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Crusading Warfare

Exploring the Military History of the Crusades


William James Hamblin
Robert of Normandys
March to Constantinople
Sept 1096 - May 1097
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Primary Sources: Thames
Robert Takes the Cross and Prepares for Crusade 1096/02-08

Rhine
Fulcher 1.7-8
Orderic 9.4

England
3
Me
us e
1- Robert, Duke of Normandy 3- Robert II, count of
takes the cross [Fulcher 1.6.8]; RF
Flanders takes the
Prepares for the crusade {Feb- 1 cross. [Fulcher 1.6.8]

le
el
France 102-3 July 1096} He mortgages his

os
Amiens

M
Rubenstein 68-70 duchy for 10,000 marks to his

kar
Rouen
brother king William Rufus of

Nec
Runciman 1:164-169 Se
ine Marne
Aird, W. Robert Curthose, England marks to fund his RN nu be
Danube
Da
Duke of Normandy. 2008. expedition. [Orderic 9.4h]

e
in
Paris Regensburg

Rh
pp. 157-173 Seine

2 Rheims
SB
2- Stephen,
Loirecount of
Blois
Holy Roman Empi8re
Blois and Chartres, Tours
(Germany)
takes theFrance
cross.

Loire
o ne
[Fulcher 1.6.8] S a
Creuse

Vienne

Clermont Lyon Venice Venic


e

ne
Milan

o
Rh
Po

ne
Le Puy

Rho
G
ar

Genoa
on
ne

Genoa
n Lucca
Tar

Toulouse Pisa
Avignon
Pisa

Rome
Thames
Roberts March to Rome 1096/09-10

Rhine
e
England Me
us

RF

le
el
os
Amiens

M
RN

kar
Rouen

Nec
Se
ine Marne
nu be
Da Danube

e
in
Paris Regensburg

Rh
Seine

Rheims
SB
Loire
Blois
Holy Roman Empi8re
Tours (Germany)
France

Loire
ao ne
S
Creuse
Pontarlier

Vienne
4
4- {late Sept} The three armies
depart and march to Pontarlier,
where they meet and organize
Clermont for
Lyon Venice Venic
e

ne
Milan

o
the journey to Italy. [Orderic 9.4j] 5- {mid Oct} Roberts crusaders

Rh
Po
meet pope Urban in Lucca,
where they receive his blessing.

ne
Le Puy 5

Rho
[Fulcher 1.7.1]
G
ar

Genoa
on
ne

Genoa
n Lucca
Tar

Toulouse Pisa 6- {late Oct} The crusaders


Avignon
Pisa march to Rome [Fulcher 1.7.1-2]
6

Rome
Regensburg
Roberts March to Bari 1096/11
Vienna
Tulln
Dn Bug
ie
st
er
Danube
m a n s
Sopron Cu

er
iep
Budapest

Dn
Hungary

Pru
t
Si
Dr

re
a
ava

t
Tis
Slavonia Olt
VeniceVenice Zagreb
Po
Sav
a
Bosnia
Zemun
Patzinaks
Da
nu Kherson
Belgrade b e
Cro
7- {early Nov} At Rome, the atia

Olt
Florencecrusaders find that the supporters u be
Dan Dristra

Mor
of the rival pope Clement III are in
Serbia

ava
charge of the city. [Fulcher 1.7.3]
Spaleto V

r Varna
Nish Iska Preslav
7
Ragusa V Sofia
RN
Philippopolis
Rome
Ardas
Scutari
8 Byzantine Empire Adrianople
8- {early Nov} Constantinople
Bari Durazzo
The crusadersNaples
march to Bari Roussa Rodosto
Salerno
[Fulcher 1.7.3]
Taranto Avlona Nicaea
Brindisi Thessalonica
Regensburg
Robert of Flanders crosses to Bari 1096/12
Vienna
Tulln
Dn Bug
ie
st
er
Danube
m a n s
Sopron Cu

er
iep
Budapest

Dn
Hungary

Pru
t
Si
Dr

re
a
ava

t
Tis
Slavonia Olt
VeniceVenice Zagreb
Po
Sav
a
Bosnia
Zemun
Patzinaks
Da
nu Kherson
Belgrade b e
Cro
atia

