Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
MACHINES II
(AC MACHINES)
Presented by
Hari Madhava Reddy. Y
EEE
Guntur Engineering College,Guntur.
EMAIL: harimadhavareddy@gmail.com
Syllabus
EE6502 Electrical Machines -II
UNIT III THREE wINDwUC.TVIONidMyOaTOrRthiplus.com
PHAS
wE
9
Constructional details - Types of rotors - Principle of operation - Slip -cogging and crawling-
Equivalent circuit - Torque-Slip characteristics - Condition for maximum torque - Losses and
efficiency - Load test - No load and blocked rotor tests - Circle diagram - Separation of losses-
Double cage induction motors -Induction generators - Synchronous induction motor.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Important Website Reference
Electrical Machines-II by S. B.
Sivasubramaniyan -MSEC, Chennai
http://yourelectrichome.blogspot.in/
http://www.electricaleasy.com/p/electri
cal-machines.html
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
NPTEL Reference
Electrical Machines II by Dr. Krishna
Vasudevan & Prof. G. Sridhara Rao
Department of Electrical Engineering , IIT
Madras.
Basic Electrical Technology by Prof. L.
Umanand - IISc Bangalore {video}
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
BASICS OF
ELECTRICAL
MACHINES
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Electrical Machine?
Electrical machine is a device which
can convert
Mechanical energy into electrical
energy (Generators/alternators)
Electrical energy into mechanical
energy (Motors)
AC current from one voltage level to
other voltage level without changing its
frequency (Transformers)
wrewsenwted.byVCi.GOdKyULa,APr/EtEEhVielaplarl
P
Co ullesge.of cEnogg m& Tech , Erode
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Fundamental Principle..
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Faradays Law
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Two forms of Induced EMF !
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Governing Rules
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
For Generator
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Fleming's Right hand rule(for Generator)
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
For Motor
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Fleming's left hand rule (for motors)
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Coiling of Conductor
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Electromagnet
AC Fundamentals
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
AC Fundamentals - continued
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Whenever current passes through
a conductor
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Inductive Effect
Reactance EMF
Lenz Law
An induced current is always in such a
direction as to oppose the motion or
change causing it
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Capacitive effect
C
Q
V
q (t 1
V (t )
)
dt
i(t )
C C
dq (t dv (t )
i(t ) ) C
dt dt
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
R-L network
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
R-C network
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
As already mentioned,
As the current, so the flux
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
3 phase AC
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Star connection
V 3V ph
L
IL I ph
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Delta Connection
V V ph
L
IL 3I ph
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Maxwell's Right Hand Grip
Rule
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Right Handed Cork Screw
Rule
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Generators
The Generator converts mechanical power
into electrical power.
Synchronous generators (Alternator)
are constant speed generators.
The conversion of mechanical power into
electrical power is done through a coupling field
(magnetic field).
Motor
The Motor converts electrical power
into mechanical power.
M
Electrical Mechanical
Energy Energy
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
w w w . Vid ya rth ip
B a s ic C o n
lus . c om
s t r u ction
Parts
Stationary Part
Stator Armature
Mechanical Electrical
Rotor Field
www.RoVtaitindg yP atrthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
AC MACHINES
Two categories:
1.Synchronous Machines:
Synchronous Generators(Alternator)
Primary Source of Electrical Energy
Synchronous Motor
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
UNIT-1
Synchronous
Generator
(Alternator)
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
UNIT-1 Syllabus
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Synchronous Generators
Generator
Exciter
View of a two-pole round rotor generator and exciter.
(Westinghouse)
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Synchronous Machines
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
C o n s tr u c t i
w ww .V id y art hip lu s. c om
Ir = Vf/Rf
Vf = Direct voltage applied to the field winding
Rf= Field winding Resistance
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vi dy ar th ip lus.com
R o t o r
Rotor is the rotating part of the machine
Salient-pole Rotor
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
a. Salient-Pole Rotor
1. Most hydraulic turbines have to turn at low speeds
(between 50 and 300 r/min)
2. A large number of poles are required on the rotor
d-axis
N
D 10 m
gap
q-axis S S
Turbine
N
Hydro (water)
Hydrogenerator
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Salient pole twypwewro.tVoridisyuasrethd
iipnlulosw.caondmmedium speed alternators
This type of rotor consists of large number of projected
poles (called salient poles)
Poles are also laminated to minimize the eddy current
losses.
This type of rotor are large in diameters and short in
axial length.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Salient-Pole Synchronous Generator
Stator
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
b. Cylindrical-Rotor(Non-Salien t
Turbine D1m
L 10 m
Steam d-axis
Stator winding
High speed N
Uniform air-
3600 r/min -pole gap
Stato
1800 r/min -pole r
q-axis Rotor winding
Direct-conductor cooling (using
hydrogen or water as coolant) Roto
r
Rating up to 2000 MVA
S
Turbogenerator
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
w
Cylindrica l
w w .V id y a r th ip l us .c o m
t y pe r o to r s a r e u s e d
in high speed alternators (turbo
alternators)
This type of rotor consists of a smooth and
solid steel cylinder having slots along its
outer periphery.
Field windings are placed in these slots.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Cylindrwicawl-
wR.oVtoidrySayrnthchiprolunso.ucsoG
menerator
Stator
www.VidyCyalinrdtrichaliropto
lr us.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Working Principle
It works on the principle of Electromagnetic induction
In the synchronous generator field system is rotating and armature
winding is steady.
Its works on principle opposite to the DC generator
High voltage AC output coming from the armature terminal
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Working Principle
Armature Stator
Field Rotor
No commutator is
required {No need for
commutator because
we need AC only}
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Frequency
owfwInwd.VucideydarEthMipFlus.com
Every time a complete pair of poles crosses the conductor, the
induced voltage goes through one complete cycle. Therefore, the
generator frequency is given by
p n pn
f .
2 60 120
N=Rotor speed in r.p.m
P=number of rotor poles
f=frequency of induced EMF in Hz
Winding
Factors( K , p
Kd )
K cos
p
2
sin
m
2
Kd
m sin
2
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Pitch factor Kp
Vectorsum
Kp
Arithmaticsum
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Arithmatic sum
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Vector sum
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Vector _ sum
Kp
Arithmatic _ sum
2E
s cos
2
2 Es
cos
2
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Pitch factor - Problem
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
For a 3
phwaswewm.aVcihdinyeawrtihthip3l6usco.cn
odumctors, 4 pole, no. of slots (conductors) / pole
/ phase is equal to 3
Each phase consists of 3 slots
Angular displacement between any two adjacent
slots = 180 / 9 = 20 degrees
If the 3 coils are bunched in 1 slot, emf induced is
equal to the arithmetic sum (3Es)
Practically, in distributed winding, vector sum has to
be calculated
Kd = Vector sum / Arithmetic sum
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
0 0
180 180
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
m
2 r sin
2
Kd
m sin
2r
2
sin
m
2
d
m sin
2
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Problem:
Distribution factor /Breadth factor
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EMF Equation
of Alternator
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
We know,
N = 120 f / P
Substituting, N we get
Avg. emf per conductor = 2 f Volt
If there are Z conductors / ph, then
Avg. emf induced / ph = 2 f Z Volt
Ave emf induced (in turns) / ph = 4 f T Volt
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Armature
Reaction of
Alternator
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Armature Reaction
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Phase difference of 90o between the armature flux and the main flux
the two fluxes oppose each other on the left half of each pole while assist
each other on the right half of each pole.
Average flux in the air gap remains constant but its distribution gets
distorted.
Due to such distortion of the flux, there is small drop in the terminal voltage
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
As this effect causes reduction in the main flux, the terminal voltage
drops. This drop in the terminal voltage is more than the drop
corresponding to the unity p.f. load.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Phasor Diagram
for Synchronous
Generator/Alternator
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Phasor Diagram of loaded
Alternator
Ef which denotes excitation voltage
Vt which denotes terminal voltage
Ia which denotes the armature current
which denotes the phase angle between Vt and Ia
which denotes the angle between the Ef and Ia
which denotes the angle between the Ef and Vt
ra which denotes the armature per phase resistance
Two important points:
(1) If a machine is working as a synchronous generator then
direction of Ia will be in phase to that of the Ef.
(2) Phasor Ef is always ahead of Vt.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
a. Alternator at Lagging PF
Ef by first taking the component of the Vt in the
direction of Ia
Component of Vt in the direction of Ia is Vtcos ,
Total voltage drop is (Vtcos+Iara) along the Ia.
we can calculate the voltage drop along the direction
perpendicular to Ia.
The total voltage drop perpendicular to Ia is
(Vtsin+IaXs).
With the help of triangle BOD in the first phasor
diagram we can write the expression for Ef as
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
b. Alternator at Unity PF
Ef by first taking the component of the Vt in
the direction of Ia.
= 0 hence we have =.
With the help of triangle BOD in the second
phasor diagram we can directly write the
expression for Ef as
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
c. Alternator at Leading PF
Component in the direction of Ia is Vtcos.
As the direction of Ia is same to that of the Vt thus
the total voltage drop is (Vtcos+Iara).
Similarly we can write expression for the voltage
drop along the direction perpendicular to Ia.
The total voltage drop comes out to be (Vtsin-IaXs).
With the help of triangle BOD in the first phasor
diagram we can write the expression for Ef as
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Determwiwnwat.iVoidnyoafrththipelu
psa.croammeters of the equivalent
circuit from test data
uAs.cGomE
REGULATION
Voltage regulation of an alternator is
defined as the rise in terminal voltage of the
machine expressed as a fraction of
percentage of the initial voltage when
specified load at a particular power factor is
reduced to zero, the speed and excitation
remaining unchanged.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
ww Vw.oVidlyatrtahipglue
s.com
Regulation
A convenient way to compare the voltage
behaviour of two generators is by their
voltage regulation (VR). The VR of a
synchronous generator at a given load,
power factor, and at rated speed is defined
as
En V
VR 100%
l fl
V fl
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www V.Voidylartthaiplgus.
ecom
Regulation
Case 1: Lagging power factor:
A generator operating at a lagging power factor has a
positive voltage regulation.
Case 2: Unity power factor:
A generator operating at a unity power factor has a small
positive voltage regulation.
Case 3: Leading power factor:
A generator operating at a leading power factor has a
negative voltage regulation.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Vidyoarthliptlu
www.V
as.cgome
Regulation
This value may be readily determined from
the phasor diagram for full load operation.
If the regulation is excessive, automatic
control of field current may be employed to
maintain a nearly constant terminal voltage
as load varies
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Methods of
Determination of
voltage regulation
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Methwowdws.VoifdyDarethtieprlu
ms.icnomation of
voltage regulation
Synchronous Impedance Method / E.M.F.
Method
Ampere-turns method / M.M.F. method
ZPF(Zero Power Factor) Method / Potier
ASA Method
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
1.
Syncwwhwr.VoindyoaruthsiplIums.
pcoemdance
Method / E.M.F. Method
The method is also called E.M.F. method of determining
the regulation. The method requires following data to
calculate the regulation.
1. The armature resistance per phase (Ra).
2. Open circuit characteristics which is the graph of open
circuit voltage against the field current. This is possible by
conducting open circuit test on the alternator.
3. Short circuit characteristics which is the graph of short
circuit current against field current. This is possible by
conducting short circuit test on the alternator.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
The alternator is coupled to a prime mover
capable of driving the alternator at its
synchronous speed. The armature is connected to
the terminals of a switch. The other terminals of
the switch are short circuited through an ammeter.
The voltmeter is connected across the lines to
measure the open circuit voltage of the alternator.
The field winding is connected to a suitable d.c.
supply with rheostat connected in series. The field
excitation i.e. field current can be varied with the
help of this rheostat. The circuit diagram is shown
in the Fig.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Circuit Diagram for OC & SC test
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
a. Open Circuit Test
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
w w w. V id ya rt hi pl us .c o
Connect io n f o r O p e n C i
rmcuit Test
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.OVidpyaertnhi uit
p-Clusi.crocm
Characteristic
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Short-
wcwiwr.Vciduyairtthiplus.com
test
Adjust the field current to zero and short-
circuit the terminals of the generator
through a set of ammeters.
Record the armature current Isc as the field
current is increased.
Such a plot is called short-circuit
characteristic.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Short-circuit test
After completing the open circuit test observation, the field
rheostat is brought to maximum position, reducing field
current to a minimum value.
The T.P.S.T switch is closed. As ammeter has negligible
resistance, the armature gets short circuited. Then the field
excitation is gradually increased till full load current is
obtained through armature winding.
This can be observed on the ammeter connected in the
armature circuit. The graph of short circuit armature
current against field current is plotted from the observation
table of short circuit test. This graph is called short circuit
characteristics, S.C.C.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Short-wcwiwr.Vciduyairtthiplus.com
test
Adjust the field current to zero and short-
circuit the terminals of the generator through a
set of ammeters.
Record the armature current Isc as the field
current is increased.
