solutions

1. No. A quantity has same dimensions in different

systems of units.
size of tip of pin 105
2. Magnification = = = 1010
size of nucleus 1015
As actual size of atom 1010 m and it is magnified
1010 times,
\ Apparent size of atom = 1010 1010 = 100 = 1 m
3. In the expression, surface area = 4pr2, the factor 4
is an exact number which has infinite number of
significant figures. It can be written as 4 or 4.0 or
4.00 and so on.
4. Let r be the radius of semicircular path. Here,
l = (2p r/2) or r = l/p.
Magnitude of displacement = diameter = 2r = 2 l/p
Distance l p
\ = = .
Displacement 2l / p 2
5. Yes, because the diameter of the earth is very small
as compared to the radius of the orbital path of
earth around the sun.
6. Considering the positive direction of x-axis from
west to east, we have
vAE = Relative velocity of A with respect to earth =
+54 km h1 = +15 m s1
vBE = Relative velocity of B with respect to earth =
90 km h1 = 25 m s1
(i) Relative velocity of B with respect to A is
vBA = vBE + vEA = vBE vAE = ( 25) (+ 15)
= 40 m s1
(ii) Relative velocity of earth with respect to B is
vEB = vEE + vEB = vEE vBE = 0 ( 25) = 25 m s1
7. 60 J min1 = 1 J s1 = 1 watt
Now watt is the SI unit of power.
SI units Units of new system
n1 = 1 n2 = ?
M1 = 1 kg M2 = 100 g
L1 = 1 m L2 = 100 cm
T1 = 1 s T2 = 1 min
[Power] = [ML2T3] \ a = 1; b = 2 ; c = 3

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 a b c 11. (a) According to this principle, a physical relation
M L T
Now, n2 = n1 1 1 1 is dimensionally correct if the dimensions of
M2 L2 T2 fundamental quantities (mass, length and time etc.)
1 2 -3 are the same in each and every term on either side of
1 kg 1m 1s
=1 100 cm 1 min the equation. This principle is based on the fact that
100 g only quantities of the same kind (or dimensions)
1 2 -3 -3 can be added or subtracted. For example, consider
1000 g 100 cm 1 s 1 2 1
=1 =1[10] [1] the equation, A = B + C. Here the quantities A, B
100 g 100 cm 60 s 60
and C must have the same dimensions.
6
= 10 60 60 60 = 2.16 10 new units (b) No, because this is not dimensionally true.
OR Momentum Mass Velocity [MLT-1 ]
= = =[ML2 T1 ]
Since, w p qp is an angle, it is a dimensionless Volume Volume 3
[L ]
v
Force [MLT-2 ]
quantity. It means that wp/v as well as wqp is Pressure = = = [ML1T2 ]
Area 2
dimensionless. [L ]
wp [v] [LT 1]
\ = [M0L0T0 ] = 1 or [ p] = = = [L] 12. (a) Two salient drawbacks of dimensional analysis
v [w] [T 1]
are :
i.e., p has the dimensions of distance.
(i) The method does not tell us where the equation
1
Also, wqp = [M0L0T0] = 1 \ [q] = = [T] is wrong.
w (ii) If the dimensions had been the same on each
i.e., q has the dimensions of time.
side of the equation, we would know only that it
8. Given, x = 2 5t + 6 t2 might be correct, for the method does not provide a
dx d 2 check on numerical factors.
v= = (2 5t + 6 t ) = 5 + 12 t
dt dt (b) In many physical situations, it is very difficult
dv d to obtain the formula of a physical quantity. It is
\ a= = (5 + 12 t ) = 12
dt dt because the mathematical analysis involved is to
Acceleration of the particle is constant and difficult. In such situations, dimensional analysis
independent of time. can be a powerful tool.
l [L] 13. Let u be the initial velocity of the particle and A be
9. [RHS] = 2p = = [T2 ] [T] = [LHS]
g 2 its uniform acceleration. Using the relation
[LT ]
A
\ Formula is incorrect. Dn = u + (2n 1), we have
Let t = k la gb 2
A
[M0L0T1] = La[LT2]b = [La+b T2b] a = u + (2l 1) ...(i)
2
Using principle of homogeneity of dimensions,
A
1 1 b = u + (2m 1) ...(ii)
a + b = 0, 2 b = 1 b = \ a = b = 2
2 2
A
l and c = u + (2n 1) ...(iii)
From (i), t = k l1/2 g1/2 = k 2
g Subtracting (iii) from (ii)
10. The value of displacement x will be maximum, A
b c = (2m 2n) = A(m n)
when the value of sin (wt + q) is maximum. It will 2
be so if sin (wt + q) = 1 = sin p/2 \ a(m n) = a(b c)/A = (ab ac)/A ...(iv)
p p Subtracting (i) from (iii)
or wt + q = or wt = q
2 2 A
p q c a = (2n 2l ) = A(n l )
\ t = 2
2w w \ b(n l) = b(c a)/A = (bc ab)/A ...(v)

