Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
26 Novemb"er 1954
t~ncer
it.
ly.
M •. RIDG
General, United States Army
Chief of Staff
FOUNDED IN 1892
OFFICERS Published from 1892 until 1922 as
LT. GEN. LEROY LUTES THE JOURNAL OF THE UNITED STATES ARTILLERY
LT. GEN. JOHN T. LEWIS Published from 1922 until 1948 as the
HONORARY PRESIDENTS COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL
LT. GEN. LYMAN L. LEMNITZER
VOL. LXXXXVII NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1954 No.6
PRESIDENT
ADDITIONAL MEMBERS OF THE COVER: The United States Antiaircraft Association Seal.
EXECUTIVE COUNCIL WE l\IOVE AHEAD. By Lt. Gen. L. L. Lemnitzer 2
MAJOR GENERAL CHARLES G. SAGE COMMENTS ON THE MERGER 4
MAJOR GENERAL BRYAN L. MILBURN
THE FIRST YEAR-36th AAA ,\IIISSILE BN.
COLONEL JOHN S. MAYER
By Captain Palll S. VantllTe 6
COLONEL DARWIN D. MARTIN
COLONEL GEORGE V. SELWYN WHAT'S THE SCORE. By Lt. Col. Earle lvlollntain 8
LIEUTENANT COLONEL JOHN E. CONNOR
THE TIPSY CRadar Set ANjTPS-ID). By Lt. Col. Leollard M. Orman 13
LIEUTENANT COLONEL OTHO A. MOOMAW
MOBILE ANjTPS-ID. By Capt. James C. Sample 15
PREPARATORY FIRE PROCEDURES FOR THE AAFCS M33.
The purpose of the AIJociation shall be to By Lt. Col. David B. McFadden 16
promo1/! the efficien(y of the Antiair(raft THE STAUNTON ARTILLERY AT HENRY HILL.
Artillery by maintaining its standards anil tra- By Lt. Col. John B. B. Trussell, Jr 22
ditions by diIJeminating profeIJionai knqwl-
,dge, by insPiring greater effort toward the
EVERY MAN AN ARTILLERYMAN. By Capt. Joseph F. Loftus 25
improvement of materiel and methods of GEOGRAPHICAL STATUS BOARD. By Capt. James R. Fussell 26
training and by fostering mutual understand-
THE VERSATILE M33. By Capt. Harry E. Widing and
ing, resput and (ooperation among all arms,
Lt. Col. Daniel F. Gorman 26
bran(hes and (omponentJ of the Regular
Army, National Guard, Organiud Reserves, BATTERY EFFECTIVENESS. By Dr. Francis H. Palmer alld
.nil Reserve Offi(ers' Training Corps. Cpl. Thomas 1. Myers 27
AA ENGAGEMENT IN FORWARD ZONE. By Capt. B. B. Small .. 29
THIS CONCERNS YOU. By Maj. Gen. James C. Fry 32
The JOURNAL prints articles on subjects of A NEW PRIME MOVER FOR THE I20? By Lt. A. R. Matthews .. 33
profe.sional and zenera) interest to per.oonel 01
the Antiaircraft Artiller,. in order to stimulate UNIT ACTIVITIES 34
thoucht and provoke discusaion. However,
FORT BLISS NEWS 49
opinion. expressed and conclusion. drewn in
article. are in no aense official. They do not re.- NEWS AND COMMENT 51
fleet the opinions or conclusion. of any official
or braneh of the Department of the Army. MERGER AGREEMENT AND ASSOCIATION BALLOT 54
The JOURNAL does not earr,. paid advertisinc. LETTERS TO THE EDITOR 55
The JOURNAL pays for original articles upon
publieation. lIIanuseript should be addressed to BOOK REVIE\VS 57
the Editor. The JOURNAL is not responsible
for manuscripts unaccompanied by return
ANTIAIRCBAIT JOURNAL INDEX 63
po.ta .. e.
~Ubli~hed bimonthly by the United States Antiaircraft Association. Editorial and executive offices, 631 Pennsylvania Avenue, ~.'\".,
ashlngton 4, D. C. Terms: $3.00 per year. Foreign subscriptions, $4.00 per year. Single copies, 75c. Entered as second.class matter
1\ Washington, D. C.; additional entry at Richmond, Va., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Copyright, 1954, by the United States
Antiaircraft Association.
WE MOVE AHEAD
By LIEUTENANT GENERAL L. L. LEMNITZER, U.S. Army
President, U.S. Antiaircraft Association .
~TH this issue, the ANTIAIRCRAFT sociation of the United States Army and
JOURNALwill cease to exist as a separate you will receive the Army Combat Forces
publication. The merger between the Journal for the unexpired portion of
Antiaircraft Association and the Associa- your subscription. In fact, for that period
tion of the U.S. Army and their respec- you will receive your Association maga-
tive journals, ovenvhelmingly endorsed zine monthly rather than every other
by the vote of the membership of our As- month, and at no additional cost to you.
sociation, has been consummated to the General Harris, our editor, will serve
mutual satisfaction of the Executive as Associate Editor of the Combat Forces
Councils of both Associations. Beginning Journal and will strive to cover Antiair-
with the J an uary 1955 issue, the Army craft matters as thoroughly as he did in
C01nbat Forces Journal will be published the ANTIAIRCRAFTJOURNAL. This re-
by a combined Association comprised of sponsibility is not his alone, however.
what were the Infantry, Field Artillery, The editors can publish good material
and Antiaircraft Associations, and will only so long as you send it' to them. I
include members from all branches of can assure you they are looking for good
the Army. antiaircraft material right now and will
In the opinion of your Council, the always be seeking it. Here is your oppor-
terms of the merger (reprinted on page tunity to discuss antiaircraft and guided
54 of this issue), are equitable and just. missile matters with the members of oth-
Each member of the Antiaircraft Asso- er branches and to help the~ better to
ciation will become a full-Hedged mem- understand our problems and capabilities.
ber in good standing in the Association There may be some among the mem-
of the U.S. Army (AUSA). Your partici- bers of our Association who view this
pation will be limited only by the extent merger with nostalgia or misgivings. That
of your active interest in your new Asso- is certainly understandable, but to them
ciation. The nine members of our Coun- I would point out that what is happening
cil will become full-Hedged members of ,does not mark an end but a beginning.
the AUSA Executive Council and every It is another acceptance by us of our im-
member of the Antiaircraft Association portant role as an integral part of the
will be eligible to hold any office or as- Army combat team. It is not the end of
signment within the new Association. In our Association, but rather it is a new
other words, we are now members of a step forward in the development of a
larger and more comprehensive Associa- larger and much stronger Association,
tion of the United States Army. You one that with our support can promote
have the same rights and privileges as better teamwork and esprit among all
everv other member. elements of the Army.
Ydur subscription to the ANTIAIRCRAFT In the same way, the merging of the
JOURNALwill be transferred to the As- journals should be regarded not as the
2 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNA
r~~~~~~
loss of our own forum but the gaining of velopment which has in fact already
a vastly greater audience. \iVe will no taken place within the Army itself, but
longer be telling our story only to our- we are doing our part toward making that
selves and thus convincing those already development more positive and effective.
convinced. Instead we will now have a YVeare placing ourselves in a much bet-
much greater opportunity to exchange ter position to learn more about the other
ideas with members of all elements of branches of the Army, while at the same
the Army. time making it possible for our colleagues
To fulfill its purpose successfully, a throughout the Army to learn more
journal must be accurately attuned to about us.
existing circumstances and the needs re- I feel, therefore, that this merger is
suiting therefrom. YVe recognized this not only an adjustment to realities, but
a few years ago when we changed our is an important advance toward the
Association and JOURNALfrom Coast Ar- achievement of greater unity and team-
tillery to Antiaircraft. Now there is no work within the Army. It is my hope,
longer a Coast Artillery Corps or even and I know that this feeling is shared by
an Antiaircraft branch of the Army. Our General Ridgway, the Chief of Staff, and
officers are members of the Artillery. by many other senior officers, that our
There is now only one Artillerv career action will encourage members of other
management secti~n in the Department branches to join with us in building a
of the Army and, more and more, artil- strong association that is truly represen-
lery officers are being cross assigned. In tative of the entire Army. Such an asso-
the near future all members of the Artil- ciation ,,,ould not only promote team-
lerv will be familiar with the duties with work and help bring branches closer to-
an)1 artillery 'weapon-be it surface-to- gether but would permit all members of
surface or surface-to-air guided missile the Army to speak with one voice when
or gun. the occasion demands.
The day when Coast Artillery and I would like to express for the entire
Antiaircraft Artillery tended to function membership our deep appreciation of the
as entities more or less independent of outstanding job done by Lieutenant Gen-
the field army is long past. In vVorld eral John T. Lewis as our President dur-
\iVar II; in Korea; and in the u.S. Army ing the past two y~ars. Our accomplish-
throughout the world today, Antiaircraft ments during that period are largely due
Artillery has taken its place as a full- to his fine leadership and his great devo-
Hedged member of the Army combat tion to the Association.
team. The great firepower, the Hexibility Also, I would like to express the thanks
and the accuracy of antiaircraft missiles of the membership to Brigadier General
and guns have proved their great value Charles S. Harris and his fine staff of
against targets on the ground as well as Sergeants Fred A. Baker, James E. lVloore
in the air and on the sea. The effective- and Paul .M. Plumly for all that they
ness of our weapons and the capability have done for the Antiaircraft Associa-
of our troops are fully recognized and tion and JOURNAL.
highly regarded throughout the Army. Your Council has moved carefully in
Therefore, in joining the Association this matter because we ,,,anted to be 'cer-
of the U.S: Army, we are not only re- tain that all terms and details were worked
Hecting a tactical and organizational de-
NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1954 3
out to the mutual satisfaction of all con- er substantially furthers the interests of
cerned. Now we are confident that we the United States Army. One of the
have a sound basis upon which to con- great weaknesses of the Army has been
summate the merger. The agreement its inability to speak with a single voice
which \ve have reached with the Council on any important issue. Too often our in-
of the Association of the United States terests have been divided and much of
Army is based on the principles of good- our effort has been dissipated because it
will and mutual confidence. VVe are as- has been devoted to the narrower inter-
sured also, that this merger will prove ests of branch, service or component. It
popular with and receive the full support must be apparent to all those familiar
of all the arms, services and components with present day problems confronting
of the Army. the Army that our future depends in
The merger, however, will avail us large measure on our ability to close ranks
little unless we enter it with spirit and promptly and effectively for the good of
the determination to give our combined the Army as a whole rather than for
Association and the Combat Forces Jour- separate elements thereof. I sincerely
nal the same loyal support that we have believe that this merger represents a long
given our own Association and JOURNAL stride toward the accomplishment of that
in the past. That I am confident you important objective. I hope that others
will do both in membership and in the will follow in a pattern through which
contribution of challenging articles in we can attain the unity and strength that
our fields of endeavor. will best serve the interests of the United
In conclusion, I believe that this merg- States Army in the future.
4 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
)!fong advocate for one association to our own in all phases of joint activities. It was with real regret that I learned
represent all of the officers of all of the Even so, I can't 'witness the passing of of the passing of the ANnAIRCRAFT
.-\nnybranches. Ever since the integra- an old friend without a feeling of sad- JOURNAL,even though we had been
cionof Antiaircraft and Field Artillery ness. alerted to such a possiblity. It is always
into the one branch, the need for a pro- MAJ. GEN. N. A. BURNELL,II a shock to learn of the passing away of
fessional Journal embodying all of the 56th AAA Brigade an old friend, tried and true, such as our
combat arms has become increasingly . . . So far I have been able to restrain treasured AA JOURNAL .
evident. The development of new weap- my enthusiasm However, I can see Its place in our lives will be sorely
ons and techniques and the growing the advantage Good luck! But get missed-the personal orders concerning
importance of combined arms tactics more Antiaircraft and Artillery in Com- the movements and accomplishments of
also contribute materially to the need bat Forces. old friends and companions as well as
for a comprehensive and all-inclusive MAJ. GEN. JOHN L. HOMER the unit activity news which held the
publication. - USA Retired interest of all artillerymen and provid~d
I must confess, however, to mixed interesting and educational information
I bow to the inevitable, but I still
emotions when I realize that the next of the trials, tribulations and the accom-
want to see a lot about the AAA in
issue of the AA JOURNALis to be the plishments of other AA outfits.
your JOURNAL ....
last. Throughout my entire service, But most of all we will miss the
BRIG.GEN. HARRYF. MEYERS
first in the Coast Artillery and then stimulation and guidance of the tech-
USA Retired
later in AAA, I have gro~n to esteem nical or semi-technical articles with their
the JOURNALfor its excellent technical .. There is no room for narrow or down to earth explanations of new de-
articles and for its intimate news of ourconfined thinking in our complex Army, velopments and techniques. These ar-
AAApeople and units. particularly in our Combat Arms; new ticles were always an inspiration and a
Although we shall all miss the friend-weapons and weapon systems transcend "must" to every officer, young or old,
ly camaraderie of the AA JOURNAL, branches or arms. Particularly in the but particularly so to the junior officers
there can be no doubt that the merger Artillery, where we are adapting our- in their quest for more knowledge and
will greatly benefit us as individuals selves to a merged career pattern which artillery background. It is my sincere
.and create a better professional under- includes both antiaircraft and field ar- hope that sufficient space will be availa-
standing between members of all tillery assignments, I believe it is highly ble in the new publication to carryon
branches of the Army. important that we have the bond of a this valuable service.
I look forward with keen anticipation common professional journal. I would also like to express the thanks
to the new and more extensive Combat We should now be able to develop and appreciation of myself and officers
ForcesJournal and to a united Associa- the most virile association we have ever for your untiring efforts in promoting
tion of the U. S. Army. had, with a better than ever magazine Uour "J OURNAL ....
PAUL W. RUTLEDGE combining the outstanding features of Best of luck in the new venture. I'm
Major General, USA both parents. If I may offer a sugges- sure Delaware will rally to.
Commanding the AA & GM Center tion, it is that we confine ourselves in BRIG.GEN. JOHNB. MOORE
our magazine to those topics peculiar 26lst AAA Brigade, Del. NG
Your news that the merger of the to our specific professional interests, that
With mixed feelings ... On the
.1NTIAIRCRAFT JOURNALwith the Com- is, matters of direct and probably ex-
other hand, ... this merger will further
bat Forces Journal has been completed clusive concern to personnel of the com-
assist in closing the ranks for a better
is received with mixed emotions. I am bat arms....
understanding between the arms, ...
rery happy that the job is done .... BRIG. GEN. T. W. PARKER
progress and a welcome change for the
Certainly from the point of view of the Commanding
better.
integration of the two Artillerys and the 45th AAA Brigade
In this connection the cross assign-
desirable close association between the
... I believe the Antiaircraft Artillery ment and exchange of officers between
Artillerys and the other branches, this
members will now benefit by the action. FA and AA units is working in a gratify-
merger will be a long step in the right I am also convinced that this is a step
ing manner and taken as a matter of
direction....
in the right direction toward the crea- course in the Eighth United States
On the other hand, ... I am very
tion of a more unified spirit among the Army. This Brigade, in particular, has
regretful that our ANTIAIRCRAFT JOUR-
arms and services, and for united effort furnished many officers for FA assign-
~AL comes to an end as a separate en-
as a team, the United States Army. ments, and in turn, there is a large
tity ....
BRIG.GEN. TOM V. STAYTON number of officers from FA units serv-
MAJ. GEN. HOBARTHEWETT
I very much approve. It is high time ing in an outstanding manner in our
Western Army AA Command
that the various branches of the Army AA batteries and battalions.
... I believe our merger is progress. closed ranks into one association and COL. JOHN T. SNODGRASS
\Ve bring the Army Combat Forces published one journal devoted to the Comdg. 55th AAA Brigade
Journal added strength and life. I have professional advancement of the entire We in the 68th AAA Group,
no fear that AA and GM affairs will Army and representative of its interest. from a purely sentimental and selfish
he submerged. We are full-time mem- BRIG.GEN. Loms T. HEATH viewpoint, view the merger with some
hers of the fighting forces and can hold 53rd AAA Brigade (Continued on page 21)
NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1954 5
The First Year 36th AAA Missile Battalion
By CAPTAIN PAUL S. VANTURE
whom are confident in their abilities and 1185. At this writing, Lt. Colonel Summing up our year of tactical ex.j(
to launch missiles in defense against Gooding has pinned WOJG bars on 70 perience we can say that duty with a
atomic attack if and when the occasion sergeants of the first three grades. The Nike battalion may be hard but cer.
arises. This same conviction is shared applications were screened and the ap- tainly never dull. And we have the
by official inspection parties who have plicants subjected to rigorous interviews satisfaction of knowing that we haH ~
subjected the battalion to the minutest but the success was all theirs. The men helped in some measure to enable the
scrutiny and who have consistently perhaps had one great advantage in that Army to gain a firm footing upon the
awarded their highest approval to the they were without peers in the field of threshold of a new era of antiaircraft
accomplishments of this pioneering unit. tactical experience with the Nike I defense, the era of the guided missile.
only knows. And it did not simplify practice. Then something would hap. fresh on the firing line. I immediately
pen, the plane couldn't fly because his made him my assistant, with the im-
base was weathered in, or, he would pressive title of Assistant Range Officer.
Lieut. Colonel Mountoin, 0 regulor con-
tributor and formerly Inspector of Training, arrive and we would lose radio contact and quickly outlined his duties as per-
Eastern Army AA Command, now commands and he'd go back to base, or, his sleeve tained to his units. His name was Majol
the 549th AAA Gun Battalion at Thule AF
Bose.
cable reel jammed, and there would be Bartlett, by the way, and at first this
no mission. There was always some- didn't mean anything in particular uncil
8 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
\I'fstarted to talk a bit about the gun- "Oh, we tried that, but it didn't work. RCAT, set in zero parallax on the com-
nery problems the units were experienc- When we had the RCAT down low puter dials and the boards will then
ing.Then I remembered where I had enough for the 01 and O2 stations in show the course with relation to the
heard his name. "Say, aren't you the the record section to see it, the troops M33.
'lajor Bartlett who has been writing complained because the low fuze num- "On the lower section of altitude
)fticlesfor the ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL?" bers gave an unrealistic situation. Re- plotting boards indicate the altitude you
I asked. member, these guns are supposed to be desire the RCAT to maintain.
"That's right," he said. engaging an enemy plane at least by "The RCAT controller will then
'Well, now, I've got just the prob- 25 fuze numbers, and with the RCAT launch his plane in the normal man-
lemfor you to tackle." in close for the record section we were ner. He will bring it over the control
Then I reviewed all the difficulty we ending up with 7 and 8 fuze numbers. FCS M33 and Hy on a straight and level
hadbeen having with the tow planes, It was unsatisfactory." course until the tracking radar is 'locked
the shipping and even the weather. "Do you have the auto-pilots?" ques- on.' With a little practice and coordina-
'What I want you to do, Major, is tioned the Major. tion this is a simple feat.
to come up with a workable solution "Oh, sure, we've got them all right, "Once the radar is 'locked on' the
thatwill enable us to get the units on but when we send the RCA T up to 13- controller moves into the van and manip-
the line through the required service 14 thousand feet the controller can't see ulates his controls to keep the ReAT
practiceswith a minimum delay." it and neither can the records section. Hying on the predetermined course you
. "Right! I'll have to do a little study- How are you going to score a practice have marked for him. The plotting pens
ingof the range records, but I think I without observing the bursts?" on the horizontal and altitude boards
cancome up with an idea." "I've got that figured out, sir." show hill). exactly where the RCAT is
The next morning Major Bartlett ap- This guy was getting my temper up with relation to the M33 and he can
pearedat my tent about an hour before a bit. He seemed to have all the an- easily adjust his Hight to bring the plane
therange was scheduled to open. swers. Who in hell did he think he onto the selected course.
"Good morning, sir. About that little was? We had been knocking ourselves "So much for the control of the
problemyou gave me yesterday, I have out for a couple of seasons trying to RCAT." At this point I interrupted
somepretty definite ideas on how you solve this very problem and along comes him long enough to send for the ReAT
cansolve some of your difficulties." this two-week wonder with a pat solu- Detachment commander and the 83 to
tion. Well, I'd soon find out. join the party and give their reactions.
"OK-let's hear it. We've got a cou- "On the Category Two problem of
JUST then the field phone rang and ple of hours yet before the plane can scoring a practice using RCA1" s I have
Ihad to interrupt him momentarily. It arrive-go ahead-give me the commer- some very definite ideas, some of which
wasthe main tower reporting that the cial." may not exactly agree with your present
row plane wouldn't arrive at 0830 as we "Let's divide the problem into two thinking, but I'll state them anyway
,planned because the field, some 30 main categories," he began. "Category and let you make your own choice.
milesaway, was socked in by early morn- One is the control of the RCA T. Cate- "I find that even when using a tow
ingfog. There would be. at least a three gory Two is the scoring procedure when plane and a sleeve the record section has
hour delay, I knew by experience. using RCA1"s. had difficulty in picking up the sleeve.
'Well, Major, I hope you have a so- "Now about controlling the RCAT. This is particularly true when the plane
lution,because here is a typical example I notice that the battery on the line is at either end of the course and is
.ofwhat I had in mind. The tow plane • here from the regular AA units that are making his turn. Time after time, one
can'tget airborne for at least two hours, presently on-site as part of the CONliS of the Hank stations will be on target
then considering travel time and time Air Defense System is equipped with while the 01 station at the guns is fran-
required to let out the sleeve, at least the FCS M33. That is a beautiful piece tically searching for the sleeve. Many
another hour will elapse. There goes of equipment. Its capabilities are enor- passes of the sleeve are not fired upon
the whole morning shot to pieces. As mous. I've had some experience with because if the records section isn't 'on
youcan see, there isn't a small boat in the FCS M33 in an AAA unit near our target' there can be no score and with
~ght and the ceiling here is unlimited. armory and we have had several drill no score there is no course. There's no
Everything is perfect except for one periods at the AAA site. Then on my use in banging out the rounds if the
thing-no airplane." last active duty tour I had an opportuni- record section isn't on target. There is
"From a study of the records availa- ty to be assigned for a short period to a stated amount of ammunition author-
ble," replied Major Bartlett, "it was an organization that had the M33. ized for each practice based upon the
quicklyapparent that over 70% of the "Here is my suggestion for control- yearly allowance and further allotted
timelost on the range is chargeable to ling the RCAT. Use any M33 that is by the number of courses to be fired.
)liStthis same condition. Closely re- on the firing line as the control station. Firing courses without obtaining any
kted is the loss of communication be- On the horizontal range plotting board score from the record section is useless
tween the ground and the plane. In draw a line representing the course you and adds little to the training of the
either case, the result, as far as the want the RCAT to Hy. This is located unit.
AAAtroops are concerned, is the same on the board normally in terms of range "And why isn't the records section
-no shooting! Why don't you make and azimuth from the directing point on target? Because the man on the ob-
illoreuse of RCA1"s?" of a battery but, for control of the serving instrument can't see the target.
tfOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1954 9
That is, he can't YisuaIly'see' the target. in azimuth and elevation are read di- 207.1 of FM 44-4 published in Changt!
But here you have a marvelous piece rectly from the periscope reticles. The 1, dated 23 October 1952. 'It's in the
of equipment, the 1\133, which, once deviations are recorded, averaged, and book!'
'locked on,' can electronically 'see' the scored in the normal manner according "So now we are back to our p<x.
target. Once in automatic track the to TM 44-234." soul, the BC with the mismatched guns.
radar sticks right with the target. Be- "But what about range deviations?" It's not his fault. It's not the battali(l!
fore firing you have checked the col- I asked. commander's fault either. It's just fare
limation of the radar and the periscope. "That's the next subject," replied Ma- -and he is stuck with them. But comes
jor Bartlett. "But first let's analyze the target pr~ctice and our friend gets
~~T basic gunnery problem a bit. In my
HEN you can state that what early days as an AA officer we used to
clobbered for score under the present
system. The range score is divided inln
the radar 'sees' electronically, the peri- calibrate our guns. We would attempt two parts. Range center of burst and
scope allows the operator to 'see' visually. to group them according to developed range spread from center of burst. Each
It isn't important that the operator ac- muzzle velocity. Then we would re- is worth 12 points or a total of 24 points
tuallv be able to 'see' anything because calibrate and ~lect a base piece. The for the range component.
he knows that the center of the cross other guns would be adjusted to hit the "It would be quite possible for our
hairs on the periscope represents the po- same spot in the sky as the base piece friend to have his guns correctly 0 &:
sition of the target that is being tracked by using a fuze calibration correction. S'd, his muzzle velocity exactly right,
by radar. When the guns fire all the "With better equipment like the have no personnel errors, in fact no er-
bursts should occur around the target; M33 a unit can now fire velocity fire rors, period, and he would earn 12 points
there's no argument there, I hope. In and determine an accurate muzzle ve- for his range center of burst on target
other words, all the bursts should be locity for each gun with a certain lot and lose, note that, he could, theoretical-
pretty close to the center of the optics of powder. If all guns in a battalion ly get a minus 10 (-10) points for his
in the periscope. All the records sec- fire with the same lot, then the com- range spreads from the average. And
tion has to do then is read the devia- manding officer will have good data on what caused this range spread? Why,
tions of the bursts from the intersection which to base a re-grouping of his the fact that he had all the 'dogs' in the
of the cross hairs in the track periscope. weapons. If everything works out right battalion and, in accordance with FM
As long as the bursts are visible and the the guns will then be so closely matched 44-4, did not use fuze calibration cor-
radar is 'locked on' it isn't necessary that no fuze correction will be neces- rections. Perhaps you think he should
that the target be visible. For all prac- sary. But, usually, one battery in a have fudged a bit and used the fuze cor-
tical purposes, the target is the intersec- battalion will get stuck with all the rection, at least on the range. But
tion of the cross hairs in the periscope. left-overs.. The theory is that it is better notice this, he would then get whacked
The observers from within the radar to sacrifice one unit in order that the on his lateral score.
van can read the aboves and belows
organization, whether battalion, group "This, gentlemen, is a revolting de-
and the rights and lefts for each course.
or defense, may benefit as a whole." velopment. I would say that the morale
They will never be 'off target' and
. "But what about this poor soul, this in this unit would take a big drop. You
every course can b e a fi rmg course."
battery commander who inherits all the know darn well that all the men may
"Now just a minute there," I inter- left-overs? 'What can he do about it?" not know much about theory but they
rupted, "Let's drop back 5 yards and
"In mv day he would compensate for all do understand the final score. It is
punt that around a bit. Your conten-
mismatched 'guns by fuze calibration. strictly unfair to Fnalize an excellen~
tion is that, once locked on a target,
corrections. But he was only kidding battery for followmg the best gunnel)
whether a plane, a sleeve or an RCAT,
himself. Fuze calibration corrections af- principles and that is what the range
from then on the periscope is always
fect time of flight to the burst point. component of the present scoring sys-
pointed at the target and the target is
In attempting to make the bursts occur tem does.
carried right at the intersection of the
at the same slant range from the guns "How do I propose to correct this?
crosshairs. Therefore, it is not neces-
we told the fast gun to explode. the Again let us talk gunnery. Even with
sary that the observer actually 'see' the
round earlier than the actual time the the guns grouped as well as possible
target as long as he can 'see' the bursts?"
target would arrive at the selected point we.will rarely have all guns with exact}y
"That's right, sir. But remember now in the skv, while the slow gun would the same muzzle velocity. Thus, rarely
-I am making the assumption that part burst on 'line in range, but after the will all guns in a battery ever burst
of the preparation for fire is to collimate target had gone by. These guns have exactly at the same point in slant range
the radar and the periscope. Really, a small lateral error and with fuze when we use the MT feature of the
that is no assumption either, because corrections applied you haven't much MTSQ 502 fuze. The most we car.
part of the preparatory phase score is chance of getting any hits. Consider expect is that tnere will be an equal
based upon a present position check and also, that with the present fuze we use, number of overs and shorts in range.
in that check it will be possible to verify we are going for a direct hit. Lateral For example there are four guns in a
that collimation has been accomplished." errors caused by using fuze calibration certain battery. The MV's are 2690.