Such a plot is called short-circuit characteristic.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Cownwnw.eVicdytarit Short
ohinplufs.ocorm
Circuit Test
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Owpwwe.nVidayanrthdiplsush.co
omrt circuit
characteristic
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Curve feature
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
w w w . V idy
s ar th iplus.co
Determin a t i o n o f X
m
For a particular field current IfA, the internal voltage Ef (=VA) could be found from
the occ and the short-circuit current flow Isc,A could be found from the scc.
Then the synchronous reactance Xs could be obtained using
V A E f
Z s ,unsat R2a X 2s ,unsat
I scA
VA
Isc,B
Since Xs,unsat>>Ra,
Isc, A I scA
Ef
IfA IfB
If (A) X s ,unsat
V t , oc
I scA
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Xs under saturated condition
Ef or Vt (V) Air-gap line
SCC
VA
Isc,B
At V =
Vrated,
V rated E f If (A)
Z s , sat R X
2
a
2
s ,sat IfA IfB
scB
X s , sat Z s2, : 2
a is known from the DC test.
sat RaR
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Advantagwewswa.VnidyLairmthiitpalutsi.oc
noms of
Synchronous Impedance Method
jXs Ra
Vt=0 Ef
+
Ia
+ jIaXs
Ef Ia
Vt=0
IaRa
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Short-circuit Ratio
Another parameter used to describe synchronous generators is the
short-circuit ratio (SCR). The SCR of a generator defined as the ratio
of the field current required for the rated voltage at open circuit to the
field current required for the rated armature current at short circuit.
SCR is just the reciprocal of the per unit value of the saturated
synchronous reactance calculated by
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Steps: www.Vidyarthiplus.com
I. By suitable tests plot oee and see
2. From the oee find the field current Ifl to
produce rated voltage, V.
3. From see fmd the magnitude of field
current I.f2 to produce the required
armature current.
4. Draw I.f2 at angle (90+<1 from Irr, where
<1> is the phase angle of current from
voltage. If current is leading, take the
angle of I.f2 as (90-<1.
5. Find the resultant field current, If
and
mark its magnitude on the field current
.
ax.rs ,
6. From oee. find the voltage
corresponding to If, which will be Eo.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
3. ZPF method (Potier method)
Tests: Conduct tests to find
OCC (up to 125% of rated voltage) refer diagram EMF
SCC (for rated current) refer diagram EMF
ZPF (for rated current and rated voltage)
Armature Resistance (if required)
Pwrewsenwted.byVCi.GOdKyULa,APr/EtEEhVielaplar
lCoullesge.of cEnogg m& Tech , Erode
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
E ------------
o A
Field current
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
7. Find E from V, IXL and <1>. Consider s;
also if required. The expression to use is
hod
om
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
~ -----------------------------
o F,
Field current
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
L o.Vsidysarethsiplua
ww w
s.cnomd
Efficiency
The losses in synchronous generator include:
1. Copper losses in
a) Armature
b) Field winding
c) The contacts between brushes
2. Core losses, Eddy current losses and
Hysteresis losses
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Losses
3. Friction and windage losses,the brush
friction at the slip rings.
4. Stray load losses caused by eddy currents in
the armature conductors and by additional
core loss due to the distribution of magnetic
field under load conditions.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
synchronowuwsw.gVeidnyaerrthaiptluosr.cop
mower
flow
diagram
w w w . Ve siyndcyhroanrouts
The th re e-p h as
gheinepraltorupsow.ercflomdiagram
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Synchronization
& Parallel
operation of
Alternator
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Parallel operation of synchronous generators
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
wwwS.yVnidcyharortnh
izpalutiso.cnom
Before connecting a generator in parallel with another
generator, it must be synchronized. A generator is said to be
synchronized when it meets all the following conditions:
The rms line voltages of the two generators must be
equal.
The two generators must have the same phase sequence.
The phase angles of the two a phases must be equal.
The oncoming generator frequency is equal to the
running system frequency.
a c/
Generator 1
b
c
Switch
a/
Generator 2
b/
Load
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Parwawl idoyparethriapltuiso.cno
wle.Vl mof
synchronous generators
Most of synchronous generators are operating in parallel with other
synchronous generators to supply power to the same power system.
Obvious advantages of this arrangement are:
1. Several generators can supply a bigger load;
2. A failure of a single generator does not result in a total power loss to the load
increasing reliability of the power system;
3. Individual generators may be removed from the power system for maintenance
without shutting down the load;
4. A single generator not operating at near full load might be quite inefficient.
While having several generators in parallel, it is possible to turn off some of
them when operating the rest at near full-load condition.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Condwiwtiwo.Vnidsyarreth
qipuluisr.ecodmfor
paralleling
A diagram shows that Generator 2
(oncoming generator) will be connected
in parallel when the switch S1 is closed.
However, closing the switch at an
arbitrary moment can severely
damage both generators!
If voltages are not exactly the same in both lines (i.e. in a and a, b and b etc.), a
very large current will flow when the switch is closed. Therefore, to avoid this,
voltages coming from both generators must be exactly the same. Therefore, the
following conditions must be met:
1. The rms line voltages of the two generators must be equal.
2. The two generators must have the same phase sequence.
3. The phase angles of two a phases must be equal.
4. The frequency of the oncoming generator must be slightly higher than the
frequency of the running system.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Condwiwtiwo.Vnidsyarreth
qipuluisr.ecodmfor
paralleling
If the phase sequences are different,
then even if one pair of voltages
(phases a) are in phase, the other two
pairs will be 1200 out of phase creating
huge currents in these phases.
If the frequencies of the generators are different, a large power transient may occur
until the generators stabilize at a common frequency. The frequencies of two
machines must be very close to each other but not exactly equal. If frequencies
differ by a small amount, the phase angles of the oncoming generator will change
slowly with respect to the phase angles of the running system.
If the angles between the voltages can be observed, it is possible to close the
switch S1 when the machines are in phase.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Genwewrwa.lVpidryoarctheipdluus
.rceomfor
paralleling generators
When connecting the generator G2 to the running system, the following steps
should be taken:
1. Adjust the field current of the oncoming generator to make its terminal voltage
equal to the line voltage of the system (use a voltmeter).
2. Compare the phase sequences of the oncoming generator and the running
system. This can be done by different ways:
1) Connect a small induction motor to the terminals of the oncoming generator
and then to the terminals of the running system. If the motor rotates in the
same direction, the phase sequence is the same;
2) Connect three light bulbs across the
open terminals of the switch. As the phase
changes between the two generators, light
bulbs get brighter (large phase difference)
or dimmer (small phase difference). If all
three bulbs get bright and dark together,
both generators have the same phase
sequences.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Genwewrwa.lVpidryoarcth
eipdluus.rceomfor
paralleling generators
If phase sequences are different, two of the conductors on the
oncoming generator must be reversed.
3. The frequency of the oncoming generator is adjusted to be slightly higher than
the systems frequency.
4. Turn on the switch connecting G2 to the system when phase angles are equal.
The simplest way to determine the moment when two generators are in phase is by
observing the same three light bulbs. When all three lights go out, the voltage
across them is zero and, therefore, machines are in phase.
Generat
Load
or
Rest of the
power system
Xs1
Ef1
Xs2
Generato Ef2
r
G
Xsn Infinite bus
Efn V, f are
constant
Xs eq = 0
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Concept of the infinite bus
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Steady-state power-
angle characteristics
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Active and reactive power-angle characteristics
Pm
P e , Qe
Vt
Fig. Synchronous generator connected to an infinite bus.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Active and reactive power-angle characteristics
Pm
P e, Q e
Vt
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Active and reactive power-angle characteristics
Pm
The complex power output of the generator in volt- Pe, Qe
Vt
amperes per phase is given by
_
S P jQ V t I a*
where:
Vt = terminal voltage per phase
Ia* = complex conjugate of the armature current per phase
t
Vt
f
jX s jX s
S P jQ V t I Vt *
E f cos Vt jE f sin
a
jX s
Vt E f sin Vt E f cos Vt2
j
Xs Xs
Vt E f sin
P &
Xs
Vt E f 2
Q cos Vt
Xs
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Active and reactive power-angle char
acteristics
Pm
Pe, Qe
Vt
2
Vt E f sin Vt E f cos Vt
P & Q
Xs Xs
The above two equations for active and reactive powers hold
good for cylindrical-rotor synchronous machines for negligible
resistance
To obtain the total power for a three-phase generator, the above
equations should be multiplied by 3 when the voltages are line-to-
neutral
If the line-to-line magnitudes are used for the voltages, however,
these equations give the total three-phase power
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Steady-state power-angle or torque-angle characteristic of
cylindrical-rotor synchronous machine (with negligible
armature resistance).
Real power or
torque
Pull-out
torque as a
generator
generato
r
motor
Pull-out
torque as a
motor
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Swtweawd.yV-sidtaytae
rstthaibpilluitsy.cliommit
3Vt E f
Total three-phase sin
powerP: X s
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Pull-out torque
The maximum torque or pull-out torque per phase that a two-
pole round-rotor synchronous motor can develop is
Pmax Pmax
Tmax
m
2
n s 60
where ns is the synchronous speed of the motor in rpm
P or Q
Fig. Active and reactive power as a function of the internal angle
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
wrewsenwted.byVCi.GOdKyULa,APr/EtEEhViel
P
aplarlCoullesge.of cEnogg m& Tech , Erode
w w w. Vid ya rth iplu
BLOND E L S T W O R
s.c om
E ACTION
THEORY
In case of cylindrical pole machines, the direct-axis
and the quadrature axis mmfs act on the same magnetic
circuits, hence they can be summed up as complexors.
However, in a salient-pole machine, the two mmfs do not
act on the same magnetic circuit.
The direct axis component Fad operates over a
magnetic circuit identical with that of the field system,
while the q-axis component Faq is applied across the
interpole space, producing a flux distribution different
from that of Fad or the Field mmf.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
The Blondel's two reaction theory hence
considers the results of the cross and direct-
reaction components separately and if saturation
is neglected, accounts for their different effects
by assigning to each an appropriate value for
armature-reaction "reactive" respectively Xaq and
Xad .
Considering the leakage reactance, the combined reactance
values becomes
Xad = X + X ad and X sq = X aq
Xsq < Xsd as a given current component of the q-axis gives rise
to a smaller flux due to the higher reluctance of the magnetic path.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Let lq
d
anwdwIwb.Veidthyeaqrthainpdluds-.acxoims
components of the current I in the armature
reference to the phasor diagram in Figure. We
get the following relationships
Id = I sin (+ ) Ir = I sin
SLIP TEST
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Slip Test (f or salient pole machines only)
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Short Circuit Phenomenon
Consider a two pole elementary single phase alternator with concentrated
stator winding as shown in Fig. 4. Consider a two pole elementary single
phase alternator with concentrated stator winding as shown in Fig. 4.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
The corresponding wavwefworm.Vs fiodr ystaorrthanidprloutosr
Fig
c.ucrorenmts are shown in the
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Let short
w w w
c ir cu it o
.Vcciudrsyaat
rptohsitpiolnusof.crootomr shown in Fig. 4(a) when there are no
stator linkages. After 1/4 Rev as shown Fig. 4(b), it tends to establish
full normal linkage in stator winding. The stator opposes this by a
current in the shown direction as to force the flux in the leakage path.
The rotor current must increase to maintain its flux constant. It reduces
to normal at position (c) where stator current is again reduces to
zero. The waveform of stator current and field current shown in the Fig.
5. changes totally if the position of rotor at the instant of short circuit is
different. Thus the short circuit current is a function of relative position
of stator and rotor.
Using the theorem of constant linkages a three phase short
circuit can also be studied. After the instant of short circuit the flux
linking with the stator will not change. A stationary image of main pole
flux is produced in the stator. Thus a d.c. component of current is
carried by each phase.
The magnitude of d.c. component of current is different for each
phase as the instant on the voltage wave at which short circuit occurs is
different for each phase. The rotor tries to maintain its own poles
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
The rotor
w w w .Vis
c ur re nt
idnoyramratlheipaclhusti.mceomwhen rotor poles occupy
the position same as that during short circuit and the current in
the stator will be zero if the machine is previously unloaded.
After one half cycle from this position the stator and rotor poles
are again coincident but the poles are opposite. To maintain the
flux linkages constant, the current in rotor reaches to its peak
value.
The stationary field produced by poles on the stator
induces a normal frequency emf in the rotor. Thus the rotor
current is fluctuating whose resultant a.c. component develops
fundamental frequency flux which rotates and again produces in
the stator winding double frequency or second harmonic
currents. Thus the waveform of transient current consists of
fundamental, a.c. and second harmonic components of currents.
Thus whenever short circuit occurs in three phase generator
then the stator currents are distorted from pure sine wave and
are similar to those obtained when an alternating voltage is
suddenly applied to series R-L circuit.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Stator Currents during Short Circuit
If a generator having negligible resistance, excited and
running on no load is suddenly undergoing short circuit at its
terminals, then the emf induced in the stator winding is used
to circulate short circuit current through it. Initially the
reactance to be taken into consideration is not the
synchronous reactance of the machine. The effect of armature
flux (reaction) is to reduce the main field flux.