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 Subtracting (ii) from (i) v
A \ OD =
a b = (2l 2m) = A(l m) a
2 BE v
or c (l m) = c (a b)/A = (ac bc)/A ...(vi) b = slope of BC = =
EC EC
Adding (iv), (v) and (vi), we get v
\ EC =
b
a(m n) + b(n l) + c (l m)
Now, total distance covered
ab ac bc ab ac bc
= + + =0 = Area under the graph OABC
A A A
1
OR or x = [ AB + OC] AD
2
It is better to apply brake than to turn sharply for
1
the reason discussed here. = [DE + OD + DE + EC] AD [ AB = DE]
2
Let m be the mass of the car. When the driver
applies the brakes, let the car stop at distance x. 1 v v
= 2DE + + v
Then retardation, a = v2/2x 2 a b
mv 2 mv 2 2x v v
Retarding force, F = ma = or x = . or = 2 DE + +
2x 2F v a b
There will be no collision if x < r
mv 2 mv 2 1 2x v v
or r or F ...(i) or DE =
2F 2r 2 v a b
If the driver takes a sharp turn of radius x, then Now, total time taken is given by
centripetal force on car is, t = OD + DE + EC
2 2
mv mv
F = or x= v 1 2x v v v
x F = + +
a 2 v a b b
mv 2
To avoid collision, x r so r
F x v 1 1
mv 2 or t= + + .
or F ...(ii) v 2 a b
r
From (i) and (ii) we note that, to avoid collision 15. (a) Rules for rounding off a measurement :
braking force required is half the centripetal force. (i) If the digit to be dropped is smaller than 5,
Therefore, braking is better. then the preceding digit is left unchanged.
(ii) If the digit to be dropped is greater than 5,
14. The given motion can be represented by the
then the preceding digit is increased by 1.
velocity-time graph OABC as shown in figure. The
(iii) If the digit to be dropped is 5, followed by
portion OA represents the motion with constant
non-zero digit , then the preceding digit is increased
accleration a, the straight line AB parallel to time-
by 1.
axis represents the motion with uniform velocity v
(iv) If the digit to be dropped is 5, then the
and the line BC represents the motion with constant
preceding digit is left unchanged if it is even.
deceleration b.
(v) If the digit to be dropped is 5, then the
preceding digit is increased by 1 if it is odd.
(b)

AD v
a = slope of OA = =
OD OD [Rounded off upto 3rd decimal place]

