly supplied Superficial
by the Radial artery o Trapezius
Superficial palmar arch is mainly o Latissimus dorsi
supplied by the Ulnar artery o Levator scapulae
o Rhomboid major and minor
B. Axillary Artery* Intermediate
o Serratus posterior superior and serratus
Divided by the pectoralis major
posterior inferior
Number of parts = number of branches
1. 1: superior thoracic a.
2. 2: thoracoacromial a. & lateral thoracic a. * Thoracolumbar fascia divides the extrinsic and intrinsic
3. 3: subscapular a., anterior circumflex a. & posterior muscles. It also divides the deep and superficial layers
circumflex a.
B. Intrinsic Back Muscles
Tip: If axillary a. is hard to distinguish during practicals, look for Innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerves
the median n. (the fattest nerve going distally in the arm) and Superficial
use it as a landmark o Splenius
Not obvious that its branching into
C. Veins splenius capitis & splenius cervicis
Important to note the superficial veins: Splenius capitis : from mastoid
Cephalic v. process

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 ANATOMY

1.00 PRACTICAL EXAM TIPS
Phi Alpha Sigma & Alpha Sigma Phi | September 8, 2016
LE 1

Splenius cervicis : from transverse
process
T3 to C6
Shape/Morphology*
o Acinar: grape shaped
o Tubular
#
Upper back to neck o Tubulo-acinar
Action: If alone, lateral rotation. If o Examples
acting together, extension of neck. Sebaceous glands = simple
Intermediate* branched acinar
o Erector spinae muscles Sweat glands = simple coiled
Iliocostalis tubular
Longissimus Ductal system
Spinalis o Simple ducts do not branch
Branching of acini occurs
Action: chief extensor of the back
o Compound with branching ducts
o In slide: darker stained (almost red) =
C. Suboccipital Triangle conducting portion/duct
Deep to seminispinalis capitis Mechanism of product release*
Near C2 o Merocrine
Innervated by C1 Sweat
Inferior border: obliquus capitis inferior o Apocrine
Lateral border: obliquus capitis superior o Holocrine
Salivary glands
Medial border: rectus capitis posterior major
o Compound tubuloacinar
o Origin: spinous process of C2 o Look for serous demilunes in submandibular
o Rectus capitis posterior minor origin:
and submaxillary glands
posterior tubercle of C1
Pancreas
o Exocrine part: merocrine
VII. HISTOLOGY o Endocrine part: islets of Langerhans
Mammary glands
A. Epithelium
o Inactive: light staining
Transitional epithelium o Active: dark staining
o NO such thing as a stratified transitional
epithelium E. Hair Follicle
Transitional epithelium will always be
Arrector pili muscle is a smooth muscle
stratified. However it need not be said
Structure (inner to outer)
o How to know if its transitional epithelium?
o Hair papilla
Look at apical part
o Matrix
Look for dome shaped cells
o Medulla
Stratum lucidum and corneum have NO nuclei
o Cortex
o Epithelial sheet
B. Specialization
F. Connective Tissue
Cilia: movement
Dense regular connective tissue versus muscle tissue
Stereocilia: movement o Dense regular CT has NO nuclei
Micovilli (brush border): absorption o Muscle tissue always has nuclei
o Usually with goblet cell Reticular connective tissue
Placenta: chorionic villi are found here o Black fibers since argyophilic
Embryonal connective tissue
C. Papillary Dermis versus Reticular Dermis o Mucous connective tissue
Papillary dermis Whartons jelly
o Loose areolar connective tissue Only some fibroblasts are present
o Equal amounts of collagen and ground Umbilical cord
substance Aorta: elastic connective tissue so with elastic fibers
Reticular dermis
o Dense irregular connective tissue G. Axons versus Dendrites
o Thicker than papillary dermis Axons are lighter stained while dendrites are darker
o With more collagen stained
D. Glands
Nissl bodies are NOT found in axons while these may be
Path of release (seldom asked) found in dendrites
o Endocrine: luminal side Axons are placed in the opposite direction of the
o Exocrine: apical side dendrites
o Paracrine: surrounding tissues
Number of cells H. Protoplasmic Astrocytes versus Fibrous Astrocytes
o Multicellular
Protoplasmic = Puno
o Unicellular

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 ANATOMY

1.00 PRACTICAL EXAM TIPS
Phi Alpha Sigma & Alpha Sigma Phi | September 8, 2016
LE 1

o Protoplasmic astrocytes have more defined
branches than fibrous astrocytes
Parental Guidance (PG)
#
o Protoplasmic astrocytes = gray matter
o Fibrous astrocyte = white matter

I. Dorsal Root Ganglia versus Sympathetic Ganglia

Dorsal Root Ganglia (SRG)
More organized arrangement of neurons
Pseudounipolar neurons
o Sensory function
o Centrally placed nucleus
o White cytoplasm
Satellite cells present

Sympathetic Ganglia
Disorganized arrangement of neurons
Neurons are more interspersed
Multipolar neurons
o Motor function
Satellite cells NOT present

J. Retina
Pigmented epithelium and choroid part were detached
from each other upon preparation
Bipolar neurons

K. Cerebrum
Pyramidal cells

REFERENCES:
1. Lecture Notes
2. Moore, K.L., Dalley, A.F., Agur, A. (2014). Moores
Essential Clinical Ana

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