But the flux linking with stator and rotor can not change
instantaneously because of the induction associated with the
windings. Thus at the short circuit instant, the armature
reaction is ineffective. It will not reduce the main flux. Thus
the synchronous reactance will not come into picture at the
moment of short circuit. The only limiting factor for short
circuit current at this instant is the leakage reactance.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
After somwewtwim.eVfirdoymarththe
iipnlsutasn.tcoof mshort circuit, the armature reaction
slowly shows its effect and the alternator then reaches to steady
state. Thus the short circuit current reaches to high value for
some time and then settles to steady value.
It can be seen that during the initial instant of short circuit
is dependent on induced emf and leakage reactance which is
similar to the case which we have considered previously of
voltage source suddenly applied to series R-L circuit. The
instant in the cycle at which short occurs also affects the short
circuit current. Near zero e.m.f. (or voltage) it has doubling
effect. The expressions that we have derived are applicable only
during initial conditions of short circuit as the induced emf also
reduces after some tome because of increased armature
reaction.
The short circuit currents in the three phases during short
circuit are as shown in the Fig(next slide)
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Current
(R~) www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Currant
(V phase)
-
o
de CCWJ IiiPOi .. , il't
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Capability Curves of
Synchronous
Generators
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
The rating of wsywncwhr.oVnoidusyagerntehraiptolrus
si.scsopmecified in terms of maximum apparent power in KVA
and MVA load at a specified power factor (normally 80, 85 or 90
percent lagging) and voltage for which they are designed to
operate under steady state conditions. This load is carried by the
alternators continuously without overheating. With the help of
automatic voltage regulators the terminal voltage of the alternator is
kept constant (normally within
5% of rated voltage).
The power factor is also important factor that must be specified.
This is because the alternator that is designed to operate at 0.95 p.f.
lagging at rated load will require more field current when operate at
0.85 p.f. lagging at rated load. More field current results in
overheating of the field system which is undesirable. For this
compounding curves of the alternators can be drawn.
If synchronous generator is supplying power at constant
frequency to a load whose power factor is constant then curve
showing variation of field current versus armature current when
constant power factor load is varied is called compounding curve for
alternator. www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
To maintain thewtewrmwin.aVl
vidolytaagertchonipstaluntsth.ce olamgging power factors
require more field excitation that that required for leading power
factors. Hence there is limitation on output given by exciter and
current flowing in field coils because of lagging power factors.
The ability of prime mover decides the active power output of the
alternator which is limited to a value within the apparent power
rating. The capability curve for synchronous generator specifies the
bounds within which it can operate safely.
The loading on generator should not exceed the generator rating as it
may lead to heating of stator. The turbine rating is the limiting factor
for MW loading. The operation of generator should be away from
steady state stability limit ( = 90o). The field current should not
exceed its limiting value as it may cause rotor heating.
All these considerations provides performance curves which are
important in practical applications. A set of capability curves for an
alternator is shown in Fig. 2. The effect of increased Hydrogen
pressure is shown which increases the cooling.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
When the
active p ow er an d v o lta g e a re fix e d t he
w w w .V i d y a r t h ip lu s . c o
mallowable reactive power loading is limited by either armature or
field winding heating.
From the capability curve shown in Fig. 2, the maximum reactive
power loadings can be obtained for different power loadings with
the operation at rated voltage. From unity p.f. to rated p.f. (0.8 as
shown in Fig. 2), the limiting factor is armature heating while for
lower power factors field heating is limiting factor.
This fact can be derived as follows :
If the alternator is operating is constant terminal voltage and
armature current which the limiting value corresponding to heating
then the operation of alternator is at constant value of apparent
power as the apparent power is product of terminal voltage and
current, both of which are constant.
If P is per unit active power and Q is per unit reactive power
then per unit apparent power is given by,
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Similarly, considering the alternator o be operating at constant terminal
www.Vidyartthiplus.co
voltage and field current (hence E) is limited to a maximum value obtained
by heating limits.
Thus induced voltage E is given by,
Taking magnitudes,
This equation also represents a circle with centre at (0, -Vt2/Xs). These two circles are
represents in the Fig. 3 (see next post as Fig. 1). The field heating and armature heating
limitation on machine operation can be seen from this Fig. 3 (see next post as Fig.1).
The rating of machine which consists of apparent power and power factor is specified as
the point of intersection of these circles as shown in the Fig. 4. So that the machine operates
sa w
fe w
ly w
. .
V
i
d
y
a
r
t
h
i
p
l
u
s
.
c
o
m
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
UNIT-2
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
Presented by
Presented by Hari Madhava Reddy. Y
Hari Madhava EEE
R Guntur Engineering College,Guntur.
EMAIL: harimadhavareddy@gmail.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
UNIT 2 Syllabus
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Synchronous Motor
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Rotating Magnetic Field (R.M.F)
contd.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
RMF contd.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
RMF contd.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
RMF contd.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
RMF contd.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
RMF contd.
R m sin sin 0 0
m
3
sin 120 sin 0
Y m m 120 m
2
RMF contd.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
RMF contd.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
RMF contd.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
RMF contd.
3
R m sin m sin 60 m
2
3
Y m sin 120 m sin 60 120 m
2
B m sin 240 m sin 60 240 0
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
RMF contd.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
RMF contd.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
RMF contd.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
RMF contd.
3
R m sin m sin120 m
2
Y m sin 120 m sin 120 120 0
3
sin 240 sin 120
R m m 240 m
2
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
RMF contd.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
RMF contd.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
RMF contd.
RMF contd.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
RMF contd.
Principle of
operation
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Operation
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Operation contd.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Why - ?
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Due to inertia
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
How to make Syn. Motor self
starting
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Back emf
Eb 4.44K C K d fT
As given, emf is proportional to flux
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Back emf
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Increase in Load
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Increase in Load, o.k What about
the speed ?
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Better illustration
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Better Illustration
Similarly,
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Synchronous motor in pf
improvement
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
V - curves
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Inverted V - curves
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
CIRCLE
DIAGRAM
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Circle Diagrams
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Vt Ef
Ia
Zs Zs
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Vt Ef
Ia
Zs Zs
Each component in the above expression is
a current component
It can be taken in such a way that they lag
from their corresponding voltage component
by power factor angle
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Vt 0 E f
Ia
Z s Z s
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Vt Ef
Ia
Zs Zs
Vt Ef
I cos jsin cos j sin
a Z
Zs s
Re arranging
Vt Ef Vt Ef
I cos cos j sin sin
a Z Z Zs
s s
Zs
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Magnitude
2 2
Vt Ef Vt Ef
2
I cos cos sin sin
a Z Z
Zs s s
Zs
2 2
Vt Ef Vt E f
cos cos sin sin
2
I
2
a
Zs Z s Z s Zs
2 2
V Ef Vt E f
t 2 cos cos sin sin cos sin cos cos sin
sin
2
I
a
Zs Zs Zs Zs
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Zs Zs Zs Zs
V
2
Ef V Ef
2
2 cos sin 2
a
cos
Zs Zs Zs Zs
2 2
2 Vt Ef Ef
I
Vt 2 cos
a
Zs Z Zs Zs
s
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
2 2
2 Vt Ef Vt E f
I 2 cos
a Z Z Z Z
s s s s
The above equation says that Vt / Zs is one
side of a triangle, whose other side is given
by Ef / Zs
The third side is given by Ia
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
P V tI a cos I r
2
a a
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Vt P
I cos I sin
2 2 2 2
cos 0
a a I a
ra ra
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
2 2 2 Vt P
I cos
2
I sin cos 0
a a I a
ra ra
Subsitituting x = Ia sin and y = Ia cos, the equation
becomes
2 2 Vt P
x y y 0
ra ra
This is equation of circle with
2
V Vt P
centre 0, t & radius
2ra 2ra ra
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Alternatively,
We know,
2 Vt P
I I a cos 0
a
ra ra
Adding Vt / 2 ra on either side we get,
2 2
2 Vt P V Vt
I cos t
Ia a
r r 2r
a 2r
a
a a
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Re arranging ,
2 2
2 V Vt Vt
I t
cos
P
a I
a
r 2r a
2ra ra
a
2 2
2 V t Vt Vt P
I 2 cos
a I a
2r 2r 2r r
a a a
a
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
I a Vt cos
Pin,max Vt .1 2r
2r
t t
a a
Efficiency is given by
2
t a
max
50%
Pin,max V
t
2
/ 2ra
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
V curves (again?!)
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
V curves contd.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
TORQUE EQUATION
& POWER
EQUATION
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Pm Eb I a cos
Looking at the phasor diagram again
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Differentiating ,
dP m Z
sin
d Eb s
V
0
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Maximum power developed -
condition
Eb sin 0
V
Zs
sin 0
0
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
or
2
EV E
Pm,max cos
Z Z
bs bs
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
If
Ra 0
EbV
Pm , max
Zs
Substituting, cos = Ra / Zs
E bV Eb R
2
Pm ,max a
Zs Z s Z
s
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Eb Ra
2
EbV
Pm ,
max
Zs Zs Zs
Solving ,
Zs
Eb V
2
V 4R P
a m,max
2Ra
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Maximum power developed
condition
d
2
dPm Eb
EbV cos
cos 0
dEb
dEb Z s Zs
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Maximum power developed -
condition
d
2
dPm Eb
EbV cos
cos 0
dEb dEb Z
s Z s
VZ s
Eb
2 Ra
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Maximum power developed -
condition
VZ s
Eb
2 Ra
This is the value of Eb which will make
developed power to be maximum
The maximum power is given by substituting
the condition (Eb) in Pm expression
2 2
V V
Pm ,max
2R a 4Ra
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Operation of
infinite bus
bars
wrewsenwted.byVCi.GOdKyULa,APr/EtEEhViela
P
plarlCoullesge.of cEnogg m& Tech , Erode
Operation
w ww . Vid ya rt hi pl u s .c o m
o f AC G e n e r a t o r
s in Parallel with Large Power
Systems
Isolated synchronous generator supplying its own load is very
rare (emergency generators)
In general applications more than one generator operating in
parallel to supply loads
In Iran national grid hundreds of generators share the load on
the system
Advantages of generators operating in parallel:
1- several generators can supply a larger load
2- having many generators in parallel increase the
reliability of power system
3- having many generators operating in parallel allows
one or more of them to be removed for shutdown &
preventive maintenance
4- if only one generator employed & not operating near full load, it
will be relativwelwy win.efVficiiednyt arthiplus.com
Operation
owfwAwC.VidGyaerntheiprlaust.ocrosm in
Parallel
with Large Power Systems
INFINITE BUS
When a Syn. Gen. connected to power system,
power sys. is so large that nothing operator of
generator does, have much effect on pwr. sys.
Example: connection of a single generator to a
large power grid (i.e. Iran grid), no reasonable
action on part of one generator can cause an
observable change in overall grid frequency
This idea belong to definition of Infinite Bus
which is: a so large power system, that its
voltage & frequency do not vary, (regardless of
amount ofwrwewa.l
Vaindyraeratchtiiveplpuosw.ecrolmoad)
Operation
owfwwA.CVidGyaertnhieplruast.coorms in
Parallel
with Large Power Systems
When a syn. Gen.
connected to a
power system:
1-The real power
versus frequency
characteristic of
such a system
2-And the reactive
power-voltage
characteristic
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Operation
w ww . Vid ya rt hi pl u s .c o m
o f AC G e n e r a t o r
s in Parallel with Large Power
Systems
Behavior of a generator
connected to a large
system
A generator connected in
parallel with a large
system as shown
Starting Methods
of Syn Motor
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
As seen earlier, synchronous motor is not self
starting. It is necessary to rotate the rotor at a
speed very near to synchronous speed. This is
possible by various method in practice. The
various methods to start the synchronous motor
are,
1. Using pony motors
2. Using damper winding
3. As a slip ring induction motor
4. Using small d.c. machine coupled to it.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
1. Using pony motors
In this method, the rotor is brought to the
synchronous speed with the help of some
external device like small induction motor. Such
an external device is called 'pony motor'.
Once the rotor attains the synchronous
speed, the d.c. excitation to the rotor is switched
on. Once the synchronism is established pony
motor is decoupled. The motor then continues to
rotate as synchronous motor.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
2. Using Damper Winding
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
3. As a Slip Ring Induction Motor
Refer Unit 3 for detail understanding
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
4. Using Small D.C. Machine
Many a times, a large synchronous motor are provided
with a coupled d.c. machine. This machine is used as a
d.c. motor to rotate the synchronous motor at a
synchronous speed. Then the excitation to the rotor is
provided. Once motor starts running as a synchronous
motor, the same d.c. machine acts as a d.c. generator
called exciter. The field of the synchronous motor is then
excited by this exciter itself.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
I
hor'\~~~
~n
Similarly,
the._
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Currewnwt
lwo.cViidfoyarrcthoipnlussta.cnot
mpower developed(PM)
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyartvhiplus.com
1'lalfIO
Filure 2.11
v
111 fi8Ure 2.22, .---
2R
and I. are taken as two sides of a triangle, shown by
OA
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
of the voltqe
we_get
Oneaives
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Current locus for constant Excitation
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
HUNTING
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Natural
frequency of
oscillations
Refer Book
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Damper
windings
Refer Book for
detail study
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Synchronouws wmwot.oVrsidayrearntoht ipselulf
ss.tcarotimng machines. These machines are made self starting by
providing a special winding in the rotor poles, known as damper
winding or squirrel cage windings. The damper winding consists of short
circuited copper bars embedded in the face of the rotor poles
When an ac supply is provided to stator of a 3-phase
synchronous motor, stator winding produces rotating magnetic field.