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 Here 7.21 has minimum number of decimal places (d) When both u and a are
(two), so result is rounded off upto second place of negative: In this case, v - t
decimal point. graph will be as shown in
figure. If we produce graph
16. The device that has minimum least count will be
backwards, it meets the
more precise for measuring length.
time-axis at point A. Before
(a) Least count of vernier callipers
this time velocity is positive
19 1 and decreases till it becomes
= 1 MSD 1 VSD = 1 MSD MSD = MSD
20 20 zero at point A.
1 1
= 1mm = cm = 0.005 cm. 18. (a) The number of physical units required to be
20 200 measured is very large. If a separate unit is defined
(b) Least count of screw gauge for each of them, then it will become very difficult to
Pitch remember all of them as they will be quite unrelated
=
No. of division on circular scale to each other.
1.0 mm 1 4 Mg L
= = cm = 0.001 cm (b) Given, Y =
100 1000 pd 2 l
As 4, g and p are constants so the percentage error
(c) Least count of optical instrument in Y will be
= Wavelength of visible light DY DM DL Dd Dl
= 5000 = 5000 108 cm 100 % = + +2 + 100%
Y M L d l
= 0.00005 cm It is known from the given data that
Hence the most precise device for measuring length DM = 0.01, DL = 0.001, Dd = 0.001, Dl = 0.001
is the given optical instrument. DY 0.01 0.001 2 0.001 0.001
\ 100% = + + + 100%
17. (a) When both u and a are Y 3.00 2.890 0.082 0.087
positive : In such a case, = (0.0033 + 0.0003 + 0.0244 + 0.0115) 100%
the v-t graph will be as = 0.0395 100% = 3.95%
shown in figure. At the time Diameter of the wire causes maximum error in the
corresponding to point A, the value of Y.
velocity becomes zero. It can 19. Let a point O, which is 98 m above the ground be
be seen that before this time, taken as the origin, and the vertically downward
the velocity is negative but its magnitude decreases direction as positive as shown in figure.
with time till it becomes zero at A. When the packet is dropped from the balloon, at O,
(b) When u is negative and it has the same velocity (v0) as that of the balloon,
a is positive : In this case, i.e., 14 m s1 in the vertically upward direction. In
graph will be as shown order to reach the ground, it must fall through a
in figure. At the time height of 98 m.
corresponding to point A, 1
From h = v0t + gt 2 ,
the velocity becomes zero. 2
It can be seen that before this time the velocity is 1
negative but its magnitude decreases with time till 98 = 14t + 9.8t 2
2
it becomes zero at A. 2
or 4.9t 14t 98 = 0
(c) When u is positive and or 49t2 140t 980 = 0
a is negative : In such a case, or 7t2 20t 140 = 0
graph between v and t will be 20 400 + 3920
as shown in figure. Again at A, or t = s
velocity is zero. The velocity 14
decreases before the time 20 65.7
= s
corresponding to point A. 14