"That's true," I said. corrections will reduce our probabilities 2696, 2715 and 2720. The Battery MV
"Then," he continued, "as far as the of hits in combat to an unacceptable .used on the computer will be the aver-
record section is concerned, deviations figure. I suggest you read paragraph age, or 2705 foot seconds. It is apparent
10 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
that two guns will be generally over ponent, Major?" the S3 asked. the record section based upon visual ob-
and two will be generally short. Once "My theory is to make use of a device servation. In fact he stuck himself in
locked on target however, dispersion that probably most of you never heard the M33 and I didn't see hair nor hide
will work in favor of the battery, caus- of. It was used in my early days as a of him until the range closed for the
ing an equal number of over and short range officer in a seacoast artillery bat- evening. I collected from him his scores
bursts around the target. Thus, I claim tery. It was called the 'Bracketing Meth- on 14 different courses and then gath-
that as long as this battery has an equal od of Trial Fire.' ered up the records from the regular
number of over and short rounds they "I have improvised somewhat the record sec~ion. I made a tabular com-
have accomplished their mission and value to be assigned to the intersections parison and I was amazed at the results.
deserve full score in the range com- on the chart. In general, I reasoned It was just about as he had predicted.
ponent. this way, that the total of the two range His system helped those who had an
"A battery that has the rounds all in components, center of burst and spreads equal distribution of rounds in range
one sense, either all over or all short, from center has usually amounted to but penalized those who had a prepon-
has not done a good job and should about 18 points out of a possible 24. derance in one sense. I thought that the
receive a low score. In between, there This means that I consider that if the system was pretty well balanced when
is room for the battery that has a pre- range center score was a maximum of I considered that average of the varia-
ponderance in one sense. The score 12, a unit would rarely get below a tions between the scores obtained by
must be variable depending upon how miminum of 6 points for range spreads. his method and those obtained by the
much the total sensings vary from the Analysing many of the scores obtained regular records section came out to zero.
ideal of an equal number of overs and here in the last month shows this has
shorts to the lowest score of all in one held pretty true. So I made my com-
sense. Therefore, in my system meas- bined score a maximum of 24 points DURING the balance of this time
and minimum of 16 points. he was with me, we continued to run
urement ?f the magnitude of the range,
deviation is not necessary. Rather, we comparative tests and always with the
"After recording the range sensings
same results. His system gave a unit a
will need only the 'sensing,' expressed of a course, it will be necessary to re-
as 'Over,' 'Short,' or 'Hit.' fair score and was valid for comparison
plot them on this chart I have prepared
with units that might be scored with
'We obtain this sensing from any of in order to obtain a numerical rating.
the present method.
the 'A' scopes on the tracking console Hits are plotted on the diagonal, overs
Now as I am preparing to close up
of the FCS M33. You will recall that are plotted on the horizontal lines and
my desk and shut down the range, I
the target makes a definite 'pip' on the shorts are plotted always downwards on
have been going over the study Major
'A' scope. Also, you recall that the shell, the vertical lines. All plotting starts at
Bartlett made. It looks good to me.
en route to the target, also makes a the upper left hand corner. It makes
Certainly, it will save a lot of time on
definite 'pip' and you can actually see no difference to the final score as to
the range when the target is out of sight
the shell travel out to the target. what order is used. For example 4
of the record section.
"Any shell pip that explodes before overs, 2 hits and 7 shorts will give a
Maybe some of your JOURNAL readers
it reaches the target pip will be called score of 24. So will 2 hits, 7 shorts and
'short.' could get it approved for target practice.
4 overs. So will O-S-S-O-H-S-S-O-S-S-
"Any shell pip that enters the target O-S-H. Proposed Scoring System For
pip and doesn't come out on the op- "As I said previously, the ideal shoot- AAA Target Practice
,posite side is sensed as a 'Hit.' ing is to have an equal number of overs 1. Problem: To devise a system of
"Any shell pip that goes past the and shorts. A hit is considered as equal scoring of the firing phase of AAA serv-
target pip is sensed as 'Over.' to one over and one short. Thus, you ice practices when utilizing RCAT's.
"You may argue that the observer will note that if a unit fires a course in 2. Requirements: The final system
will have a hard time picking out the which 12 rounds of the 16 were sensed, must be simple to operate, valid in re-
sensings, especially if four guns are fir- and these were all 'over,' the score is sults for rating, require no additional
ing at once. My counter argument is 16 points. That's like a score of 4 for personnel or equipment, and be ap-
that even with visual observation the center burst and a score of 12 for range plicable on our firing ranges.
recordssection was fortunate to get 75% spread. Obviously, the center of burst 3. Discussion:
of the rounds fired and then, in addi- wasn't on target because they were all a. The components and maximum
tion, there exists the very good proba- over. That's where my scoring system values used to arrive at a "firing phase
bility that personnel errors are made in hits hard. You must have distribution score; as given in Paragraph 41, TM
reading the mil deviations. around'the target. 44-234 AAA Service Practice, are:
"All my system requires is the overall "My suggestion is that this afternoon RGM 28
sensings of most of the rounds. We we try it out in conjunction with the Lateral Center 12
Want to know if the battery obtained regular scoring system and let's see how Vertical Center 12
an equal number of over and shorts and it works. It will work as well on a Range Center 12
if not in what sense did the majority of sleeve as on an RCAT." Lateral Spread 12
the rounds fall." We agreed to give it a try that after- Vertical Spread 12
"How do you propose to determine a noon, I made sure that the Major had Range Spread 12
numbered score for the range com- no knowledge of the scores obtained by TOTAL 100
NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1954 11
b. :0;0 change in the scoring values h. The tracking console of the radar range spread of the individual round$.
is involved. has three A scopes. On each A scope the score for the range center of b~
c. The FCS 1\133is capable of "lock- is presented the target pip in relation will be increased to 24 points. This
ing on" to the RCAT. to the range from the radar. The target implies that as long as a unit obtains
d. The RCAT controller can, in fact pip is carried in a 100 yard notch when an equal number of overs and shorts in
must, control the RCAT from within the radar is tracking automatically. range, they have accomplished their
the radar van utilizing the plotting board i. It is possible to see the shell trace mission. Fuze calibration corrections,
and automatic plotting feature of the move across the A scope and note where which would tend to make all rounds
radar to determine the present position it burst with relation to the target pip. burst at the same range, are not cou-
of the RCAT, in both the horizontal If it bursts before entering the target sidered sound gunnery. Therefore, any
and the vertical plane. pip, it is short in range. If it goes into variation in muzzle velocity between
e. The records section cannot record the target pip and doesn't appear on guns now acts to give the unit a poar
bursts because they cannot visually see the other side, it is a hit; if it enters score because of range spread between
the target at the horizontal range the the pip and then reappears on the op- the weapons. Once guns are grouped
RCAT must Hy. posite side, it is over in range. The as well as possible based upon muzzle
f. The radar can see the target elec- error in calling hits is approximately velocity determination, there is nothing
tronically and, once locked on, the target + 50 yards. more the unit can do to increase or de-
is always in the center of the optical j. An analysis of past target practices crease score for range spreads. This
telescopes. It is not necessary that any indicates that the record section is able component is no longer valid. Thus,
operator actually visually see the target. to obtain deviations on approximately under this proposed system, more weight
The center of the telescope is always only 75 per cent of rounds fired on any is given to getting the range center of
the target. course. burst on target.
g. The radar scopes are graduated in 1. The sensing method using the A 4. Solution:
mils, both vertically and laterally. There- scopes will obtain somewhat less, but a. Control the RCAT from within
fore, lateral and vertical deviations of will indicate the general pattern of the an M33 radar van. It may be the radar
the bursts can be obtained from within range center of burst as over, short, or of the unit firing or an adjacent radar,
the radar van itself, once locked on hit. b. Once the radar is locked on tar.
target. 1. To compensate for not computing get, the operators at the tracking console
become observers for the purpose of
Course 1 represent'Splot for following reports of shots: O-O-O-O-H-H-S-S-S-S-S- calling out deviations:
S-S; score, 24. Course 2: H-H-S-S-S-H-H-S; score, 22. ~ The elevation operator observes ver.
OVER tical deviations and calls the bursts as
.. ../,;
Course 1
., so many mils above or below .
.~
/' ~ The azimuth operator observes lateral
.~ .~ ~
8
deviations and calls the bursts as S()
many mils right or left.
-,J
~ The range tracker observes the shell
A
~~ A trace in the A scope with relation to
the target pip and calls the round as
~ I Short, Hit, or Over.
A A
'.
~ The record section furnishes the nec.
~ essary recorders.
c. The scoring of the course is as
presently outlined in TM 44-234 except
~
for range deviations. Range deviations
S '-,
H will be re-plotted on, and the score ob.
o
"
A
~ A tained therefrom will be used as the com-
/
~,
R ponent score for range deviations.
T
'"
.
~
~ ~
/
A
I
I
I
~ ~ i ..I. Changing station?
~ A ~ ~
i T Don't forget to notify us of your
~
s
~ ~ J change in address.
Simply send your namer old ad-
0
u ~T
i, I dress and new one to:
1
! Circulation Manager
I
1
.l !~
Washingtonr D. C.
12 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
THE TIPSY
(Radar Set AN/TPS-ID)
By LT. eOL. LEONARD M. ORMAN
by similar agencies in the Navy and • factory for measuring the transmitter
Air Force. Using units in some AA frequency and checking the overall rad-
installations blessed with radar person- ar performance.
nel who understood the set have also f. The Radar Test Set ANjUPM-30
realized the maximum potential of this is satisfactory for determining the trans-
radar. mitter pulse frequency spectrum and
The main difficulties appear to have measuring the transmitter frequency.
been: g. The lVave and Power Meter Set
(1) An inadequate generator TS-107 jTPM-I is satisfactory for meas-
(2) A lack of spare parts and test uring the radar RF transmitter power,
equipment and the built-in detector is satisfactory
(3) Some technical limitations to detect RF signals for measurment
(4) Improper siting purpo~es.
(5) A misunderstanding of the capa- h. The Directional Coupler ANj-
bilities and limitations of the set TPS-I D is satisfactory for use in check-
(6) A lack of skilled maintenance ing the transmitter frequency RF power,
men . transmitter pulse shape, transmitter fre-
Some of these difficulties have been quency spectrum and receiver sensitivi-
ONE of the most widely used radar
or are being overcome. The PU-104 ty and bandwidth.
setsin the U. S. Armed Services is the
generator is being replaced by the larg- i. The Dummy Antenna TS-235jUP
Tipsy. Despite its wide use, it is one
er, better PU-107. (In Europe a 7.5 is ~atisfactory for dissipating the RF
ofthe most maligned and misunderstood
Kw diesel generator is being used. For energy of the ANjTPS-ID.
pieces of electronic gear that the Army
the purpose, it appears superior to our 1\1ost of the technical limitations which
has. Because of its disrepute its maxi-
PU-107.) The Signal Corps is vigor- earlier models of the set had are believed
mum potential is not being achieved.
ously pursuing a program which is aimed to have been overcome in later models
.\fter being closely associated with the
at getting spare parts and proper test or by the application of Field Changes
testing of this set, I am convinced of
equipment into the user's hands. A list 1 through 8 which are designed to
tll'Othings.
of the more important of these items bring earlier models up to the level of
(l) That it will do its job, and follows:
(2) It is not difficult to maintain,
comparatively speaking. Test Equipment
This article is written with the hope a. The Signal Generator TS-419jU
that some of the misunderstandings may is used to measure the radar receiver
be clarified and the Tipsy may begin sensitivity and bandwidth.
,0 take its proper share of the AA de- b. The Tube Tester TV-3jU is satis-
fense as a respected member of the team. factory for testing most of the tubes used
The belief that the ANjTPS-14 will in the ANjTPS-ID. The tubes which
do its job is supported by the results could not be checked with this tester
obtained by OCAFF Board No.4, and were the 371B (rectifier), 5C22 (hydro- AZIMUTH
gen thyratron), 5CPI-A (cathode-ray RANGE
INDICATOR
tube), 7BP7-A (cathode-ray tube), IB27
Colonel Orman, /ormerly a member 0/ AfF
Bd. No.4 at Fort Bliss has recently trans/erred
(TR tube) and the 5J26 (magnetron). RADAR
to the Ordnance Corps with station at Aber- c. The Crystal Rectifier Test Set T S- ",ODULATOR
deen Proving Grounds, Md. For years a
regular contributor to this 10urnol, and re-
268jU is satisfactory for testing the
cently a visitor in Holland. he reports his AFC and signal mixer crystals (lN21B).
great pleasure in finding himsell recognized
there among the AAA officers and engineers
d. The variac is used to age the radar STACK NO 2 STACK NO I
follows: GSS-I's use is justified. when it is desired Radars," in the Jan-Feb 1954 issue of
to provide mobility comparable to fast the JOURNAL.)
1. Duplexer Change.
moving units. The six major units can be stacked
2. Replacement of reflex Klvstron lo- into a single tower 14.5' high to sup-
cal oscillator by lighthouse tri~e. Misunderstandings port the 4' x 15' antenna. The only
3. Addition of spare magnetron. Unfortunately an aura of mystery still advantage to a single stack is the i~
4. Modification of antenna drive to continues to hang over radar and all creased antenna height. The set is
allow the antenna to be rotated in wind electronic equipment. Some officers have much easier to tune, adjust and main-
velocities up to 60 mph. made no effort to leam even the most tain if it is assembled into three stacks.
rudimentary facts about radar capabili-
5. Replacement of 1B27 TR tubes ties and limitations. One does not need Maintenance
by 6322 TR (tunable over on wider • to be an electrical engineer or even a The Tipsy is not a complicated set:.
range of freq.). gra duate of a radar maintenance course In fact it contains less than}3 the num-
6. Modification of power supply to to know what to expect from his radar ber of tubes in an AAFCS M33. The
provide correct B voltage for lighthouse sets. The inability to trace an electron's principal difficulty has been in the
triode. path through a complex circuit should maintenance course. There hasn't been
7 & 8 Changed various parts of the not keep battery and battalion command- one. In an effort to reduce the number
L.O. cavity and improved the suspension ers from trying to leam a little about of separate courses the course for the
of the L.O. assembly. AFC Tuning this vital tool of AA defense. A recent ANjTPS-lD was combined with other
circuits eliminated. The overall per- inspection of an AN/TPS-ID surveil- courses at the AA & GM Branch of The
formance of the radar, especially the lance station disclosed that although the Artillery School. The theory was that
Moving Target Indicator performance, antenna was rotating, the PPI scope was if an operator knew one radar well he
was greatly improved as a result of these totally dark and the operator was asleep should be able to pick up another radar
changes. in his bunk. The set had been inopera- easily. In some cases a man got as few
tive for days. No attempt was being as four days tacked on to the end of an
Siting made to repair it after initial effort had M33 course, almost as an afterthought.
proved ineffectual. The battery com- The student was eager to leave after a
Despite these improvements-improp-
mander believed the set to be operating tough nine month grind. He probably
er siting continues to handicap the set.
because the antenna was rotating. had orders in his pocket. Chances were
The best siting advice that can be given
only about one in five that he would
is-try a few. In this respect we are One unnecessary difficulty which sup-
ply channels caused Tipsy performance be assigned to a Tipsy. Now changes
fortunate. The Tipsy is small enough
was recently uncovered. The set con- have been made at the school which
so that it can be mounted {Ji.t1 a 2~, ton
sists of six units. When factory checked should produce better maintenance men
truck and operated from the truck itself.
the system was aligned as a single unit. for these radar sets. Ideally, what we
Several units in the field have done this.
It was believed that the units were need is to build up within.the Army by
Some recent articles in the ANTIAm-
completely interchangable between sets. using career soldiers a solid background
CRAFT JOURNAL have described details of
It has now been found that the Tipsy of experience in this field. Even though
putting wheels under this set. One
performs better and has less maintenance a career soldier did not possess the qual-
forthcoming improvement of the Tipsy
problems if the units of an individual ifications of a two year man, the prospect
(except for Conus units) is Electronic
set are kept together. Steps are being of long experience makes him a better
Search Central AN/GSS-l. At present
taken to implement this policy. candidate for these radar courses.
a tent is issued with the set. As recent
ANnAmCRAFT JOURNAL articles have Tests show that performance is al- Summary
noted, the tent does not meet all re- ways less than normal in clutter free
Battery commanders interested in
quirements. The need, for greater mo- areas when MTI is used. This effect
Tipsy's performance should take the
bility and a better shelter has resulted increases as a function of range. Hence,
following steps:
in Electronic Search Central AN/GSS-1. if interested in detecting targets at maxi-
This item is the Tipsy mounted in an mum range MTI should not be tumed 1. Make certain that all spare parts
enclosed, lightweight, cabin-type shelter on until needed. and test equipment are available.
which can be carried on a flatbed truck, The set has a pencil beam antenna. 2. Try to expedite the Field Changes,
cargo, 2~ ton, 6 x 6 LWB, M35. In Coverage is not solid. Like all long particularly Numbers 7 and 8.
addition to the radar the unit contains range sets it has nulls. A target flying 3. Be careful in choice of sites. Try
a Plotting Board, PT 171/TPS, a gaso- at constant altitude will be detected and the most promising sites before making
line heater, mounting brackets for 2 be lost in the nulls only to be redetected a final selection. Keep line of site clear
radios, and chairs for 4 operators. It as it passes into the beam again. The of obstruction.
can be used as an emergency battalion width and number of these beams is a 4. Learn as much about capabilities
command post. The Tipsy can be op- function of several variables. An opera- and limitations of radar as possible.
erated in the shelter or can be taken tor who remains in one location long Know what to anticipate in performance.
out. It is advisable to leave it in the should gain a firm idea of where they 5.' Encourage career soldiers to enter
shelter. The entire shelter can be re- may be expected. For a fuller discussion the radar maintenance field.
14 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
MOBILE AN/TPS-ID
r
By CAPTAIN JAMES C. SAMPLE
52, ?Ist AAA Battalion
'"-
Iriterior view of the converted ANj-
TPS-l D showing Indicator, Modulator
and Receiver Transmitter. Converted mobile AN/TPS-ID radar set and repair van, 71st AAA Battalion.
NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1954 15
Preparatory Fire Proced~~es to:- ~_~e AAFCS M33
By LT. COLONEL DAVID B. McFADDEN
AT the present time there is confu- time-to-burst. In addition to the muzzle will not arrive at this future poS1l1on
sion within AAA units as to proper velocity dial the wind azimuth and wind simultaneously with the target, in addi.
preparatory fire techniques to be followed velocity dials on the MFCS 1\-133com- tion to other deficiencies.
with the MFCS i\B3. The purpose of puter correction panel are also adjusted The time-to-burst integrator incorpo.
this study is to present the feasible tech- to make the firing elevation, firing azi- rated within the MFCS M33 has made
niques of preparatory fire, apply these muth and time of Right servos read the it possible for the AAA to measure ac.
techniques on the basis of the situation original pointing data obtained before curately with organic equipment, the
at hand, and give an evaluation of their firing the trial fire problem. Also the time it takes a projectile to travel a given
worth and effectiveness. d% F (fuze spot) is varied until the distance. With a known time obtained
When the AAFCS M33 was first fuze servo dial again indicates the re- from the time-to-burst integrator, and
received by the AA & GM Branch of corded value which it registered during an accurate range obtained from the
T AS in early 1951, a system of prepara- trial fire. These values will normally trial fire indicator for that time, the
tory fire (trial fire) called the Bell Lab- have to be adjusted once the problem preparatory fire procedure of velocity
oratory System was outlined in the as- rounds have been fired and average de- fire can be employed to determine an
sociated manuals and operating instruc- viations obtained, as the radar must be accurate velocity. Further refinement
tions. This particular technique was repositioned on the center of burst in of velOCity fire resulted in development
designed to be used in conjunction with azimuth, angular height and slant range. of procedures for determining correc.
a portable unit chronograph which After approximately a year's use of tions for VT or PD fuzed rounds. This
would measure the muzzle velocity of the modified Bell Laboratory procedure, meant that a unit could conduct pre.
each round fired during the preparatory the School developed, in 1952, a further paratory fire with all types of fuzes in
fire phase. At the completion of the preparatory fire technique known as its basic combat load of ammunition.
problem, the average velocity was to be velOCity fire. This system is based upon This was an extremely important devel.
applied to the computer and corrections the principle that, given a valid and opment because all other techniques up
to the meteorological message were then current met message, a properly pre- until that time were dependent upon
made by manipulation of the per cent pared gun and range platoon, a valid securing readings on an MT burst. It
fuze, denSity, wind, azimuth and wind velocity can be determined. The com- is now known that the exterior ballistics
speed dials of the computer. There have puter is, in effect, merely a universal of VT fuzed projectiles are different
been many variations of this procedure firing table which when given certain from those of MT fuzed projectiles:
suggested in an attempt to derive more basic ingredients will produce a result- therefore it was essential to secure cor-
valid corrections to the met message. ant provided the laws of mathematics rections for VT or PD fuzed rounds.
As the chronograph was never devel- are adhered to. Therefore, it may be Another technique, which no doubt has
oped for this system, that omission led employed to solve for an unknown such been employed in the field, has been the
to the development of the modified Bell as velocity provided known conditions application of conventional trial fire pro-
Laboratory System of preparatory fire. have been applied. The only unknown cedures as used with the SCR 584 M9
This system recognized the nonavaila- recognized in the velocity fire procedure or MlOcombination to the AAFCS M33.
bility of a unit chronograph; therefore, is velocity. All other elements have been
a complete reversal of basic assumptions determined; therefore, the computer can
was made, namely, that the density as solve for the unknown velocity. Ve- A FURTHER procedure employed
recorded on the met message is con- lOCity fire recognizes that the major fac- to detect gross errors within a fire unit
sidered valid, and muzzle velocity being tor for all prediction within the com- is that of verification fire, commonly
unknown would .be manipulated until puter is time of Right, and since time known as a burst problem. This is a
the time of Right equalled the measured of Right is directly affected by change very simple procedure in which lateral,
in muzzle velocity (among other fac- vertical, and range deviations from the
tors), this setting is vital. The real so- TSP are determined, and if time per-
Lieu!. Colonel McFadden, Citadel graduate lution of the AAA gunnery problem is mits, eliminated through rechecks of
and on airborne AAA veter.,n of WW II dependent upon passing a projectile preparation of gun and range platoon.
in the Southwest Pacific, has just completed
a three year tour as an instructor in the
through the future position of the target If engagement is imminent, normal pro-
Gunnery Deportment of the AA & GM or causing a shell to burst at that future cedure has been to apply spots for these
Branch of the Artillery School. He is now
a member of AFF Boord No. 4 at Fort Bliss.
position, concurrently with the arrival deviations. This particular procedure
His sound and timely article bears the stamp of the target. If the gun and ammuni- naturally can be used to verify to a cer-
of approval of the School.
tion develop a velocity different from tain extent, corrections secured from the
that set on the computer, the projectile above preparatory fire techniques.
16 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
Up to recent years another technique the maximum the capabilities of the ma- without further conduct of preparatory
known as calibration fire was employed teriel provided the fire unit. For ex- fire.
to resolve individual gun differences in ample, all components of the M33 which n. It should not be dependent upon
order to make them shoot at the same lend themselves to securing corrections visual observation of bursts.
range, azimuth and elevation with a should be put to full use when they are With the above requirements in mind
fuze correction to compensate for muz- in proper operative condition. let us examine the following feasible
zle velocity differences. However, it f. It must produce data which is techniques of preparatory fire:
was finally realized that this fuze cor- valid, not only for the selected point at
rection affected the time-to-burst of the which the preparatory fire was con- Trial Fire Procedure as Outlined
projectile, therefore a lateral, or along ducted, but throughout a full 6400 mil in Current FM 44-4
course error still existed when engaging area about the battery, from minimum
a moving target. In other words, al- This is a well established procedure
to maximum ranges, and from mini-
though it was feasible to cause the pro- which is currently applied to the SCR
mum to maximum altitudes of engage-
jectile to pass through the predicted 584 M9 or MID combination and can
ment.
point, it was not possible to cause the be applied to the AAFCS M33. How-
g. To be acceptable it must be able
projectile to pass through that point ever, there exists an erroneous concept
to produce corrections which are valid
simultaneously with the target. In addi- that the trial shot problem is conducted
for each combination of shell and fuze.
tion, a fuze correction to compensate for the purpose of determining correc-
Any technique which is limited to use
for muzzle velocity differences is a flat tions for unknown, undiscovered and in-
only with MT fuze cannot be a fully
correction and will be valid only for the determinate errors in the system. This
acceptable technique and must be re-
particular altitude and range at which concept has resulted in many attempts
garded as an emergency method only.
it was determined. Firing at longer to shoot out errors in meteorological
h. Procedure selected should lend it- data. It must be emphasized that trial
ranges results in an under correction,
self to solution employing the computer fire is an acceptable procedure for units
and at shorter ranges in an over correc-
of the M33. A technique which requires not equipped with a means of deter-
tipn. Since calibration corrections to
the construction of trial shot charts is mining time of flight; however, the
fuze to compensate for MV differences
certainly time consuming and less de- concept of using this form of prepara-
of guns upset the vital time of arrival
sirable than one where the solution can tory fire as a means of determining cor-
factor, this technique was discarded and
be secured from the computer itself, as rections for undiscovered, indeterminate
will not be discussed any further in this
well as being replete with opportunities errors has developed through a miscon-
study.
for error. ception of its purpose. In the conduct
i. The technique selected should be of trial fire, units were prone to ignore
T HE following factors must be con-
sidered when making a choice of a
a cut and dried one which the range the accuracy and validity of met mes-
officer can follow step by step, and one sages. Furthermore, this procedure en-
which two or more individuals can em- couraged "sloppy" preparation in that
preparatory fire technique to be em-
ployed with the AAFCS M33. ploy and obtain the same corrections some hoped to eliminate errors due to
based on identical raw data. improper level, orientation and syn-
a. Since time is of the essence, the
technique must lend itself to rapid com- j. Any technique, to be fully <;1ccepta- chronization by this procedure. The
pletion with the minimum amount of ble, must be one which recognizes the proper concept is that trial fire is em-
effort and consumption of time. extreme importance of time of flight of ployed primarily to determine the muz-
b. It must produce corrections which the projectile to, and hence time of ar- zle velocity for guns with particular lots
rival at, the predicted point. of ammunition in units not equipped
are valid for considerable periods of
with an accurate means of determining
time. It should secure corrections hours k. It should be a procedure which
time of flight. In order to ~etermine an
and even months before, which will re- clearly delineates velocity from other
accu.rate velocity by means of trial fire
main valid in fire for effect at some external ballistic factors.
it is necessary that an accurate and valid
later date. 1. It should possess the maximum concurrent met be available. Since the
c. It must be a system whose use is amount of flexibility in order to permit met is valid and errors in fuze running
feasible under restricted firing condi- its application to a variety of situations time may be minimized by selecting a
tions such as in large metropolitan areas and conditions. TSP at a range and altitude where the
under ARAACOM, where unrestricted m. It should eliminate the require- effect on slant range of fuze running
trial shot problems cannot be fired. ment for succeeding preparatory fires. time errors is at a minimum, it is possi-
d. It must be a simple procedure It should permit on-site units who are ble to interpret all the range deviations
which can be accurately performed by not allowed to conduct preparatory fire as being due to muzzle velocity. It will be
inexperienced personnel when necessary. in position, to displace and conduct this noted that nothing was said above about
For example, it should not be too de- fire elsewhere employing rounds from determining corrections which will com-
pendent upon experience of the individ- their basic combat load of ammunition. pensate for unknown, undiscovered, or
ual performing it. It should not require Following this preparatory fire the unit indeterminate errors. This particular
a knowledge of "hip-pocket gunnery" should be able to return to their on-site technique contained in FM 44-4 could
to be used successfully. location with valid corrections which be applied to the M33. However, it has
e. The technique should exploit to will enable them to enter fire for effect the following objectionable features:
NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1954 17
(1) It fails to make use of the time- such chronograph is available. It pre- nine additional manipulations are re-
to-burst integrator system. supposes incorrect and invalid met data, quired to solve the problem on the com-
(2) It is a time-consuming technique and corrections to firing data are deter- puter.
which requires the construction of a mined in terms of density, wind azimuth (5) Range and altitude effects due
trial shot chart. and wind speed. This procedure has to density and range wind cannot be
(3) Since it is dependent upon read- the following favorable characteristics: separated; therefore, an accurate met
ing on a burst, its use is limited to (1) It permits a rough derivation of message cannot be derived from the
mechanically fuzed rounds with their a met message, but only for the zone in computer except by accident.
fuze running errors as well as errors of which the trial shot point is located. (6) One of the greatest deficiencies
observation. in this procedure is that it will not se-
(2) It makes use of the computer of
(4) Its solution is not accomplished cure corrections which are valid for all
the M33 to solve the trial shot problem.
on the computer. combinations of shell and fuzes. It re-
It is considered that this procedure is quires the use of the MT fuzed round.