Due to the damper winding present in the rotor winding of the
synchronous motor, machine starts as induction motor (Induction
machine works on the principle of induction. Damper windings in
synchronous motor will carryout the same task of induction motor rotor
windings.
Therefore due to damper windings synchronous motor starts as
induction motor and continue to accelerate). The exciter for synchronous
motor moves along with rotor. When the motor attains about 95% of the
synchronous speed, the rotor windings is connected to exciter terminals
and the rotor is magnetically locked by the rotating magnetic field of
stator and it runs as a synchronous motor.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Functions of Damper Windings:
Damper windings helps the synchronous motor to start
on its own (self starting machine) by providing starting
torque
By providing damper windings in the rotor of
synchronous motor "Hunting of machine can be
suppressed.
When there is change in load, excitation or change in
other conditions of the systems rotor of the synchronous
motor will oscillate to and fro about an equilibrium
position. At times these oscillations becomes more
violent and resulting in loss of synchronism of the motor
and comes to halt.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Synchronous
Condensers
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
When
synchrwonwowus.Vmiodtyorairsthovipelruesx.ccito
emd it takes leading p.f. current. If synchronous motor is
on no load, where load angle is very small and it is
over excited (Eb > V) then power factor angle increases
almost up to 90o. And
motor runs with almost zero leading power factor
condition.
wrewsenwted.byVCi.GOdKyULa,APr/EtEEhVielaplar
P
Thus for fixed active power P, low p.f. demands large KVA
rating
alternators and transformers. This increases the cost.
3. Large current means more copper losses and poor
efficiency.
4. Large current causes large voltage drops in transmission
lines, alternators and other equipments. This results into poor
regulation.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
1.1 Use of SynchronoL wls
Cwonwden.VseridinyPaowretrhFiapctolur
Ism.pcroovemment
The low power factor increases the cost of generation, distribution and
transmission of the electrical energy. Hence such low power factor needs to be
corrected. Such power factor correction is possible by connecting synchronous motor
across the supply and operating it on no load with over excitation.
Now let Vph is the voltage applied and 11ph is the current lagging Vph by angle CI>1.
O~==F==~~~--------
I,.fErr.tc:tive cun em)
1,~lthout sllnchrot1Ousmotor)
Fig.2 Power factor correction by synchronous condense.,
p3lus.com
Presented by
Hari Madhava Reddy. Y
Guntur Engineering College,Guntur.
EMAIL: harimadhavareddy@gmail.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
UNIT 3 Syllabus
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Introduction
~ Three-phase induction motors are the most common
and frequently encountered machines in industry
Simple design, Low cost and rugged, requires little or no
skilled maintenance
wide range of power ratings: fractional horsepower to
lOMW
Explosion free, due to the absence of a commutator or
slip-rings and brushes with their associated sparking,
Run at nearly constant speed from zero-to-full
- Its speed depends on the frequency of the power
source
not easy to have variable speed control
requires a variable-frequency power-electronic drive for
optimal speed control
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Construction of
Induction Motor
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Construction: has two main parts
Stator - consisting of a steel frame that supports a hollow,
cylindrical core of stacked laminations. Slots on the internal
circumference of the stator house the stator winding.
Rotor - also composed of punched laminations, with rotor
slots for the rotor winding.
Stator
Rotor
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Induction Motor: Stator
Stator is made from laminated iron
3 phase windings, 120 spatially apart (star/delta)
0
State Stator
coil'S coro y
z z
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Types of Rotor
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Induction wMwowto.Vr:idyRarothtoiprlus.
com
1. Squirrel-cage induction motor:
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Rotating Magnetic Field
Balanced three phase windings, i.e.
mechanically displaced 120 degrees
form each other, fed by balanced three
phase source
A rotating magnetic field with constant
magnitude is produced, rotating with a
speed:
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Synchronous speed
/=50Hz
No. of Poles Syn. Speed, Ns
P (rpm)
2 3000
4 1500
6 1000
8 750
10 600
12 500
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Rotating Magnetic Field
0.866
0.5
-0.5
-0.866
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Rotating Magnetic Field
0.866
0.5
-0.5
-0.866
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Rotating Magnetic Field
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Principle of
Operation
wrewsenwted.byVCi.GOdKyULa,APr/EtEEhViel
P
aplarlCoullesge.of cEnogg m& Tech , Erode
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Principle of operation
~ This rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor windings and
produces an induced voltage in the rotor windings
~ Due to the fact that the rotor windings are short circuited, for
both squirrel cage and wound-rotor, and induced current
flows in the rotor windings
~ The rotor current produces another magnetic field
~ A torque is produced as a result of the interaction of those
two magnetic fields
Where rind is the induced torque and BR and Bs are the magnetic
flux densities of the rotor and the stator respectively
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Induction motor speed
o Can the 1M run at the synchronous speed, why?
- If rotor runs at the synchronous speed, which is the same
speed of the rotating magnetic field, then the rotor will
appear stationary to the rotating magnetic field and the
rotating magnetic field will not cut the rotor.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Induction motor speed
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
SLIP(s)
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vi dy a rth ip lus.com
T h e S lip
, . (synchmnollsspeed) - (rotor speed)
Slip = s = .....;.. -----.;.... ----,----
(synchronous speed)
n, -n
nsZip
s= =-~ OR
ns ns
5=0
if the rotor is stationary
5=1
Slip may be expressed as a percentage by multiplying the above
eq. by 100, notice that the slip is a ratio and doesn't have units
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Frequency of the induced emf and current in the rotor:
The frequency of the voltage induced in the rotor is given by
-F == P x nsl
s, 120
I. = 120
= Pxsns = sf
120
And hence,
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
The rotor circuit:
AT the starting or when the rotor is blocked (5 =1)
);0> Rotor Inducde voltage (emf) = E2
'The largest voltage and rotor frequency are induced in the rotor'.
Why?
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Rotor Reactance at any slip s
We know that reactance, X = OJL = 2IT f L
X r = OJrL2 = 27r fr L,
= 27rsf L;
=sX2
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Compare
Induction motor &
Transformer
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Induction Motors and Transformers
Both 1M and transformer works on the principle of
induced voltage.
Transformer: voltage applied to the primary windings
produce an induced voltage in the secondary windings.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Induction Motors and Transformers
~ Therefore an 1M is equivalent to a rotating
transformer with its secondary windings (i.e. rotor)short
circuited.
Presence of air-gap:
The other very important difference is that a large
magnetising current is required to set up working flux in an
induction motor due to presence of air-gap between stator
and rotor.
~ so, induction motors have poor power factor.
Equivalent circuit
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
The rotor equivalent circuit: on per phase basis
S:X2
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Induction motor equivalent circuit:
Stator of an 1M is similar to primary of a transformer so equivalent circuit can
be represented as:
RI XI Xl 11
1,1
+ I
I ,I,,"I
i
El
+
E1
R2
x, I
R.l
Stator equivalent circuit Rotor equivalent circuit
X.I
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
wircwuitw: o.nVpiedr
The stator equivalent c
yarthiplus.com
phase basis
I
f 1m
:
x'"
Resistance
Actual rotor
equivalent to
resistance
mechanical load
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Losses &
Efficiency
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Performance of Induction Motor
Several performance parameters can be obtained
using Rotor Equivalent circuit
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
The rotor
equivalentwciwrcuwit:.Vonidpeyraprhtahsiepbluassis.co
m
+
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
w w w . V id y a r th ip l u s
The relation b e tw e e n r o to r in p u t ,
.c o m
r o to r copper loss and rotor output:
x, 11 X2
+
ITotal, ]input to the rotor = Total rotor copper loss + Total rotor output I
)- Total input power to the rotor (P2)which is also the power crossing the air
gap IS:
~ = 3.(12) 2 (R 2 )
-; -
)- Power lost in rotor winding or rotor copper loss Pcu2 is: Pcu2 = 3.(/2)2 .R2
r: =3.(I2)2C~s)R,
IToial ]input to the rotor = Total rotor [copper loss + Total rotor output I
Ii
l-s
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Power relations
~
Pm
1 1-5
Rotor copper
Loss
r; :P Cu2: t;
5
1: s : (1- s)
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Gross Torque Developed
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
w w w .V
Shaft Torque D ev elo pe d
id
yarthiplus.com
We know that rotor input power or air gap power is given as:
IT sh - -T -T.loss I
m
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Losses - Summary
Poutput
Efficiency () =
Pinput
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Motor Torque
9.55 Pm
Tm =
n
9.55 (1 s) Pr
=
ns (1 s)
= 9.55 Pr / ns
Tm = 9.55 Pr / ns
Pwrewsenwted.byVCi.GOdKyULa,APr/EtEEhViel
aplarlCoullesge.of cEnogg m& Tech , Erode
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
I2R losses in the rotor
Pjr = s Pr
Mechanical Power
Pm = Pr - Pjr
= Pr - s Pr
= (1 s) Pr
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Torque-Slip
Characteristics
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Torque -Slip Characteristics:
)- Now, Let us examine the torque verses speed characteristics for different
operating conditions:
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
T-s curve: Cwaswe w1: oSymnchronous
.MVoitdoryaRrutnhniinpglunsea.cr speed
);;> For large value of slip and (SX2)2 R22_ At starting [s=I}, So
torque expression becomes:
a +- denotes propotionality
During Starting:
)- Starting Torque increases linearly with rotor resistance (in wound rotor
motor, higher starting torque is obtained by inserting external in rotor
circu it).
)- If leakage reactance is high, starting torque is reduced
)- Torque is proportional to the square of applied voltage.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Torque-Slip (Speed) Characteristics
Torque
Maximum Torque
Or Breakdown Torque
Rated Load
-:
Linear Torque -slip
. . Region
o 20
$~:t! jpe~ol of
!)~llcbrooOA.S~,,peed
10 -E- Slip
.O~8, 'Q.'.6 Itli.4 0.2:
I~ I~p~~~,'f"na):;h uf ~'~hn:)lK"(*!
Ii~
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Comments (Torque-speed char.)
1. The induced torque is zero at synchronous speed.
Discussed earlier.
2. The curve is nearly linear between no-load and full
load. In this range, the rotor resistance is much
greater than the reactance, so the rotor current, and
torque increase linearly with the slip.
3. There is a maximum possible torque that can't be
exceeded. This torque is called breakdown torque
and is 2 to 3 times the rated full-load torque.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Comments(Torque-speed char.)
4. The starting torque of the motor is slightly higher
than its full-load torque, so the motor will start
carrying any load it can supply at full load.
5. The torque of the motor for a given slip varies as
the square of the applied voltage.
6. If the rotor is driven faster than synchronous speed
it will run as a generator, converting mechanical
power to electric power.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Condition for
Maximum Torque
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Maximum Torque and condition for Max. Torque:
Maximum Torque (also called breakdown torque)occurs when,
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Effect of rotor wreswist idonyatorrqtuhei-psllipus.
wan.cVe (scpoeemd) characteristic
(Rotor Resistances)
R 1 < R2 < R3 < R4 < Rs < R6
800~--------------------------------------~
700
600
T e
t
500
-s
6- 400
l5
':::s
"'C)
300
..El
200
I
s=l s=o
100
...-.- Slip
o~--~----~--~----~--~----~----~~~
o
SpeerdeGbanica~speed, r/min
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Effect of rotor resistance on torque-slip
(speed) characteristic
Rotor Resistances
t
o 0'.25 0.5 G.75 1.0
- .... Slip (8)
Ns +-- Speed o
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
LOAD TEST
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
LOAD
TE ST ON TH REE PH A SE IN D U C T IO
w w w .V id y a rt h i p l u
N M O T OR
s . c om
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
NO LOAD TEST
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
No wTe.VstidoyraRrtuhninpinlugsL.icgoh
Lowawd mt Test or
Open Circuit Test
W0 This test gives
I0
1. Core loss
A 2. F & W loss
R
3. No load current I0
N
4. No load power factor
V0 V STATOR 5. Ic, Rc, I, Xm
6. Mechanical faults, noise
B Y
E E0
3. R c 0 , E 0 V 0 I (r 1 jx X
4. m
Ic I
0 1
)
On No load, Motor runs near to syn speed
So, s zero 1/s= or open circuit
r 1 I jx1 I
jx2
0 2
I0
open circuit
Ic I
V0 Rc jXm r2/s
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
The Fw&wWw.lVosisdyPfawr,
tchainplbueso.cbtoamined from this test.