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 20 + 65.7 21. (a) Positive acceleration: If the velocity of an object
Thus, either t = s = 6.1 s
14 increases with time, its acceleration is positive.
When a bus leaves a bus-stop, its acceleration is
20 65.7 positive.
or t= s = 3.3 s
14 Negative acceleration: If the velocity of an object
decreases with time, its acceleration is negative.
Neglecting negative time, t = 6.1 s
Negative acceleration is also called retardation
Let v be the velocity with which the packet hits the
or deceleration. When a bus slows down on
ground.
approaching a bus-stop, its acceleration is negative.
Thus, v = v0 + gt = [ 14 + (9.8)(6.1)] m s1
or v = [ 14 + 60] m s1 = 46 m s1 (b) Given x = a + bt2
Instantaneous velocity,
20. Instantaneous retardation due to air resistance = av
dx d
where a is a constant of proportionality v= = (a + bt 2 ) = 0 + b 2t = 2bt
dt dt
Clearly, net instantaneous acceleration,
a = g av At t = 0, v = 0
At t = 2 s, v = 22.5 2 = 10 m s1
dv dv
or = ( g av ) or = dt At t = 2 s, x = a + 4b
dt ( g av ) At t = 4 s, x = a + 16b
v dv t Average velocity
Integrating,
0 g av 0
= dt
x x (a + 16b) (a + 4b)
v = 2 1= = 6b
ln( g av ) t2 t1 42
or = | t |t0 = t
a 0 = 6 2.5 = 15 m s1
or [ln (g av) ln g] = at 22. (a) (i) The distance travelled by a body in a given
g av interval of time is equal to total area of velocity time
or ln = at graph, without considering sign. It means, even if
g the body is moving with negative velocity, the area
g av at of velocity time graph is to be taken positive for the
or =e
g measurement of distance travelled by the body.
g (ii) Displacement of a body in a given interval of
or v = (1 e at ) ...(i)
a time is equal to total area of velocity-time graph,
ds g during the given interval of time, which is to be
or = (1 e at ) added with proper sign.
dt a
g (b) As the relative velocity
or ds = (1 e at )dt
a is zero, the two bodies A
s g t and B have equal velocities.
Integrating, ds = (1 e at )dt
0 a 0 Hence their position-time
g t g t graph are parallel straight
= dt e at dt lines, equally inclined to
a 0 a 0
the time-axis as shown in
t
g t g e at figure.
or | s |0s = |t |
a 0 a a 0 23. (i) We have made errors twice ; in measuring a
g g at g and in measuring b. Therefore, absolute error in
or s = t + e
a a2 a2 x = (a b) has to be sum of the two errors.
g at g (ii) Same argument as in (i) applies to fractional
i.e., s = (e 1) + t error in x = a/b.
2 a
a (iii) From this, we learn that errors committed
(b) From eqn. (i), it is clear that v increases with any number of times just add. No mathematical
t and attains its highest value, called the terminal operation can reduce the net overall error. So
speed, when t = or eat = 0. Clearly, be warned. Multiple errors are going to cost you
terminal speed = g/a dearly.

