Mathematical Practices and Processes Chart: Appendix B

APPENDIX B:!
Mathematical Practices and Processes Chart

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CCSSMStandard of Mathematical Practices, Principles and Standards Focus in High School Mathematics
including commentary Process Standard, including areas Reasoning Habit
of emphasis
1. Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.
Mathematically proficient students start by explaining to Problem Solving Analyzing a problem
themselves the meaning of a problem and looking for entry r BQQMZBOEBEBQUBWBSJFUZPGBQQSPQSJBUF r JEFOUJGZJOHSFMFWBOUNBUIFNBUJDBMDPODFQUT QSPDFEVSFT PS
points to its solution. strategies to solve problems. representations that reveal important information about the
problem and contribute to its solution.
1SPGJDJFOUTUVEFOUTBOBMZ[FHJWFOT DPOTUSBJOUT SFMBUJPOTIJQT Problem Solving Analyzing a problem
and goals. r BQQMZBOEBEBQUBWBSJFUZPGBQQSPQSJBUF r EFGJOJOHSFMFWBOUWBSJBCMFTBOEDPOEJUJPOTDBSFGVMMZ
strategies to solve problems. including units if appropriate.
Proficient students make conjectures about the form and Problem Solving Analyzing a problem
meaning of the solution and plan a solution pathway rather r BQQMZBOEBEBQUBWBSJFUZPGBQQSPQSJBUF r NBLJOHQSFMJNJOBSZEFEVDUJPOTBOEDPOKFDUVSFT JODMVEJOH
than simply jumping into a solution attempt. strategies to solve problems. predicting what a solution to a problem might involve or
Reasoning and Proof putting constraints on solutions.
r NBLFBOEJOWFTUJHBUFNBUIFNBUJDBM
conjectures.
1SPGJDJFOUTUVEFOUTDPOTJEFSBOBMPHPVTQSPCMFNT BOEUSZ Problem Solving Analyzing a problem
special cases and simpler forms of the original problem in r BQQMZBOEBEBQUBWBSJFUZPGBQQSPQSJBUF r DPOTJEFSJOHTQFDJBMDBTFTPSTJNQMFSBOBMPHT
order to gain insight into its solution. strategies to solve problems. Seeking and using connections across different contexts.
Proficient students monitor and evaluate their progress and Problem Solving Implementing a strategy
change course if necessary. r NPOJUPSBOESFGMFDUPOUIFQSPDFTTPG r NPOJUPSJOHQSPHSFTTUPXBSEBTPMVUJPO JODMVEJOHSFWJFXJOH
mathematical problem solving. a chosen strategy and other possible strategies generated
by oneself or others.
0MEFSTUVEFOUTNJHIU EFQFOEJOHPOUIFDPOUFYUPGUIF Representation Analyzing a problem
QSPCMFN USBOTGPSNBMHFCSBJDFYQSFTTJPOTPSDIBOHFUIF r DSFBUFBOEVTFSFQSFTFOUBUJPOTUP r MPPLJOHGPSIJEEFOTUSVDUVSF
viewing window on their graphing calculator to get the PSHBOJ[F SFDPSE BOEDPNNVOJDBUF
information they need. mathematical ideas.
Mathematically proficient students can explain Representation Seeking and using connections across different
DPSSFTQPOEFODFTCFUXFFOFRVBUJPOT WFSCBMEFTDSJQUJPOT r TFMFDU BQQMZ BOEUSBOTMBUFBNPOH representations.
UBCMFT BOEHSBQITPSESBXEJBHSBNTPGJNQPSUBOUGFBUVSFT mathematical representations to solve
BOESFMBUJPOTIJQT HSBQIEBUB BOETFBSDIGPSSFHVMBSJUZPS problems.
trends.
68 Making It Happen: A Guide to Interpreting and Implementing Common Core State Standards for Mathematics
of emphasis
Younger students might rely on using concrete objects or Representation Seeking and using connections across different
pictures to help conceptualize and solve a problem. r VTFSFQSFTFOUBUJPOTUPNPEFMBOE representations.
JOUFSQSFUQIZTJDBM TPDJBM BOE
mathematical phenomena.
Mathematically proficient students check their answers to Problem Solving Reflecting on a solution
QSPCMFNTVTJOHBEJGGFSFOUNFUIPE BOEUIFZDPOUJOVBMMZBTL r NPOJUPSBOESFGMFDUPOUIFQSPDFTTPG r SFDPODJMJOHEJGGFSFOUBQQSPBDIFTUPTPMWJOHUIFQSPCMFN
UIFNTFMWFT i%PFTUIJTNBLFTFOTF u mathematical problem solving. including those proposed by others.