Vary input voltage and note input power
Input Power
Pfw
Input Voltage
Pwrewsenwted.byVCi.GOdKyULa,APr/EtEEhVielapla
rlCoullesge.of cEnogg m& Tech , Erode
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
BLOCKED
ROTOR TEST
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Blocke wRowto.Vr
wd tideystaortrhSiphlourst .Cciorcmuit
Test
Rotor is blocked, Speed = 0, slip = 1
Isc Wsc
A
R
N
IM
V Vsc
B Y
Rotor is blocked or held stationary by
belt pulley or by hand
3-ph Variac
Low voltage is applied upto rated stator current
Voltage Vsc, Current Isc and Power Psc are measured.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Since wsliwp wis .1V,
isdeycaonrdthairpyluisss.hco
ormt circuited
r1 jx1 r2 jx2
Isc
I0
Ic I r
1s
2
Vsc Rc jXm
s
Class of motor x1 x2
1. Class A (normal Tst and Ist) 0.5 0.5
CIRCLE
DIAGRAM
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
CircwlewwD.Viiadgyarrathmipluosf.
coImnd Motor
Graphical representation
The equivalent ckt., operating ch. can be obtained
by computer quickly and accurately
But the advantage of circle diagram is that
extremities or Limits of stator current, Power,
torque and slip can be known from circle diagram
The circle diagram is constructed with the help of
Output line
sc
0 I
O
0 x
4. Join I0 and Isc
1. Draw x and y axes(V1 on y axis)
2. Draw I0 and Isc(=V1/Zsc) Line I0Isc is
output line
3. Draw parallel line to x axis from I0.
This line indicates constant loss vertically
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
y www.Vidyarthiplus.com
V1 Isc
Output line
T
sc
0 I L1
O
0 C x
L2
5. Draw perpendicular bisector to output line
6. Draw circle with C as a centre
7. Draw perpendicular from Isc on x axis..
I scT r2 Rotor Cu Loss
8. Divide IscL 1 i n su c h a w a y '
w w w . V i d y a Loss
th a t.
r t h iTplLus .rco mStator 1Cu 1
y R
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
rated output power
V1 Isc
Output line
T Torque line
sc
L1
0 I C
O
0
L2 x
P Output line
1
T Torque line
sc O
T
0 I L1 L1
0 C x
O L2 L2
11. From R, draw line parallel to output line crossing at P & P.
P is operating point
12. Join O and P. Cos1 is operating pf.
13. From P draw perpendicular on x axis
wwwLe.bV aTr,tLh1 ianpdlLu2s.com
eil Ody,
y R
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
P
V1 Isc
P Output line
1
T Torque line
sc O
T
0 I L1 L1
0 C x
O L2 L2
P Output line
1
T Torque line
sc O
T
0 I L1 L1
0 C x
O L2 L2
P Output line
1
T Torque line
sc O
T
0 I L1 L1
0 C x
O L2 L2
P Output line
1
T Torque line
sc O
T
0 I L1 L1
0 C x
O L2 L2
P Output line
1
T Torque line
sc O
O
T T
0 I L1 L1 L1
0 C
O L2 L2 x
Pmax
2. Output Power and Torque
Output Power = OP L2
The gap betn output line and circl 0 Speed Ns
At I0, o/p=0, at Isc, o/p=0 1 Slip 0
Max output pwowwwer.=VP i de O m
isyOUTPUT
a
Power.
arthiplus.com
x
y R
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Pmax P
V1 Isc
Tmax
P Output line
1 O
O T Torque line
sc O
T T T L1
0 I L1 L1 L1
0 C x
O L
L2 2
L2
2. Output Power and Torque Tmax
Output Torque = TP L2
n
The gap bet torque line and circl
At I0, torque=0, but at 0 Speed Ns
Isc, torque=T Isc=Starting torque 1 Slip 0
e is OUTPUT torque.
Max output rthiplus.com
tworwqwu.e=VTimdaxyT
a
y R
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Pmax P
V1 Isc
Tmax
P Output line
1 O
O T Torque line
sc O
T T T L1
0 I L1 L1 L1
0
L C x
O L2 L2 2 L2
2. Output Power and Torque
Max Power and Max Torque are not occurring at same time
Contradiction to max power transfer theorem
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
y R
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Pmax P
V1 Isc
Tmax
P Output line
1 O
O T Torque line
sc O
T T T L1
0 I L1 L1 L1
0
L C x
O L2 L2 2 L2
3. Slip, Power factor and Efficiency
Air gap power Pg = Input power Stator Cu loss- core loss
=PL2-TL1-L1L2 = PT
O"T " O"'T "'
s = rotor Cu loss/Pg =OT/PT s mp smt
www.Vidyarthiplus P m.Tax"c Tmax T "'
om
y R
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Pmax P
V1 Isc
Tmax
P Output line
1 O
O T Torque line
sc O
T T T L1
0 I L1 L1 L1
0
L C x
O L2 L2 2 L2
3. Slip, Power factor and Efficiency
Power factor cos1 = PL2/OP
Efficiency= PO/PL2
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
y R
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Pmax P
V1 Isc
Tmax
P Output line
braking torque
1
O T Torque line
sc O
T T
Te
0 I L1
0 C
O L2 s=1
4. Braking Torque L1
s=0 0 Speed Nxs
L2
The gap betn circle and T & s= is bra 1 Slip 0
s=
ing torque
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
y R
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Pmax P
V1 Isc
Tmax
P Output line
braking torque
1
O T Torque line
sc O
T T s=1
0 I L1 L1
C
O
0
L2 x
L2
5. Induction Generator s=
s=0
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
y R
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Pmax P
V1 Isc
Tmax
P Output line
braking torque
1
O T Torque line
sc O
T T s=1
0 I L1 L1
C
O
0
L2 x
L2
5. Induction Generator s=
s=0
G OG=Gen Current
s= -ve OG=Mech I/p
G (Generator) L2G=Active power
www.VidyPGamraxthiplusO.L2c=oremac
tive power
y R
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Pmax P
V1 Isc
Tmax
P Output line
braking torque
1
O T Torque line
sc O
T
0 I L1
0 Te
O L2
5. Induction Generator
s=0 0 Speed Ns Speed
2
G
1 Slip 0 Slip -1
s=
G (G
www.VidyPG arthiplus.com
T s=1
L1
C x
L2
s=
OG=Gen Current
-ve OG=Mech I/p
enerator) L2 G=Active power
max
OL2=reactive power
CIRCLE
DIAG RA M O F A N IN D U C TI O N M O T
w w w . V id y a rt h ip l u s. c o
mOR- Summary
T
Rotor
Cu loss
H
o Fixed loss
o E
www.Vid y a 5
rthiplus.com
F ig. 3.3
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Separation of
Losses
wrewsenwted.byVCi.GOdKyULa,APr/EtEEhViel
P
aplarlCoullesge.of cEnogg m& Tech , Erode
SEPA R AT IO N O F N O L O A D L O
w w w . V id y a rt h i p lu s
.ScSoESm
The separaton of core loss and mechanical loss (windage and friction) can be obtained by
no load test conducted from variable voltage, rated frequency supply. Step by step
reduce the voltage tll the machine slip suddenly start to increase and the motor tends
to rest (stall). The core loss decrease almost square of the voltage and windage and fricton
loss remains almost constant. Plot the curve between applied voltage (V) and power (Po),
extended to V=0 which gives mechanical loss.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Formulae for calculatng the equivalent circuit parameters:
Z0 = Voc /(Ioc / 3)
R0 = Woc / (Ioc) 2
X0 = [( Z0)2 - (R0)2
0 = cos-1 [Woc / (3 * Voc * Ioc )]
RBR = Wsc / (Isc)2
ZBR = Vsc / (Isc/ 3)
XBR = [( ZBR)2 - (RBR)2]
RiWF Resistance accountng for rotatonal losses
R1 = 1.2 * stator winding resistance (dc)
Pr = Woc Ioc2 * R1 (since Pr = P0 3 * (Ioc / 3)2 * R1)
RiWF = Voc2 / Pr
Xm Magnetzing reactance
IiWF = Voc / Riwf
Im = (Ioc2 - IiWF2)1/2
Xm = Voc / Im
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Equivalent Circuit:
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Double cage
Induction Motors
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
DOUBLE CAGE ROTOR
Double Cage Rotor has two independent cages on the same rotor slots,
one inside the other for the producton of high startng torque. The
outer cage (alloy) in the rotor has high resistance and low reactance
which is used for startng purpose. The inner cage (copper) has a low
resistance and high reactance which is used for running purpose. The
constructonal arrangement and torque-speed characteristcs as shown
in fig. 3.5.
Advantages:
High startng torque.
Low I2R loss under running conditons and high efficiency.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Fig. 3.5
Slip
Torque-Slip Characteristcs
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Equivalent Circuit:
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Rotor
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Induction
Generators
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
IN D U CT I O N G
ww w . V i d y a r th
EN E R A T O R
ip l u s . c om
Principle of operation
Inducton generators and motors produce electrical power when
their rotor is rotated faster than the synchronous speed. For a four-
pole motor operatng on a 50 Hz will have synchronous speed equal
to 1500 rpm.
In normal motor operaton, stator flux rotaton is faster than the
rotor rotaton. This is causing stator flux to induce rotor currents,
which create rotor flux with magnetc polarity opposite to stator. In
this way, rotor is dragged along behind stator flux, by value equal to
slip.
In generator operaton, a prime mover (turbine, engine) is driving
the rotor above the synchronous speed. Stator flux stll induces
currents in the rotor, but since the opposing rotor flux is now cuttng
the stator coils, actve current is produced in stator coils and motor
is now operatng as a generator and sending power back to the
el
www.V
ec
tri
idyar
ca thipl
l us.co
gri m
d.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
a. Sub-synchronous (motor)
b. Super-synchronous (generator)
Fig. 3.4 current Locus for Inducton Machine
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
The torque-slip curve is shown in fig.3.6.Torque will become zero at synchronous speed. If
www.Vidyarthip
plus.co
the speed increases above the synchronous speed, the sli will be negatve.
Fig.3.4b the point P in the lower half of the circle shows operatng point as an inducton
generator.
PT-stator electrical output
ST-Core, fricton and windage losses
RS-Stator copper loss
QR-Rotor copper loss
PQ-Mechanical input
PR-Rotor input
rotor copper loss QR
Slip
rotor input PR
Efficiency output PT
input PQ
Inducton generator differs from the synchronous generator as
Dc current excitaton is not required.
Synchronisaton is not required.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Advantages:
It does not hunt or drop out of synchronism
Simple in construction
Cheaper in cost
Easy maintenance
Induction regulators provide a constant voltage adjustment depending on the
loading of the lines.
Disadvantages:
Cannot be operated independently.
Deliver only leading current.
Dangerously high voltages may occur over long transmission lines if the
synchronous machines at the far end become disconnected and the line capacitance
excites the induction machines.
The induction generator is not helpful in system stability.
Applications:
For installation in small power stations where it can be operated in parallel and
feeding into a common mains without atendant.
For braking purpose in railway work.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Synchronous
Induction Motor
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
SYN C HR O N O U S IN D
w w w . V id y a r thUiCpTluIO
sN.cMoOmTOR
It is possible to make the slip ring inducton motor to run at synchronous speed when its
secondary winding is fed from a dc source. Such motors are then called as synchronous
inducton motor.
Stator
3
Supply
Fig. 3.3
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Rotor connectons for dc ex wcitawtown: .Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Fig 3.4
Heatng will always occur with normal three phase rotor winding as in fig.3.4. The two phase
windings (e and f) gives uniform heatng but produce large harmonics and noise. In those
machines primary chording is commonly employed to reduce the effect of harmonics.
The synchronous inducton motor is generally built for outputs greater than 30HP because of its
higher cost of the dc exciter. These motors are employed in applicatons where a constant
speed is desirable such as compressors, fans, pumps, etc., If load torque is high and the
machines goes out of synchronism, it contnues to run as an inducton motor. As soon as the
load torque falls sufficiently low, the machines will automatcally synchronize.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Advantages:
It will start and synchronise itself against heavy loads.
No separate damper winding is required.
The exciter may be small unit due to smaller air-gap.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Problems in
Induction
Motors
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
wse,w46w0 V., V10i0dhyp,a60rHthz, ifopulru-
Example 5.1 A 3-pha
Soluton:
120 f 120 * 60
ns 1800 rpm
p 4
n 1 s 1 1710 rpm
ns 0.05 *1800
(b) 1800 (same as synchronous speed)
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
w w w . V id y a r t h i p l u s .