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24. Acceleration = slope of v t graph
(i) Straight line AB indicates that the acceleration
of the moving body is zero. Clearly, the body is
moving with constant velocity.
(ii) Straight line CD indicates that the body
has constant positive acceleration with initial
velocity OC. In this case, the velocity of the body is
increasing.
(iii) Straight line OE indicates that the body has
positive constant acceleration with zero initial
velocity.
(iv) Curve OI shows the increasing acceleration.
Here the slope of the graph increases with time.
(v) Curve OH indicates decreasing acceleration.
Here the slope of the graph decreases with time.
(vi) The straight line FG indicates that the body
is moving with constant negative acceleration.
Here the slope of the graph is negative. It means
the velocity of the body is decreasing at a constant
rate.
OR
(i) x = 6 + 4 t2 t4
dx d
Velocity, v = = (6 + 4t 2 t 4 ) = 8t 4t 3
dt dt
dv d
Acceleration, a = = (8t 4t 3 ) = 8 12t 2
dt dt
At t = 2 s, x = 6 + 4 (2)2 (2)4 = 6 m
v = 8 2 4 (2)3 = 16 m s1
a = 8 12 (2)2 = 40 m s2
(ii) The velocity v is positive if 8t 4t3 0. That is if
4 t (2 t2) > 0
i.e., 0 < t < 2 s or 0 < t < 1.41 s
(iii) The position x is positive if 6 + 4 t2 t4 0.
t2 2 3.16 s. Since t is positive, t lies between 0
and 5.16 or 0 and 2.27 s.
(iv) The velocity is maximum for t given by
dv 2 (i) All non-zero digits are significant. So 13.75
= 0 or 8 12t2 = 0 or t = = 0.816 s
dt 3
\ Maximum velocity, vmax = (8t 4t3)t = 0.816 s
= [8 0.816 4 (0.816)3] = 4.355 m s1
25. Elimination of error : Normal or Gaussian law
of random errors shows that the probability of
occurrence of positive and negative errors is same,
so random error can be minimised by repeating
measurements a large number of times. Then the
arithmetic mean of all measurements can be taken
as the true value of the measured quantity.
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If a1, a2, a3, ...an be the n measured values of a
physical quantity, then its true value, a is given by
the arithmetic mean,
a + a + a + ... + an 1 n
a or amean = 1 2 3 = ai .
n n i =1
(i) Absolute error: The magnitude of the difference
between the true value of the quantity measured
and the individual measured value is called absolute
error. If we take arithmetic mean a as the true value,
then the absolute errors in the individual measured
values will be
Da1 = a a1, Da2 = a a2, Da3 = a a3, ......
Dan = a an
(ii) Mean or final absolute error : The arithmetic
mean of the positive magnitudes of all the absolute
errors is called mean absolute error. It is given by
Da1 | + | Da2 | +...+ | Dan | 1 n
= | Dai |
n n i =1
Thus the final result of the measurement of a
physical quantity can be expressed as a = a Da.
Clearly, any measured value of a will be such that
a Da a a + Da
(iii) Relative error : The ratio of the mean absolute
error to the true value of the measured quantity is
called relative error.
Da
Relative error, a =
a
(iv) Percentage error : The relative error expressed
in percent is called percentage error.
Da
Percentage error = 100%
a
OR
Rules for determining the number of significant
figures :
has four significant figures.
(ii) All zeros between two non-zero digits are
significant. Thus 100.05 km has five significant
figures.
(iii) All zeros to the right of a non-zero digit but
to the left of an understood decimal point are not
significant. For example, 86400 has three significant
figures.
(iv) All zeros to the right of a non-zero digit but
to the left of a decimal point are significant. For
example, 648700. has six significant figures.
 (v) All zeros to the right of a decimal point are
significant. So 161 cm, 161.0 cm and 161.00 cm have
three, four and five significant figures respectively.
(vi) All zeros to the right of a decimal point but
to the left of a non-zero digit are not significant. So
0.161 cm and 0.0161 cm, both have three significant
figures. Moreover, zero conventionally placed to the
left of the decimal point is not significant.
(vii) The number of significant figures does not OR
depend on the system of units. So 16.4 cm, 0.164 m
Let the speed of the two balls (1 and 2) be u1 and u2,
and 0.000164 km, all have three significant figures.
where u1 = 2u, u2 = u.
26. Taking vertical downward motion of ball from a If y1 and y2 are the distances covered by the balls 1
height 90 m, we have and 2 respectively, before coming to rest, then
u = 0, a = 10 m s2; S = 90 m, t = ? v = ?
u12 4u2 u2 u2
2S 2 90 y1 = = and y2 = 2 =
t = = = 3 2 s = 4.24 s 2g 2g 2g 2g
a 10
4u2 u2
v = 2 aS = 2 10 90 = 30 2 m s 1 Since y1 y2 = 15 m, = 15 m
2g 2g
Rebound velocity of ball,
3u2
9 9 or = 15 m or u2 = 5 m ( 2 10 m s 2 )
u = v = 30 2 = 27 2 m s 1 2g
10 10
Time to reach the highest point is, or u = 10 m s1
u 27 2 Clearly, u1 = 20 m s1 and u2 = 10 m s1
t = = = 2.7 2 = 3.81 s
a 10 u12 ( 20 m s 1 )2
Total time = t + t = 4.24 + 3.81 = 8.05 s As y1 = = = 20 m ,
2 g 2 10 m s 2
The ball will take further 3.81 s to fall back to
floor, where its velocity before striking the floor y2 = y1 15 m = 5 m
If t2 is the time taken by the ball 2 to cover a distance
= 27 2 m s 1 1
Velocity of ball after striking the floor of 5 m, then from y2 = u2t gt22 ,
2
9
= 27 2 = 24.3 2 m s 1 5 = 10t2 5t22
10
Total time elapsed before upward motion of ball = or t22 2t2 + 1 = 0 , or t2 = 1 s
8.05 + 3.81 = 11.86 s Since t1 (time taken by ball 1 to cover a distance of
Thus the speed-time graph of this motion will be as 20 m) is 2 s, time interval between the two throws
shown in figure. = t1 t2 = 2 s 1 s = 1 s

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