(5) The TSP must be observed vis- not a fully acceptable one for the fol- It is not feasible for the VT fuzed round
ually. lowing reasons: since azimuth and elevation deviations
(6) Corrections determined are good
(1) It fails to exploit to the maxi- cannot be determined unless a burst
for only one point in the sky. If the
mum the capabilities of the M33 in occurs in the vicinity of the trial shot
corrections determined are large it may
that it does not make use of the time- point. It is known that differences in
be expected that major deviations will
to-burst integrator system to determine fuze weights exist and produce a marked
occur after corrections have been applied
a velocity for a combination of guns, change in time of £light and the time
and shots are red at other points. in
propellant, projectile and fuze. It must of arrival at the predicted point. There
other quadrants.
be pointed out that no requirement for being no bursts, the Bell Laboratory
The trial fire solution for muzzle ve- an external chronograph ever really System will not detect these time of
locity, as was pointed out above, did existed since the M33 itself can and flight differences for VT fuzes, and un-
contain fuze running time errors; how- does function as a "giant'; chronograph. satisfactory fire will result when VT
ever it is reasonably accurate for the fuzes are used in fire for effect.
(2) It fails to produce corrections
determination of muzzle velocity when
which are valid throughout the field of (7) This technique is not considered
used in conjunction with valid met
fire. This cannot be denied because cor- to be a simple one which will enable
data. Accuracy is greatly improved when
rections to the met message are deter- two or more individuals to obtain the
a sufficiently large number of trial shot
mined only for the altitude zone in same corrections from identical raw data.
problems are fired, and the TSP is se-
which the trial shot point lay. A study One individual will manipulate one dial
lected at a range and altitude where
of met records shows that there may be to a greater extent than another individ-
fuze running time errors are at a mini-
material changes in met conditions be- ual. Again,. this points to the compli-
mum. It is recognized that trial fire has
tween adjacent or close altitude zones. cated nature of this entire procedure.
a secondary purpose under certain con-
This is particularly true in the case of (8) Since this procedure is based
ditions, in that it may be conducted to
wind velocity and wind azimuth. In upon firing immediately before an attack
determine corrections of the moment
order to derive satisfactory corrections to determine met conditions, corrections
immediately prior to firing for effect
employing this technique, it would be secured are good only in a limited area
when valid met data is not available.
necessary to repeat this preparatory fire and only for the moment. Hence, there
The corrections thus obtained and ap-
throughout a number of zones. Fur- is a requirement for a succeeding pre-
plied to the computer will assist in plac-
thermore, it produces corrections which paratory fire and a recurring expenditure
ing the center of burst on the target only
have range and altitude effects due to of ammunition.
when fire for effect is conducted at the
air density error and rear wind error (9) It does not lend itself to securing
range and altitude at which trial fire
intermixed, unless wind azimuth is valid corrections for a fire unit at an
corrections were determined. This pro-
known and direction of fire selected ac- off-site position, such as the firing range,
cedure is not a satisfactory one to follow
cordingly. However, the system presumes which could be used when the unit
with the M33 for the reasons above. In
an inaccurate met so wind azimuth is returns to its on-site location.
the case of a fire control system in which
unknown.
the time-to-burst integrator system is (10) This procedure lends itself to
not working, this preparatory fire tech- (3) This is not a simple procedure. the encouragement of improper prepara-
nique could, in an emergency, be em- It requires considerable skill on the part tion of the gun and range platoon. In-
ployed to gain corrections which would of the individual solving the problem dividuals are prone not to check out
give reasonably accurate fire for effect. to successfully perform the complicated minor errors in level, orientation, and
However, this is strictly an emergency manipulations of the muzzle velocity, synchronization since they hope that in
technique. wind velocity, wind azimuth, and % the solution of the trial shot problem
fuze di~ls of the computer. A consider- these errors will be compensated for.
Bell Laboratory System for able amount of "hip-pocket gunnery" is lt is entirely possible that a portion of
Trial Fire required to arrive at a solution. corrections charged to met conditions
This particular procedure presupposes ( 4) It is time-consuming in that after would really be chargeable to inaccurate
the availablity of a chronograph to de- the six rounds are fired at the trial shot level and orientation and synchroniza-
termine the muzzle velocity but no point, it is conceivable that as many as tion.
18 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
Modified Bell Laboratory System (1) The technique lends itself to of arrival difference at the TSP is easily
of Preparatory Fire rapid completion. In actuality, just as and vividly detected by the velocity fire
This procedure was developed to take soon as one round has passed through procedure.
careof a situation where a chronograph the 500 yard expanded pulse of the (6) The velocity fire solution is rap-
\Vasnot available. The technique pre- trial fire indicator, the succeeding round idly completed on the computer of the
supposes the existence of errors in the may be fired. In practice, a well trained M33 without the construction of trial
met message and determines corrections unit can complete a velocity fire prob- shot charts, wind component charts, or
in terms of muzzle velocity, wind azi- lem, including its solution on the com- involved 1!lanipulations of various dials.
puter, within approximately five min- The computer solution is simply a turn-
muth and wind speed. This procedure
does use, to a certain extent, the com- utes. ing of the muzzle velocity dial to make
puter in solving the trial shot problem, (2) It produces velocity corrections the time of Hight, as read on the time
and does determine time of Hight to the which are valid until further firing has of Hight servo, agree with the average
rsp. It does not correct the met mes- worn the tubes to the extent that a new time of flight of the six valid rounds
sage to the extent that the Bell Labora- velocity determination is indicated. Em- fired in the problem.
tory System did, since no attempt is ploying this technique, on-site units may (7) Velocity Fire is set up on a sim-
made to correct density. It must be displace their guns to the firing point ple step by step procedure easy to fol-
and conduct velocity fire with their com- low. Two or more individuals can solve
borne in mind that it is extremely likely
that a considerable portion of the cor- bat ammunition. Then, upon return the problem on one or more computers
rection to time of flight is required be- to site, and with a valid met message, and obtain the same corrections when
causeof a density error, yet the correction they are ready to enter fire for effect the fire control system has been care-
ismade in the form of a muzzle velocity without further preparatory fire. This fully prepared and a check made to
is a simple procedure which can be ac- insure that the computer is receiving
correction.
curately performed by relatively inex- the proper radar range.
perienced personnel following a step by (8) Velocity fire is based on recogni-
Velocity Fire System of Prepar-
step check list. It does not require a tion of the extreme importance of time
tory Fire
knowledge of ''hip-pocket gunnery" to of flight to, and hence time of arrival
The AAA gunnery problem is solved
be used successfully. at, the predicted point.
,through careful and accurate preparation
(3) It exploits to the maximum the (9) The techniques employed in ve-
offire. This preparation of fire includes
full capabilities of the AAFCS M33. locity fire clearly delineate velocity from
preparation of personnel, preparation of
It is pointed out that by means of ve- other external ballistic conditions pro-
materiel (level, orientation, synchroni-
locity fire, the system is exploited be- vided no errors exist in met data or
zation, and necessary equipment checks
yond the intent of the designers in that preparation.
and adjustments), and preparation of
it is now being used as a "giant" chrono- (10) The velocity fire procedure is
firing data to include computation of
graph, whereas Bell Laboratories thought flexible and lends itself to various situa-
ballistic corrections based on accurate-
that a chronograph would have to be tions and conditions of equipment.
'ly obtained met data. However, even
though the guns and fire control have made a part of the system. (11) The TSP need not be visible
been meticulously prepared and ballistic ( 4) Velocity fire produces corrections to the fire unit.
corrections applied, inaccurate fire will which are not only valid for the selected (12) The procedure eliminates the
result if the muzzle velocity setting on point at which the preparatory fire was requirement for succeeding preparatory
the computer does not reflect the ve- conducted, but are valid as well through- fires until the wear of the gun tubes
'locity being developed with the guns, out a full 6400 mil area about the bat- affects the muzzle velocity. A change
propellant, projectile and fuze. The tery, and from minimum to maximum in combat ammunition would not nec-
projectile and the target will arrive at ranges of engagement. It is recognized essarily cause additional velocity firing,
the predicted point simultaneously only that the above statement is true only since it is possible to transfer compara-
when all of the requirements of prepara- when a valid met message is available. tive velocity determinations between
tion for fire are met. Velocity fire is a (5) This is the only method of pre- lots of ammunition from fire unit to
procedure which provides a simple meth- paratory fire known by which the veloci- fire unit. For example, one unit might
od of obtaining an accurate velocity for ty of VT or PD fuzed ammunition can have expended all of Lot X, and would
use in fire for effect. Since velocity fire readily be determined by a fire unit it- be issued Lot Y, on which it has no ve-
is conducted with concurrent and valid self. It gives better practical results locity data. However, another unit
met data, and time of flight deviations than a chronograph, since velocity fire might have velocity fired both Lot X
are accurately determined in conjunc- records the shell's behavior from the and Lot Y and obtained comparative
tion with the time-to-burst integrator sys- muzzle to the trial shot point, whereas velocity data between the two lots. All
tem of the M33, it is possible to make the chronograph studies its behavior over that would be necessary in this situa-
corrections in terms of muzzle velocity. a short distance close to the muzzle. The tion would be the transfer of the com-
This permits an accurate derivation of round fuzed with the heavier VT fuze parative data from one fire unit to an-
the actual developed velocity for the may show little difference at the muz- other.
gun-propellant-shell-fuze combination. It zle from the MT fuzed round. How- There is, however, a mandatory re-
is considered that the following are ever, this difference results in a different quirement for current and valid mete-
favorable characteristics of velocity fire. time of Hight generation, and this time orological data. That demands more em-
NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1954 19
phasis on the training and supervision ties of the M33 system. If the fire unit puter and corrections based on the ac-
of the met station crews. commander feels that he has sufficient curate met applied in lieu thereof. ~
time prior to entering an engagement, order to secure corrections for VT fuzed
he could conduct verification fife fol- ammunition, it would be necessary to
PERHAPS the merits and draw- lowing velocity fire if he so desired. have comparative velocity data available
backs of the various techniques of pre- Situation No.4: An engagement is for both MT and VT fuzed ammuni.
paratory fires can best be presented by imminent, an accurate velocity is known tion. The lateral and vertical corrections
creating certain situations and point- for both the combat ammunition and derived from the MT fuzed rounds
ing out which techniques yield the best MT fuzed ammunition based on prior would be employed with the VT fuzed
solution. velocity fires, the fire unit has been ac- rounds in conjunction with the com-
Situation No.1: The fire unit, by curately prepared and checked, how- parative velocity data. It must be rec.
means of prior velocity firings, knows ever, a valid met message is not avail- ognized that the Bell Laboratory pro-
the velocity of its combat ammunition, able. cedure (unmodified) could be applied
it has been furnished with a valid met to this situation. Since velocity is known
Solution: In this situation it is felt
message, and trained personnel have on the basis of prior velocity fires, and
that the most rapid emergency technique
properly prepared the fire unit .. it is necessary only to correct the met
which would provide accurate correc-
Solution: The solution in this situa- message, it is felt that the procedure
tions for the expected point of engage-
tion is the principle of velocity fire. All would provide fairly accurate correc.
ment is the proper one. It is necessary
elements of data to be applied to the tions which would remain valid in a
to determine corrections for the un-
computer are known, and when applied "doughnut" area about the nre unit.
known met conditions. The answer in
the unit is ready. A sharp range officer Likewise the Modified Bell Laboratory
this situation is still velocity fire even
will have prepared computer settings for technique might be employed; however,
though valid met is not available. Brief-
all altitude zones of expected attack, and its choice would be a poor one since in
ly, the technique to be followed is con-
hence will be ready to change such set- the situation we have stated that veloci-
duct of a modified velocity fire problem
tings promptly if necessary. ty is known. On further analysis, it
wherein range deviations and time of
Situation No.2: A known velocity, a is obvious that none of the above pro-
Hight are determined by means of the
valid met message, some reason to sus- cedures really provide valid corrections
time-to-burst integrator system of the
pect that the gun platoon and/or the which will hold all about the battery.
M33, and lateral and vertical deviations
fire control platoon have not been prop- If the actual altitude, range, and direc-
are determined by means of optical spot-
erly prepared. tion of attack were different from that
ting. By employing a modified velocity
Solution: Verification fire is consid- at which these preparatory fires were
fire technique the human error in rang-
ered the solution for this situation in conducted, the accuracy of the firing
ing is eliminated in that time of Right
that a rapid check may be made for the corrections would probably drop.
over a known distance is accurately de-
existence of any gross errors within the Situation No.5: Neither an accurate
termined as in the case of normal ve-
fire unit. When time is available the velocity nor a current and valid met
locity fire. An MT fuzed round would
real solution is to eliminate inaccuracies message is available to the battery. It
be employed with the fuze hand cut at
by a series of careful checks of prepa- must be pointed out that this is a situa-
the range to the TSP. By ranging with
ration. tion of the worst order and one which
the time-to-burst integrator system, fuze
Situation No.3: An unknown veloci- running time errors would be elimi- should certainly not exist at anyon-site
ty for ammunition to be employed in fire nated; however, the burst would be nec- unit. To further complicate the situa-
for effect, a valid met message, and an essary in order to secure lateral and ver- tion, the assumption can also be made
accurately prepared fire unit. tical deviations. Corrections resulting that the state of training of personnel
Solution: Execute a velocity fire prob- would be in the form of an Ef correc- is not up to the standards required,
lem. This problem will derive a velocity tion, an azimuth correction, and a muz- thus errors in preparation could exist
which will be applied to the computer zle velocity correction. The procedure within the fire' unit. It is also presumed
prior to entering fire for effect. to be followed would be to correct time in this situation that engagement is
The continuation of current and (t) with muzzle velocity, then correct imminent and that corrections must be
valid met messages enables the units elevation with an elevation spot so as secured as quickly as possible.
to enter subsequent fires for effect with- to equal orginal Ef minus the vertical Solution: The modified velocity fire
out any further conduct of preparatory deviation in mils, and finally apply an techniques as outlined under situation
fire. The time consuming and compli- Af spot to correct for the converted No.4 seem to offer the most rapid solu-
cated nature of the Modified Bell Labo- lateral deviation. It is realized that this tion and would be followed for both
ratory System has eliminated it from muzzle velocity correction would be an MT and VT fuzed ammunition. It is
any consideration as a solution in this erroneous one resulting from unknown apparent that in this solution velocity
situation. Furthermore, since a current met conditions and, furthermore, that errors would be intermingled with er-
valid met message is available, there is these corrections would be valid only in rors resulting from unknown met condi-
no requirement to attempt to correct the the neighborhood of the trial shot point. tions. Time of Right to the TSP would
met message. Old trial fire procedure Upon receipt of a valid met message, be corrected by means of the muzzle
has been eliminated since it obviously the above erroneous corrections would velocity dial, and lateral and vertical
does not make full use of the capabili- be immediately stripped from the com- deviations corrected in the form of Et
20 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
and azimuth corrections, as pointed out Conclusions today, tomorrow, next month.
in situation No.4. The Modified Bell (6) Velocity fire is simple in applica-
a. One of the most important conclu-
Laboratory procedure could of course tion and does not require a lot of ''hip
sions to be drawn from this study is the
be applied to this situation, but would pocket" gunnery.
fact that valid meteorological data is
require more time to complete. Both c. All other preparatory ure proce-
essential both to antiaircraft preparatory
techniques fail to provide corrections dures, including modified velocity fire
firings and to effective AAA fire for
which would remain valid all about the procedures, are only emergency methods
effect. Any system of preparatory fire
battery. since they do not produce corrections
which presumes a lack of knowledge of
which wm- hold throughout the spheri-
Situation No.6: The time-to-burst current met conditions cannot be a fully
cal field of fire of a battery. None of
integrator system of the AAFCS M33 acceptable one since it cannot produce
these procedures are acceptable as a
is inoperative, an accurate velocity for corrections which will permit effective
primary method of preparatory fire for
the combat ammunition is not availa- fire for effect throughout the field of
the AAFCS M33. Techniques in this
ble, the met message is not current and fire. Since this knowledge of met condi-
classification have the serious failing of
valid, however, the trial fire indicator tions is so essential for the delivery of
making corrections of the moment and
is functioning properly. antiaircraft fire, then it is mandatory
in most instances these corrections are
that AAA units be provided with cur-
Solution: Since the time-ta-burst in- valid only within narrow transfer limits
rent and valid met.
tegrator is not functioning it is not pos- from the TSP.
sible to secure time of Rights to the b. The only technique of preparatory
TSP; however, it is possible to secure fire which is fully acceptable with this
fire control system is that of velocity fire. Comments On The Merger
reasonably accurate corrections by rang-
This conclusion is based on the follow- (Continued from page 5)
ing with the trial fire indicator and spot-
ting the bursts through the optics. The ing factors. regret. To quote Lt. Colonel Pentecost,
graphical "Trial Fire" solution technique Commanding Officer of the 96th AAA
(1) This procedure best fulfills the
Bn, "I have been reading the ANTIAIR-
would be employed to secure the above computer requirements for settings
CRAFTJOURNALand its predecessor, The
corrections. Obviously the above tech- which will permit it to develop gun lay-
nique does not eliminate fuze running
Coast Artillery Journal, for twenty-five
ing data which is accurate throughout
years. It's almost like one of the family."
time errors, and it is open to human the spherical field of fire.
However, we believe that the merger
error in ranging and spotting bursts.
(2) It is the only system of prepara- will be of great benefit to the readers,
Also there would be marked intermin-
tory fire which takes fully into account and that ... it should help in broaden-
gling of corrections due to velocity errors
and corrects for the major error in anti- ing the professional knowledge of the
and corrections required by met condi-
aircraft fire, namely: the failure of the Antiaircraft officer....
tions. Corrections so derived would cer-
tainly only be valid within very narrow projectile to arrive at the predicted point The Combat Farces Journal has been
transfer limits ~bout the trial shot point. simultaneously with the target. Other doing a fine job. We all look forward
Also this procedure cannot be used to methods will enable the fire unit, with to some excellent material in the fu-
determine corrections for VT or PD a reasonable degree of accuracy, to place ture ....
fuzed rounds. the projectile at a predicted point; how- COL. GEORGEF. PEIRCE
ever, they fail to place the projectile at 68th AAA Group .
Situation No.7: The time-to-burst this point at the time the target passes ... I kind of hate to see our old JOUR-
integrator system of the AAFCS M33 through the point. This is a vital factor NALmerge with the Combat Forces Jour-
is inoperative, an accurate velocity is for high speed targets. The M33, which nal, but I believe in the long run it will
not available for combat ammunition may be used as a "giant" chronograph,
the trial fire indicator is functionin~ be better.
will measure the time of flight accurate- COL. THOMAS F. MULLANEY
properly, and a valid current met mes- ly to the TSP. Furthermore, it will
sage is available. 374th AAA Group, USAR
measure the slant range to the TSP
with a high degree of accuracy, thus ... We extend to you and the ANTI-
Solution: The solution as outlined for
permitting the derivation of a valid ve- AIRCRAFT JOURNALa sincere salute ....
Situation No. 6 is applicable to this
locity. Am sure that the spirit it imbued will
situation. However, since the problem is
never die .... Consider the merger with
fired with a knowledge of meteorological (3) It is the only method which can the Combat Forces Journal emblematic
conditions, it is possible to derive a be used to secure valid corrections for of our continuing efforts to make our
reasonably accurate velocity for MT VT or PD fuzed rounds. nation's fighting forces unified ....
fuzed rounds. (Lesson Plan No. 2008,
(4) The velocity fire procedure elim- COL. H. S. TUBBS
AA&GM Br, TAS, Jan 54 gives details
of this technique.) Since a fairly ac- inates the errors of visual observation Comdg. 65th AAA Group
CUrate velocity was derived for MT which exist throughout all other forms ... In professional interest the com-
fuzed ammunition, and a current and of preparatory fire. bined magazine will insure broader cov-
valid met message is available, fire for (5) The velocity fire procedure is the erage and be of wider interest ....
effect would be accurate all about the only technique of preparatory fire which CoL. ARTHUR ROTH
battery rather than within narrow trans- does not demand recurring firings. It Comdg. 31st AAA Brigade
fer limits. gives valid corrections that will hold for (Continued on page 60)
NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1954 21
The Staunton Artillery at Henry Hill
By LT. COL. JOHN B. B. TRUSSELL,JR.
BATTLES may be fought by armies, the Civil War. It took place at a time federate General J. E. Johnston had
but they are won or lost by individuals. when both sides, their armies still un- about 9,000 troops at Winchester, some
Over and over again throughout mili- blooded, were overconfident. The col- forty miles northwest of Manassas, and
tary history, the determination and val- umns of the newspapers were filled with these were supposedly being watched
or of the men of a single small unit, bombast and boasting and their extreme by 18,000 Union soldiers under Gen-
holding their ground at the crucial place claims were echoed by every orator, of eral Robert Patterson.
and at the crucial moment, have pro- whom there were many. The rank and Knowing that his men were far from
vided the extra margin of strength which £Ie in the armies were as cocksure as combat-ready, McDowell did his best
tipped the balance toward success for the rest of the population. to stave off the growing demands in
their side. Naturally, no single organ- The military leaders on both sides the press and from politicians and the
ization can justly claim credit for vic- knew better. Only a small leavening public that the Army attack the Con-
tory in battle, but sometimes the action of experienced soldiers was available in federates. But the pressure groups put
of such a unit, even a small one, has either of the armies, however; the vast for~ard a strong argument-the enlist-
been the factor which made it possible majority of the forces, while willing ments of many of the short-term Volun-
for an army as a whole to win. And and enthusiastic, were without experi- teers who made up the bulk of Mc-
American artillerymen can take pride ence and virtually untrained. Dowell's force were about to expire, and
in the fact that frequently the unit General P. G. T. Beauregard, the further delay would soon leave him with
which has made the difference has been Confederate field commander in north- only a shadow of the strength he now
some artillery battery. ern Virginia, and General Irvin McDow- mustered. Accordingly, on July 16, 1861
Partly, this has been true because ell, the commander of the Federal the blue columns headed out from the
cannon have always been important troops around Washington, would have Washington defenses toward Centre-
symbols to men in combat-the loss of liked most of all to put their commands . ville, about seven miles northeast of
guns is an index of defeat, the capture through an extensive period of unit Manassas.
of enemy pieces a measure of the scope training. But neither could ignore the Between Manassas and Centreville,
of victory. Especially in the wars of the threat posed by the other. With the however, lies a rolling area of wooded
past century-when shorter ranges meant capitals of the United States and the hills and farmlands, cut by a number of
that the batteries were, for all practical Confederacy lying only a hundred miles streams. Of these, the most formidable
purposes, on the line of contact itself apart, and in view of the widely held is Bull Run. It was along the west
-some of the most deadly fighting took conviction that the capture of a capital bank of this stream that Beauregard
place as the tide of battle surged back city by the opposing army would end deployed his troops, in position to hold
and forth across some battery position, the war, Beauregard had to maneuver each of the crossings, from Union Mills
the men fighting desperately to take or to guard Richmond and McDowell felt Ford, almost due east of Manassas, to
hold the cannon. compelled to protect Washington. the Stone Bridge, on the north, where
Artillery's great firepower has some- This reasoning led the Southern gen- the Warrenton Turnpike crossed Bull
times given even a small unit an impact eral to concentrate his troops east of Run. There were other fords stilI
out of proportion to the unit's numer- Manassas, an important rail junction farther upstream, but Beauregard dared
ical strength. On occasion, the stead- about 25 miles southwest of Washing- not cover them also for fear of spreading
fastness of three or four gun crews in ton. There he could protect the most his strength too thin.
the face of an enemy assault has broken direct approach to Richmond and at At the same time that his brigades
the force of that enemy attack, allow- the same time threaten Washington. began moving into position, Beauregard
ing the defenders to seize the oppor- On the Virginia side of the Potomac, made good use of a new military tool-
tunity to launch a counterattack and McDowell held a line of defenses run- the telegraph. Reporting McDowell's
drive the enemy from the field, win the ning from the Chain Bridge north of move to Richmond, he asked for rein-
battle and the campaign and thereby Washington to Alexandria on the south, forcements. President Jefferson Davis
influence the whole pattern of history. and kept his troops busy in an unend- immediately telegraphed orders to Johns-
A clear example of such a case was ing program of training and drill. ton at Winchester to move to join Beau-
provided by Captain John D. Imboden's regard, and Johnston, also making use
battery, the "Staunton Artillery," at the Rail Movement Concealed of a strategic innovation, put the bulk
First Battle of Bull Run in July, 1861. of his command on the nearest train and
Bull Run was the first real test of THESE were not the only significant moved it by rail to Manassas. To screen
the Union and Confederate armies in concentrations in the area. The Con- his movement from the Federal cover-
22 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
ing force he detached cavalry under J. out of Centreville, Imboden's men were stood was the battle:field. The Captain
E. B. Stuart, who was so successful that sunk in exhausted sleep. But hardly must go back to bring up his guns
Patterson was completely unaware of three hours after they had bivouacked quickly. Bee would pick out a good
the Confederates' departure. But as ex- they were suddenly awakened by the position.
tra insurance against the chance of a sound of a loud explosion-a round from
Union pursuit, Johnston detailed a force a Federal battery had struck close by. Artillery Battle
to function as a rear guard, moving by Almost immediately they were ordered
road so as to be able to fend off any to move to the Stone Bridge to help WITHIN twenty minutes, with
enemy follow-up. cover the left Hank. The infantry of horses straining to make the hill, the
Part of this rear guard was the Staun- Bee's brigade would follow. battery came up. Imboden galloped on
ton Artillery, a component of the bri- While the Confederate gunners were ahead to :find the General. Waving his
gade of General Bernard Bee. Bee was marching, the Federals on the Warren- sword with his cap on its point, he
a veteran officer and West Point grad- ton Turnpike east of Bull Run were signalled to the cannoneers to show
uate who had learned his trade on the having their troubles. The column them where to go.
Western frontier. Imboden, command- which was to make the secondary at- The site Bee had chosen was in fact
ing the Staunton Artillery, had no mili- tack against the Stone Bridge was still a very good one. Imboden unlimbered
tary experience but he had inherent on the road when the column under his four brass six-pounders on a gentle
qualities of leadership, and before the McDowell began to move. Since Mc- reverse slope near the northern side of
end of the war he was to wear the Dowell's force had to follow along the the hill's Hat top, about a hundred yards
wreathed stars of a Confederate general. Turnpike until it reached a point where north of a house belonging to a family
His 140 cannoneers, too, were a superior it could branch off to the right, its named Henry. The crest of the rise
group. They were young, keen, alert march was delayed until the leading which gave them cover broke at a point
and vigorous, and they were spoiling column cleared the road, and by the about :fifty yards to the front. Moving
for a :fight. time McDowell reached Sudley Springs at the double, the cannoneers sprang
Their march toward Manassas must he was two hours behind schedule. to their positions and began ramming
have had something of a picnic air. home powder and shot.