Olt
Florence u be
Dan Dristra

Mor
11- {early Dec} Poor Serbia

ava
crusaders, unable toSpaleto V
survive the winter, r Varna
Nish Iska Preslav
abandon the crusade 10- {early Dec} Robert
[Fulcher 1.7.5] Ragusa V and his
of Flanders Sofia
crusaders, risking winter
Philippopolis
Rome 11 storms, cross to Durazzo
[Fulcher 1.7.4] Scutari Ardas

9- {late Nov} Taking the Byzantine Empire Adrianople


advice of the local mariners, 10 Constantinople
Robert of Normandy
Naples and Bari Durazzo
most of the crusaders decide
to winter in Apulia Salerno
as guests 9 RN Roussa Rodosto
of Roger of Sicily [Fulcher Avlona Nicaea
Taranto
1.7.4; Orderic 9.4j] Brindisi Thessalonica
Regensburg
Robert of Flanders March to Constantinople 1096/12
Vienna
Tulln
Dn Bug
ie
st
er
Danube
m a n s
Sopron Cu

er
iep
Budapest

Dn
Hungary

Pru
t
Si
Dr

re
a
ava

t
Tis
Slavonia Olt
VeniceVenice Zagreb
Po
Sav
a
Bosnia
Zemun
Patzinaks
Da
nu Kherson
Belgrade b e
Cro
atia

Olt
Florence u be
Dan Dristra

Mor
Serbia

ava
Spaleto V

r Varna
Nish Iska Preslav

Ragusa V 12- {Dec} Robert of Flanders


Sofia
crusaders proceed without
Philippopolis
Rome incident to Constantinople.
Ardas
Scutari
Byzantine Empire Adrianople
Constantinople
RF 12
Naples Bari Durazzo
RF
RN
Salerno Roussa Rodosto

Taranto Avlona Nicaea


Brindisi Thessalonica
Regensburg
Capture of a Crusader Vessel 1097/03
Vienna
Tulln
Dn Bug
ie
st
er
Danube
m a n s
Sopron Cu

er
iep
Budapest

Dn
Hungary

Pru
t
Si
Dr

re
a
ava

t
Tis
Slavonia Olt
VeniceVenice Zagreb
Po
Sav
a
Bosnia
Zemun
Patzinaks
Da
nu Kherson
Belgrade b e
Cro whose
13b- The identity of the crusaderatia

Olt
boat is capture by the Byzantines when it is u be
Florence Dan Dristra
mistaken for a pirate is unsure. I follow

Mor
Runcimans suggestion that it is Baldwin, Serbia

ava
Spaleto V
count of Alost.
r Varna
Nish Iska Preslav
13a- {1097/03?} Baldwin, count of
Ragusa V
Alost (?), hires a large ship to sail his Sofia
force of 1500 infantry and 80 horses to
Philippopolis
Rome Byzantium. The ship is a known as a
Ardas
pirate vessel to the Byzantine navy; it is Scutari
blown off course [Anna 10.8] Byzantine Empire Adrianople
Constantinople
Naples Bari Durazzo
RF
RN BA 13
Salerno Roussa Rodosto

Taranto Avlona Nicaea


Brindisi Thessalonica
Regensburg
Capture of a Crusader Vessel 1097/03
Vienna
Tulln
Dn Bug
ie
15b- The bellicose crusader priest st
er
The arrow from the cross-bow struck the top of MarianusDa[son nube of Nicolas Mavrocatacalon, the Byzantine admiral]s helmet and pierced it in its flight without touching a hair of his
m a n s head, for
Providence warded it off. Then the man speedily discharged
Sopron another arrow at the Count, and hit him in the arm; the arrow bored through the shield, passed through his Cucuirass of scale

er
iep
armour, and touched his side. A certain Latin priest who happened Budapest to be standing in the stern with twelve other fighting men, saw this, and let fly several arrows against Marianus. Not