Proficient students can understand the approaches of others Communication Reflecting on a solution
to solving complex problems and identify correspondences r BOBMZ[FBOEFWBMVBUFUIFNBUIFNBUJDBM r SFDPODJMJOHEJGGFSFOUBQQSPBDIFTUPTPMWJOHUIFQSPCMFN
between different approaches. thinking and strategies of others. including those proposed by others.
2. Reason abstractly and quantitatively.
Mathematically proficient students make sense of quantities Problem Solving Analyzing a problem
and their relationships in problem situations. r BQQMZBOEBEBQUBWBSJFUZPGBQQSPQSJBUF r EFGJOJOHSFMFWBOUWBSJBCMFTBOEDPOEJUJPOTDBSFGVMMZ
strategies to solve problems. including units if appropriate.
Reflecting on a solution
r DPOTJEFSJOHUIFSFBTPOBCMFOFTTPGBTPMVUJPO JODMVEJOH
whether any numbers are reported at an unreasonable
level of accuracy.
Proficient students bring two complementary abilities to bear Problem Solving Analyzing a problem
on problems involving quantitative relationships: the ability to r BQQMZBOEBEBQUBWBSJFUZPGBQQSPQSJBUF
decontextualize and the ability to contextualize. strategies to solve problems.
Quantitative reasoning entails habits of creating a coherent Problem Solving Analyzing a problem
representation of the problem at hand; considering the units r BQQMZBOEBEBQUBWBSJFUZPGBQQSPQSJBUF r BQQMZJOHQSFWJPVTMZMFBSOFEDPODFQUTUPOFXQSPCMFN
JOWPMWFEBUUFOEJOHUPUIFNFBOJOHPGRVBOUJUJFT OPUKVTUIPX strategies to solve problems; TJUVBUJPOT BEBQUJOHBOEFYUFOEJOHBTOFDFTTBSZ
to compute them; and knowing and flexibly using different r NPOJUPSBOESFGMFDUPOUIFQSPDFTTPG
properties of operations and objects. mathematical problem solving.
3. Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others.
Mathematically proficient students understand and use Reasoning and Proof Analyzing a problem
TUBUFEBTTVNQUJPOT EFGJOJUJPOT BOEQSFWJPVTMZFTUBCMJTIFE r NBLFBOEJOWFTUJHBUFNBUIFNBUJDBM r BQQMZJOHQSFWJPVTMZMFBSOFEDPODFQUTUPOFXQSPCMFN
results in constructing arguments. conjectures; TJUVBUJPOT BEBQUJOHBOEFYUFOEJOHBTOFDFTTBSZ
r EFWFMPQBOEFWBMVBUFNBUIFNBUJDBM r EFGJOJOHSFMFWBOUWBSJBCMFTBOEDPOEJUJPOTDBSFGVMMZ
arguments and proofs. including units if appropriate.
Appendix B 69
of emphasis
Proficient students make conjectures and build a logical Reasoning and Proof Implementing a strategy
progression of statements to explore the truth of their r NBLFBOEJOWFTUJHBUFNBUIFNBUJDBM r NBLJOHMPHJDBMEFEVDUJPOTCBTFEPODVSSFOUQSPHSFTT
conjectures. conjectures; WFSJGZJOHDPOKFDUVSFT BOEFYUFOEJOHJOJUJBMGJOEJOHT
r EFWFMPQBOEFWBMVBUFNBUIFNBUJDBM
arguments and proofs.
Proficient students are able to analyze situations by Reasoning and Proof Implementing a strategy
CSFBLJOHUIFNJOUPDBTFT BOEDBOSFDPHOJ[FBOEVTF r TFMFDUBOEVTFWBSJPVTUZQFTPG r PSHBOJ[JOHUIFTPMVUJPO
counterexamples. reasoning and methods of proof.
1SPGJDJFOUTUVEFOUTKVTUJGZUIFJSDPODMVTJPOT DPNNVOJDBUF Communication Reflecting on a solution
UIFNUPPUIFST BOESFTQPOEUPUIFBSHVNFOUTPGPUIFST r PSHBOJ[FBOEDPOTPMJEBUFw r KVTUJGZJOHPSWBMJEBUJOHBTPMVUJPO
mathematical thinking through r SFDPODJMJOHEJGGFSFOUBQQSPBDIFTUPTPMWJOHUIFQSPCMFN
communication; including those proposed by others;
r DPNNVOJDBUFwNBUIFNBUJDBMUIJOLJOH r SFGJOJOHBSHVNFOUTTPUIBUUIFZDBOCFFGGFDUJWFMZ
DPIFSFOUMZBOEDMFBSMZUPQFFST communicated.