Example 4.2 A no-load test con du cte d on a 3 0 hp , 8 3 5 r/ m in ,
c om
4 40 V , 3-phase, 60 Hz squirrel-cage inducton motor yielded the following results:
No-load voltage (line-to-line): 440 V
No-load current: 14 A
No-load power: 1470 W
Resistance measured between two terminals: 0.5
The locked-rotor test, conducted at reduced volt-age, gave the following results:
Locked-rotor voltage (line-to-line): 163 V
Locked-rotor power: 7200 W
Locked-rotor current: 60 A
Determine the equivalent circuit of the motor.
Soluton:
Assuming the stator windings are connected in way, the resistance per phase is:
R1 0.5 / 2 0.25
From the no-load test:
VLL
440
V1 254V / Phase
3 3
V1 254
Z NL 18.143
www.VidyartI1hip1l4us.com
PNL 1470 .Vidyarthiplus.com
R NL
2
3I1 ww2.w5
2
3 *14
X NL Z NL
2 2
RNL 18.1432 2.52 17.97
X 1 X m X NL 17.97
From the blocked-rotor test
PBL 7200
RBL 0.6667
3I12 3*
BL 2
60
The blocked-rotor reactance is:
X BL X 1 X 1.42
2
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
X 1 X 0.71www.Vidyarthiplus.com
2
2 R
Xm
17.26
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Example 5.3 The following test results are obtained from a three-phase 60 hp, 2200
www.Viidyarthiplus.com
V, six-pole, 60 Hz squirrel-cage nducton motor.
(1) No-load test:
Supply frequency = 60 Hz, Line voltage = 2200 V
Line current = 4.5 A, Input power = 1600 W
(2) Blocked-rotor test:
Frequency = 15 Hz, Line voltage = 270 V
Line current = 25 A, Input power = 9000 W
(3) Average DC resistance per stator phase: 2.8
(a) Determine the no-load rotational loss.
(b) Determine the parameters of the IEEE-recommended equivalent circuit
(c) Determine the parameters (Vth, Rth, Xth) for the Thevenin equivalent circuit of
Fig.5.16.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
2200 V1 1270.2
V1 1270.2 / Phase Z NL 282.27
3 V I1 4.5
1600
R 26.34
PNL
NL 2 2
3I 1 3 * 4.5
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
X NL Z NL
2
RNL 282.27 26.34 281
2 2 2 281.0 = .
X 1 X m X NL 281
PBL 9000
RBL 2 4.8
3I1 3 *2
25
R2 RBL R1
4.8 2.8 2
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.VidVyarthi2p7lu0s.com
impedance at 15 Hz is:
Z BL 1
6.24
I1 3*
25
The blocked-rotor reactance at 15 Hz is X BL 6.24 2
4.8
2
3.98
Its value at 60 Hz is 60
X BL 3.98 * 15.92
15
X BL X 1 X 2
15.92
X1 X 7.96 at 60 Hz
2
2
X m 281 7.96 273.04
R RBL R1 4.8 2.8 2
R
2
7.96 273.04 2
2.12
27w3.w0w4.Vidyarthiplus.com
)c (
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
273.04
Vth V1 0.97 V1
7.96 273.04
X X 1 7.96
th
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Example 4.4 A three-phase, 460 V, 1740 rpm, 60 Hz, four-pole
wotowr hwas .tVhe
wound-rotor induction m
ifdollyowaingrtphariapmeltuer sp.ecr om
phase:
R1 = 0.25 , R2 0.2 , X 1 X 0.5 , X m 30
2
The rotational losses are 1700 watts. With the rotor terminals
short-circuited, find
(a) (i) Starting current when started direct on full voltage.
(ii) Starting torque.
(b) (i) Full-load slip.
(ii) Full-load current.
(iii) Ratio of starting current to full-load current.
(iv) Full-load power factor.
(v) Full-load torque.
(iv) Internal efficiency and motor efficiency at full load.
(c) (i) Slip at which maximum torque is developed.
(ii) Maximum torque developed.
(d) How much external resistance per phase should be
connected in the rotor circuit so that maximum torque occurs at
start?
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
=163.11 N.m
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
28022.3
*1w0w0 w .8V7i.d5y%arthiplus.com
motor
32022.4
int ernal 1 s *100 1 96.7%
0.0333 *100
(c) (i)
(c) (ii)
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Note that for parts (aw) awnwd (.bV) iidt iys
anortthniepcleus sa.rcyotomuse Thevenin equivalent circuit.
Calculaton can be based on the equivalent circuit of Fig.5.15 as
follows:
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
A three-phase, 460 V, 60 Hz, six-pole wound-rotor induction motor
drives a constant load of 100 N - m at a speed of 1140 rpm when
the rotor terminals are short-circuited. It is required to reduce the
speed of the motor to 1000 rpm by inserting resistances in the
rotor circuit. Determine the value of the resistance if the rotor
winding resistance per phase is 0.2 ohms. Neglect rotational
losses. The stator-to-rotor turns ratio is unity.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Example
Thewfowllwow.Vinigdyteastrtrheispulutssa.creomobtained
from three phase 100hp,460 V, eight pole star connected
induction machine No-load test : 460 V, 60 Hz, 40 A, 4.2 kW.
Blocked rotor test is
100V, 60Hz, 140A 8kW. Average DC resistor between two stator
terminals is 0.152
(a) Determine the parameters of the equivalent circuit.
(b) The motor is connected to 3 , 460 V, 60 Hz supply and runs
at 873 rpm. Determine the input current, input power, air
gap power, rotor cupper loss, mechanical power developed,
output power and efficiency of the motor.
(c) Determine the speed of the rotor field relative to stator
structurewawndws.taVtoirdryotatrintg hfiielpd
lus.com
Soluton: From no loa wd .Vidyarthiplus.com
twestw:
460 /
a Z 6.64
NL 3
40
PNL 4200
RNL 0.875
3 * I1 3*
2 2
40
X NL 6.64 2 0.8752 6.58
X 1 X m 6.58
From blocked rotor test:
8000 3 0.136
RBL *140
2 R1
0.152 2 0.076
100 / 3
Z BL 0.412
140 www.Vidyarthiplus.com
X BL 0.412 w0.w13w6 .Vid0y.3a8r9t X 0.389
2 2
hiplus.coXm1 2
0.389
X1 X 0.1945
2
2
X m 6.58 0.1945 6.3855
R RBL R1 0.136 0.076 0.06
20.1945 6.3855
R
* 0.06 0.0637
2
6.3855
0.076 j0.195 j0.195
j6.386 w
V
arthiplus.com 0.0637
s
120 f ww12w0.*V6id0ya r th i p lu s
b ns 9 00 r p
P
m.com
8
ns 900
s n 0.03
873
ns
900
R2 0.0637
2.123
s 0.03
Input impedance j 6.3862.123 j 0.195 o
Z1 0.076 j0.195 2.12127.16
2.123 j 6.386 0.195
V1 460 / 3
I1 125.22 27.16
o
Z1 2.1227.16
Input power:
Pi 3
460
3
*125.22 cos 27.16
o
88.767 kW
n *
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Stator CU losses:
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
2
Pst 3 * 0.076 3.575 kW
*125.22
Air gap power
Pag 88.767 85.192 kW
3.575
Rotor CU losses
P2 sPa 0.03 * 85.192 2.556 kW
g
Mechanical power developed:
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com o
265.6
I1 FL o 53.56 10.83 A
4.95910.83
o
Then the power factor is: cos 10.83 0.9822 lag.
1500
sys * 157.08 rad / sec .
2
60
265.6 * j 40
Vth 264.275 0.285 Vo
0.2 j 40.2
Then,
j 40 * 0.2 j0.2 o
0.28143245.285 0.198 j0.2
Z th
0.2 j 40.2 3 * 264.275
2
* 5.4
T 228.68 Nm
2 * 0.198 0.2 0.2
2
157.08
5.4 www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Then, Pag T * www.Vidyarthiplus.com
sys 228.68 *157.08 35921.1W
Then, P2 sPag 0.0333 * 35921.1 1197 W
And, Pm 1 s 34723.7W
Pag
Then, Pou Pm 34723.7 33223.7W
t Prot 1500
0.198 2
0.18
sTmax 0.4033
0.198 2
0.2 0.2
2 1/2
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.V Rid2yarRthexit
(d) s 1
plus.com
Tmax
0.198 0.2 0.2
2 2 1/2
Then, R2 Re 0.446323
xt
Then, Re 0.446323 0.18 0.26632
xt
Pwrewsenwted.byVCi.GOdKyULa,APr/EtEEhViel
aplarlCoullesge.of cEnogg m& Tech , Erode
Example 5.6 The rotor current at start of a three-phase, 460 volt,
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
1710 rpm, 60 Hz, four pole, squirrel-cage induction motor is six
times the rotor current at full load.
(a) Determine the starting torque as percent of full load torque.
(b) Determine the slip and speed at which the motor develops
maximum torque.
(c) Determine the maximum torque developed by the motor as
percent of full load torque.
Note that the equivalent circuit parameters are not given. Therefore equivalent
circuit parameters cannot be used directly for computaton.(a) The synchronous
speed is
2 2
I 2R 2 I
T 2 2
s syn s
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Example 4.9 A has, at rated
m
4 p o le
w w w .V50idHyza2rt0hhipplumso. voltage
t o r
c o
and frequency a starting torque of 150% and a maximum torque of
200 % of full load torque. Determine (i) full load speed (ii) speed
at maximum torque.
Solution:
Tst Tmax Tst 1.5
1.5 and 2 then, 0.75
TFL Tmax 2
TFL
Tst 2 sTmax
2 0.75
Tmax 1 sTmax
2
Then, 0.75 sTmax 2 sTmax 0.75 0
Tmax 0.451416 2 s FL
2
Then 2
TFL 2 * 0.451416 * s FL
s F2 4 * s FL 0.451416 2 0
0.451416
s F2 s FL 0.203777 0
1.80566
s FL 1.6847 (unacceptable) or s FL 0.120957
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
120 * w50w0wr.pVmidyarthiplus.com
ns 1
50
4
then (a) nFL 1 s FL * ns
nFL 1 1319 rpm
0.120957 *1500
(b)
max
1 sTmax * ns 1 823 rpm
nT 0.451416 *1500
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Example 4.10 Aw3ww,
2.8V0idVy,a6r0thHipzl,u2s0.chopm, four-pole induction
motor has the following equivalent circuit parameters.
R1 0.12 , R2 0.1 , X 1 X 0.25 , and X m 10
2
The rotational loss is 400 W. For 5% slip, determine (a) The
motor speed in rpm and radians per sec. (b) The motor current. (c)
The stator cu-loss. (d) The air gap power. (e) The rotor cu-loss. (f)
The shaft power. (g) The developed torque and the shaft torque.
(h) The efficiency.
Soluton:
120 * 1800
ns 1800 rpm , s * 188.5 rad / sec
60 60 2
4 www.Vidyarthiplus.com
0.12 j0 2 5
w ww . V i dyarthipluj0s.2.c5
om
j10 0.1
2
0.05
Z1 0.12 j0.25 Xe
Re
j10 * 2 j 0.25 o
Z1 0.12 j 0.25 2.131423.55
2 j10.25
208
V1 120.1 V
3
120.1
I1 o 2.1314 23.55
o
A
2.131423.55
(c) P 3 * 2 * 0.12 1143.031W
56.3479
1 www.Vidyarthiplus.com
(d)
P
cos
3 *120.1*
56.3479 * 2
o
18610.9794 W
s www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Pag Ps P1 17467.9485 W
Pag 17467.9485
(g) T 92.6682 N .m
188.5 188.5
P shaft16194.5511
Tshaft 85.9127 Nm
188.5 188.5
(h)
Pshaft
*100 87.02%
Ps
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Example 4.11 A 30 , 1 0 0
w ww
W A , 4 60 V , 6 0 H z , e i g ht -pole induction
.V i d y ar t h i p lu s . c o m
machine has the following
equivalent circuit parameters:
R1 0.07 , R2 0.05 , X 1 X 0.2 , and X m 6.5
2
(a) Derive the Thevenin equivalent circuit for the
induction machine.
(b) If the machine is connected to a 30, 460 V, 60 Hz
supply, determine the starting torque, the maximum torque the
machine can develop, and the speed at which the maximum torque
is developed.
(c) If the maximum torque is to occur at start, determine the
external resistance required in each rotor phase. Assume a
turns ratio iplus.com
(wstwatwor.toVriodtoyr)ao
rf 1t.2h.
Solution: V
Xwm ww .Vid6y.5arthiplus.com
V V
th * 1 * 265.6 257.7
X1 X m 0.2 6.5
j6.5 * j0.2
Rth jX 0.06589 j0.1947
th 0.07
0.07 j0.2 j6.5
0.06589 j0.1947 j0.2
257.7V 0.05
s
2
3 * 257.7 *
(b) Tst 0.05 624.7 N
94.25 0.06589 0.05 0.1947 0.2
2 2
2
3 * 257.7
Tmax
2 * 94.25 0.06589
0.06589 0.1947 0.2
2 2
T s max 2267.8Nm
0.05
0.1249
0.06589 0.1947 0.2
2 2
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Speed in
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
rpm
for which max torque occurs
= 1 max
* n s 1 0.1249 * 900 rpm
787.5
sT
R2
(c) sT R 2
max
R12 X1 X 2
2
s start 1 1
or * * 0.05 0.4
start
R2 sTmax R
2
0.1249
UNIT-4
Starting & Speed control
of 3ph Induction Motor
Presented by
C.GOKUL
AP/EEE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
UNIT-4 Syllabus
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Necessity
of
Starters /
NEED FOR
STARTING
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
w ww .V id ya rt hip lu
Wh w e n e e d s t
s .c om
y a r ters?