To make matters worse, the Federal
They had no idea of the bloody reali- attack at the Stone Bridge was being It was none too soon, for not quite
ties they went so gaily to meet, and to pushed so halfheartedly that the Con- a mile away, across the Warrenton
make the picnic atmosphere even more federates quickly suspected it of being Turnpike, Captain James B. Ricketts'
complete, they halted at a town on the the diversion which it was. The com- Battery I of the 1st Artillery of the
way to eat a meal set for them by the mander of the left-Hank unit of the Regular Army had unlimbered and was
townspeople. It was the last food any Southerners' line, Colonel Nathan beginning a wicked counterbattery fire.
of them would eat until after the battle. Evans knew that any serious threat Ricketts had six Parrott riHes, which
Johnston's men began pulling into which would develop would be from for range and accuracy could easily out-
, Manassas on July 20, and as fast as a his left. Accordingly, with the right of shoot the Staunton Artillery's smooth-
unit arrived it was put into position to his unit serving as a hinge, he drew bores. But the Confederate guns, their
support the forces already on the line. back the remainder of his force so that rounds clearing the crest in front of
Imboden's battery reported at one o'clock it faced northward. Now the Confed- them by less than a foot, were protected
on the morning of July 21 and biv- erate line as a whole took on the shape by their de:filadefrom much of the Fed-
ouacked near Manassas Junction. of a hook as its left Hank element erals' Hatter-trajectory :fire.
Meanwhile, the Federals had moved curved westward from the Stone Bridge. Hardly had Imboden's :first rounds
closer. On July 18 they had reached been :firedwhen a new threat developed
It was a courier whom Evans had
Centreville. From there, McDowell had from Captain Charles Griffin's Battery
sent back to report the new develop-
thrown a detachment forward to test D, 5th Artillery, considerably closer and
ments who, as he raced past along the
the defenses, only to have it driven back from farther to the left. Griffin not
Sudley-Newmarket Road, shouted to
in some disorder. Rather than make a only had six riHed cannon but-far more
Captain Imboden and the Staunton
frontal assault, therefore, he decided to dangerous to the Confederate gunners
Artillery that the whole Yankee Army
go around the Confederate Hank. While -he had two twelve-pounder howitzers
was marching north up the other side
one element made a demonstration as well. Nevertheless, the Staunton Ar-
of Bull Run. Spurring to the top of one
against the Stone Bridge, McDowell tillery stood fast, trading shots with the
of the nearby hills, Imboden looked
himself would lead the main striking two Union batteries and also delivering
out over the rolling countryside. Wher-
force northward along the east bank of a telling :fire against the masses of Fed-
ever the thick vegetation did not block
Bull Run. At Sudley Springs, well be- eral infantry which were advancing to-
his view, he could see Federal troops ward the Confederate position.
yond the Confederate left, he would
moving. At once he reported to Gen-
cross the stream and then drive south- In the meantime, having ordered Im-
ward to strike the Southerners' Hank eral Bee. Leaving the battery behind, boden to hold on where he was, Gen-
and rear. It was a good plan, if some- Imboden and the brigadier galloped for- eral Bee had joined his brigade and the
what ambitious for such inexperienced ward to the next hill. A quick look at its troops under Colonel Franci~ Bartow
forces. steep approaches and its nearly level top, with Evans' force and had marched
While the blue masses were moving and Bee told Imboden that where they northward across the Turnpike to strike
NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1954 23
the enemy approaching on the right
front. In the fighting which developed
there, the Confederate infantry was
driven back, hopelessly outnumbered,
but it retired stubbornly and very slowly.
1c:J
Still other Federals were driving down o 1000
I
from the left front. There was nothing
to keep them from overrunning Henry
Hill, bypassing Bee's force completely
-nothing, that is, but Imboden's four
six-pounders and the 140 sweating, de-
termined men of the Staunton Artil-
lery. Alone and unsupported th9ugh
they were, the gunners stood their
ground. For more than three hours a
continuous storm of cannon fire burst
around them. Although the rise to the
front masked all but the heads of the
crews, casualties mounted rapidly. One
piece was disabled by a Federal round.
Before long, more than half of the
horses were down. But still the South-
ern cannoneers held on.
Trying to peer through the dense
clouds of smoke, Imboden moved well
to the front, failing to realize that he angrily and with profane feeling to two Union batteries. Ricketts, gravely
was beside the muzzle 'of one of the Jackson about the lack of infantry sup- wounded, was taken prisoner. Finally
guns. The blast from its discharge port for his cannon. Jackson, the de- the Union forces gave up. Without dis-
knocked him down and deafened him, vout churchma;n, rebuked the Captain order, they began to withdraw down
but he was on his feet again in an in- for his language. But Jackson was an the hill, working their way toward the
stant, urging the men on to fire still old artilleryman himself. "Unlimber Turnpike.
more heavily. right here," he said; "I'll support you." It was only later, when their avenue
Then, as other batteries came up, Jack- of retreat was blocked by a wagon over-
In spite of the deadly effect of the
son told Imboden to check the laying turned on the bridge across one of the
Staunton Artillery's shooting, the mas-
of their pieces and the cutting of their branches of Bull Run, that the Federal
sive blue lines drew steadily closer.
fuzes. troops were seized by panic and their
Still there was no word from Bee, so
By this time, Bee's force had fallen withdrawal degenerated into a demoral-
Imboden stood firm. The Southerners'
back to a point only a few hundred ized rout. The Confederate forces, how-
firing was so steady and so rapid that af-
yards to the front of Jackson's line. ever, were too exhausted and the situa-
ter a time the tubes of their guns became
They had been marching since before tion was too confused for a vigorous
too hot to' be loaded without danger of
dawn and fighting hard for several pursuit to be possible.
bursting the breeches. By this time only
hours. They had reached the point of The Staunton Artillery had little part
three rounds were left in the ammuni-
maximum endurance and were begin- in the final stage of the battle. With
tion chests. With the Federal infantry
ing to break. It was then, when Bee its ammunition virtually all expended,
now less than five hundred yards away,
saw the lines faltering and about to the battery was ordered to the rear. But
Imboden ordered his men to fall back
disintegrate, that he shouted, "There's Imboden's cannoneers and their four
to the right rear with the three undam-
Jackson, standing like a stone wall. Rally smoothbores had played a vital part in
aged pieces.
on the Virginians!" Bee was soon to fall making possible the final Confederate
mortally wounded, but his words lived success. If it had not been for their
Jackson Forms Stone Wall on as the sobriquet of one of America's steadfastness and determination, Henry
greatest military commanders. Hill would surely have fallen quickly
WHILE Bee, Bartow and Evans Hard fighting still lay ahead. The to the Federal columns approaching
had been stubbornly resisting the Union Union troops whose advance Imboden along the Sudley-Newmarket Road. The
advance on the right front and Imboden had so stoutly resisted were reaching delay which Imboden's battery imposed
had been holding back the attackers on the flattened top of the hill. Ricketts upon them bought precious time for
the left, Thomas J. Jackson and his bri- and Griffin, their guns combined into Jackson's brigade to move into the posi-
gade had been given time to come up. a single large battery, had moved to the tion from which it was able to strike so
They took position a few hundred yards western edge of the hilltop itself. But decisively at the crucial instant. The gal-
to the rear and waited in reserve. As the counterattack of Jackson's fresh lantry which kept the artillerymen in
the Staunton Artillery reached this line troops swept the Federals back. The position until the last possible moment
in their withdrawal, Imboden protested fighting swirled to and fro around the was certainly of the highest order. In
24 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
justice to Bee, it should be pointed out considerable. If the battle had ended considerably different lines. In any
that he never intended to abandon the differently, with a Federal victory over event, the contribution of Imboden's
battery, and in fact sent word for Im- troops who made up the bulk of the battery to the outcome of the battle and
boden to fall back as the infantry with- Southern forces then in Virginia, it is therefore to the whole shape of the war
drew from the Turnpike. But the courier possible that Richmond might have been is undeniably significant. And in the
who bore the message, struck down by taken soon afterward. Whether the loss essence of this unit's deed-in the cour-
enemy fire, never reached the battery's of their capital would seriously have af- age, the determination and the gallan-
position. fected the Southerners' will to resist is, try which it displayed-there is inspira-
The influence of the First Battle of of Cl;mrse,open to question, but the war tion and just cause for pride for all
Bull Run on the course of the war was would certainly have developed along American artillerymen.
CORPORAL Joe Doakes, assigned conditions that affect the artillery pro- pert Artilleryman. The battalion com-
to the 753rd AAA Gun Battalion Per- jectile in its flight; and he could have mander amplified the SOP about artil-
sonnel Section, carries a primary MOS indicated his complete familiarity with lery qualifications. Promotion to the
appropriate to the position he occupies, elements-of-data symbols, and, by dia- next higher grade must be dependent
and he is considered to be an alert, gram, could have located a fixed point not only on a time-spent factor but also
conscientious and thoroughly competent in the horizontal plane, in the vertical on the extremely important requirement
specialist in his area of assignment. Now, plane and in the horizontal and vertical that the soldier be qualified for the next
if he can be classified as an expert in planes combined. He could, in. fact, higher grade as an artilleryman.
his job, if his personal conduct is good, have given a good practical demonstra-
and, if he shows enthusiastic interest in tion of his full qualification as a Second
his work, what more can his battalion Class Artilleryman. PRIOR to promotion to the grade of
commander ask from Corporal Doakes? Why the big change? Although the E4 the private first class must have quali-
Battalion SOP Section 300-1 pub- desirability of complete training as an ar- fied as a Second Class Artilleryman;
.lished 31 December, 1953, outlines the tilleryman for each man assigned to an for advancement to the grades of E5 or
. additional requirements that Corporal AAA battalion has long been recognized, E6 the status of First Class Artilleryman
Doakes and all other personnel of the the battalion headquarters man has some- must have been attained; and the master
organization must meet if they are to times squirmed, wriggled, begged or sergeant must be an Expert Artillery-
qualify now as completely successful alibied his way out of meeting any such man. During the first six-month period
members of this AAA battalion. On requirements. To him artillery quali- of the program there have been au-
that date Corporal Doakes could dem- fication is a matter for firing battery thorized exceptions to these require-
onstrate on a moment's notice that he personnel. And besides he is a specialist. ments, particularly when an individual,
was a well trained, thoroughly able per- This same attitude has also reached through circumstances beyond his con-
sonnel specialist, and at that time he down in a lesser scale to some of the trol, has not had an opportunity to
logically enough thought of himself and personnel in firing batteries. The bat- complete all sections of the required
referred to himself as a "personnel man." tery clerk is a clerk; the cook is a cook; examination. However, in each of these
On 16 March, 1954, our young non- and the supply sergeant is a supply spe- cases the artilleryman had already dem-
com still performing expertly as a mem- cialist. onstrated some appreciable progress in
ber of the Personnel Section, if asked to So, it required a bit of firm, emphatic completing the examination.
do so, could have discussed intelligently, and talented indoctrination on the part What's the score to date? How did
and with evident first-hand knowledge, of the battalion and battery commanders the originally reluctant artilleryman take
the capabilities and characteristics of the to put over the idea that a member of to the program once it was put into
SCR 584; he could have demonstrated this particular antiaircraft battalion was, motion? The early birds, facing facts,
his knowledge of stoppages and imme- therefore, an antiaircraft artilleryman. soon made their bids, and on 9 February,
diate action in the case of the caliber His status as an artilleryman, his level 1954, battalion special orders announced
.sO machine gun, which weapon he of achievement, of expertness, depended the qualification of two headquarters
also could have disassembled and as- entirely upon himself. Regardless of battery men, including a tracked-vehi-
sembled, naming correctly all groups grade held he was a basic artilleryman cle mechanic, as Second Class Artillery-
and parts; he could have furnished ac- until by authorized examination he dem- men; 10 artillerymen in A Battery had
Curate information relative to the effect onstrated, in order, that he was a quali- earned the badge, and more from all
On range, altitude and slant range of fied Second Class, First Class and Ex- other batteries. Twenty-five qualified
NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1954 25
Second Class Artillerymen had been of March the battalion had qualified a manding General, 40th AAA Brigade.
added to the Battalion's ranks. total of 206 Second Class Artillerymen. Procedures for the examinations have
Most of the original six-month period That number has now climbed to 335. been prescribed and lesson plans for
was devoted primarily to the examining Not all who had gained the first dis- most of the. instruction courses have
of Second Class Artillerymen candidates tinction would take the next step, quali- been carefully applied.
for an obvious reason. FM 44-19, Exam- fying as First Class Artillerymen, but At the present time the examinations
ination for Antiaircraft Artillerymen, those who were noncommissioned of- for First Class Artilleryman are proceed-
lays down the requisite that the candi- ficers and those who were to be the ing full blast? and Corporal Doakes,
date for the first-class examination must future noncommissioned officers were who at this time has passed four sec-
have qualified previously as a Second already training for the next event. - tions of the first class examination, is
Class Artilleryman, and the potential The emphasis on gunners instruction still a "personnel man" performing com-
Expert Artilleryman must be a qualified and qualifications originated with Brig- petently. But he is also something more;
First Class Artilleryman. By the end adier General Eugene F. Cardwell, Com- he is a qualified artilleryman.
UNTIL the Skysweeper, T-38, is upon to furnish an AAFCS-M33 when gun. All gun battalions that have been
equipped with a time-ta-burst integrator, it is desired to determine the velocity called upon for assistance know that
gun battalions will occasionally be called of a lot of ammunition and the 75mm besides furnishing the radar and crew,
26 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
they must become involved in a rather 3. Set the M33 track range computer dials at the M33 computer and operate
lengthy and somewhat complicated set at the Skysweeper radar value for slant the track range handwheel until these
of mathematical computations. range, Do 3640 yards. dials return to the values recorded in
The usual procedure is for the Sky- 4. Set the parallax into the M33 com- step 5 above. The M33 track range
sweeper personnel to prepare their equip- puter in the reverse sense. Parallax for computer dial will now read Do' which
ment and to furnish the Skysweeper this problem was figured to be S 85, W for this problem worked out to be 3707
pointing data, A" Eo, and Do, to the 40, U 3. The M33 computer parallax yards.
M33 personnel who take the Sky- dials should be set at N 85, E 40, and 9. The, AAFCS-M33 is now pointing
sweeper pointing data, determine the D 3. at the trial shot point.
parallax from the gun to their radar, and 5. Record the fuze, azimuth, eleva- A number of problems were solved
then figure the M33 pointing data, A,', tion and time of Hight on the servo out- by the authors mathematically and us-
Eo', and Do', in order to point the M33 put dials of the M33 computer which ing the method outlined above on 3
at the same position in the sky. in this ,~aseare: F 4.195, A 6118, E 278, different M33Ds. The values of azi-
Take the following example: T 4.06. The azimuth and elevation muth and elevation always agreed to
Skysweeper radar pointing data: A, 6100 values are two of the three elements of the mil and range was in agreement
mils; Eo 284 mils; Do 3640 yds; the required M33 pointing data. Do' is within' an average of 1 yard. During
Parallax, Skysweeper to M33: West 40, represented at this point by fuze and actual firing with 2 Skysweepers the
South 85, Up 3; time of Hight. The value of Do' will echo received from the 75mm shell was
Required: M33 pointing data, A,', Eo', now be determined. (Note: An M33D large and clear and the time-to-burst
Do'. was used for this problem. The C Model integrator was stopped by every round.
The AA&GM Branch prescribes a math- used with 90mm guns will give dif- [From the School we get the follow-
ematical solution by standard survey ferent values for fuze and time of Hight. ing comment: "The mathematical solu-
methods. Of course, the values which appear on tion should be used when time permits
All of the long computations indi- the F and T servos of the M33 model because of possible errors if the M33 is
cated can be eliminated by using the being used are the ones to use in solving not properly trimmed .... In utilizing
M33 computer to solve the problem. The the problem.) the velocity fire technique with Sky-
following procedure is recommended: 6. Remove the parallax that was set sweeper the gun should be layed by
1. Set the M33 computer to "LO- into the M33 computer. gunner's quadrant. The velocity fire
CAL" and "TRACK TEST." 7. Reposition the M33 track antenna problem as conducted with the M33
2. Position the M33 track antenna so that it is pointing at the azimuth and will provide an accurate time of Hight.
at the Skysweeper radar pointing data elevation obtained in step 5. The azi- However, the solution for velocity must
which in this case are A, 6100, Eo 284. muth and elevation at the M33 com- be accomplished with the Skysweeper
The azimuth and elevation servo dials puter should now read Ao' 6118 mil computer. Tolerances in the computer
at the M33 computer should read A, and Eo' 278 mil. are such that variances of from 20 f/s
6100 mils and Eo 284 mils. 8. Observe the fuze and time of Hight to 40 f/s may be experienced."-En.]
BATTERY EFFECTIVENESS
Assessment of Comparative Performance
EVERY artilleryman knows that there his equipment system permits. He can the AAA studies. The research is being
is a difference between the operating po- develop the efficiency of his men to levels performed by Human Research Unit
tential of a radar gun system and the where they approach the maximum po- No. 2, OCAFF, Fort Ord, California.
system's actual performance when men tential of the machine. In any effort to determine what factors
are operating it. The vital point is the Just what are the personal elements influence the performance of a group of
size of the difference. In a sense the that contribute to the differences be- people, one of the first considerations is
job of the commander, whose mission tween potential and actual performance? how to measure that performance, ac-
can be fulfilled only through use of such This problem is being studied under the curately and in meaningful ways. The
a system, is to develop the skill of the sponsorship of the Chief of Army Field problem of developing such measures
men he has available so that the machine Forces. Extensive observations of leader- exists in all sciences and is commonly
potential and the man-machine potential ship techniques and administrative prac- referred to as the "criterion" problem-
of the equipment differ as little as pos- tices, along with their relation to the usually the toughest question in any re-
sible. performance of units, are being made search design. If you are interested in
The commander cannot shoot higher in this general research program. studying the personalities of outstanding
or farther or with greater accuracy than' This article is the first of several on combat riflemen, you must first identify
NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1954 27
the actions essential to outstanding com- as relations with civilian commumtIes fair wear and tear. When a repair was...
bat performance and, on the basis of that a measure of this sort seemed justi- attributed to inadequate maintenance,
these actions, single out the men to be fied. further judgments were made about the
studied. If you are interested in studying When these critical activities had been seriousness of the repair and the extent
the characteristics of a good antiaircraft identified, the researchers worked out of poor maintenance. The scores for this
battery, you must determine what per- methods of evaluating units on the ele- measure, then, were made on the basis
formances are essential to the fulfillment ments of performance implied. These of judged relationships between poor
of the unit's mission, and then develop measures were: maintenance and repair incidents.
techniques with which those perform- 1. Range of Radar Pickup The second method also was based
ances can be measured. 2. Firing Range Scores upon the job orders. The orders were
This article describes the first step in 3. Radar Maintenance counted, without reference to the condi-
such a program: that is, the development 4. Artillery Maintenance tions precipitating the repair. This score
of realistic measures which can identify 5. Defense Commander's Rating therefore indicated how often ordnance
highly efficient and less efficient antiair- 6. Adverse Personnel Actions had worked on each set.
craft batteries. A second purpose will be These six activities were measured in The third method used the MOC
to discuss the extent to which the several the following manner. records and the unit repair reports to
measures of performance are related-to Range of Radar Pickup. A large num- evaluate maintenance. Each day the unit
see, for example, if a unit which 1S highly ber of tracking missions were Hown un- was considered out of action because the
proficient in artillery maintenance is like-der the direction of the operations officer radar was inoperable was tallied, and a
ly to be as successful in radar pickup and of the defense concerned. The strikes score for each unit determined.
other essential activities. composing these missions were Hown at Artillery Maintenance. Artillery
an altitude of 15,000 feet or higher. maintenance was scored by a method
28 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
ranked from high to low, according to the defense commander's rating was re- and administration practices were col-
their scores on each of the measures. Re- lated to the AWOL situation, in that the lected while battery performance was
lationships between the batteries' rank- greater the number of AWOLs, the poor- being evaluated, and practices which
, ings on every possible pair of measures er the rating given the unit by the com- identify highly efficient units and inef-
were evaluated by methods of statistical mander. It did not relate to any of the ficient units will be described in sub-
analysis known as the "correlation tech- other measures. sequent reports now being prepared.
nique." These procedures were used to ~ Artillery nutintenance, personnel ac- Results of this phase of the study
determine the presence and extent of tions, and firing scores did not relate to may be summed up thus:
any relationship or co-variation of the radar maintenance, radar pickup, or com-
batteries on the various measures; they ~ Available measures for comparison
mander's rating. AWOL did not relate of the performance of antiaircraft units
also permit identification of measures to any measure other than commander's
upon which the same battery tends to have been shown to be reliable and ac-
rating. curate.
score high or low.
Thus three ratings-radar mainte-
By using this means of analysis then, ~ In regard to efforts to predict unit
nance, when measured with certain pro- efficiency, this point has been estab-
the following relationships or co-varia-
cedures, range of radar pickup, and the lished: The fact that a unit rates well
tions were identified.
defense commander's rating-are related,
~ When the battery rankings for range on one performance measure does not
in that when a battery is high on one it imply that it will have a high rating on
of radar pickup were paired with the
is likely to be high on the other. With all such measures. A degree of general-
ranking for the other measures, range
the exception of AWOL, the other meas- ization is justified from range of radar
of radar pickup proved to be related to
ures do not show any relationship to pickup to radar maintenance and the
the defense commander's rating. Range
these three, nor do they relate to each way a commander ranks his units. There
of radar pickup was also related to radar
other.
maintenance when maintenance was is nothing, however, to suggest that a
measured by either the second method The relationship between defense com- unit which ranks high on these three
(total number of job orders) or the third mander's rating and AWOL is particu- measures will rank high on range firing
method (days out of action because of larly interesting when one considers that scores, personnel action indices, or main-
radar failure) but not when it was meas- the AWOL rate did not relate to any of tenance other than radar.
ured by the first method (repairs judged the operational measures. It suggests Future evaluations of unit perform-
by ordnance personnel to have been ne- that a commander considers AWOL rate ance should take these findings into ac-
cessitated by inadequate maintenance). when making a unit's composite rating, count. A "good" unit is a composite of
Range of radar pickup was not related but that AWOL is not one of the factors many attributes; often a unit may have
to firing scores, artillery maintenance, ad- determining the unit's actual operational some of these attributes and not have
verse personnel actions, or AWOL rate. performance.
others. Performance of any given type
~ The defense commander's rating, AnalYSis of the techniques of leader- should be evaluated by observing that
when paired with the other measures, did ship and administration in the units particular activity. For the most part, a
relate to range of radar pickup, and to should clarify the lack of co-variation or separate measure should be used for each
radar nutintencmce as measured by the correlation between some of these meas- activity which a commander considers
second and third methods. In addition, ures of performance. Data on leadership important for assessment.
T HE An;t)' Journal offers the means three months. They are familiar with
l
by which a great deal of information of
vital importance to officers can be dis-
seminated around the world. Questions
all policies and procedures involving
personnel and can supply answers to
practically every personnel problem.
l
concerning schools, promotions, stabili- Many officers seem to think that the
zation, category renewal, transfers, con- way to secure preferential treatment is
current travel, and a multitude of simi- through influential friends. This rarely
lar personnel problems reach the Career results in other than routine action.
Management Division almost daily. In If officers will contact their Career
the next year we will endeavor to con- Branches, they will receive courteous
centrate answers to most of the ques- and prompt consideration and exactly
tions that are uppermost in officers' the same assignment as if they had
minds. I shall in this article touch light- sought intercedence by friends. A cur-
ly on a few subjects that will be handled rent and carefully prepared Preference
in more detail later. Statement is the best type of communi-
Eligibility for and probability of at- cation. It is always considered before
tending military schools account for orders are issued. Don't be afraid to
Major General Fry spell out the exact reasons that are re-
many communications. An officer will
attend only one of the five senior schools. sponsible for requests.
sideration. -An officer's efficiency, com-
The National War College, The Army The term, "Career Management," has
bat record, troop duty, command duty,
War College, the Industrial College of a strange appeal and there is indication
staff duty (all types) and instructor
the Armed Forces, the Naval War Col- duty are all weighed and totaled to that many officers feel Career Manage-
lege, and the Air Forces \Var College determine the final qualification score ment is at fault if they fail to receive
are all on the same educational level. the promotion or assignment which they
which determines relative standings.
Graduates of these schools all receive Too much emphasis is being given seek. It should be remembered that the
equal consideration for promotion and in the field to attendance at top schools. primary mission of the Career Manage-
assignment. Less than 45% of Regular officers and ment Division is to insure the smooth
Selection for military schools beyond only a token percentage of Reserve of- and efficient operation of the Army
the advance Branch Course is competi- ficers can attend the Command and through the wise assignment of appro-
tive, Career Management making the priately qualified officers to all incre-
General Staff College. Only a fraction
selections based on an evaluation of of that number will go on to attend the ments of the Army.
each officer's record in the zone of con- five senior schools. Eligibility does not World-wide assignments cannot be
qualify a man for attendance, nor does run from a duty roster as a first sergeant
graduation insure promotion. There are supplies kitchen police. The reasons
General Fry finished up World War II in
many general officers who have never are obvious-the qualifications needed
the Mediterranean the.ter in 1945 as as-
sistant commander of the 88th Infantry Di- attended any school except their branch for each job are different. Another point
vision. Since then he has commanded the
school. generally overlooked is that money has
Tactical U. S. Farces in Austria in 1951 and
the 2nd Infantry Division in Korea in 1952. a great influence on every move that is
In between time he has worked in two tours made. The moving of officers' depend-
with the Army General Stall in the Pentagon,
where he is now Chief of the Career Man- REPRESENTATIVES of the Career ents and household goods must be justi-
agement Division, TAGO, and an authority fied on the basis of Army requirements.
in that field.
i\'lanagement Division will visit each
Army Area on the average of once every I cannot stress too much the impor-
32 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
tance of command eA-perience. There is is that the reporting officer didn't con- ready qualified for a new duty assign-
always room for the officer who seeks sider the officer rated of any special ment. This is basically why at the be-
resp~nsibility and who is anxious to dem- importance. Descriptive comments on ginning of \\Torld 'Var II we found
onstrate possession of command qualifi- efficiency reports are generally the deter- substantial numbers of officers who were
cations. There is no type of human mining factor in selecting officers for qualified to perform only one assignment
endeavor where it is so important that promotion and are of invaluable assis- and could not meet the broad organiza-
the leader understand all phases of his tance in making appropriate assignments. tional and administrative demands of
job as that of the profession of arms. It is unfortunate that many officers fail war. Men grow and develop with added
A military commander is vested with a to take the time to give a clear and responsibilities and if selected for an
high degree of authority which extends concise description of the qualifications assignment on the basis of indicated po-
into matters normally considered indi- and potential of officers who have served tential, few mistakes wiII ever be made.
vidual and personal. Everything con- them loyally and efficiently.
cerning a soldier's existence, ability, It should be clearly understood that
potentiality, professional knowledge, as
well as those matters which influence
the Career I\hnagement Division can
only influence officers' careers when
My closing comments are that the
Department of the Army requirements
his personal life such as his food, cloth- they are changing stations. This is very remain paramount and able officers are
ing, comfort, promotion, and in time of little in comparison with the oppor- needed to supply the needs of MAAG's,
war his very life, depends upon his com- tunities available to commanders in the Missions, and troop assignments in 74
mander's knowledge and appreciation of field. Department of the Army policy
different nations. A man's career is
the importance of all phases of his work. as spelled out in TM 20-605 specifically
generally in his own hands. He should
The ability to command is always makes commanders responsible for devel-
seek good assignments, avoid prolonged
weighed heavily in every personnel ac- oping officers by rotating them through
tion-particularly promotions. their staffs and through command as- pleasant tasks at the expense of oppor-
I would like also to emphasize the signments. The chief of every staff sec- tunities to demonstrate comman'd and
need for accurate and detailed descrip- tion in every headquarters has an op- organizational ability, and turn in a
tive comments when efficiency reports portunity to assist and urge compliance pattern of performance of duty on every
are prepared. The implication of the and appreciation of such policies. Some assignment that wiII insure a good re-
absence of a clear word picture in the comman'ders are reluctant to give op- port, regardless of what or where the
space reserved for descriptive comments portunities to officers who have not al- job may be.