Dn
Hungary
even then did Marianus surrender, but fought fiercely himself and encouraged his men to do the same, so that three times over the men with the priest had to be replaced, as they were
wounded and sore-pressed. The priest himself, however, although he had received many blows, and was streaming with his own blood, remained quite fearless. But that most bellicose

Pru
t
priest did not stop fighting, even while the truce was being concluded, but as he had emptied his quiver of darts, he picked up a sling-stone and hurled it at Marianus. [Marianus] protected
his head with his shield, but the stone struck the shield and broke it in four pieces and shattered his helmet. And Marianus was overwhelmed by the blow from the stone, and at once fell

Si
Dr

re
unconscious, and lay speechless a long time, and then pulled himself together and by shooting arrows at him, thrice hit the [priest] who had struck him. Yet that polemarch [war leader

a
ava

t
Tis
= Marianus], rather than priest, was not even then sated with fighting, and as [the priest] had hurled all the stones
Slavonia Olt
he had, he was now utterly unarmed and bereft both of stones and of darts; so
not knowing what
Venice to do or how to defend
Venice Zagrebhimself against his adversary, [the priest] grew impatient, and stormed and raged and twisted himself about like a wild beast; and directly he saw
anything
Po handy he used it. Then he discovered a Ssack
ava of barley-cakes and began throwing out the barley-cakes from the sack as though they were stones, as if he were officiating and
taking a service [for the eucharist], and turning warBosnia
into a sacred celebration. And one barley-cake he picked up, drove it with all his might, aiming at Marianus' face, and hit him on the
cheek. So much for that priest and the ship and its crew. The [Baldwin] ZemunCount of [Alost], after surrendering himself and his Patzinaks
ship and his soldiers to Marianus, immediately followed him. And
when they had reached land and were disembarking, that same priest often and Da
repeatedly
nu asked for Marianus. When he found him, he threw his arms round him and embraced Kherson
him, whilst
Belgrade b e
saying boastfully, If you had met meCron
oatdry land, many of you would have been killed by my hands. Then [the priest] pulled out and gave him a large silver cup [for the mass?] worth one
hundred and thirty staters. And with these iwords
a and this gift he breathed his last. [Anna 10.8d-e]

Olt
be u
Florence Dan Dristra

Mor
Serbia

ava
Spaleto V

r Varna
Nish Iska Preslav

Ragusa V Sofia
14- {1097/03?} Duke Nicolas Mavrocatacalon,
commander of the Adriatic Byzantine navy, sees 15a- {1097/03?} The crusader vessel attacked
Philippopolis
Rome and captured by the Byzantine fleet after a
the pirate vessel becalmed and sends his fleet to Scutari Ardas

capture it. [Anna 10.8] long combat with missiles. [Anna 10.8] Empire
Byzantine Adrianople
Constantinople
Naples Bari 14 15
Durazzo
RF
RN BA
JC Roussa Rodosto
Salerno

Taranto Avlona Nicaea
Brindisi Thessalonica
Regensburg
The Crossbow 1097/03
Vienna
Tulln
Dn Bug
ie
st
er
Danube
m a n s
Sopron Cu

er
iep
Budapest

Dn
Hungary

Pru
t
Si
Dr

re
a
ava

t
Tis
Slavonia Olt
VeniceVenice Zagreb
Po Annas description of the crusaderSav crossbow
a
Bosniaquite unknown to the Greeks; and it is not stretched by the right hand pulling the string whilst the left
This cross bow is a bow of the barbarians
pulls the bow in a contrary direction, but he who stretches
Zemun this warlike and very far-shooting weapon must Patzinaks
lie, one might say, almost on his back
and apply both feet strongly against the semicircle of the bow and with Da
nu his two hands pull the string with all his might in the contrary direction. In
be
Kherson
Belgrade
the middle of the string
Cro is a socket, a cylindrical kind of cup fitted to the string itself, and about as long as an arrow of considerable size which
reaches from the stringatotiathe very middle of the bow; and through this arrows of many sorts are shot out. The arrows used with this bow are very

Olt
e
nub
Florence short in length, but very thick, fitted in front with a very heavy iron tip. And in discharging them the string shoots them
D a Dristraout with enormous violence