As it is seen that a 3 phase induction motor
has
positive finite starting torque T when slip s=1. this
mean that 3-pahse induction motor is a self-starting
motor and begins to rotate on its own when
connected to a 3-phase supply.
At the instant of starting 3-phase induction motor
behaves like a transformer with a short-circuited
secondary.
Consequently, a 3-pahse induction motor takes
high starting current if started at full voltage. In
order to limit this high starting current to
reasonable limits starting methods are used.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
STARTING
METHODS
OF
INDUCTION
MACHINE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
w w w. Vi dy a rt h ip
Metho d s o f S t a r
lu s. com
t in g
There are primarily two methods of starting
the induction motor:-
a) Full voltage starting.
b) Reduced voltage starting.
Full voltage starting methods consist of:-
a) DOL (Direct-on-line starting)
Reduced voltage starting consist
of:- a) Stator resistor (or reactor)
starting. b) Auto-transformer starting.
c) Star-delta starting.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
AUTO
TRANSFORME
R STARTER
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
V1
xV1
xV1 Rotor
IL
Ist xIsc Stator
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
efl
fl
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
V1
xV1
xV1 Rotor
IL
Ist xIsc Stator
V1
xV1
xV1 Rotor
IL
Ist xIsc Stator
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
V1
xV1
xV1 Rotor
IL
Ist xIsc Stator
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
STAR DELTA
STARTER
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
St ar -D el t a st a rt in g
w w w . V id y a rt h iplus.com
For star, 3 terminals of stator wdg are required.
For delta, 6 terminals are required.
Now make delta
R Y B Connection.
Stator
2- Run - Delta
TPDT
1- Start - Star
yPaDrTthtiop1lu,
Reduced voltage is applied to wdg = VL/3
Motor rotates.
The starting current is
Now TPDT to 2- Delta I st.y VL / 3z 1
Line voltage applied R Y B
to wdg. Motor runs at rated speed I L.y Starting
Line current
Stator
2- Run - Delta
TPDT
1- Start - Star
yPaDrTthtiop1lu,
Reduced voltage is applied to wdg = VL/3
Motor rotates.
The starting current is
Now TPDT to 2- Delta I st.y VL / 3z 1
Line voltage applied R Y B
to wdg Motor runs at rated speed I L.y Starting
Line current
Stator
2- Run - Delta
TPDT
1- Start - Star
yPaDrTthtiop1lu,
Reduced voltage is applied to wdg = VL/3
Motor rotates.
The starting current is
Now TPDT to 2- Delta I st.y VL / 3z 1
Line voltage applied
to wdg Motor runs at rated speed I L.y Starting
Line current
At starting, if, wdg in delta
The starting current is
I st.d VL / z 1 I sc.d
I L.d 3 I st.d
1
I st.y I st.d
3
Starting line current with Y- starter Ist.y 1
= 3 I =
Starting line current with stator in st.d 3
fl
T 1fl I
efl fl
2
0.333 4.5 0.03
0.202
V1
xV1
xV1 Rotor
IL
Ist xIsc Stator
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Example www.Vidyarthiplus.com
The short circuit line current of a 6hp IM is 3.5 times
its full load current, the stator of which is arranged for star
delta starting. The supply voltage is 400V, full load effn is
82% and full load power factor is 0.85% (lag).
Calculate the line current at the instant of starting.
Neglect magnetizing current.
Solution
6hp IM, P=3 VLILcos
Isc=3.5IFL 6 746 1
IFL= I L
Star-delta starting 3 0.85
0.82 400
Isc (line) =3.5 IFL FL=82%, pf=0.85 (lag)
Voltage =400V
=9.26A (line current ta)
for =5.34A (phase current
del for delta)
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Isc=3.5IFL=3.5wx5w.3w4.Vidyarthiplus.com
=18.73A
At the instant of starting, motor wdg is in star
For star, line current is equal to phase current.
IL at the instant of start =18.73A for delta (400V)
IL at the instant of start =18.73/3 A for star (400/3)
=10.81A
Pwrewsenwted.byVCi.GOdKyULa,APr/EtEEhVielaplarlC
oullesge.of cEnogg m& Tech , Erode
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
DOL(Direct-on-line)
Starter
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
ww w .V i d y ar th
DOL(D ir e c t - o n -
i p lu s. c o m
l in e ) s t arting
This method involves direct switching of
poly-phase stator on to the supply mains.
The motor takes starting current of 5 to 7 times its
full load current depending upon its size and
design.
Such large current of short duration dont harm
the rugged squirrel cage motor, but the high
currents may cause objectionable voltage drop in
power supply feeding the induction motor
These large voltage drop causes undesirable dip in
the supply line voltage, consequently affecting the
other equipments connected to the same supply.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
The
relawtiwonwb.eVtiwdeyeanrttheipsltuasrt.icnog
mtorque Ts and full load torque Tf is now
obtained .
Let Is and If be the per phase stator currents
drawn from the supply mains corresponding to
starting and full load conditions respectively.
We 1 r2
know:- Te .I 2 .
s 2 s
Therefore:-
2
Ts I s r2 1 I s
2 .s
T f I f r2 ------Eqn(1)
f
sf I f
V1
Now I I sc
st Z
sc
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
V1 is wwpwer.-Vpihdaysae
rthisptalutosr.comvoltage & Zsc
=(r1+r2)+j(x1+x2), is the leakage impedance.
2
Ts I
sc
.s
If f
----Eqn(2)
Tf
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Stator
resistance(reactor)
Starter
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
w w w . V i d ya r th ip l
Stato re s i s t a n c e ( r
r us .c
c o m
e a to r)method
In this method, a resistor or a reactor is inserted
in
between motor terminals and supply
mains.
At the time of starting some voltage drop occurs
across the starting resistor and therefore only a
fraction x of supply voltage appears across it.
This reduces the per phase starting currents Is
drawn by the motor from the supply mains.
As the motor speeds up,
the reactor is cut out in
steps and finally short-
circuited when the motor
speed is near to
synchronous speed.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Since
thwewpewr.pVhidasyeavrothltiapgleuiss.rceo
dmuced to xV1 the per phase starting current
is:-
xV1
Is xI sc
Z
sc
Now we
know:-
1 I 22 r2
T .
s s
Therefore we have:-
2
Ts 2 I sc
x s
TTherefore:
I
f f
-
f
-----Eqn(1)
starting torque with reactor starting xV1
x
2
starting torque with direct switching V
1
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
2
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Rotor
resistance
Starte
r
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
ROTOR RESISTANCE STARTER(only
for
slip ring inducton motor)
wrewsenwted.byVCi.GOdKyULa,APr/EtEEhVielaplar
P
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Speed control of
3 phase Induction Motor
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Speed Control of IM
Given a load T characteristc, the steady-state speed can be
changed by altering the T curve of the motor
Te
3R'
r
Vs
2
2 Varying voltage
(amplitude)
ss ' 2
Rr
s X X 2
R
ls lr
s
2 Varying line
s frequency
P 4
f
3
P
1 Pole Changing
www.Vidyarthiplus.com 501
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
a) By changing the applied voltage:
Torque equation of induction motor is
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
b) By changing the applied frequency
Synchronous speed of the rotating magnetic field of
induction motor is given by,
V/F control
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Variable Frequency Control of IM (v/f control)
508
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Constant Volts/Hz (V/f) Control
Vs
Vs vs. f relaton in Constant Volts/Hz drives Boost - to
compensate for
Vrated voltage drop at Rs
and Lls
Non-linear offset
curve
for low-starting
Non-linear offset varies with Is torque loads
Boost
f
fra
www.Vidyarthiplu s .c ted
o
509
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Constant Volts/Hz (V/f) Control
s s Rr
' 2
(4)
X
2
R K
2
s s
X ls
lr
512
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Constant Volts/Hz (V/f) Control
Constant
Torque Area Field Weakening Mode (f > frated)
Rated (Base) (below base speed)
frequency Reduced flux (since Vs is constant)
Torque reduces
Constant Power Area
(above base speed)
Note:
Operaton restricted
between synchronous
speed and Tmax for
motoring and braking
regions, i.e. in the
linear region of the
torque-speed curve.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com 513
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Constant Volts/Hz (V/f) Control
www.Vidyarthiplus.com 514
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
c) By changing No. of poles
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com 1
I I I h I I I
I b
c
I A
I - I
E
/ f\
)
\ V
f.
Ih
c
III b
, 'f
T2
(a) (b)
c
(c)
wwFwigu.reV3i1: dPoyle
aChrantginhg:iVparliouus sco.nncectoionms
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
wrewsenwted.byVCi.GOdKyULa,APr/EtEEhVielapl
P
ar lCoullesge.of cEnogg m& Tech , Erode
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
CASCADING OPERATION
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Cascaded connecton
In this method of speed control, two motors
are used. Both are mounted on a same shaft
so that both run at same speed.
One motor is fed from a 3phase supply and
other motor is fed from the induced emf in
first motor via slip-rings.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Motor A is called main motor and motor B is called auxiliary
motor.
Let, Ns1 = frequency of motor A
Ns2 = frequency of motor B
P1 = number of poles stator of motor A
P2 = number of stator poles of motor B
N = speed of the set and same for both motors
f = frequency of the supply
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
At no load, speed of the auxiliary rotor is almost same as its synchronous speed.
i.e. N = Ns2.
Slip power
recovery
Kramer
Scherbius
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
1)
Kwrwamwe.VridSyyasrttheipmlus.com
RYB Voltage
f regulating
device
MIM ACM
If brush emf is more than slip voltage
Power flows from ACM-Rotor of MIM.
MIM operates at Super-Synchronous speed
If brush emf is less than slip voltage
Power flows from Rotor of MIM- ACM.
MIM operates at Sub-Synchronous speed
Since power is flowing from one machine to another with one
shaft, it is
cownswtwan.tVpiodweyradrrtivhe.iplus.com
2)
Swcwhwe.rVbidiuysarSth RYB
yipsltuesm.com
RYB
f
regulating
MIM device
ACM AIM
Braking of 3ph
Inducton
Motors
Plugging
Dynamic Braking
Regeneratve
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Braking Methods
Regenerative Braking
Plugging or reverse voltage braking
Dynamic ( or rheostatic ) braking :
a) ac dynamic braking
b) Self-excited braking using capacitor
c) dc dynamic braking
d) zero-sequence braking
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
1. Regenerative Braking
If an induction motor is forced to run at speeds in
excess of the synchronous speed, the load
torque exceeds the machine torque and the slip
is negative, reversing the rotor induced EMF and
rotor current. In this situation the machine will
act as a generator with energy being returned to
the supply.
If the AC supply voltage to the stator excitation is
simply removed, no generation is possible
because there can be no induced current in the
rotor.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Regenerative braking
In traction applications, regenerative braking is
not possible below synchronous speed in a
machine fed with a fixed frequency supply. If
however the motor is fed by a variable frequency
inverter then regenerative braking is possible by
reducing the supply frequency so that the
synchronous speed becomes less than the
motor speed.
AC motors can be microprocessor controlled to
a fine degree and can regenerate current down
to almost a stop
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
B TL
A
Te
8 poles 4 poles
D
TL A
D
0 Speed Ns
1 Slip C 0 -Te +Te
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Regenerative braking
Power input to induction motor:
Pin=3VIscoss
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Regenerative braking
Advantage: Generated power is usefully
employed
Disadvantage: It can not be employed
below synchronous speed when fed from
constant frequency source.
Speed Range : Between synchronous
speed and the speed for which braking
torque is maximum.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
2. Plugging
Plugging induction motor braking is done by reversing
the phase sequence of the motor. Plugging braking of
induction motor is done by interchanging connections
of any two phases of stator with respect of supply
terminals. And with that the operation of motoring shifts
to plugging braking.
During plugging the slip is (2 - s), if the original slip of the
running motor is s, then it can be shown in the following
way.
Pwrewsenwted.byVCi.GOdKyULa,APr/EtEEhVielaplar
lCoullesge.of cEnogg m& Tech , Erode
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
From the figure beside we can see that
the torque is not zero at zero speed.
Thats why when the motor is needed to
be stopped, it should be disconnected
from the supply at near zero speed.
The motor is connected to rotate in the
reverse direction and the torque is not
zero at zero or any other speed, and as a
result the motor first decelerates to zero
and then smoothly accelerates in the
opposite direction.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
3. DC Dynawmwicw.BVridaykainrtghiplus.com
or Rheostatic or AC Dynamic Braking
The disadvantages of plugging are removed in dynamic
braking. Dynamic braking requires less power.