HQRS. ARMY AA COMMAND The command now includes the 531st Radar 0; and Battery Commanders: Hq,
AAA Battalion at Ellsworth AF Base, Capt. Enis H. Pike; A, Capt. James C.
Lt. Gen. S. R. Mickelsen, Comdg.
South Dakota, and the 546th AAA Bat- Moore; B, Capt. Wendell E. Franklin;
Integration of Army AA Command talion at Carswell AF Base, Texas. Both C, Capt. William J. Connors.
activities into the Continental Air De- of these Skysweeper battalions have ar-
fense Command has proceeded almost rived during the year and have been 546fh AAA Battalion
unnoticed, since in actuality the crea- very busy building up their sites and Lt. Col. Wm. A. Brinkerhoff, Comdg.
tion of CONAD merely formalized a facilities for living and also in estab- The 546th arrived at Carswell Air
working arrangement which actually lishing friendly relations with their new Force Base, Fort Worth, Texas, last
was already in force. neighbors. July, after completing its training at
Lieut. Gen. Stanley R. Mickelsen, Projected for the near future, the Fort Bliss. Some trouble was anticipated
Commanding General, Army Antiair- command will be reinforced by Nike in getting all the gun sites there, due to
craft Command, has been active in and gun battalions, more Skysweepers, the density of population and housing
furthering the Army's support of the and group headquarters. in that area. However, because of the
accomplishment of the mission of air
In point of continued service our open-arm reception the battalion received
defense of the United States. He is
commander, Colonel Bailey, is the senior from the Fort Worth and Dallas citi-
planning a series of field inspections to
officer in the Army AA Command, hav- zenry, the outstanding public relations
AA units in the near future.
ing joined early after the command was activities of the battalion and the ,mag-
Four key officers of the ARAACOM
formed in 1950. Other key staff officers nanimity of the property owners, all
staff have been placed on duty in Of the sites were acquired without any
include: Lt. Col. Joseph P. McElligott,
CONAD Headquarters. They are: Col.
S3; Captain Guy J. Marzari, S4; and condertmation proceedings.
R. S. Dingle Jr., Col. Leslie J. Staub, Colonel Brinkerhoff and the entire
CWO Albert E. DeParis, S1.
Lt. Col. Marcus L. Parsons, and Lt. battalion have been outstanding in es-
Col. Lawrence H. Tyree. Successors tablishing friendly relations with their
531 sf AAA Battalion
have not been announced, but Lt. Col. neighbors. Recognizing this, Lt. Gen.
Sanford J. Butler has been acting G1
Lt. Col. John B. Maynard, Jr., Comdg.
Mickelsen, Army Antiaircraft Com-
and Col. Fred Dixon acting G2. The Battalion has recently completed
mander, sent Colonel Brinkerhoff a let-
New arrivals to ARAACOM include its second service practice at the Scenic
ter of commendation for his public rela-
Lt. Col. Arthur B. Chapman, Jr., from Badlands Bombing Range, S. D. Battery
tions efforts. In part, the letter said,
Fort Bliss, Ordnance Officer; Major P. A took top honors with a score of 94.05.
"Large segments of the American public
Genero, from Iceland; Major Milo Igers- The 531st has demonstrated great re- do not fully understand the Army's role
heimer, from Fort Bliss; Capt. Wallace sourcefulness and energy in all its tac- as an instrument of National Defense.
N. King, from Germany, and Capt. tical constructions. Troop labor has been As soldiers stationed in the back yard
Jesse J. Mayes, from Fort Bliss. The used due to delay in obtaining Engineer of our civilian neighbors, Army Antiair-
latter four have been assigned to the contract labor and to the early. onset craft Command is in a position to honor
G3 section. of winter weather. Fifth Army, Fort and preserve a high heritage by being
CWO James W. 'V"allin, senior old- Carson, and the Engineers have helped good neighbors, by being exemplary sol-
timer at ARAACOM, will be assig:t:l;ed with construction equipment and sur- diers and by informing the community
to Panama in January. vey teams. Operating its own "logging of its role."
camp" for foundation pilings, t!hebattal- The battalion is now conducting an
CENTRALARMY ANTIAIR- ion is busy from dawn to dusk erecting experiment in air movement.
CRAFT COMMAND prefab hutments, access roads, battery It is shuttling its skysweeper guns
Col. Donald J. Bailey, Comdg. streets, gun sites, and shelters for radars and crews, one battery each week, by
Our headquarters is now located at and generators. SAC's huge C-124 aircraft 600 miles
Grandview AF Base, Mo., 12 miles Lt. Col. Phillip J. Gundlach, the orig- from Carswell Air Force Base to Fort
South of Kansas City. There we are inal commander, has left for Germany. Bliss, Texas, for its first service practice
located with the headquarters of our After temporary command by Major since joining clris command. Since there
joint team partner, the Central Air De- Charles E. Murello, now Executive, Lt. is no suitable AA range near Carswell,
fense Force. Our responsibility extends Col. John B. Maynard has arrived and it was necessary to move the battalion
over the vast 26-state central and south- taken command. to Fort Bliss. So, arrangements were
ern region ranging from North Caro- Other key officers include: Maj. Ar- made with SAC to try the air movement.
lina to Arizona in the South; from Wis- mond M. Kolesar, S3; Capt. Charles M. Two skysweeper guns (weight, 19,500
consin to Montana, in the North. Beckwith, Adjt.; Capt. Lincoln E. Ost, pounds each) and crews were loaded
34 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
into each G 124 at Carswell and un- A St. Clair, Meteorological Officers; and
Alameda, have now moved to the
loaded by the 546th Battalion's advance CWO James A Killebrew, Personnel Weather Bureau station where all upper
party at Fort Bliss. Battery C's six sky- Officer. air data is collected jointly.
sweeper guns and crews were Hown to Currently attached are Lt. Colonel The result is that the number of
Fort Bliss on 8 November. After 'finish- Arthur E. Holt, Western Army AA radiosonde observations available to each
ing its practice on 14 November, the Command Liaison Officer to 25th Air service has been increased from two
battery will be airlifted back to Cars- Division and Major Albert H. Beebe, to four daily. This provides upper air
well on 15 November where the three Western Army AAA Command Liaison data on. temperature, barometeric pres-
C-124's will pick up Battery B's guns Officer to the newly activated 9th Air sure, dew point and humidity, as well
and transport them to Fort Bliss. On Division at Spokane, Washington. as wind direction through tracking with
20 November, Battery B will be returned radio direction finder equipment.
to Carswell and Battery A will be trans- 10th AAA BN {LT<7SMM)MBU The Army provides automatic radio
ported to Fort Bliss. It is planned to Major R. 1. Sweeney, Comdg. direction finder equipment, which elim-
finish the target practice on Friday, 26 Lt. Col. Samuel May, who has com- inates the need for tracking the bal-
November, and airlift Battery A back to loons manually. The radiosondes are
manded the 10th AAA Battalion since
Carswell on that date. December, 1952, recently left for over- sent aloft each day at 1 AM. and 1
The 546th, like the 531st AAA Bat- P.M. and 7 AM. and 7 P.M. The in-
seas duty. He will be succeeded by Lt.
talion, has been actively engaged in an formation is transmitted to forecast cen-
Col. Stockton D. Bruns, who is now at
ambitious troop construction project. It ters throughout the nation, and to the
school in Fort Bliss. Major Robert 1.
has moved the guns to their on-site po- armed forces.
Sweeney is the present commander.
sitions and is in the process of erecting E. P. Norwood, meteorologist in charge
Major Albert H. Beebe, former Ex-
prefabricated buildings at each site, con- of the Oakland station; Col. Wollaston,
ecutive, is now the Western Army AA .
structing revetments and ammunition Commanding Officer of the 30th AAA
Command Ligison Officer for the 9th
caches for the guns and improving ac- Group; Major Joseph Stoltz, operations
Air Division at Geiger Field, Wash.
cess roads leading to the positions. The officer of the 752nd AAA Battalion; and
1st Lieutenant Russel F. Thommen,
546th is also active in training, includ- Warrant Officer Paul Chong worked
Assistant S3, has been supervising the
ing a comprehensive Integrated Fire out the details of the plan.
practice loading of a C-124 "Globemas-
Control School for all its fire control ter" with a 75mm Skysweeper and other
personnel under the supervision of the mobile equipment in cooperation with 5th AAA GROUP
Sperry Engineers attached to the bat- the plane crew and detachment from Col. William H. Vail, Jr., Comdg.
talion. Larson AFB, Wash. By Major Alfred J. Roman, PIO
Other key personnel in the Battalion Two former prisoners of war received Colonel William H. Vail, Jr., has as-
are: Major Emory 1. Goggans, Jr., Ex- awards recently. They were: Sgt. Al- sumed command of the 5th AAA Group
ecutive Officer; Major William J. Johns- fred A Goforth, BSM, and Pfc Gene vice Lt. Col. Gersen 1. Kushner, who
ton, S3; Major Hjalllilar 1. Standal, S4; R. Patton, Commendation Ribbon. is now Executive Officer.
Captain Carl C. Campbell, Adjutant; 1st Lieut. Richard A Ehlert, B Btry Lt. Col. Arthur E. Holt, former Exe-
Lieutenant Robert C. Lutz, Jr.;Hq Btry; Commander, has been advised that his cutive, has been transferred to the West-
A Btry, Capt. Cyrus E. Garland; B Btry, Gun Section No. 1 has been selected ern AA Command with duty at Head-
Capt. Samuel A Miller; and C Btry, as the "Best 75mm Gun Section of the quarters, 31st AA Brigade, as Liaison
Lieutenant Dennis 1. Norell. 31st AM 'Brigade" for the month of Officer with the Air Force.
October, 1954. Sfc. Rollo 1. Overholt Major Ellery R. Rogers has been as-
31st AAA Brigade and his gun crew have now won this signed as Group S3, following the re-
Col. Arthur Roth, Comdg. award for the third consecutive month. assignment of Major Donn C. McCann
By Capt. William E. Hewes to Europe. Major Rogers comes to
Colonel Arthur Roth recently as- 30th AAA GROUP Group from the 67th AAA Battalion,
sumed command of the Brigade which Col. P. H. Wollaston, Comdg. where he was S3.
is headquartered at McChord AFB, T a- The U. S. Weather Bureau and the Captain Ellsworth Rhodes has been
coma, Washington. Colonel Roth came Army have joined to expand the serv- assigned as Aviation Officer.
to the command from duties with G3, ices of the U. S. Weather Bureau at Captain Lester B. Leigh and MjSgt.
Department of the Army. Metropolitan Oakland International Air- Howard Bolton were honored at retire-
The Brigade is staffed by Colonel port. ment ceremonies at Camp Hanford, 24
Robert A Claffee, Executive; Lt. Colo- Formerly, both the Weather Bureau September 1954.
nel Clinton Feeney, S3; Lt. Colonel and the Army had been sending aloft The personnel of the 5th AAA Group
Edward Strongin, S4; Major Leonard radiosonde balloons and pibal balloons, stood "tall" for the inspection made by
O. Peterson, S2; Major Martin A Small, the latter used for determining wind Colonel Arthur Roth, 31st AA Brigade
Jr., Signal Officer; Captain William D. direction only, at about the same times Commanding Officer, recently.
Reich, MTO; Captain Frederick A Gad- each day. The personnel of the 83d Missile
well, SI; Captain Solomon W. Slaugh- Army meteorologists of the 30th Anti- and the 519th Gun Battalions gave 108
ter, NIKE Project Officer; WOJG Leroy aircraft Group, previously based a short pints of blood to the Yakima Regional
W. Homer, Assistant S4; WOJG Bruce distance away on Government Island', Blood Center when their Bloodmobile
NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1954 35
visited the forward area at Camp Han-
ford.
The personnel of the 83d i\lissile Bat-
talion have been kept busy showing the
Nike missile to the public at the Sea
Fair in Seattle; Central \Vashington
Fair at Yakima; Air Fair at \Valla \Valla;
Benton-Franklin Count)' Fair, Kenne-
wick; and the Fire Prevention Parade
in Richland, \Vashington. Lt. Co!. C. F.
Coffey is the Battalion Commander.
A Basic C\V Operators School has
been initiated by 5th Group under the
capable direction of 1st Lt. Troy D.
Hopson, Commo Officer and M/Sgt.
James J. Cravens, Jr., Group Commo
Chief.
Battery B, 518th AAA Bn, was award- /
ed the Best Gun Award from both
j
I
Group and the 31st AA Brigade for
the month of September, while Battery
A, 519th AAA Bn won the Best Radar
Award from both Group and 31st AA
18th AAA Battalion on the firing range at Camp Claybanks, Mich.
Brigade.
Members of the 519th AM Battal-
28th AM
cit)' and county officials. Steps are under Group Transition School
ion are now sporting a bright new red
way to procure the necessary sites. mentioned in the September-October is-
and green fourragere on their left shoul-
Colonel A. J. Cooper, Jr., has departedsue of the AAA JOURNAL. Between
der of the dress uniform. This decora-
for Headquarters Fourth Army and was classes on artillery subjects, courses in
tion was given by the Belgian Govern-
succeeded by Lt. Co!. Lee H. Burnham Methods of Instruction for non-commis-
ment for the meritorious defense of the
as Executive. Major Harry J. Taylor, sioned officers are being conducted. This
City of Antwerp and Antwerp Harbor
Jr., became S3. is a one week course with 36 hours of
against the V bomb blitz in World War
Recent arrivals at Brigade Headquar- instruction and 4 hours of student
II. I-laving been awarded two Croix-
ters include Major Ralph H. Cross, S4, classes.
de-Guerre, the Battalion wins the Four-
and Captain John H. Hoffman in the Between Service Practices the 18th
ragere. The Battalion motto, "To Hold
S3 Section. AAA Battalion has qualified 112 men
The High Road," sprang from that his-
toric defense. The 734th AM Battalion under Lt. as 2d Class Gunners, 18 men as First
Co!. Theodore \V. Panneck recently Class Gunners and 5 men as Experts.
Lt. Co!. Edward W. Mclain is the
completed a fine target practice season The 99th AAA Battalion has qualified
Battalion Commander. Major Robert
at Camp Claybanks, Michigan. Battery 176 2d Class Gunners. The 504th AAA
K. Routh is Executive and Major Fred-
A led with an overall score of 98.5. Battalion has qualified 103 2d Class
erick M. Daly is S3. The 519th has
Gunners, 65 1st Class Gunners, and 3
recently returned from the Yakima Fir-
ing Center where all batteries achieved
28th AAA GROUP Expert Gunners. The battalions are
Cal. Walter C. Conway, Camdg. presently conducting examinations in
Superior scores. Battery A was high
Expert, 1st and 2d Class Gunners with
with a score of 97.87, and Batterv 0 By Capt. Edmund C. Jones, Adjutant
the ultimate goal of qualifying all 1st
only a fraction behind. ' All battalions of the 28th AAA Group three graders as Expert, all corporals as
have completed successfully the Army 1st Class and all privates and privates
45th AAA BRIGADE Training Tests as well as Service Prac- first class as 2d Class Gunners.
Brig. Gen. T. W. Parker, Camdg. tices while at Camp Claybanks, Mich. New officers who have joined the
The Brigade Headquarters now func- The 99th AAA Battalion is currently Group are: 28th AAA Group Headquar-
tions also as Headquarters 5th AA Re- leading with an overall battalion aver- ters-Lt. Co!. Stanley R. Kelley, Proj-
gional Command, in which capacity it age of 97.3% in the firing phase of their ect Officer; Captain John Fabrick,- Asst
controls all the AAA units in the Fifth Service Practice. All batteries were S3; and CWO Charles Jackson, Asst
Army Area. above 97% with scores as follows: Bat- S4; 18th AAA Bn-2d Lt. William Pear-
\Vork has begun on the establishment ter)' A, 97.5; Battery B, 97; Battery C, son; 99th AAA Bn-2d Lt. Hinman;
of the AM defense for Milwaukee, 97.5; and Battery 0, 97. This sets a 504th AAA Bn-Lt. Co!. Rolland D.
Wisconsin. Mayor Zeidler and General high goal for the other units to surpass Appleton, Capt. Henry C. Aslin, and
Parker held a meeting recently in the during their practices this fal!. 2d Lt. Beck; 516th AAA Bn-Capt.
i\Iayor's Office, which was attended by The accomplishments of our units at Strong, returned from GM School, and
the military officials involved and the the range are proof of the success of the C\VO Blanks.
36 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
Capt. Henri Wrobleski, 504th AAA
Bn and Capt. William D. Cox, 516th
AAA Bn haye returned to civilian life.
Brioadier
<>
General T. \\T. Parker, CG
45th AAA Brigade visited units and
sites of the Group in September.
28th AAA Group awards were pre-
sented as follows: "Equipment i\lain-
tenance Award" to 18th AAA Bn, "Safe-
ty Award" to 516th AAA Bn, "Best
i\less" to C Btry, 99th AAA Bn, "Driver
of the Month," to Cpl. Donald i\liller,
Hq Btry, 99th AAA Bn.
42 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
507th AAA BATTALION 97th AAA GROUP phasis in units assigned to the 55th
Lt. Col. James A. Laing, COllldg. Colonel \Villialll F. Spmgin, COllldg. Brigade is on the conduct of Army
The 507th recently returned from the Training Tests. Since the Brigade must
The Group will soon be savino 0 "Sa-
j\lisawa AAA Range B, where it spent
, maintain a constant readiness to per-
yonara" to the 85th AAA Gun Battal-
the month of September in service prac- form its primary mission, and since the
ion. This battalion will be inactivated
tices with its new Skysweeper weapons. ranges, manuever areas and tactical posi-
on 13 November, 1954.
The new RCA T launching site was tions are widely separated, it is not pos-
The Group continues its Air Defense sible to conduct the required phases
in operation enabling the battalion to
Mission round the clock. Successful simultaneously. Also in order to main-
conduct practices against maneuvering
service practices were conducted at Bolo tain the defenses at a high percentage
RCATs as well as the towed targets.
Point by all units of the Group during of operational readiness it was decided
All elements of the Battalion had a
the second half of 1954. The 85th to conduct the Detection phase at the
strenuous period of activity, particularly
AAA Gun Bn was on the range in July; tactical positions. This added to the
the maintenance crews.
the 22nd MA Bn (A W) in August; realism and gave the units an idea of
29th AAA BN (AW) (SP) and the 65th MA Gun Bn in October the actual effectiveness of the fire con-
Lt. Col. Jules M. DuParc, Comdg. and November. Each battalion normal- trol equipment as presently sited.
By SFC Edward C. Tomaselli ly completes three service practices each The Firing phase was conducted by
year. all units as a part of the second annual
For the first time since its activation,
Presently on the Group Staff are Lt. service practice. Then came the tactical
the 29th AAA Bn (A \V) (SP) is sta-
Col. David Y. Nanney, Executive Of- phase which consisted of a ninety-six
tioned in one camp, in a consolidated
ficer; Captain Norman L. Glozer, SI; hour field exercise under the direction
area. In the recent redeployment of the
l\llajor Forrest A. Thoms, S2; Major of a manuever director appointed by
1st Cavalry Division the 29th AAA Bn
Emil M. Ulanowicz, S3; Major Fred- this headquarters from units within the
has been stationed at Camp Haugen, on
erick A. Lingner, S4. Brigade. The director was responsible
Northern Honshu alongside the 7th
Battalion Commanders are Lt. Col. for preparing the tactical exercise for
Cavalry (Custer's Garry Owen). While
William H. Bomscheuer, 22nd AAA the units.
quartered in quonset huts the troops are
surrounded by acres of green lawns, a Bn (A W) (SMB); Major Temple C. Each Battalion during the tactical
rare sight after the bleak dusty area they Smith, 65th AAA Gun Bn; Major Wil- phase was required to establish the AAA
occupied in Hokkaido. liam F. vVangerien, 85th AAA Gun Bn. Defense of simulated vulnerable areas.
Captain John E. Singleton is CO of the Emphasis is placed on insuring that
The 29th moved by LST from Hok-
507th Opns. Detachment. every battery obtains a 100% accurate
kaido to its new station. Just two days
after arrival, Division conducted a com- 1st Lt. Alfred Gore, Jr. is now CO PPC, daily, on a Hying aircraft. Unex-
mand inspection of troops at Haugen. of the 37th RCAT Detachment vice pected spot checks to verify this are
A few days later the Battalion engaged Captain Jerome L. DeVore who is now constantly being made by officers from
in a practice alert. The next day after Assistant S3 in the 65th. the battalion, group and brigade levels.
that Btry D was off on the Battalion's first Further, each battery always fires set-
field problem in this area, an RSOP in
55th AAA BRIGADE tling rounds immediately upon return-
the iVlisawa area. T. Snodgrass, COllldg.
Col. John ing to position from the range or field
problems and every battery fires a TSP
M/Sgt. Thomas H. l'vlale, Bn Sgt. Col. John T. Snodgrass assumed com-
lVlajor, and SFC Daniel Adrian, Bn Per- mand of the 55th AAA Brigade in Au- weekly and a monthly calibration from
sonnel Sgt. were awarded the Army its battle site. These requirements have
gust, 1954; after a tour of duty as Chief
Commendation Ribbon at a Battalion really paid off in confidence. As a con-
of Operations with the U.N. Military
retreat parade on the 17th day of Sep- sequence, when a battery goes to the
Armistice Commission at Panmunjom.
tember 1954. range, preparation for service practice
At the present time the training em-
firing is almost routine, the practice only
an incident and the results are truly
remarkable.
Col. Robert vV. Harnett, Lt. Col. An-
drew M. Lundberg, Major Ernest K.
Gillespie, and Major Edgar A. Kneese
have departed for assignment with the
40th AAA Brigade in Japan. Lt. Col.
Francis J. Pallister recently in command
of the 398th AAA Bn has been assigned
to G2 Section Hq. Eighth United States
Army.
During September the following of-
ficers arrived and were assigned to the
Men of the 29th AAA Dn (A \'\') (SP) at a mounted review at their new station units shown. Lt. Col. Claude D. George
Camp Haugen, Japan. ' to the 68th AAA Bn; Lt. Col. Alfred T.
NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1954 43
Floyd to the 933rd AM Bn; Lt. Col.
Henry N. Clanton to the 398th AAA
Bn; p.lajor Claude C. Clark to the PIO
and TI&E Office for the Brigade; p.lajor
John P.l. Hinman to the 50th AAA Bn;
Major John H. Matthews to the 398th
AAA Bn; p.lajor Robert T. Coneybeer
to the 739th AAA Bn; and Lt. Col.
,
George B. p.lcCauley and p.lajor Robert
J. Bareckman to the 24th AAA Bn.
Lt. Col. Gerhard E. Brown, Brigade
Executive, has returned to the States.
Brigadier General Eugene F. Card- 1
well, AA Officer for AFFE, visited the I
Brigade in September. On the 21st,
General Cardwell, together with Colo-
nel Snodgrass and the Inspection party
visited the 7th AAA Group, the 865th L to R: Major T. A. Payne, Col. Norman Skin rood, Col. Arthur Roth, Brig. Gen.
AAA Bn, the 68th AAA Gun Bn, and Romulis Puryear, 25th Air Division, Maj. Gen. Hobart Hewett, and Maj. Gen .•
the 51 5th AAA and the 525th AAA Bn, \X'alter E. Todd inspect guided missile station. I
ROKA. The 933rd AAA Bn and the
Inchon Range were visited on the 22nd. talion, commanded by Lt. Col. Robert shelter at p.'lasan, Korea, and Kobe, I
I
A tour of Seoul followed. E. Butts, and the 513th AAA Battalion, Japan, to avoid two different typhoons,
On the 23rd, the General and his commanded by Major Guysbeit B.
Vroom, Jr., finding the gun site posi-
June and Lorna. \Vhat was planned
as a five day trip actually took fourteen
I
~
party visited the units of the 10th AAA
Group, including the 78th AAA Gun
Bn, the 739th AAA Gun Bn, the 398th
tions a credit to the troops.
The party also visited Nike guided
days; the LST arrived at Yokohama on
21 September. I
AM Bn, and the 50th AM Bn. missile stations in temporary positions The main body of the battalion left
A dismounted Group Review Cere- ready for operation and also permanent Inchon II September aboard the troop-
mony, marking the completion of their stations under construction. ship General Walker. On 13 Septem-
unit training,. was held in honor of the Washington National Guard units ber an unexpected change in the pre-
515th and the 525th ROKA AAA Battal- supplementing the Group defense al- dicted course of Typhoon June caused
ions (SP), 14 October, 54 at Seoul City ready man positions on a "reduced the Walker to be caught in the full
Stadium. In addition to the two ROKA basis," but ready for action in a short force of the typhoon for twenty hours
units, the 68th AAA Gun Bn (90mm), time. off the southern tip of Japan. \Vaves
the 865th AAA Battalion (A W) (SP), Lt. Col. Charles F. Ottinger is the over sixty feet high were encountered;
and the Eighth United States Army Group Executive. Other key staff mem- wind velocity approached 100 mph. At
Band also participated in the parade bers include Major Robt. I. Knight, S2; one time the roll of the ship was as
under the command of Lt. Col. Ray- Major Thomas A. Payne, S3; Captain much as 43 degrees. Almost all the
mond C. Ball, 7th AM Group Co~- Francis I. Johnston, S4; Captain A. G. troops aboard were sick during the ty-
mander. The 865th was the sponsoring Brewingtun, Radar 0; Major John phoon, the worst the ship's captain had
battalion for the activatio~ and training seen in nearly forty years of sailing.
Sweryda, CO 512th Opn. Det.
of the two new ROKA Battalions. The battalion debarked at Kobe on 15
The reviewing party included Brig. 76th AAA BN (LTl (75MM) September and left the next day for
Gen. Dwight E. Beach, 8th Army Artil- (MBU Tokyo by troop sleeper, arriving at
lery officer; Maj. Gen. Lim Poo Taek, Lt. Col. Ned E. Ackner, Comdg. Camp Drake on 17 September. The
ROKA; Col. Snodgrass, Brigade Com- The Battalion was reorganized to man primary mission of the battalion is train-
mander, and other distinguished officers. the Skysweeper in September and moved ing while at Camp Drake. On 9 Octo-
from Korea to Japan. All equipment ber the battalion underwent a command
26th AAA GROUP ( not needed under our new T jO&E inspection by 40th AAA Brigade, Brig-
was turned in; the remainder was loaded adier General Cardwell, Commanding.
Col. N. A. Skinrood, Comdg.
By Capt. Oliver A. Michels, Adjt. and secured on trucks which the bat- Major Edward F. de Leon is noW
talion would r.etain. On 3 September executive officer, and Major Donald R.
Major General \Valter E. Todd, West- 1954 the advanced party of five officers Queen is S3. Captain Duncan S. Bough-
ern ADF Commander, and j'dajor Gen- and twenty-five EP.lleft by air for Camp ner is Electronics OffiCf~r,C\VO Elmer
eral Hobart Hewett, \Vestern AAA Drake. On 8 September four officers H. Losch SI, 1st Lieutenant Ashley C.