Mor
and force, and whatever these darts chance to hit, they do not fall back, but they pierce through a shield, then cut through a heavy iron corselet and
Serbia

ava
wing their way through V out at the other side.
Spaletoand So violent and ineluctable is the discharge of arrows of this kind. Such an arrow has been known
to pierce a bronze statue, and if it hits the wall of a very large town, the point of the arrow either protrudes on the inner side Varnaor it buries itself in the
r
middle of the wall and is lost. Such then is this monster of a cross-bow, Nishand verily a devilish
Iska invention. [Anna 10.8c]
Preslav

Ragusa V Sofia

Philippopolis
Rome
Ardas
Scutari
Byzantine Empire Adrianople
Constantinople
Naples Bari Durazzo
RF
RN Roussa Rodosto
Salerno Ni
Taranto Avlona Nicaea
Brindisi Thessalonica
Regensburg
Robert of Normandy sails to Durazzo 1097/04/05-09
Vienna
Tulln
Dn Bug
ie
st
er
Danube
m a n s
Sopron Cu

er
iep
Budapest

Dn
Hungary

Pru
t
Si
Dr

re
a
ava

t
Tis
Slavonia Olt
VeniceVenice Zagreb
Po
Sav
a
Bosnia
Zemun
Patzinaks
Da
nu Kherson
Belgrade b e
Cro
atia

Olt
Florence u be
Dan Dristra

Mor
18- {mid Apr} Many
Serbia

ava
people, who had never
Spaleto V 17- {5 Apr} As the crusaders are bonding the
sailed, panic and ships, the first vessel to depart, carrying 400
Varna
abandon the crusade. people, founders and sinks. All of the people,
Nish Iska
r
Preslav
[Fulcher 1.8.4] along with horses, mules, and treasure, are lost.
Some ofVthe drowned corpses are said to have
Ragusa Sofia
had marks of the cross on their backs, which is
Philippopolis
Rome taken as a sign that they are now in heaven as
18 martyrs. [Fulcher 1.8.2-4]
Scutari Ardas

Byzantine Empire Adrianople


Constantinople
Bari Durazzo 19
Naples 17 RF
19- {5-9 Apr} The rest of the army embarks,
16- {late Salerno
Mar} Robert of 16 RN Roussa Rodosto
but contrary winds cause the journey to
Normandys crusaders
Avlona Durazzo to take four days. [Fulcher 1.8.2-4] Nicaea
march to Brindisi to take Taranto Brindisi Thessalonica
ship. [Fulcher 1.8.1]
Regensburg
Roberts March to Constantinople 1097/05/
Vienna
Tulln
Dn Bug
ie
st
er
Danube
m a n s
Sopron Cu

er
iep
Budapest

Dn
Hungary

Pru
t
Si
Dr

re
a
ava

t
Tis
Slavonia Olt
VeniceVenice Zagreb
Po
Sav
a
Bosnia
Zemun
Patzinaks
Da
nu Kherson
Belgrade b e
Cro
atia

Olt
Florence u be
Dan Dristra

Mor
22- {14 May} Roberts army arrives at
Serbia

ava
Spaleto V Constantinople on 14 May; They meet
20- {late Apr} Roberts
the other crusaders, and camp there for
crusaders march to Varna
Nish Iska
r
Preslav two weeks {to 28 May}. They are
Thessalonica. There are
provided a full and fair food market
Ragusa V difficulties in crossing the
Sofia outside the city, but are permitted to
mountains and the 21- {early May} The enter Constantinople only in small
Skumbi River (River of Philippopolis
crusaders proceed to
Rome groups to worship in the churches
the Demon. [Fulcher ConstantinopleArdwithout
as
Scutari there. [Fulcher 1.8.8]
1.8.6-7] Byzantine Empire
incident [Fulcher 1.8.8]
Adrianople
Constantinople
RN
Bari Durazzo
Naples
21 22
20
Salerno Roussa Rodosto

Taranto Avlona Nicaea


Brindisi Thessalonica
Crusading Warfare

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