Under normal operating condition
Stator - Rotating Magnetic Field - Ns Faster sNs
Rotor - Te - Rotates - Nr Slower
Rectifier
R1 Transformer
Stator
Rotor
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Und e r
w w
n o r m a l o pe r a t in g c o n d itio
w . V i d y a rt h i p lu s . c o m
n
Rotor speed w r t stator field under DC dynamic
braking is Ns(1-s) = NsS
In the equivalent ckt diagram, replace s by S
jx2 In phasor diadram
I1 I2 also replace s by S
V1
I
I0
R2 < R2< R2
TL A
0 Speed Ns
1 Slip 0
r2 Ted
R2
R2
R2
Ted increases with increase in rotor circuit resistance
Due to this it is also called as RHEOSTATIC braking
The entire
powwwerwd.eVvieldopyeadrinthroitporlius
sdi.sscipoamted in R2
MM F pr o d uc e d b y 3-
w w w . V id y a r th i
pplhusw.dcgodmue to AC
3
MMFAC = ImN
2
MMF produced by single ph due to DC = IDC N
The resultant MMF produced due to DC
IDC N
60 MMFDC = 3IDC N
IDC N
3IDC N
For equal MMF due to and DC
AC
3
I m N 3IDC N
2
3
IDC I1 N
2
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
AC
dywnwamwic.Vbirdaykainrgthinipnloutsh.icngo
UNIT-5
Single phase Induction
Motor & Special Machines
Presented by
C.GOKUL
AP/EEE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Single phase
Induction Motor
Pwrewsenwted.byVCi.GOdKyULa,APr/EtEEhViel
aplarlCoullesge.of cEnogg m& Tech , Erode
ww w .V id y ar th ip l u s.
I n tr o d u c t i o
com
n
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
ww w .
1) Capac i to r -
V id ya r th ip lu s . co m
S ta r t p h a s e i nduction
motor
A capacitor-Start motor is a spilt phase
induction motor with a starting capacitor
inserted in series with the start winding
creating an LC Circuit which is capable of
producing a much greater torque.
An Lc circuit refers to a circuit containing
an inductor w/c connected together they
can act as an electrical resonator w/c
stores electrical energy.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Workinwg wPwri.Vnicdiypalrethoipflu
ssi.ncogmle phase
capacitor-start motor
In capacitor-start motors the capacitor enables
the motor to handle heavy start loads by increasing
the strength of the magnetic field created by the
windings. The capacitor is individually mounted
outside of the motor as a separate unit either on the
top or side of the motor with a centrifugal switch
located between the capacitor and the start winding.
The switch connects the capacitor with the motor at
startup and disconnects them when the motor has
reached about 75% of its operating speed. And during
startup period when the centrifugal switch is closed,
capacitor-start motors typically deliver from 250-350%
of the full load torque.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
w w
Equivale n t
w .V id y a rt h ip lu
c i rc u i t o f c
s .c o m
a p a c itor-start
motors
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Types of
w w w .V id y a rt h
s i n gl e p h a s
ipl u s. c om
e c a p a citor-
start motor
Among this the basic types include:-
A) Single voltage externally reversible
B) Single voltage non reversible
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
w w w . V id ya rt h ip
Appl ic a ti o n s o f s
l u s. c om
i n g l e phase
capacitor-start motors
Capacitor-start from high torque (>175%
full load) are used: -
Operation having high starting loads
such as: - Elevators
- Compressors &
- Refrigerators
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
2) Capacitor run motors
Capacitor-run motors are motors having a
capacitor connected in series with the start
winding in order to increase the running
efficiency.
Capacitor-run motors use run-capacitors
that are designed for continuous duty which
are energized the entire time during
operation of the motor.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Workinwg wpwri.Vnicdiypalrethoipflu
ssi.ncogmle phase
capacitor-run motors
In capacitor-run motors, a run-capacitor
is connected to the start winding of the
motor and it constantly energizes the start
winding while the motor is running. And this
creates a 90o phase change between the start
winding current and the run winding current
making a two phase motor. As a result a
rotatng magnetc field is created within the
motor which causes the rotor to rotate more
eficiently.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
w w w .V id y ar th i p lu
Advanta g e s a n d d i s a
s .c o m
d v a n tages of
capacitor-run motors
Advantages
The capacitor remains in the circuit at all
tmes thus no centrifugal switch is required.
They can be designed to have low vibraton
and less noise under full load conditon.
If properly designed, they are more efficient
than other type of motors.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Disadvantages
Since capacitor start motors have low
startng torque they cannot be used in
applicatons with severe startng conditons.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
w ww .V id ya r t hip
pl us .
Applicatio n of s in g l e h a
c o m
s e capacitor- run
motors
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Types of
w w w . Vid y a rt h ipl u
s i n gl e p h a s e c
s. c om
a p a citor start- and-
run motors
Depending on the number of capacitors
used: -
1. Single value capacitor start-and-run
motors:
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
2. Two
vawluwew.cVaidpyaarcthitipolruss.tcaorm
t-and-run
motors
The two values of capacitance can be obtained
using two different methods.
a. By using two capacitors in parallel
b. By using a step up transformer
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Advantage
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
w w w .V id y a rth ip lu s.
Applicatio n s o f si n g le p h
co m
a se capacitor start-and-
run motors
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
4) Shaded pole motors
A shaded pole motor is a single phase inducton
motor having one or more short circuited
windings actng only on a porton of the
magnetc circuit.
Generally the winding is a closed copper ring
embedded in the face of the pole together
known as the shaded pole which provides the
required rotatng field for startng purpose.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Workingwpwrwin.Vcidipyalertshioplfu
s.icnogmle phase shaded
pole motors
Advantages
Simple in constructon
Tough surface
Reliable and cheap
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Disadvantages
Low startng torque
Very little overload capacity
Low efficiency (5% for tny sizes 35%
for higher ratngs)
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
w w w. V id y a r th i plu s
Applicatio n s o f s i n g l e p
.c o m
h a s e shaded- pole
motors
Because of its low startng torque, the shaded
pole motor is generally used for
Small fans,
Toys,
Hairdryers,
Ventlators etc.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Special Machines
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Stepper
Motor
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Stepper Motor
Stepper Motor, derives its name from the fact that it follows
definitive step in response to input pulses
See to it, that the input is in the form of pulses
Straightaway it is understood that the input, being pulses, can
be controlled and in turn the output gets controlled
Wherever precise positioning is required stepper motors are
widely employed
Typical values stepper motors develop torque ranging from 1
N-m upto 40 N-m power output range from 1 W to 2500 W
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Operating principle
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
1. Variable Reluctance
Stepper Motor
As usual, it has
Stator
Rotor
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Variable Reluctance Stepper Motor
- Stator
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Variable Reluctance Stepper Motor
- Rotor
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
2-phase-ON mode
Pwrewsenwted.byVCi.GOdKyULa,APr/EtEEhVielaplar
lCoullesge.of cEnogg m& Tech , Erode
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Pwrewsenwted.byVCi.GOdKyULa,APr/EtEEhVielaplar
lCoullesge.of cEnogg m& Tech , Erode
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
2. Permanent Magnet
Stepper Motor
It is very similar to Variable Reluctance
stepper motor
The only difference being that the rotor is
made up of permanent magnet
In VR motors, the rotor is a magnetic material
(It can carry the flux lines through it)
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Advantages
Permanent magnets require no external
exciting current low power loss
High inertia
Develops more torque than VR motor
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Disadvantages
It is very difficult to produce permanent
magnet rotor with more number of poles
This makes the design of PM motors with
higher step angle
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Pwrewsenwted.byVCi.GOdKyULa,APr/EtEEhViel
aplarlCoullesge.of cEnogg m& Tech , Erode
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Applications
Type-writers
Tape drives
Floppy disk drivers
Process control systems
X-Y plotters
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Hysteresis Motor
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Hysteresis Motor
This is based on the principle of hysteresis
Basically this is a constant speed motor
similar to synchronous motor
As is always the case
It has a
Stator and a Rotor
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Hysteresis loss
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Hysteresis loss
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Hysteresis loss
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Applications
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
AC series Motor
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
AC series motor
An AC motor with commutator and brush
assembly is referred to as commutator motor
(Remember commutator and brush assembly
in the wound rotor of an Induction motor)
There are two types of commutator motor
AC series motor
Universal motor
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
AC series motor
AC series motor
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Repulsion Motor
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Repulsion Motor
It has a
Stator
Rotor
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
To make it clear
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Pwrewsenwted.byVCi.GOdKyULa,APr/EtEEhViela
plarlCoullesge.of cEnogg m& Tech , Erode
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Repulsion Motor Overcoming the
disadvantages
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Repulsion Motor Overcoming the
disadvantages
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Linear Induction
Motor
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Pwrewsenwted.byVCi.GOdKyULa,APr/EtEEhVielapla
lCoullesge.of cEnogg m& Tech , Erode
r
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Servo
Motor
wrewsenwted.byVCi.GOdKyULa,APr/EtEEhViel
P
aplarlCoullesge.of cEnogg m& Tech , Erode
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Introduction
They are also called control motors and have high-torque
capabilities
Basic principle of operation is the same as that of other
electromagnetic motors. However, their construction, design
and mode of operation are different.
Their power ratings vary from a fraction of a watt up to a few
100 W.
Both DC and AC (2-phase and 3-phase) servomotors are used.
Applications
In radar , tracking and guidance systems, process controllers,
computers and machine tools.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
DC
These motors are either separately-excited dc motors or permanent-
magnet dc motors.
The schematic diagram of a separately-excited DC motor along with its
armature and field MMFs and torque/speed characteristics is shown in
Fig. 39.26. The speed of DC servomotors is normally controlled by
varying the armature voltage. Their armature is deliberately designed
to have large resistance so that torque-speed characteristics are linear
and have a large negative slope as shown in Fig. 39.26 (c). The
negative slope serves the purpose of providing the viscous damping
for the servo drive system.
As shown in Fig. 39.26 (b), the armature mmf. and excitation field mmf
are in quadrature. This fact provides a fast torque response because
torque and flux become decoupled.
Accordingly, a step change in the armature voltage or current
produces a quick change in the position or speed of the rotor.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
xw . ww.Vidx arthiplus.com
y.
Field
DC
Supply
V
0----
(a)
T v.>v>v,
.
Armature
MMF
1
0
Field
v,
MMF
(b) (c)
Fig. 39.26
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
AC
w ww . Vid ya rthip lu s. c
S e rv o m o t o
o m
r s
Such motors normally run on a frequency of 60 Hz or 400
Hz (for airborne systems). The stator has two distributed
windings which are displaced from each other by 90
(electrical).
The main winding (also called the reference or fixed
phase) is supplied from a constant voltage source,
Vm 0 (Fig. 39.27). The other winding (also called the
control phase) is supplied with a variable voltage of the
same frequency as the reference phase but is phase-
displaced by 90 (electrical).
The control phase voltage is controlled by an electronic
controller. The speed and torque of the rotor are
controlled by the phase difference between the main and
control windings. Reversing the phase difference from
leading to lagging (or vice-versa) reverses the motor
directio n.
w ww.Vidyarthiplus.com
ow~w--w-.Vidyarthiplus.com
Cage Ro
/~
Control
Phase
VaL90
0--
Fixed
Phase
HighRot
Res"I stance
o
-N +N
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Magnetic
Levitation
System
- Introduction
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Introduction
What are Magnetic levitation systems?
Maglev. are devices that suspend
ferromagnetic materials with the aid of
electromagnetism. It has wide number
of applications such as high-speed
trains, aerospace shuttles, magnetic
bearings and high-precision platforms.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
System Block Diagram
Set point Intel micrcontroller
+ Ts
Reference Interface Digital z Interface Magnetic
input + E(s) Circuit Controller o Circuit U(s)Levitation
E*(s) h System
-
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
References
Electrical Machines-II by S. B.
Sivasubramaniyan -MSEC, Chennai
http://yourelectrichome.blogspot.in/
http://www.electricaleasy.com/p/electrical-
machines.html
www.scribd.com
www.slideshare.net
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
References
Armature Reaction of Alternator by N.Karthikeyan
BEE2123 ELECTRICAL MACHINES Muhamad Zahim
EE20A - Electromechanical Energy Conversion
Alternators and Synchronous Motors by Amit Mishra
Electrical Machines www.utm.my
INDUCTION MOTOR by MUHAMMAD WAQAR
Single phase Induction Motor
Magnetic Levitation by Tori Johnson and Jenna Wilson
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Books Reference
Electric Machinery by A.E. Fitzgerald Charles
Kingsley, Jr.Stephen D. Umans
Electrical Machines by Nagrath & Kothari
Electrical Machines by P.S.Bimbhra
Electrical Machines-II by Godse
Electrical Machines-II by Gnanavadivel
www.Vidyarthiplus.com