Commander, have just completed an and 180 EM left by motor convoy with Speir, Jr. S2, Captain William W. Ford,
inspection of the Group in the air de- the battalion equipment for Inchon, S4, 1st Lieutenant Gene C. Dishman,
fenses of Seattle. where they boarded an LST for Yoko- Motor Officer, and 2nd Lieutenant
They inspected the 20th AM Bat- hama. The LST was forced to seek Theodore Miles, Communications Of-
44 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
ficer. Battery Commanders are: Captain the aerial target employing "image spin" to unload the cargo ships which arrived
James B. Gregory, Headquarters; Cap- to gain proper line, correct lead. The at Thule during the abbreviated summer
tain Basilio S. Salinas, Able; 1st Lieu- instructor is enabled to check each gun- shipping season.
tenant Francis D. Crain, Baker; and ner and verify that he is employing the Another activity after the Arctic win-
1st Lieutenant Donald H. Smith, Jr., proper techniques by means of the auxil- ter was the rebuilding of all revetments.
Charlie. iary sight. This gave the unit fortifications that
This system provided a rapid and ef- are among the finest to be found in
15th AAA A W BN (SP) fective means of training the gunners, AAA units.
Lt. Col. Jack C. Evans, Jr., Comdg. and the improvement was reflected in The 428th and 429th AM Batteries,
By Capt. Michael G. Collins the AAA Firing conducted at Inchon assigned units, participated in all of the
Recently the 15th AAA AW Bn in September. battalion's activities and had the oppor-
(SP), organic to the 7th Infantry Divi- tunity to fire at aerial targets and to
sion in Korea, has undergone an inten- 80th AAA BN, 40MM, ABN practice their field artillery capabilities.
sive training program in preparation for Lt. Co/. Gerald W. Davis, Comdg. Some of the officers now serving with
ATT44-3. The 80th AAA Battalion 40mm Air- the 549th are Major Edward L. Smith,
To prepare for the AAA Firing Phase borne (organic to the 82nd Airborne executive officer; WOJG Joseph E. Pel-
of the test with so many new men, Lt. Division at Fort Bragg, North Carolina) land, SI; Captain Lorenzo F. Luckie,
Co!. Evans devised a plan to use a has completed its reorganization under S2; Major Henry R. Cooper, S3; Major
second lVII8 sight, mounted adjacent a new tentative TO&E. A fourth firing Thomas A. Worrell, S4; 1st Lt. Lee C.
to the primary sight on the M16 sight battery was constituted. Each battery Snidow, Hq Btry; Captain Henry C.
bar, as a means of checking each gun- has three platoons and the battalion Watts, A Btry; Captain Francis J. Gram-
ner's ability to use "image spin" in mans a total of 24 M42s and 48 M55s. lich, B Btry; Captain Mehl M. Logan,
tracking aerial targets. We move by motor to Camp Stewart, C Btry; Captain William R. Wright,
To mount this sight an additional Georgia to tak~ the Army Training o Btry; Captain Michael B. Kaminski,
bracket is placed on the sight bar !-2" Test in January. 428th AAA Btry; Captain John Popo-
to the left of the primary sight bracket In October, 288 men of the Battalion vics, 429th AAA Btry; Lt. Col. James E.
with the machined clamp up. The made a test jump from C-124 Globe- Gentle, 177th Operation Det.
auxiliary sight is then rotated upward masters. A ten plane night jump is
and to the rear before being inserted scheduled for late November.
THE 4th AAA GROUP IN
into the bracket. Normal procedures are Small arms qualification was com- ALASKA
then employed to orient the primary pleted in October with 88% qualifying Co/. E. B. Hempstead, C011ldg.
sight and to boresight the guns. Fol- on the M I rifle. "It is not the guns or arrnament
lowing orientation, the hub of the pri- In November, a hand picked platoon or the money they can pay.
mary sight is placed upon the orienting will represent the Battalion in a dem- It's the close cooperation,
point and the auxiliary sight is then onstration jump, including heavy drop, That makes them win the day,
oriented on the same point by use of the at Fort Bliss, Texas. It is not the individual
orienting cam screws and locking bolts Key officers include: Maj. Bob G. Or the army as a whole,
until the auxiliary sight is oriented with Olsen, Executive; l\hj. Joseph Gates, But the everlasting teamwork
both the primary sight and the guns. S3; 1st Lt. Charles C. Sperow, SI; Capt. Of every blooming soul."
The gunner is then instructed to track Lewis C. Huckaby, S2; Capt. Earl J. MASON KNOX, New Yark Times
Smith, . S4; Capt. Henry C. Norcom,
The 4th AAA Group has now com-
LNO; Capt. Marion P. Chaplesky, Asst.
pleted three long and hard but success-
S3; 1st Lt. Harry E. Montroy, Hq Btry;
ful years in strategic location on the
Capt. Jesse J. Branch, Btry A; 1st Lt. "Top of the world" since its activation
Blethen Cobb, Btry B; 1st Lt. Charles
September I, 1951, at Ladd Air Force
Drake, Btry C; Capt. Charles R. Bu- Base, Fairbanks, Alaska.
shong, Btry D.
The primary mission is to provide
AAA protection for the Ladd and Eielson
549th AAA BATTALION
Air Force Base area. The II th Air Di-
Lt. Co/. Earle Mountain, Comdg.
vision, based here, is responsible for the
The 549th AAA Battalion, a member protection of the Continental United
of the Northeast Air Command and the States from land, sea or air attack by
world's northernmost AAA unit, has the Arctic route.
just completed a rigorous training pro- During the past three years through
gram in the short summer season at excellent leadership, cooperation, and
Thule, Greenland. During the period intensive training, the 4th AAA Group,
of 24 hours daylight all members of the now commanded by Co!. E. B. Hemp-
command took part in two service prac- stead, has made genuine progress.
Captain Collins shows the use of an tices, an Army training test and an IG Col. Hempstead has recently arrived
auxiliary sight in the 15th A \X' Bn. inspection. A lot of the men also helped from McChord Air Force Base, Wash-
NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1954 45
ington, where he commanded the 31st cover and accessories over the body and 120mm gun revetment was taken down,
AAA Brigade. a gasoline type personnel heater fas- leveled with the ground, and an entirely
Lt. Col. McLauchlin is the Executive. tened to the bed of the truck. This new, more functional emplacement built.
Other staff officers include Majors John personnel carrier is used to transport Made of earth-filled fifty-five gallon met-
E. Clark S1, Nicholas J. Bruno S2, wire crews and equipment when servic- al drums with tons of earth re-enforce-
David J. Moore S3 and Luther E. Ford ing the lines. When arriving at the ment forming an embankment, the re-
S4. trouble site the wire is brought into the vetments are further strengthened by
The first battalion to arrive in the personnel carrier so that the necessary hundreds of sandbags that do honor to
northland was the 502d AAA Battalion splicing can be performed under more the men that made them. So many sand-
(l2Omm) now commanded by Lt. Col. ideal conditions. It has been necessary bags have been made by the personnel
Daniel F. Gorman. It was reactivated to leave sufficient slack when laying this of the battalion that the men have per-
at Fort Bliss, Texas on November 18, wire so that it may be removed from fected the task to such an extent that
1948, where it underwent specialized its hangars. one wonders, when viewing their work,
training and finally arrived at Eielson if the revetment is not made out of COn-
AFB, 17 April 1950. Arctic Accomplishments crete blocks instead of sandbags.
The next battalion to arrive was the The following report of one battalion The construction of the new gun
450th AAA Bn, which was recently re- is typical of all. revetments was begun while Lt. Col.
organized as 75mm Skysweeper unit. It was under rugged circumstances Paul Maline was commanding officer
Battery A arrived at Whittier in Septem- four years ago that the 502d AAA Bat- of the 502d, and completed under the
ber, 1950, but the other units did not talion undertook the task of conquering command of Lt. Col. Daniel F. Gorman,
arrive at Eielson AFB till the summer the elements, the mosquitos in the sum- who assumed command of the battalion
of 1951. Lt. Col. Geo. W. Shivers is mer and the frozen waste in the winter, in June, 1954.
the present commander. Under his able to build the foundations of an AM Besides rebuilding the gun pits, it
direction all batteries have been busy in defense for Eielson Field. was also necessary to reconstruct the
mastering the art of operating and main- Out in the areas where batteries were warm-up rooms, which are a necessary
taining the Skysweeper. The batteries to be emplaced and the quarters for part of any gun emplacement in the
2re already engaged in their first target the men were to be set up, tons of dirt, Arctic. New concrete brick warm-up
practices. rock, and shale had to be filled in to shelters were built into each gun revet-
The 93d AM Battalion, reactivated depths of 4 feet and greater. Hundreds ment. Already, as the early winter sets
in California in May, 1952, was com- of yard~ of shale and rock were blasted in, they have proved themselves far
posed of elements of the 746th AAA out of nearby hills and mountains and superior to the old type of wood and
Bn, California National Guard, which hauled to the positions by trucks over earth.
was returned to state control. It arrived roads that had to be built before any- Another improvement which the bat-
at Ladd AFB 1 August 1952. Lt. Col. thing heavier than a dog team could talion has accomplished this past sum-
Bob B. A. Haenel is the present com- have access to them. Slowly but surely, mer is the construction of new power
mander; Major Hugh M. Wendle, Ex- out in a vast expanse of permofrost, plants at each of the batteries. Wood
ecutive; Major Theodore W. Peterson, muskeg and tricky tundra, foundations constructed, strengthened by gravel-filled
S3. were built, positions began to take shape, salvage 55 gallon oil drums and back-
buildings were placed, lines of com- filled with earth, the revetments, which
Communication Troubles
munication were set up. It was a slow house the generators for the tactical
During their first winter in Alaska the process, to be sure. Months of toil went equipment of the battery, provide per-
Communications section of Headquar- into the construction of the sites, with manent blast protection as well as ade-
ters Battery, 4th AM Group, learned the battalion undertaking the major part quate frost barriers. In the new generator
that open-bed trucks introduced a prob- of the building. revetments a central fueling system has
lem in transporting personnel for the
But man never defeats nature with- been set up for the generators, using
maintenance of approximately 250 miles
out a struggle. And ever since that first obsolete three hundred gallon wing
of wire in and around Ladd Air Force
load of earth was dumped, inaugurating tanks as the central source.
Base. Some of the Arctic temperature
the establishment of the 502d as a local Taking advantage of the 24 hour days
problems are:
institution, nature in the form of freez- which are common during the summer
a. Keeping personnel warm enough ing water supplies, iced communication in "The Land of the Midnight Sun,"
to work. wires, and shifting foundations has been the 502d was able to carry on an exten-
b. Difficulty in making a splice with out to claim its own. Construction, sive improvement program which in-
heavy Arctic mittens. " then, is to the 502d a continual process cluded not only the work in the gun
c. The plastic coating on wire (WD- of repair and improvement, which is parks of the battalion, but also the hous-
1TT) becoming brittle and difficult to just as important to the combat effec- ing areas, the mess halls, and day rooms.
manage. tiveness of the organization as the proper The quobsets, which are used exclusive-
The Communications section is sup- functioning of one of its 120mm guns. ly at the sites, were painted white,
plied with personnel carriers which are Much time is spent in perfecting the trimmed in green; day !ooms were re-
the standard 2}2 ton truck modified with revetments surrounding the guns. Dur- decorated, and oil paintings done by
2n issued kit which is a heavy insulated ing the past summer, for instance, every amateur artists in the battalion were
46 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
framed and hung to present a more its way, improvement of position will compassed all of the Canal Zone. All
homelike atmosphere. be hampered to the extent that hardly Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, de-
In the areas of Btry A and Btry C, any outdoor work will be carried on, pendents of same, and civilian workers
central fuel systems were installed in but winter will see an energetic expan- participated. The exercise lasted ap-
the housing areas, by using obsolete sion of the battalion's training program. proximately five hours with the 65th
three hundred gallon wing tanks piped Working long hours throughout the AM Group carrying on their AA mis-
in series. Before this improvement was long days of the summer, the men and sion as well as operating as a Post Staff
made, each quonset's oil supply came officers of the 502d AAA Battalion have and a Disaster Zone Staff. The Zone
from two fifty-five gallon oil barrels, met squarely and overcome the chal- staff operating during the disaster had
which during winter had to be refilled lenge of the Arctic. the following artillerymen: Zone com-
every other day. mander, Col. H. S. Tubbs; Executive,
Realizing that a program of improve- 65th AAA GROUP Lt. Col. G. M. McKelvy; Asst. Execu-
ment of position must always be sup- Col. H. S. Tubbs, Comdg. tive, Major A. Shelley; Adjutant, Maj.
plemented by individual improvement By Maj. R. F. Taylor, PIa V. A. Gray; Maj. R. F. Taylor, S2; Maj.
of military skills, detailed attention was V. DeStephanis, S3; Disaster Control
With the notification of the arrival
given to the fitness and skill of each Officer, Capt. Wm. F. Millard; and
of "Skysweepers" for the AA defense of
man through extensive training activi- Maj. Geo. B. Powell, S4.
the Panama Canal, the Group S3 sec-
ties. Special courses in such subjects as
Arctic indoctrination, preliminary riRe
tion consisting of Major Victor De- 68th AAA GROUP
Stephanis, and Captain Bruce W. Mos- C o1. G eo...F p'terce, Comd g.
instruction, space heater instruction, sur-
ley, plus Major Frank Riordon, S3 903d,
face gunnery, and CBR, were conducted
and Major David Dickenson, S3 764th, Major Dayle R. Lantz, Group Comm
by battalion committees composed of
started the reconnaissance for positions 0, and Captain Walter Reynolds recent-
qualified instructors. In the case of the
in the surrounding jungle. The posi- ly arrived from the States. Major Ralph
CBR classes, a portable gas chamber
tions now occupied by the present weap- V. Naples, Sl, also recently arrived.
was used, thus allowing the committee
ons of the battalions were not suit- The 96th AAA Battalion (I2Ornm
to give instruction at each of the battery
able for the tactical deployment of the Gun) is presently undergoing its rec-
gun sites.
"Sweepers." Covering many miles, up ord service practices and annual Armt
Classes in Arctic indoctrination gave and down hills and into World War II Training Tests, firing both on RCATs
attention to the protection of the in- positions, the recon party encountered and towed sleeves. Hq Battery present-
dividual soldier, briefing the men on the jungle in full rainy season growth. ly holds the Fort Richardson Best Mess
how to wear the latest and best in Arctic Some hard top roads could only be 10- Award. Chaplain C. W. Gjedde has
clothing. Learning the symptoms and cated after extensive "bolo" work. Final- returned to .the States. Captain Donald
treatment of frostbite is another part ly the positions have been selected and C. Fox, Asst. S3, and Lieutenants R.
of ne,cessaryArctic indoctrination, in an the job of clearing and the construction D. Huxley, D. D. Bond, R. L. Gross-
area where the temperature falls lower of buildings and roads has been turned man, have recently joined.
than at the North Pole itself. over to the engineers. The 867th AAA Battalion has recent-
Special a'ttention is also given to the A "Skysweeper" school is being run ly established a school to train Skysweep-
important subject of fire prevention. for both the 903d AAA Bn., command- er fire control specialists. The first
Major Lee R. Sumpter, Jr., Battalion ed by Lt. Col. V. Blekaitis and the 764th graduates are already getting a good
Executive, is also the Fire Marshal. AAA Bn., comman d ed by Lt . C 0I.. R test during the battalion service prac-
Small arms qualification and familiar- tices and training tests. Major W. A.
Spe Itz. I ns truc t ors at th e sch 00 I are: .
ization firing are conducted twice dur- Lt. William T. Cathell and Lt. Joseph Sineath, recently promoted, has been
ing the warm months with much in- W.lsnack . Th e first cIass, conSlS . tI' ng 0f transferred to the G3 Section, 71st In-
terest. 29 st u den t s, was gra dua ted 4 N ovem-. fantry Division. 2nd Lieutenants A. J.
But the major achievement of any ber, 1954. Dlesu, H. M. Jones, F. F. Butkiewics,
training program in the Arctic is the and G. E. Jones have recently joined.
Th e stu d ents 0f th e sch 00I fire d a dem-
service practices which are held tri- onstration attended by the Command- l04th AAA BRIGADE,
annually. Moving to nearby Dike AAA ing General of USARCARIB, Maj.
Gunnery Range operated by the 4th
MASS NG
Gen. L. C. McGarr, and members of his
AAA Group, the batteries of the 502d staff, other officers of the AM Group, Brig. Gen. Vincent P. Coyne, Comdg.
completed three service practices, where and officers from Brazil and Bolivia at- By Major Philip R. McTiernan, PIa
the 120mm Guns, as well as each bat- tending the Latin American School, The 104th AAA Brigade is forging
tery's M55 machine guns fired for prac- Fort Gulick, C. Z. The shoot was a steadily ahead in the establishment of
tice and record at towed targets. On site huge success and all personnel viewing the AAA "On-Site" program in the
firing was conducted at each of the bat- the demonstration or participating were Metropolitan Boston area. Scheduled
teries when the units had returned to enthused over the accuracy of the weap- for occupation in early 1955 are three
their permanent positions upon comple- ons. of the sites now occupied by units of
tion of the service practices. On 26 October, 1954, the Disaster the Regular Army 15th AAA Group.
With the summer months in the Arc- Council in the Canal Zone staged "Jack- It is contemplated that these first three
tic at an end and winter well on pot III:' a disaster exercise which en- sites will be taken over by the 704th
NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1954 47
24th AAA GROUP, VA. NG,
Col. Edwin Vi. Thompson, Comdg.
Group Headquarters and Hq Batter\,
have now attained full enlisted strength
with a total of 15 officers and 63 E1\1.
Two men are on a waiting list. The 1
SUBSCRIPTION NOTICE
This is the last issue of the ANTIAIR-
CRAFTJOURNAL. The January issue of
the Army Combat Forces Journal will
At the close of summer camp Col. H. M. Spengler presents to Col. John S. Mayer, be mailed in December to all of our
the officers and men of the 30Sth AAA Group USAR, a certificate of honorary
subscribers and thereafter monthly for
membership in the 80th AAA Group, Fort \X'adsworth, N. Y.
the full period of the unexpired subscrip-
tion.
Our Association members also become
members of the Association of the U. S.
AAA Bn (Gun 90mm), Mass NG. As the AAFCS course, are back at Fort
Army.
sites are to be occupied in the future, Bliss taking advanced electronics courses.
Our readers may now enter, renew,
the 772nd AAA Bn (Gun 90mm), 1\llass By the time that the first sites are ready
or extend their subscription at our $3.00 I
48 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
i\ linister of the Army of Spain; and As-
sistant Secretary of the Army, the Honor-
:-=====: ===========1o====="t g=====li ss =====?2ew=====s =========1";11 able Hugh 1'1. 1\Iilton.
52 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
but it has usually been progressive and key member of that staff for years, is Nanney, D. Y., to AAA Comd, Colorad<!o
Nelson, W. L., to S&F TAS, Ft Bliss.
constantly striving to find and publicize now the editor.
Pringle, H. K, to S&F TAS, Ft. Bliss.
a better way to do the job next time. Pulley, A. H., to S&F TAS, Ft. Bliss.
\Vhenever we learned to shoot the guns Reeves, C. W., to 2nd AAA Regional Unit
straighter, or to maintain the equipment The Following Colonels Retired Reiman, L. N., to Stu Asso C, C&GSc.
better, or to defend the installation more Ringgold, C. L., to New Orleans.
30 September 1954 Roberts, S. A., to Hq 1st Army.
effectively, or to support the Navy, the
Saberhagen, H. A., G2, Washington.
.\ir Force, or other Army elements better, King, Edgar \V., Ft. Sam Houston.
~ferkle, Ernest A., New York, New York Sigley, W. W., to OCAFF, Ft M<mroe.
we have gone to the JOURNALto publish Smith, Eugene, 18th Abn Corps.
Townsend, Harry F., USAH, Ft. Jay, N. Y.
it. When our troops distinguished them- Stacy, R S., to 1st AAA Regional Unit.
selves in battle, as they last did so well in Theisen, G. L., to 77th AAA Bn.
31 October 1954
Korea, the JOURNALtook the lead in Thorkelson, W. L., to TAS, Ft Bliss.
Jaccard, Paul A., Ft. Sam Houston Tilson, G. K, to TAS, Ft Sill, Okla.
extolling their achievements.
Tison, G. J., to Stu Asso C, C&GSc.
Thus, as the JOURNALcompletes 63 Twyon, D. E., to G2, Washington.
years of service contributing to the in- Recent Assignments Van Gundy, D. F., to S&F TAS, Bliss.
terest, zeal, esprit, and combat efficiency Wadsworth, C. Q., to 513th AAA Bn.
COLONELS
Wainhouse, E. R., to Stu Asso C, C&GSc.
in our arm of the service, the Association
Chapman, E. A., S & F, Army War College. Warfield, B. H., to AFF Bd No.4, Ft Bliss.
has a strong, loyal membership fully Gallagher, F. F., Rome, Italy. Witt, L. A., to London.
determined to carry on its efforts toward Harvey, T. H., USMA.
a strong national defense. Joseph, H. B., X Corps, Ft. Riley. MAJORS
Kauffman, R. K., 2nd AAA Group.
~ow the members have decided that Aurand, P. B., to 514th AAA Bn.
Kramer, Arthur, 45th AAA Brigade.
our interests will best be served by merg- McLamD, N. A., Washington NG Adv. Gp. Bess, G. W., to MAAG Formosa.
ing with the Association of the U. S. Meinert, F. E., to USAFFE. Campbell, T. E., to Ft Bliss.
Anny and to join in the publication of Porter, G. W., to Western AAA Command. Chiodo, S. F., to AAA Command, Colorado.
the Combat Forces Journal. This de- Priest, P. B., to NATO De£. College, Paris. Clark, R W., to 734th AAA Battalion.
DeBranco, P. F., to USARPAC.
cision they reached freely not because Romlein, J. W., Fontainebleau, France. Downer, W. V., to 516th AAA Msl Bn.
Russell, M. R., to 17th AAA Group.
there is any less need for the ANTIAIR- Ducey, D. L., to 35th AAA Bn.
Starner, J. V.; Izmir, Turkey.
CRAFT JOURN~L,but because there is a Edwards, D. M., to 28th AAA Gp.
more compelling need for a strong as- LIEUTENANT COLONELS
Funks, N. L., to 28th AAA Gp.
sociation dedicated to the interests of the Gainhart, G. H., to 47th Inf Div.
Ahrens, A. M., to AA & GM Br T AS, Bliss. Gibson, P. L., to TAS, Ft Bliss.
;\.rmy as a whole and to the promotion
Ball, R c., to Hq 6th Army. Godfrey, H. J., to ROTC, Colorado Col.
of mutual understanding, teamwork, Bellamy, P. E., to 5th Armored Div. Gobeille, G. A., to Stu Asso C, C&GSc.
unity, esprit and strength in the Army. Brinkerhoff, Wm. A., to Izmer, Turkey. Gray, A. P., to 47th In£ Div.
vVe hope that you will take into that Brooks, W. S., to S & F TAS, Ft. Bliss. Hamilton, R B., to Stu Asso C, C&GSc.
effort the warm loyalty you have given Brown, G. E., to Ofc of TIG, Washington. Hamilton, S. A., Jr., to 47th Inf Div.
Burt, R E., to NY AR Adv Gp. Jamestown. Haughton, R E., to Hq MDW.
to the Antiaircraft Association and its
Butts, R E., to Stu Asso C, C&GSc. Henry, George, to 5th AAA Regional Unit.
JOURNAL.
Byrd, C. B., to AFF Bd 4, Ft Bliss. Hindman, T. 0., to' 516th AAA Msl Bn.
We shall give up some journal features Chavis, T. N., to S & F TAS, Ft Bliss. Hutchinson, M. J., to Eastern AAA Comd.
like the personal news of our Antiair- Cae, K. C., to AAARTC, Bliss. Isham, O. A., to S04th AAA Bn.
craft comrades. However, we propose to Dahe, A. P., to Va NG Adv Gp., Richmond. Kirkwood, W. V., Jr., to 70lth AAA Bn.
DeFusco, M. P., to Stu Asso C, C&GSc. Koshaffer, J. T., to G2, Wash., D.C.
continue the professional articles in the
Eckstein, P. A., to ROTC, Notre Dame. Law, Wm. T., to Stu, TAS, Ft Bliss.
fields of antiaircraft, guided missiles, Franson, P.O., to Ofc Ch PsyWar. Marus, George, to USAFFE.
and artillery in vigorous fashion. To this Fulk, H. A., to Stu Asso C, C&GSc. Masteller, B. G., to 11th Avn Div.
end we appeal to our able AAA officers Gemmell, J. D., to OCAFF, Ft Monroe. Matthews, ]. H., to 514th AAA Bn.
for such articles. Those articles with an Gorman, D. F., to S & F, TAS, Bliss. McManus, V. J., to 2nd AAA Regional Unit.
Miller, R. J., to 8th AAA Bn.
interest and appeal to the other arms will Greco, Frank, to Stu Asso C, C&GSc.
Gregory, Clyde, to Saigon, Indochina. LeMonier, b. J., to USAREUR
reach the greater audience; however, Murello, C. K, to Stu Asso C, C&GSc.
Grogan, J. B., to 4054th ASU, Bliss.
there will also be a need for technical Hammond, H. c., to 5th AhA Reg. Unit. Neuver, J. E., to Stu Asso C, C&GSc.
articles that are written primarily for Hannah, P. V., to Stu AFSC, Norfolk. O'Brien, H. J., to 4th FA Bn.
antiaircraft members. Herb, F. H., to Hq 1st Army. Palmer, R E., to 99th AAA Bn.
In this effort we can rely on the utmost Hodgson, J. A., to Stu Asso C, C&GSc. Pechulis, F. V., to USAFFE.
Ingraham, H. S., to Raleigh, N. C. Richard, Stanley G., to Hq 4th Army.
in cooperation from those at the helm in Solton, E. A., to USAFFE.
Isenson, R S., to 8th Inf. Div.
the Association of the U. S. Army. Lieu- Jordan, R E. to Hq ASA Trng Ctr, Devens. Sutton. G. M., to 503rd AAA Det.
tenant General George H. Decker, Lanterman, J. V., to 75th AAA Bn. Turner, W. D., to 504th AAA Bn.
Comptroller of the Army, is the Associa- Lutz, C. G., to Stu Asso C, C&GSc. Vaughn, F. M., to 44th AAA Bn.
tion President. Colonel Arthur Symons, Maline, P. J., to S & F TAS, Bliss. Verbosh, Michael, to AFF Bd No.4, Bliss.
Vitullo, T. L., to 606th AAA Bn.
:\.rtillery, USAR, formerly Associate Edi- )'fartz, F. L., to Saudi Arabia.
:McCaffery, Benj., Jr., to Ft Baker, Calif. Walker, J. R, to 15th AAA Group.
J
tor of the Coast ArtiHery ourndL, is the
McGrath, D. B., to Stu Asso C, C&GSc. Ward, J. W., to 99th AAA Bn.
publisher and manager of the Combat :McGuire. M. J., to AAARTC, Bliss. Waugh. E. S., to ROTC Western Md. Col.
Forces JournaL. Mr. John B. Spore, a Merchant, M. H., to S&F AFSC, Norfolk. Yanisch. O. F., to Ft Myer, Va.
NOVEMBER~DECEMBERf 1954
53
UNITED
BALLOT
STATES ANTIAIRCRAFT
TERMS OF THE MERGER
ASSOCIA TlON
ME~IORANDUl\I OF AGREE~IENT between THE ASSOCIATION OF
The President and three members of the Execu- THE UNITED STATES AR?dY, a corporation not for profit reincorporated and
tive Council are to be elected on this ballot to existing under the laws of the DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, hereinafter called
replace officers whose terms of office expire AUSA, and THE UNITED STATES ANTIAIRCRAFT ASSOCIATION, an
December 31, 1954. unincorporated association, hereinafter called ANTIAIRCRAFT.
