ANALYSIS

Analyze the results obtained from PART A and PART B. Comment and provide theoretical
reasons for each of the following focusing area:

Simulation Results Practical Results Percentage

Error (%)

Vds 3.677V 2.91V 20.85

Vgs -1.697V -1.91V -12.55

Id 3.060mA 3.31mA -8.17

Output voltage peak to 377.2mVpp 233mVpp 38

peak

Input voltage peak to peak 39.9mVpp 40mVpp -2.5*103

Voltage gain -9.45 -5.825 38.35

Maximum value of input 220mV 384mV -42.70

ac signal

Table of data for Part A: Task 1 Figure 1

 Simulation Results Practical Results Percentage
Error (%)

Frequency Response 19.711dB -15.95dB 19

Maximum voltage gain, 19.344dB -15.95dB 17.54

Av(max)

Cut off gain 16.578 dB -12.95dB 21.88

Lower cut off frequency, f1 69.183Hz 4.5Hz 93.49

Upper cut off frequency , f2 151.356MHz 5MHz 96.70

Bandwidth of the amplifier 151.355MHz 4.99MHz 96.70

, BW

Input voltage 39.1mVpp 40mVpp -2.3

Output voltage 384.1mVpp 235mVpp 38.8

Table of data for Part B: Figure 1

 Simulation Results Practical Results Percentage
error (%)

Frequency Response 14.204dB 32.52dB -128.94

Maximum voltage gain, 13.838dB 32.52 dB -135

Av(max)

Cut off gain 10.81dB 29.52dB -173

Lower cut off frequency, f1 69.183Hz 750Hz -984

Upper cut off frequency , f2 17.378MHz 500kHz 94.61

Bandwidth of the amplifier 17.378MHz 499.25kHz 97.12

, BW

Input voltage 40mVpp 40mVpp 0

Output voltage 226.6mVpp 1.67Vpp -144.34

Table of data for Part B: Figure 2

The results from two approaches carry out in the assessment. Identify possible reasons of
any differences.

Based on table of data for Part A, the simulation result and the practical result have
different results, frequency response, maximum voltage gain, cut off gain, bandwidth, voltage
gain and maximum input ac signal are almost different, and this is because of many factors.
Results between experiment via oscilloscope and calculation are slightly difference, this is
because of the random error and systemic error that occurred during the experiment. Besides, the
value of resistors are not precise as the value of resistors are not exact value due to the tolerance
of each resistor. The value of the component for the resistor might be more or less to the actual
value. These errors can cause the difference for the output results for the experimental.

In simulation process also shows the output value will be greater than the input value.
The limitation of input signal for simulation is nearly same with the result of practical lab. In
simulation result, the value of output voltage is higher than practical lab; it is because value of
the practical lab is small. For the practical lab load on voltage gain showed the smooth of
waveform and value of all measurable succeed. We controlled the amplitude of amplifier to
measure the value. The cause of the error is due to internal resistance of the function generator
(source internal resistance) and the JFET type used in simulation is 2N3823 but in experiment
the JFET used is 2N3819. Then, the noise produced by BNC cable connecting the circuit to
oscilloscope and the function generator to the circuit itself, noise from the jumper wire and from
the breadboard. Thus, we have calculated the percentage of errors by using this formula.

The percentage error of the measurement:

% error = (Simulated value - Measured value)/Simulated value * 100%

Based on the percentage errors that have calculated for the table 1 and table 2, the percentage
errors for the almost all results do not exceed 50%. This indicates that the experiment is
acceptable.

Effect of ac input voltage on the output voltage.

In simulation process also shows the output value will be greater than the input value. The
limitation of input signal for simulation is nearly same with the result of practical lab. In
simulation result, the value of output voltage is higher than practical lab; it is because value of
the practical lab is small. For the practical lab load on voltage gain is shown that the waveform is
not distorted and value of all measurable succeed. The amplitude of amplifier is controlled to
measure the value. Based on the simulation, when the ac input voltage is 20mVp and the output
voltage is 377.2mVp but when the output voltage is started to distort which is 4.1 Vpp, the input
signal is 220mVp. However, based on the practical lab, when the ac input voltage is 40mV, the
peak to peak value of output voltage is 233mV but when the ac input voltage is increased until
distortion is occurred, the output voltage is 384mV. The relationship between ac input voltage
on the output voltage is when decreasing the ac input voltage, the output of the voltage also will
decrease.

The phase relationship between input and output voltage for single and cascaded
amplifier.

The phase relationship between the input and output voltages for single stage amplifier are
analyzed. It is found that the input signal is not inverted meanwhile the output signal that is
inverted. This indicates that the amplifier is an inverting amplifier. Inverting amplifier produces
high output signal but with opposite polarity or 180 degree out of phase (compared to the input
signal). The phase relationship between the input and output voltages for cascaded amplifier are
analyzed. It is found that the input signal was not inverted meanwhile the output signal was
same. This indicates that the amplifier is a non-inverting amplifier. Non inverting amplifier
where the output in phase with the input.

Cut off frequencies & bandwidth of single stage and cascaded amplifier.

Cut off frequency for single stage amplifier is smaller than cascaded amplifier. This means that
the power drop to half of the maximum value for single stage amplifier is smaller than cascaded
amplifier. This also indicate that single stage amplifier has smaller voltage gain than cascaded
amplifier. Cascading amplifier limit the gain at high and low frequencies. The bandwidth for
single stage is bigger than cascaded amplifier. The cascaded amplifier have the narrow
bandwidth, the smaller the range of the frequencies that will permit a transfer of power to the
load that is at least 50% of the midband level. So, the single stage amplifier is a good amplifier.
 CONCLUSION

As conclusion, we can learn and know to find the dc and ac parameters of a common
source (CS) JFET amplifier. Based on this experiment in Part A, the amplifier circuit is inverting
amplifier. The inverting amplifier amplifies small difference in a voltage between input terminals
to larger voltage on its output terminal. The phase relationship of the input and output voltage is
180 degree out of phase. As the evidences, we can see through the negative sign that represents
inverting amplifier and the output voltage is at a 180 degree phase difference with the input
voltage. Besides that, we also can investigate the effect of input signal on the output voltage
waveform. When the input signal is increased, the output signal is also increased.

Based on the experiment in Part B, we can investigate the frequency response of a typical
common source JFET amplifier. The frequency response of amplifier in single stage is larger
value (decibel) than the cascaded amplifier. The frequency response of a device or a circuit
describes its operation over a specified range of signal frequencies by showing how its gain, or
the amount of signal it lets through changes with frequency. We can also know frequency
response of a JFET JFET cascaded amplifier. The bandwidth of the single stage is bigger than
the cascaded amplifier. It is shown that the single stage is a good amplifier.

Next, we can also know the phase relationship between input and output voltages of
cascaded amplifier. The input signal was not inverted meanwhile the output signal was same.
This indicates that the amplifier is a non-inverting amplifier. Non inverting amplifier where the
output in phase with the input.

Lastly, there are some errors while conducting this experiment such as environmental
factors, random error, systemic error and instrument resolution. So, there are slightly different of
the results for the simulation and practical.