Please record your vote by making an "X" in
the appropriate square or indicate your choice by 1. AUSA and ANTIAIRCRAFT agree to merge into a single organization,
writing the name of your candidate. which shall be known as THE ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED STATES
The Constitution of the Association requires ARMY.
that at least five members of the Council reside ,
in the Washington area, and rhar ar leasr three
2. ANTIAIRCRAFT agrees to transfer all of its assets, real and personal, tangi-
of them be on active duty, in order to facilitate ble and intangible, to AUSA, and AUSA agrees to assume all the liabilities of
[
the transaelion of business.
Ballots close December 31st, 1954.
Use the ballot below or prepare one to indi-
ANTIAIRCRAFT.
3. a. AUSA will add to its existing 21-member Executive Council the present
9 members of ANTIAIRCRAFTs Executive Council for a period of one year.
l
cate clearly your vote. Mail to the ANTIAIRCRAFT
JOURNAL, 631 Pennsylvania Avenue, N. W.,
b. In order to fit the 9 new members into the existing panels of AUSA's Ex- t-
Washington 4, D. C. ecutive Council, ANTIAIRCRAFT will determine which three of its 9 members
will serve until June 1957, and which three will serve until June 1956. The re-
maining three new members will vacate their offices at the June 1955 meeting.
FOR PRESIDENT (1955-19561
c. The Nominating Committee provided for by Section 1 of Article IV of
o Lieutenont Generol Lyman L. Lemnitzer, Deputy AUSA's By-Laws shall, if this agreement is ratified by both parties hereto before
Chief of Staff for Plans and Research. the conclusion of the stated December meeting of AUSA's Executive Council, be '
elected by the augmented Executive Council of the merged Association.
d. At the end of one year following the merger, the membership of the Ex-
o --------------- ecutive Council may be reduced in numbers as the Council may determine, but
thereafter the ANTIAIRCRAFT representation on the Executive Council shall
FOR MEMBERS OF THE EXECUTIVE continue on the same equitable basis as changes in the Association may develop. ~
COUNCIL:
4. Upon the augmentation of the Executive Council consequent on the merger,
the present president of ANTIAIRCRAFT shall become an additional vice-presi-
From National Guard lOne Member)
dent of AU5A, pursuant to Section 1, Article III, of ALISA's By-Laws, shall serve
o Brigadier General John B. Moore, DeING, Com-
as such for one year, and shall, while so serving, be an ex off1cio voting member of
manding 261st AAA Brigade.
the Executive Council.
8. Effective upon the merger, AUSA agrees to give a one-year contract to Brig.
o --------------- Gen. Charles S. Harris, U.S.A., Retired, to serve as such associate editor. ...
SIGNATURE _
9. This merger is effected with the firm understanding that all elements will
participate equitably in the direction and control of AUSA activities.
RANK AND ORGANIZATION, _ 10. The merger shall become effective upon the ratification of this agreement
by a two-thirds vote of the Executive Councils of. both parties hereto; and the
parties agree that such ratifications shall be effected in time to carry out the
merger schedules elsewhere set out in this agreement.
ADDRESS ~ __
6-54
11. ANTIAIRCRAFT agrees to dissolve when the merger becomes effective.
ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
54
We do not propose to evacuate in It is a matter of history that the quickest
letters to the Editor advance people working in our indus- way to get a complicated piece of gear
trial areas, or those busy in the business back into commission, and sometimes
Civil Defense area. In our city these are adjacent. the only way, is to repair it yourself.
Such people are able to navigate under Somewhere in his article CoL Orman
I have read with interest the article their own power, and nearly half will mentions the TV repairman, and holds
in the September-October number of the have transportation. As General Hard- him up as a possible model for the
JOURNAL on Civil Defense in St. Louis away suggests these will start evacuating radar repairman. May Mars and all the
by General Hardaway. I happen to be immediately upon the sounding of the other Gods of War preserve us from our
the Civil Defense Director of a much Yellow Alert. enemies if we have to depend on such
smaller city, Manchester, N. H., and All the foregoing are based upon a "tube twisters" as are rampant in that
hm'e had the same experience, and have possible attack with an atom bomb, or industry! Our experience indicates that
arrived at the same conclusions as de- shell. We do not have sufficient in- most repairs will have to be done by
scribed so well by General Hardaway. formation regarding the effect of hydro- the Artillery and its own personnel. We
However in New England, especially gen bombs to make an intelligent solu- admit that our graduates are not, on
in the Boston area where cities are tion of such a problem. So far as known graduation, full-fledged radar repairman,
numerous and close together, evacuation no hydrogen bomb has yet been dropped any more than Colonel Orman was a
of the population is more complicated. from the air. From descriptions re- full-fledged officer on his graduation
We can not move people 25 miles with- leased as to our H bombs detonated in from the Military Academy. Some on-
out getting them within the same dis- the Pacific, these appear to have been the-job training and self dependence is
tance of some other city also proposing bombs previously planted. We need to necessary to complete the training of
to evacuate. know the probable error of bombs of any individual. However, the state-
To meet this situation we plan to various weights launched from the air, ment that "the only practical work that
evacuate before, not after, a Yellow and a table showing blast pressures per they have done is in the laboratory un-
:\lert, in other words as soon as war unit space at stated distances from der the eagle eye of an instructor"
comes with danger of enemy air attacks. ground zero. shows an unfamiliarity with the facts.
:\10reover the population will be perma- The Federal Constitution forbids the Any individual who takes the trouble
nently evacuated, leaving the danger billeting of soldiers. Our legal authori- to visit the Department of Electronics
area void of all residents. Such a move ties advise that this prohibition applies Radar Park will see its expanse of
may take several days and will include only to the individuals mentioned-con- equipment and the amount of time our
the sick, other disabled persons, etc. sequently a fleeing soldier can not be students spend actually troubleshooting
Where will we put them? The popu- billeted, but anybody else can be. In on it. Troubleshooting continues to be
lation is being divided into three classes: practice the soldiers, if any, will cer- the main subject taught in the Depart-
those who will have to move; tainly be taken care of. ment of Electronics. However, the
those who will not be required to With my compliments for the able basic philosophy of this Department can
move, but must accept refugees, manner in which the ANTIAIRCRFT best be expressed in the words of a
who will be billeted on them; JOURNALis being edited. Radar Officer of the 8th Army Artil.
those living in a fringe area, between Very sincerely, lery: "Troubleshooting which is not
the above two zones, who may re- COLONELCONRADH. LANZA, founded on a sound grasp of theory,
main at their own risk. USA Rtd plus an intimate knowledge of circuit
Lists by families, showing number, sex Director of Citil Defense, hook-up, is nothing more than tinker-
and age of each individual, are being Manchester, N. H. ing." I think that Colonel Orman is
compiled. In another file is a list of asking for a race of tinkerers when he
homes who have billets which are classi- uses the example of a TV repairman.
fied by electronic machines (Reming- Reply to Colonel Orman There have been many complaints,
ton Rand for us) with some 80 classifica- Colonel Orman's included, that some
tions as to number of rooms, and beds In any purposeful enterprise it is well of our courses here at The School are
(double, single, twin; crib, etc.) in each to keep clear just what your mission is. too long. Let me quote a Sperry field
room. Each family to be moved is classi- I thought of that when I read Lt. Colo- engineer about the Bliss courses on fire
fied as to needs in rooms and beds and nel Orman's article "Electronics and control equpiment: "The only way this
a relocation can be found almost in- Men" in the ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL program will payoff is if there is an-
stantly. for July-August 1954. Maybe he did other war in the very near future." That
As General Hardaway points out, not forget his own mission, but certain- is the very justification of our existence
many people will move out individually ly he forgot the mission of those of us and our courses. We are not training
. without waiting for orders. I find this here at The School. radar repairmen to sit in a garrison
general throughout the Boston area. We In the Department of Electronics we situation at Ducrot Air Force Base, or
encourage this, subject only to advising have the mission to develop fire control peacefully to guard the metropolis of
us which homes are being abandoned, and radar specialists of such a level of New Washimore. We are training these
and where relocated, so that we can training that the Artillery will be able men for war. When that happens, these
keep our lists corrected. to use its electronic equipment in war. men will be ours for duration plus six
NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1954 55
months, and so it behooves us, since we and in the hands of radar mechanics. During WW II, while a member of
do not know when trouble will come, Others are in the process of being edited the Antiaircraft Artillery Board at Camp
always to have the best trained men and printed. However, these charts Davis, I participated in a long term
possible on our radar and fire control must be considered as a means towards comparison of met data taken by radio-
equipment. an end, as a way of teaching the radar sonde at Camp Davis and Fort Bragg.
Colonel Orman refers to the Raytheon mechanic a logical method of thinking, The differences in wind and density
Corporation as an example, and cites a real approach to troubleshooting, and were large, and particularly so in th~
the relatively low number of personnel not as an end in themselves or the only lower zones, which might be expected
in that organization who have degrees tool to be used by the mechanic. His for an inland location versus a location
in electronics or electrical engineering. experience and his technical knowledge near the ocean. Unfortunately these
Raytheon is dedicated to the proposition are his most valuable attributes, not his data have long since been relegated to
of making 6% for the stockholders. We, troubleshooting charts. A man trained some forgotten file and the results lost.
in the Army, on the other hand, have only on such charts, we think, has about Over a year ago I had the opportunity
as our object the defense of this coun- a 70% chance of locating a trouble of analyzing a series of met messages
try. Even with this mission we must about 70% of the time-or a 50% proba- taken over a period of several weeks by
realize that economy is essential, but bility. We think that a man trained in a met detachment at Fort Totten. This
we must always remember that our main basic electronics, in circuit analysis, and analysis showed that the met situation,
object is preparation for the most waste- in logical thinking has a 95% proba- on the average, seriously deteriorated
ful process known to man : WAR! bility of finding and alleviating a trou- between messages. What it was like
The term "hog-wash" is used at least ble. A "chart mechanic" would probably at such relatively remote points as Staten
twice in this article, and directed at not be able to locate an unfamiliar trou- Island, near the shore, and in the vicini-
the School's belief in the proposition ble, or one which was not listed in his ty of the George Washington Bridge,
that a man well versed in basic elec- book, whereas the trained technician fairly well inland, Heaven only knows.
tronics, and trained thoroughly on one has a pretty fair chance of being able
Lately I have been advocating some
radar set could, in a short time, be to reason it out.
sort of study such as the 35th Brigade
familiarized sufficiently with another The things I have mentioned above
has initiated. After all there are many
well enough for him to be able to re- are not rationalizations, not excuses, and
met detachments in operation, taking
pair it. I might point out that this not alibis; they are the basic philosophy
messages regularly, and it only requires
philosophy is utilized by the Signal behind the training of radar mechanics
a bit of analysis to compare data from
Corps in training the personnel which at this School. I repeat that we are
several stations and to determine rough-
it uses for maintenance of the AN/- training for war and war only-that if
ly how close the detachments should be
TPS-ID. This is a sound pedagogical we feel that the probability, or even the
located to batteries and how often mes-
principle and is widely used. The fact possibility, of war does not exist, we
sages should be taken in order to give
that this School started on 9 September can not only shorten our courses, but
each battery the information it should
1954 Course No. 44-E-35 to train sur- eliminate them entirely.
have.
veillance radar mechanics is not based
COLONELARTHURKRAMER
on any disbelief in the basic idea just The data presented in the article
Director, Department of Electronics,
expressed. It was, rather, based on the tends to indicate that met data is fairly
AA & GM Branch, The Artillery School constant for a 20-0dd mile separation
new tactical concept connected with
this surveillance set, which would 'put between stations although not nearly so
it in such a position in many cases that constant from message to message. How-
it would be beyond the physical reach
Meteorological Data ever, these stations are all at some dis-
of a man on a fire control set, or would tance from an ocean frontier, all are
place it in units which we would not The 35th Brigade and Warrant Of- about the same distance from a large
otherwise furnish with integrated fire ficer Griffin are to be congratulated on body of water, there are no significant
control specialists. instituting the meteorological study re- terrain features such as hills or moun-
Since many references were made to ported in the last issue of the JOURNAL: tains in the area, and the tests cover a
commercial practices in the article which With the present emphasis on velocity period at a time of year when the weath-
I am answering, I might ask the ques- fire techniques-not that I am in favor er can be expected to be relatively
tion: of velocity fire to the exclusion of all stable. It would be nice to find that on
other methods of preparatory fire-it is a year-around basis for all areas in the
"Would any commercial corporation
mandatory that the highest quality met United States the same general pattern
put a million dollar piece of technical
data be available at all batteries at all would hold. I suspect that such is not
equipment in the hands of a (chart
times. Otherwise the battery is left high the case and I only hope that these tests
mechanic'?"
and dry. It may not, by dictum of higher will be expanded to the point where we
I might also ask- authority, lack of training of its range will find out the real met needs of the
"Do you take your child, when in- officer, or for other reasons, be in a posi- AAA and that the allocation of met
jured, to a first aid man or do you prefer tion to shoot out its met message. If the detachments will be revised upward if
a doctor?" met data is poor, the battery cannot that proves necessary. It will be poor
Certainly we are developing "trouble- compensate by any reasonable setting economy indeed to allocate upwards of
shooting" charts. Many are completed of a fictitious muzzle velocity. a million dollars worth of fire control
56 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
equipment and armament to a gun bat-
tery and nullify its effecti,'eness by
stinting on the data it requires to per-
form effectively!
Sincerely yours,
II_B _O_O_K _R_E V_I_E w_s -.oil
A. A. CURRIE THE NEMESIS OF POWER, the German more than a few minutes of your read-
Lt. Col., Arty., USAR Army in Politics 1918-1945. By J. W. ing time. As the title implies, the author
Whippany. New Jersey Wheeler-Bennett. McMillan & Co., considers our present world as being at
London-New York. 829 pages. $12. war, under new ground rules. \Vhether
This book is the history of German you believe in appeasement, a shooting
Velocity Fire military leadership and of the German war or something in between, this book
General Staff from the end of the First gives you basic definitions and a sharp
\Vorld \Var until the end of the Second discussion that will stimulate your think-
THE ANTIAIRCRAFTJOURNAL really
World \Var. ing. For military men it should be a
circles the entire globe. Of course my
\Vheeler-Be~nett has made the only must.
personal copy always follows me re-
complete study in this field in existence. BRIG. GEN. H. F. MEYERS
gardless of my assignment. Many of
The previously most authoritative book Retired
the Thai Officers here are subscribers
was that of Benoist-l\lechin (in French),
and it is not uncommon to see a com-
History of the German Army Since the GENERAL JO SHELBY. By Daniel
plete file of AAA JOUR..."<ALS in their
Armistice (of 1918), published in 1938. O'Flaherty. Chapel Hill: The Univer-
club reading rooms. Oftentimes I,
All the intrigues through which the sity of North Carolina Press, 1954.
as AAA Adviser to the Royal Thai German Army was rebuilt after the First 437 pages. $6.00
Army, am called upon to explain cer- World vVar, the Army's support of Hit-
tain portions of the JOURNAL to them. ler in his rise in a mistaken effort to Daniel O'Flaherty has presented a
One Thai Colonel from the AAA Brig- direct politics, Hitler's seizing of control scholarly and carefully documented ac-
ade translated a complete article for of the Army, and finally the military count of the operations of General Shel-
distribution to his junior officers. To leadership's long thwarted plans to dis- by in the Civil War. The campaigns
pose of Hitler by one means or another in the \Vest, in Arkansas and Missouri
say the least, the AAA JOURNALis be-
are narrated in enthralling detail. in particular, in which Shelby played
ing well received here in Thailand.
Although all this readS'like a thriller, so gallant a part, have received less than
I have been interested in the articles their proper share of attention. Thus
it is fully documented with the scholar's
by Lt. Col. Earle Mountain, especially careful attention to detail and accuracy. in presenting these operations, Mr.
the one in the July-August issue con- During the present period in the O'Flaherty has performed a service of
cerning Trial Fire techniques .... Par- United States, in which military advice value equal to his portrayal of one of
ticularly so since I took part in the de- is so important and military advisers are the most interesting of the military fig-
\'e!opment of velocity fire while an in- in the top councils of the nation, vVhee]- ures of that time.
structor in the School at Fort Bliss .... er-Bennett's book has lessons for our If Shelby's abilities and achievements
... The most perturbing item of the own military leaders who may be in- were perhaps not so great as the author
entire article was well critiqued by the clined to step beyond the proper boun- makes them out, he was nevertheless a
daries of military advice and interfere remarkable soldier. vVithout formal
Editor, i.e. the assumption that muzzle
in politics. military education, he succeeded through
velocity was already known. Indeed the
During the period after 1918, the his inherent characteristics in building
"cart is before the horse." With our German army survived its hitherto most and leading an outstanding force. The
modern equipment and proper training disastrous defeat. It regained its pres- most romantic of Shelby's exploits, how-
\'alid met data can be made available. tige and by staying out of politics exer- ever, was his march into Mexico after
And it must be available before the cised an amazing degree of power and the collapse of the Confederacy. But
muzzle velocity can be determined, ex- influence. When it was mistaken enough J\llexico offered no haven, and the un-
cept with a chronograph .... to step from its pedestal and play politics easv association of the ex-Confederates
... Can anyone guarantee that I'll it was taken over by Hitler and began with the forces of Maximilian was only
a descent that ended in abject defeat. temporary. Shelby and his men drifted
have sufficient time for Trial Fire? I
Any soldier with a long view and a back to the United States and became
say not; therefore, I must know my
genuine profession a] interest will want as "reconstructed" as any of their former
muzzle velocity and be assured of ac-
to read the Nemesis of Power. comrades in arms.
curate met data prior to engagement. ... BRIG. GEN. T. R. PIIILLIPS, Ret. O'Flaherty's style is somewhat ponder-
There is only one solution to the prob-
ous and the book needs some maps of
lem at present and that is the velocity THE NEW WARFARE. By Brigadier C. Shelby's operations; however, the au-
fire technique as now taught by the N. Barclay. Philosophical Library. 65 thor's thorough research and the atten-
School at Fort Bliss .... pages. $2.75. tion he focuses on an important part of
MAJOR R. V. KISSAM, JR. This British author has written a the war make this book very worthwhile.
JUSi\1AG. Thailand short challenging book that requires LT. COL. JOHN B. B. TRUSSELL, JR.
NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1954 57
POWER AND POLICY. By Thomas K. German troops in World War II, ... moments later rising to the surface U!}.
Finletter. Harcourt, Brace & Compa- the first into Rome, and the first of the harmed, he had proved to himself h01r
ny, New York. 402 pages. $5.00. armored divisions in days of actual field to overcome its danger. He carried this
Power and Policy is a lucid explana- service during World War II." lesson through life and it was by no
tion of the foreign and military policy The account begins with the birth means the last time he took a calculated
of the United States as it has been in of the Armored Force in 1918; traces risk to prove a point to himself.
the recent past and as it should be in the development (and lack of develop- Through the years of an outstanding
the future. ment) through the period between wars fabulous life, first as a cotton buyer,
The emphasis is placed heavily upon and tells of the activation of the 1st Ar- later as a real estate man, and finallv
a strong strategic Air Force: "If the mored Division in 1940. Dr. Howe re- as an oil producer, again and again h~
United States builds and keeps an counts the difficulties and confusion in- demonstrated his faith in his own judg-
Atomic-Air splendidly defended against evitable in the formation of a new arm. ment and courage to act on his convic-
Russian direct air attack and sabotage, From the experiences of the division in tions. Armed with this faculty in an
and capable of an overwhelming counter- the landing at Oran and its subsequent all out effort to bolster the family n-
attack which would destroy the Russian employment in Tunisia, it became ap- nances, he set out seeking opportunity
state, we will win this battle and the parent that there were many lessons to in the growing seaport of Houston,
war in the only way they can be won- be learned and mistakes to be corrected. which later brought him to drilling for
by seeing to it that the Russians dare In plain, unvarnished language the au- oil where others had failed. He always
not start the war." thor gives a detailed account of each adhered to two basic principles! "Flank
He follows this by a corollary state- engagement in which the division par- the old Domes-And drill Deeper."
ment: "If we do not have such an over- ticipated. He tells how the division was One of Roy Cullen's drillers once
whelming Strategic Air, it does not make "walloped" at Sidi-Bou-Zid, in eastern said: "when they say the last rites over
much difference what we do about our Tunisia. Most of the division did not Mr. Cullen, and get ready to lower him
other forces." He assumes that the next participate directly in the battle at Kas- into the ground, I'll bet he'll look over
war will be an all-out atomic-hydrogen serine Pass, but it was "at the bottom the side of the casket and say, 'better
war, and that this war can be prevented of its ladder of achievement" just prior dig a little deeper, boys!'''
only by having an overwhelming strate- to that battle, when it was forced to As stirring as the discovery of his
gic Air Force. make a humiliating withdrawal from fortune is, with his many long years
Here is an idea which he does not the nearby town of Sbeitla. Within a of struggle-the racing to lease possible
explore. If the United States neglects few months, however, the division was oil-bearing land, the speculative drilling
the other services, then we may be forced able to "get on its feet" and make up in "dried up" fields, the terrifying burst-
to use the only strong weapon we have, for these initial reverses by playing an ing open of gushers-the story of Roy
and thus bring about what we are try- important part in the sweep through Cullen's use of his fortune is even more
ing to prevent-all-out atomic-hydrogen Tunisia, the break out from the Anzio amazing and thrilling.
warfare. beachhead, the capture of Rome and Here is a man that has given away
Here is his rough guide: "If (the dol- the crossing of the Po. cash and oil properties valued at some
lars appropriated to the Air Force for The author does not endeavor to $175,OOO,000!His most outstanding and
New Obligational Authority) is below cover up or minimize the mistakes, nor magnificent gesture has been the Cullen
18 billion dollars in any of the next does he overemphasize the importance Foundation with assets of $160,000,000
four or five years, the presumption is of the division in the big picture. The which is to be donated to charitable and
almost conclusive that we are still not account ranges from the overall scheme educational institutions throughout the
preparing for the terrible threat before of maneuver at theater and army group state of Texas. In Houston alone in
us. " level to small unit tactics at company one 48 hour period he gave to four hos-
The significance of these figures is and platoon level. A number of eye- pitals more than a million dollars each.
that the FY 55 military budget is about witness accounts lend the book an au- And this vivid story does justice to
30 billion dollars, and the next budget thentic combat flavor. the man. A moving and inspiring biog-
may be somewhat less. A little arith- CAPTAIN ROBERT H. PIEHL, U .S.M.C. raphy of a man whose generosity to
metic will show where this leaves the his fellow man has symbolized his faith
other two services. HUGH ROY CULLEN. By Ed Kilman in himself and his country.
MAJOR T. P. FUREY & Theon Wright. Prentice-Hall, Inc., MASTER SERGEANT FRED A. BAKER
N. Y. 369 pages. $4.00.
THE BATTLE HISTORY OF THE 1st A MILITARY HISTORY OF THE WEST-
Here is an outstanding story of Amer-
ARMORED DIVISION. By George F. ERN WORLD: From the Earliest Times
ican opportunity, of a fabulous man.
Howe. Combat Forces Press. 471 to the Battle of Lepanto. By Maj. Gen.
Young in life while standing on the
page. Illustrated. $6.50. J. F. C. Fuller. Funk & Wag nails. 602
bank of the San Antonio River observing
pages. $6.00.
This book is a factual history of the a whirlpool; Roy Cullen asked himself,
1st Armored Division, described as "Old "why need anyone be afraid of a whirl- A British tank corps commander in
Ironsides, the first of the mighty Ar- pool?" By allowing himself to be car- WW-I, Camberlay Staff College instruc-
mored Force, the pioneer in the art and ried into the swirling water and sucked tor, and an aggressive military student,
science of armor, ... the first to engage down into the turbulent whirlpool, and the author retired in 1930 to continue
58 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
the stupendous job of mastering the enemunde. He relates here the inside Upton tells the story of TV, color TV.
military history of the Western World story of a fantastic enterprise in the de- radio, radar, sonar, high fidelity record-
and reducing it to three volumes within velopment of the V-2, the fight against ing and the place of electronics in the
reach of the military student. This first time, and how nearly it succeeded. The home.
volume, covering some 3500 years up story of the practical difficulties, the This new volume explains in simple
to the Battle of Lepanto, 1571, is a petty jealousies and rivalries, as well as language how the great "electricians"
gigantic and valuable work, for the pro- the heroic efforts gives an interesting of the past made the discoveries and in-
fessional military student. perspective of the development. ventions that gave us our condensers,
The author tells his story around Entertaining and instructive. batteries, coils, and tubes; how later
major decisive battles, with chapters por- geniuses gave us the wonders of radio,
traying in each case the political, eco- THE JACKSONIANS: A Study in Ad- radar, loran, phonograph reproduction,
nomic, and military background and ministrative History, 1829-1861. By ground-controlled approach systems, tel-
analyzing and integrating the mutual Leonard D. White. MacMillan. 593 evision in black and white and in color,
effects of the campaigns and the times pages. $8.00. X-ray, lie detector, electronic cookery,
upon each other. His sharp analyses This history of our national adminis- and every other important application of
and critiques on the great leaders and tration during the period from Jackson electrical energy.
the influences of strategy, weapons, and to Lincoln is the last of three volumes The book contains the latest electronic
tactics are fascinating and valuable. by Dr. White devoted to the formative developments and is illustrated with
It is well worth careful study and period of American Government. The many drawings. It leads gradually from
repeated reference by any ambitious earlier volumes were The Federalist, and the elementary to the more advanced
military officer. However, it is not to The Jeffersonicms. All give scholarly phases of the subject and brings to life
be mastered over the week end; rather and human stories of the early political the electrical giants of the past and
it is a work to study and refer to over fights and developments in our nation present.
the years. Brilliant student that he is, as it charted a completely new course
General Fuller does not write for be- in the political world. THE FIRST AND THE LAST. By Adolf
ginners. And unfortunately he proceeds They were exciting and spirited times. Galland. Henry Holt & Company.
on the basis that his reader is a past While President Jackson was seizing 360 pages. $4.95.
student of history and a master of geog- much greater powers for the executive
raphy in every age of ancient and me- branch of our national government he Here is a book about some of the un-
dieval history. was also introducing the "Spoils" system varnished accounts of how close the
Even so, for the student who would and crushing the Whig Party, as well as Germans came to winning the War. It
learn more of the masters like Alexander, the Bank of the United States. reveals Hitler's complete inability to
Hannibal, Caesar, Constantine, and Wil- grasp the principles of defensive war-
liam the Conqueror, it will be found SHOW ME A HERO. By Melvin Voor- fare. The author reveals his running
exceedingly interesting. hees. Simon & Schuster. 311 pages. battle with Goering and Hitler: "1 was
$3.50. never a yes man to Goering."
WILLARD'S OF WASHINGTON. By At the war's end, the author, then
This is a very real story about a mod-
Garrett Laidlaw Eskew. Coward-Mc- a Lieutenant General, was in command
ern army at work and play. Splendid
Cann. 240 pages. $4.00. of a jet squadron-the first operational
insights to frontline action and behind
After the British burned Washing- the line pleasure. The press conferences jet squadron in the world. The jet air-
ton, John Tayloe of Virginia contributed read like actual reports and the court- craft of this "Squadron of experts" were
toward rebuilding the city by building martial report is superb. The story destroyed on the ground as U. S. tanks
several two story houses on the north moves smoothly, and in such intriguing rumbled onto its airfield.
side of Pennsylvania Avenue at Four- form that one cannot lay it down until Some of the better episodes in the
teenth. Soon they were incorporated he has finished the' whole book. book: the Channel dash of the Scharn-
under one management as a hotel, and It is a splendid tribute to those who horst and the Gneisenau; the Hamburg
not long after that Henry A. Willard actually participated in the Korean raid; the Battle of Britain; and the cap-
came to organize a real hotel. "Police Action." It will go a long way ture of Douglas Bader.
And about the Hotel is entwined the toward restoring the author's good repu-
story of Washington, the more enter- tation with all ranks of the Army and
WEBSTER'SNEW WORD DICTIONARY
taining parts of which Mr. Eskew re- makes us pleased to note that the Army
of the American Language, College
lates in fascinating style. Just relax and has finally dropped the court-martial
Edition. The World Publishing Co.
enjoy it. about his earlier book.
1760 pages. $5.00 plain; $6.00
SFC JAMES E. MOORE, JR.
thumb-indexed.
V-2. By Walter Dornberger. Viking ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
Press. 281 pages. $5.00. We find our thumb-indexed copy very
ELECTRONICS FOR EVERYONE. By
Dr. Dornberger, the famous German handy, valuable and attractive. 142,000
Monroe Upton. Devin-Adair Co. 384
scientist in the field of rockets, was made definitions that really define from the
pages. $6.00.
a general in the German Army to direct American viewpoint-and 1200 excellent
the experimental rocket station at Pe- "Electronics for Everyone" by l\10nroe illustrations.
NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1954 59
BOOKS RECEIVED: FOREIGN POLICY ANALYSIS. By Fe- ... I feel that any step toward an
liks Gross. Prilosophical Library. 179 integrated magazine of the Army is a
SUNK: The Story of the Japanese Sub- pages. $3.75. step in the right direction; ... that the
marine Fleet, 1941-1945. By Mochit- loss ..• will be more than compensated
sura Hashimoto. Henry Holt & Co. THE NOMOGRAM. By H. J. Allcock for by bringing to the Antiaircraft of-
276 pages. $3.95. and J. Reginald Jones. Pitman Pub- ficer current doctrine and thinking of
lishing Corporation. 4th Ed. 238 the other combat arms.
NO TIME FOR SERGEANTS. By Mac pages. $3.75. COLONEL JOHN S. MAYER
Hyman. Random House. $2.95. 305th AAA Group, USAR
TABLES FOR ROCKET AND COMET
McCARTHY AND THE COMMUNISTS. ORBITS. By Samuel Herrick. G.P.O. ... I feel the merger will be of definite
By James Rorty and Moshe Deeter. 100 pp. $1.75. value to the Antiaircraft and should
The Beacon Press. 163 pages. $2.00 serve to acquaint the other arms with
(cloth), $1.00 (paper). SPACE TRAVEL. By Kenneth W. Gat- the magnitude of the mission and the
land and Anthony M. Kunesch. Philo- operations in the AA defense ....
BACK OF HISTORY. By William How- sophical Library. 205 pages. $4.75. COL. E. B. HEMPSTEAD
ells. Doubleday & Co. 384 pages. Comdg. 4th AAA Group
$5.00. FOOD SERVICE FOR THE ARMY AND
AIR FORCE. Compiled by Colonel Ar- I am in favor of it .... Since
DON'T TREAD ON ME. By Captain thur Symons, USAR. The Military Serv- the CAC and AAA lost their ivory-tow-
Walter Karig, with Captain Horace ice Publishing Co. $3.50. ered isolationism when combined with
V. Bird. Rinehart & Co. 442 pages. the FA into one Artillery, it does not
$4.00. appear to be logical to maintain a
Comments on the Merger separate publication .... However, \ye
(Continued from page 21) need to continue the AA articles ....
THE LIMITS OF FOREIGN POLICY. By
Charles Burton Marshall. New York: The news of the merger is received Count on us to support the Combat
Henry Holt and Company, 1954. 128 with mingled feelings. Personally and Forces Journal..
pages. $3.00. emotionally I am regretful-professional- COL. DONALDJ. BAILEY
ly I am elated. After reading the CA- Central Army AA Command
THE FIGHTING SUDANESE. By H. C. AA JOURNAL for almost thirty-three
. . . The AA JOURNALwill be sorely
Jackson. London: Macmillan & Co., years, like any old friend, I hate to part
missed by all AA Artillerymen ....
Ltd. 1954. 85 pages. $2.00. company. I'll miss the personal news
Hope Combat Forces will be as good.
about individuals, and the reports of
THE NEGRO AND THE SCHOOLS. By MAJORRICHARDF. TAYLOR
unit activities, as well as the many other
Harry S. Ashmore. University of North 65th AAA Group
items of purely branch interest.
Carolina Press. 228 pages. Cloth, But I am all for it, professionally .... . . . I am sorry because I really enjoy
$2.75; Paper, $1.50. We all are required to be one integrated the ANTIAIRCRAFTJOURNAL. Maybe
team in the Army Combat Forc('s. There Combat Forces Journal. will be better.
THE SECRET HISTORY OF STALIN'S is no place for further branch conscious- Colonel Symons will make an able pub-
CRIMES. By Alexander Orlov. Ran- ness. I am certain our merger with the lisher. Give him my congratulations.
dom House. 366 pages. $4.50. Association of the U. S. Army and the COL. WILLIAM 1. BRADY,Rtd.
Combat Forces Journal, will go a long 5143 Ward Parkway
THE DRAMA OF ALBERT EINSTEIN.
way toward achieving that integration. Kansas City, Mo.
By Antonina Vallentin. Doubleday &
... The best of luck to you.
Co. 312 pages. $3.95. In its 63 years of activity the
BRIG.GEN. FRANKC. MCCONNELL
34th AAA Brigade JOURNALhas fostered an esprit de corps
THE BALLOON. By H. P. Brown. St.
at first among the Coast Artillerymen
Martins Press. 242 pages. $3.00 . . . We wish you every success in and now among the AA Artillerymen.
your participation in the merger and The JOURNALhas been a very effective
SAILING AERODYNAMICS. By John we feel that it is to the ultimate ad- means of giving the AAA a sense of
Morwood. The Philosophical Library, vantage of the services in general. ...
New York. 124 pages. Illustrated. unity and a feeling of accomplishment
COLONELROBERTT. CONNOR in its work. It has enabled old friends
$7.50. PMS& T, University of Minnesota in the AAA to keep track of one another.
THE NIGHT BEFORE CHRISTMAS. By ... Many of us here were in strong I am wondering if the same sense of
Clement C. Moore. Illustrated by favor of retaining our ANTIAIRCRAFT common interests among friends will be
Roger Duvoisin. Garden City Books. JOURNALas such. But if the decision is possible under the new plan?
$1.50. to merge, we see the point and you can . . . I wish you luck in your efforts
still count on us. to make the AAA problem a matter of
THE MICROPHYSICAL WORLD. By MAJORJOSEPHA. TRINGALI Army .wide concern.
William Wilson. Philosophical Library. Comdg. 3rd AAA AW Battalion (SP) COL. W. F. SPURGI~
216 pages. $3.75. 3rd Infantry Division, Korea 97th AAA Group
60 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
-
Admiralties (Historical Division) ..•.• .50 order including a 25~ handling Approach to the Philippines (Smith). 6.25
Anzio Beachhead (Historical Division) . 1.50 charge for each order. Chief of Staft: Prewar Plans and
Army Air Force ill W orld War II Operations (VVatson) ......•... 4.25
(Craven & Cate) Cross.Channel Attack (Harrison) . 6.75
Vol. I Plans and Early Operations .. 8.50 We send you bonus coupons Fall of the Philippines (Morton) . 5.25
Vol. II Europe: Torch to Point Blank 8.50 worth 15% of your order. Lorraine Campaign (Cole) . 11.00
Vol. III Europe: Argument to VE Day 8.50 Okinawa: The Last Battle
Vol. IV Guadalcanlll to Saipan ... , .. 8.50 (Appelman) . 8.50
Vol. V Pacific: Matterhorn to Persian Corridor & Aid to Russia
Nagasaki . 8.50 Recapture of Guam 4.25 (Motter) .........•........... 4.00
Bastogne (Marshall) (cloth) ........• 3.00 Iwo Jima Amphibious Epic 4.75 Procurement and Training of Ground
(paper) . •25 The Marshalls: Increasing the Tempo 3.25 Combat Troops (Palmer) . 4.50
Bradley: A Soldier's Story (Bradley) . 5.00 History of U. S. Naval Operations in QM Corps-Vol. I. Organization,
Calculated Risk (Clark) . 5.00 World War II (Morison) Supplies, Service (Risch) . 3.75
Capture of Attu (Drummond) . 2.00 Vol. I Battle for the Atlantic .... 6.00 Strategic Planning for Coalition
Churchill's Memoirs (Churchill) Vol. II Operations in North Warfare-'41, '42 (Matloff) .•... 3.75
Vol. I The Gathering Storm " . 6.00 African Waters 6.00 Stilwell's Mission to China (Romanus) 5.50
Vol. II Their Finest Hour . 6.00 Vol. III Rising Sun in the Pacific. . 6.00 The Supreme Command (Pogue) .... 6.50
Vol. III The Grand Alliance . 6.00 Vol. IV Coral Sea, Midway and Three Battles: Amaville, Altuzzo &
Vol. IV The Hinge of Fate . 6.00 Submarine Actions 6.00 Schmidt (MacDonald) . 4.50
Vol. V Closing the Ring . 6.00 Vol. V Struggle for Guadalcanal .. 6.00 Transportation Corps-Vol. I
Vol. VI Triumph and Tragedy . 6.00 Vol. VI Breaking the Bismarck (Wardlow) . 3.25
Command Missions (Truscott) . 7.50 Barrier 6.00 War Against Germany: Europe and
Crusade in Europe (Eisenhower) . 2.98 Vol. VII Aleutians, Gilberts & Adjacent Areas (Pictorial) . 3.75
Fleet Admiral King (King) . 7.50 Marshalls 6.00 War Against Germany and Italy:
Forrestal Diaries (Millis) . 5.00 Vol. VIII New Guinea & the Mediterranean and Adjacent Areas
Four Stars of Hell (Critchell) . 3.75 Marianas 6.00 (Pictorial) . 4.00
From Down Under to Nippon (Krueger) 6.50 Vol. IX Sicily, Salerno, Anzio 6.00 War Against Japan (Pictorial) . 4.00
History of Marine Aviation in World Island Victory (Marshall) (cloth) ..•.. 2.00 VVashington Command Post (Cline) .. 3.75
War II (Sherrod) 6.50 (paper) 25 Logistical Support of the Armies May
History of U. S. Marines in World Iwo Jima (paper) 25 '41 to Sept. '44 ETO (Ruppenthal) 4.50
War II (Historical Division) Kesselring: A Soldier's Record Organization and Role of the Army
Battle for Tarawa 1.75 (Kesselring) 5.00 Service Forces (Willett) . 4.25
Bougainville and the Northern Life's Picture History of World War II. 10.00 U. S. Marines and Amphibious War
Solomons . 2.25 MacArthur 1941-1951 (Willoughby & (Isley) . 7.50
The Guadalcanal Campaign ,. 4.75 Chamberlin) 5.75 Uncommon Valor . 3.00
Saipan: The Beginning of the End .,. 3.75 Makin (Historical Division) 35 Utah Beach to Cherbourg
The Defense of Wake ,. 1.50 Omaha Beachhead (Historical Division) 1.75 (Historical Division) . 2.00
Assault on Peleliu . 2.75 Patton and His Third Army (Wallace). 3.50 Volturno (Historical Division) . 040
Seizure of Tinian . 2.75 Small Unit Actions (Historical Division) 1.25 War As I Knew It (Patton) . 4.50
Marine Aviation in the Philippines . 2.75 Stilwell Papers (Stilwell) 1.00 War Reports (Marshall, Arnold, King) . 7.50
Marines in the Central Solomons .. , . 3.25 St. Lo (Historical Division) 1.25 We Remained (Volckmann) . 3.75
Campaign in New Britain . 4.25 Strange Alliance, The (Deane) 4.50 Winter Line, The (Historical Division) .35
AUTHORS
Page and No. Page and No.
~
Baldwin, J. L., Lt. Co!. 19-1 Oberlin, B. G., Maj 24-2, 28-2
Beeton, G. J., Lieut. 31-1 Orman, L. M., Lt. Co!. 11-1,17-3, 12-4,22-4, 13-6
Brister, B. E., Capt. 18-3, 18-5 Owens, E. G., Lt. Co!. 18-1
Brown, Wm. F., Capt. 31-4
Palmer, F. H., Doctor 27-6
Buettner, J. R., Lieut. 29-1
Phillips, T. R., Brig. Gen., Ret. 4-3, 8-4, 2-5
Byrd, Harry F., Senator 10-5
Quinn, Wm. W., Brig. Gen., Ret. 14-4
Chaulk, K. G., Lieut. .. , 29-3
Rutkin, Joseph, Major 17-1
Daley, Paul V., WOJG . 30-3
Sample, J. C, Capt. : 15-6
DeStefanis, Victor, Major . 27-4
Seward, J. R., Co!.
l Fite, H. H., Capt.
"I Fry, J. C, Maj. Gen
. 22-2
. 32-6
Small, B. B., Capt.
Spengler, H. M., Co!.
18-2
29-6
16-1
Fussell, J. R., Capt. . 26-6 Trussell, J. B. B., Lt. Co!. 22-6
Gorman, D. F., Lt. Co!. . 26-6 Vanderpoorten, J. E., WOJG 19-5
Grayson, B. L., Lieut. . 15-4 Vanture, P. S., Capt. 6-6
Guelzo, C. M., Capt. 27-1, 24-4 Weber, J. E., Corporal 19-5
Guest, James W., Lt. Co!. . 20-5
l Hardaway, F. P., Brig. Gen., Rt.
Hatch, Melton A., Co!.
.
.
7-5
20-2
Weldon, H. E. C, Lt. Co!.
Widing, H. E., Capt.
Wuest, Wlp. J., CO!.
24-3
26-6
22-3
l
r
Messer, Daniel, Capt.
Meyers, H. F., Brig. Gen., Ret
.
.
26-3
5-4
Arctic Antiaircraft-93rd AAA Bn
Artillery at Henry Hill, Staunton
Artillery Defense of Malta, the
8-3
22-6
24-1
f Milburn, B. L., Maj. Gen . 2-4
Artilleryman, Every Man an 25-6
Millar, D. B., Major . 28-4
Artillery, Medieval Armor, Arms and 20-1
Mountain, Earle, Lt. Co!. 16-2, 29-2, 18-4, 8-6
Army General Staff Duty 18-1
Myers, T. 1., Cp!. ' . 27-6
Army Language School, The 30-4
Nichols, B. B., Capt. . 30-4 Atomic Supremacy, The Race for 2-5
NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1954 63
B P
Page and Xo. Page and X..
D
S
Do You Know Military Discipline 29-4
Score, \X1hat's the . 8-6
E Security Control in the Soviet Army . 15-4
Self-Propelled AAA in Support . 18-3
Electronics and Men . 12-4 Senior ROTC . 20-2
Electronics Design . 17-3 Skysweeper in Ground Support . 28.4
Economy, Our National . 10-5 Skysweeper Tests Completed . 31-1
English for the Army . 29-1 Specialization for Combat Arms Officers . 19-1
Status of Training Literature . 28-2 .,
F Supernumerary, The . 30.3
Supply, Prior Planning in . 16-1
Fallacy o.f Massive Retaliation . 4-3
Surveillance Radars . 11.1
G
T
Geographical Status Board 26-6
Goering Answers the $64 Question 14-4 The First Year-36th AAA Msl Bn . 6-6
Gunners Exams and Tests 22-2 The Tipsy . 13-6
This Concerns You . 32.6
The Versatile M33 . 26-6
M
Maintenance, Preventive
Mobile ANjTPS-lD
New Claws for the 90mm Gun
27-4,
5-4
15-6
29-3 We Move Ahead
w
2-6
Ir
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *1l
HONOR ROLL *,'
. Original Honor Roll
*f Cenlral AAA Command 40lh AAA Brigade lOath AAA Brigade Ga.
Col. D. J. Bailey Brig. Gen. E. F. Cardwell
*\*.
Brig. Gen. G. J. Hearn
88th AAA Abn Bn AAA Repl Training Cenler 451h AAA Brigade 112th AAA Brigade Calif.
Lt. Col. N. M. G. Locksley Col. E. R. C. Ward Brig. Gen. T. W. Parker Brig. Gen. J. W. Cook
228th AAA Group S. C. 471h AAA Brigade 26151 AAA Brigade Dela.
Hq Far Easl AAA Spec. Sch.
Co/. T. H. Pope Maj. Gen. F. M. Day Brig. Gen. J. B. Moore
Col. F. E. Day
I07th AAA AW Bn S. C. Norlhern (Proy) Group 52nd AAA Brigade
Lt. Col. E. R. Mciver Brig. Gen. W. H. Hennig Groups
*
Col. W. E. Johnson
305th AAA Group N. Y. 53rd AAA Brigade
Col. J. S. Mayer 151 Training Group
Brigades Brig. Gen. L. T. Heath
Col. C. E. Roden
*
3151 AAA Brigade 561h AAA Brigade
Separate Commands Maj. Gen. N. A. Burnell, II
3rd AAA Group
Col. Arthur Roth Col. M. G. Weber
Hq AAA Command 32nd AAA Brigade 1041h AAA Brigade Mass. 41h AAA Group
Ll. Gen. S. R. Mickelsen Col. C. H. Blumenfeld Brig. Gen. V. D. Coyne Col. E. B. Hempstead
Easlern AAA Command 34th AAA Brigade 105th AAA Brigade N. Y. 51h AAA Group
Brig. Gen. A. G. Fraoklin Crig. Gen. F. C. McConnell Brig. Gen. A. H. Doud Col. W. H. Vail
*
Weslern AAA Command 351h AAA Brigade 1071h AAA Brigade Va. 61h AAA Group
Maj. Gen. H. Hewett Brig. Gen. T. V. Stayton Brig. Gen. J. W. Squire Co/. H. B. Cooper
64 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
*******
7th AAA Group
Lt. Col. R. C. Bali
* ******
9th AAA Missile Bn
Lt. Co\. G. N. Wilcox
951h AAA Gun Bn
Lt. Col. J. T. Maleri
*** *
633rd AAA Gn Bn NY
*
Lt. Cal. W. A. Boker
* **
8th AAA Group 10th AAA AW Bn 96th AAA Gun Bn 70151 AAA Gun Bn
Col. l. J. Hillberg Lt. Cal. S. D. Bruns It. Col. C. M. Pentecosl Maj. H. l. Hall
9th AAA Group 11 th AAA A W Bn SP 991h AAA Gn Bn 7051h AAA Gn Bn R. I.
It. Col. J. H. Brubaker It. Co\. D. A. Gile Lt. Col. F. J. O'Connell It. Col. F. O. Roever
131h AAA Group 12th AAA Gn Bn 102nd AAA Gun Bn N. Y. 7091h AAA Gun Bn Penn.
Col. J. F. Eason Lt. Col. J. R. Ootman Lt. Col. E. R. Welte Lt. Col. Wellington Yaple
15th AAA Group 151h AAA AW Bn 106th AAA Gun Bn N. Y. 710th AAA Gn Bn Va.
Col. P. B. Stiness Lt. Col. J. E. Hart Maj. J. B. McManus It. Cal. G. C. Wiatt
181h AAA Group 16th AAA Gun Bn 1251h AAA Gun Bn Va. 7111h AAA Gn Bn Ala.
Co\. S. M. Mellnik Lt. Co\. G. R. Evans It. Co\. T. J. Bunlin Lt. Col. O. F. Kuppersmith
19th AAA Group 18th AAA Gun Bn 1291h AAA AW Bn Va. 7131h AAA Gn Bn S. C.
Col. H. A. Gerhardt L:. Co\. E. M. Hudak It. Co\. G. D. Eastes It. Col. W. B. Pollard, Jr.
26th AAA Group 20lh AAA Gun Bn 130th AAA AW Bn SP N. C. 7151h AAA Gn Bn N.Y.
Col. N. A. Skinrccci It. Col. R. E. Butts It. Col. W. lamont, Jr. Lt. Co\. O. C. Van bel
281h AAA Group 22nd AAA AW Bn 180lh AAA Gn Bn Ohio 718th AAA Gn Bn Calif.
Col. W. C. Cenway L'. Col. W. H. Bornscheuer Maj. F. l. Matson It. Col. N. W. Hemphill
30th AAA Group 241h AAA Gn Bn 2451h AAA Gun Bn N. Y. 7191h AAA Gun Bn Calif.
Cal. P. H. Wellasta' Lt. Col. H. E. Bock, Jr. It. Col. C. Davidson Lt. Cal. W. W. Morse
65th AAA Group 28th AAA Missile Bn 2481h AAA Gun Bn Illinois 720th AAA Gun Bn
Cel. H. S. Tubbs It. Col. J. A. Word, Jr. It. Col. A. C. Andrae Lt. Col. G. A. Duke
68th AAA Group 32nd AAA AW Bn 2591h AAA Gn Bn N. Y. 7241h AAA Gun Bn Penn.
Cel. G. F. Pierce It. Col. H. G. Cummings It. Col. K. C. Steeneck Maj. J. l. Knotts
80th AAA Group 341h AAA Gn Bn 271 sl AAA Gun Bn Calif. 7281h AAA Gun Bn Calif.
Col. D. B. Murray Lt. Col. G. E. Sylvester It. Cal. V. S. Matthews Maj. J. E. Huntsman
97th AAA Group 35th AAA Gun Bn 340lh AAA Gun Bn D. C. 7371h AAA Gun Bn
Col. W. F. Spurgin Lt. Cal. l. H. Kirk, ;~. Lt. Col. R. T. Bard Lt. Col. B. W. Perry
1381h AAA Group 36th AAA Missile Bn 3691h AAA Gn Bn N.Y. 7381h AAA Missile Bn
Col. M. B. Tauer Lt. Col. E. R. Gooding It. Col. J. S. Brown It. Cal. M. C. Johnson
142nd AAA Group Ala. 371h AAA Gn Bn 41 Blh AAA Gun IIn Va. 7391h AAA Gun Bn
Col. R. M. Hardy It. Cal. R. R. Corey ll. Col. W. K. Adorns It. Cal. C. W. Reeve
205th AAA Group Wash. 381h AAA Gun Bn 443rd AAA AW Bn SP 740lh AAA Missile Bn
Lt. Cal. H. S. McGee Lt. Cal. J. M. McAlister It. Col. R. J. Raflaeli Lt. Col. l. D. Burkett
211 th AAA Group Moss. 391h AAA AW Bn 450lh AAA AW IIn 7451h AAA Gn Bn Conn.
Col. Douglas MacDul! Lt. Cal. F. D. Pryor It. Col. G. W. Shivers, Jr. Lt. Col. R. M. Story
213th AAA Group Penn. 40th AAA Gun Bn 4571h AAA AW Bn 746th AAA Gun Bn Calif.
ll. Cal. H. A. Cressman It. Cal. W. H. Hubbard Lt. Col. J. Horst, Jr. I.t. Col. K. S. Gray
214th AAA Group Ga. 41 sl AAA Gun Bn 4591h AAA Gun Bn 7471h AAA Gun Bn Mass.
Col. J. G. Johnson
21 81h AAA Group Penn.
Lt. Col. J. l. Butler
It. Col. W.
42nd AAA
T. Lind
AW Bn
It. Col. C. D. Sauvinet
4661h AAA A W Bn
ll. Col. S. M. Arnold
It. Col. J. F. Kane
7491h AAA Gn Bn
Lt. Col. G. W. Kenna *
*
Lt. Col. J. E. Arthur, Jr.
220th AAA Group Moss. 46th AAA A W Bn SP 4861h AAA Bn 752nd AAA Gun Bn
Col. R. H. Hopkins It. Col. R. M. Wolke, Lt. Col. C. C. Edwards Lt. Col. D. T. Chapman
2241h AAA Group Va. 491h AAA Gun Bn 4951h AAA Missile Bn 753rd AAA Gun Bn
Col. E. W. Thompson It. Col. C. C. nines \J. Col. B. H. Bockstrom Lt. Col. J. T. Browne
2261h AAA Group Ala. 52nd AAA Gun Bn 4961h AAA Gun Bn 7641h AAA Gun Bn
Col. N. J. Walton It. Col. J. A. Rogers It. Co\. H. l. Dickey It. Col. R. l. Spellz
233rd AAA Group Calif. 53rd AAA Gn Bn 50151 AAA Gn Bn nOlh AAA Gn Bn Wash.
Cal. W. T. Stone Lt. Col. J. H. Brubaker It. Cal. P. B. Woll! It. Col. W. D. Bair
242nd AAA Group Conn. 561h AAA Gn 5041h AAA Gn Bn 867th AAA Gn Bn
Cal. Robert Perez ll. Col. W. Y. McCachern Lt. Cal. J. C. Boer Lt. Col. R. D. Harlan
244th AAA Group N.Y. 60th AAA AW Bn 5051h AAA Gn Bn 870lh AAA AW Bn
Col. l. S. Allen Lt. Col. J. l. Dovis, Jr. Lt. Cal. M. E. Chotas Maj. J. T. Blow
250lh AAA Group Calif. 62nd AAA AW Bn SP 5061h AAA Gun Bn 903rd AAA AW Bn
Col. R. B. Williams It. Col. H. A. Fulk It. Col. J. H. Valliere Lt. Cal. V. Blekaitis
'ie 260th AAA Group D. C.
Col. G. V. Selwyn
63rd AAA Gn Bn 5071h AAA AW Bn 175mml 933rd AAA AW Bn
~'. Cal. E. G. Schwartz It. Cal. J. A. laing Maj. W. R. 8ullard
513th AAA Gun Bn
rie 302nd AAA Group 661h AAA Missile Bn 950lh AAA AW Bn Ga.
Col. J. M. Welch Lt. Col. J. C. Wilkerson ll. Col. G. B. Vroom It. Col. J. P. Wallis
ie Cal. C. l. Baskervill
3741h AAA Group Illinois
Lt. Col. l. R. Droke
741h AAA Gn Bn 5261h AAA Missile Bn
Maj. S. R. Schwartz
13151 AAA Del Opns S. C.
Col. T. F. Mullaney Lt. Cal. R. A. Janowski Lt. Col. W. J. Wellman Maj. W. C. Fore
lie
\
Battalions
76th AAA AW Bn SP
It. Col. N. E. Ackner
5461h AAA Gn Bn
It. Col. W. A. Brinkerhofl
173rd AAA De! Opns Mass.
Capl. J. H. Hurney, Jr.
771h AAA Gun Bn 5491h AAA Gun Bn 1841h AAA Del Opns Calif.
151 AAA Tng Bn
'r-ie Maj. J. E. Nuwer
2nd AAA AW Bn SP
It. Cal. W. l. Wyatt
82nd Abn AAA Bn
Lt. Col. E. Mountain
550lh AAA Gun Bn
Copt. M. C. Teschendorl
3271h AAA Del Opns
It. Cal. R. O. Van Holt, Lt. Co\. J. T. Evans Lt. Col. F. E. Terry Maj. P. A. Davis
lie 3rd AAA AW Bn SP
Maj. J. A. Tringali
83rd AAA Missile Bn
Lt. Co\. C. F. Cofley
55151 AAA Missile Bn
Lt. Col. C. M. Allen
5041h AAA De! Opns
Maj. W. G. Mathews
4th AAA AW Bn 89th AAA Gn Bn 5541h AAA Gun Bn 5061h AAA Del Opns
lie
I
It. Co\. E. O'Connor,
51h AAA AW Bn
It. Col. N. E. Fisher
II. Lt. Col. J. D. Underwood
92nd AAA AW Bn
It. Col. S. C. Farris
Lt. Cal. J. R. Schroder
60151 AAA Gun Bn
Lt. Col. E. E. Bellonby
Maj. W. A. Jones
510lh AAA De! Opns
It. H. R. Tonner
51h AAA Tng Bn 93rd AAA Gun Bn 6051h AAA Gun Bn 512th AAA Del Opns
lie Lt. Col. C. E. Hogan ll. Col. B. B. A. Hoenel It. Col. F. J. Roddy Maj. J. Sweryda
71h AAA AW Bn 941h AAA AW Bn SP 6061h AAA Gn Bn 51 81h AAA Del Opns
Lt. CO\. M. J. McGuire It. Col. A. K. King Lt. Col. J. F. Butler Maj. E. J. Strazicich
TODAY'S
MILITARY PROBLEMS
Demand