UFBDIFST BOEPUIFST
1SPGJDJFOUTUVEFOUTSFBTPOJOEVDUJWFMZBCPVUEBUB NBLJOH Reasoning and Proof Analyzing a problem
plausible arguments that take into account the context from r TFMFDUBOEVTFWBSJPVTUZQFTPG r EFDJEJOHXIFUIFSBTUBUJTUJDBMBQQSPBDIJTBQQSPQSJBUF
which the data arose. reasoning and methods of proof. Reflecting on a solution
r JOUFSQSFUJOHBTPMVUJPOBOEIPXJUBOTXFSTUIFQSPCMFN
including making decisions under uncertain conditions;
r SFDPHOJ[JOHUIFTDPQFPGJOGFSFODFGPSBTUBUJTUJDBMTPMVUJPO
Mathematically proficient students are also able to compare Communication Reflecting on a solution
UIFFGGFDUJWFOFTTPGUXPQMBVTJCMFBSHVNFOUT EJTUJOHVJTI r BOBMZ[FBOEFWBMVBUFUIFNBUIFNBUJDBM r SFDPODJMJOHEJGGFSFOUBQQSPBDIFTUPTPMWJOHUIFQSPCMFN
DPSSFDUMPHJDPSSFBTPOJOHGSPNUIBUXIJDIJTGMBXFE BOEJG thinking and strategies of others. including those proposed by others.
there is a flaw in an argumentexplain what it is.
Elementary students can construct arguments using Representation
DPODSFUFSFGFSFOUTTVDIBTPCKFDUT ESBXJOHT EJBHSBNT BOE r DSFBUFBOEVTFSFQSFTFOUBUJPOTUP
BDUJPOT4VDIBSHVNFOUTDBONBLFTFOTFBOECFDPSSFDU PSHBOJ[F SFDPSE BOEDPNNVOJDBUF
even though they are not generalized or made formal until mathematical ideas
later grades.
of emphasis
-BUFS TUVEFOUTMFBSOUPEFUFSNJOFEPNBJOTUPXIJDIBO Problem Solving Reflecting on a solution
argument applies. r NPOJUPSBOESFGMFDUPOUIFQSPDFTTPG r SFWJTJUJOHJOJUJBMBTTVNQUJPOTBCPVUUIFOBUVSFPGUIF
mathematical problem solving. TPMVUJPO JODMVEJOHCFJOHNJOEGVMPGTQFDJBMDBTFTBOE
extraneous solutions;
r HFOFSBMJ[JOHBTPMVUJPOUPBCSPBEFSDMBTTPGQSPCMFNTBOE
looking for connections with other problems.
Students at all grades can listen or read the arguments of Reasoning and Proof Reflecting on a solution
PUIFST EFDJEFXIFUIFSUIFZNBLFTFOTF BOEBTLVTFGVM r EFWFMPQBOEFWBMVBUFNBUIFNBUJDBM r SFDPODJMJOHEJGGFSFOUBQQSPBDIFTUPTPMWJOHUIFQSPCMFN
questions to clarify or improve the arguments. arguments and proofs. including those proposed by others;
r SFGJOJOHBSHVNFOUTTPUIBUUIFZDBOCFFGGFDUJWFMZ
communicated.
4. Model with mathematics.
Mathematically proficient students can apply the Problem Solving Seeking and using connections across different mathematical
mathematics they know to solve problems arising in r TPMWFQSPCMFNTUIBUBSJTFJONBUIFNBUJDT domains.
FWFSZEBZMJGF TPDJFUZ BOEUIFXPSLQMBDF and in other contexts.
Connections
r SFDPHOJ[FBOEBQQMZNBUIFNBUJDTJO
contexts outside of mathematics.
Representation
r SFDPHOJ[FBOEBQQMZNBUIFNBUJDTJO
contexts outside of mathematics.
Mathematically proficient students who can apply what Connections Analyzing a problem
they know are comfortable making assumptions and r SFDPHOJ[FBOEVTFDPOOFDUJPOTBNPOH r NBLJOHQSFMJNJOBSZEFEVDUJPOTBOEDPOKFDUVSFT JODMVEJOH
BQQSPYJNBUJPOTUPTJNQMJGZBDPNQMJDBUFETJUVBUJPO SFBMJ[JOH mathematical ideas. predicting what a solution to a problem might involve or
that these may need revision later. putting constraints on solutions.
Proficient students are able to identify important quantities in Representation Analyzing a problem
a practical situation and map their relationships using such r TFMFDU BQQMZ BOEUSBOTMBUFBNPOH r EFGJOJOHSFMFWBOUWBSJBCMFTBOEDPOEJUJPOTDBSFGVMMZ
UPPMTBTEJBHSBNT UXPXBZUBCMFT HSBQIT GMPXDIBSUTBOE mathematical representations to solve including units if appropriate.
formulas. problems;
r VTFSFQSFTFOUBUJPOTUPNPEFMBOE
Appendix B 71
of emphasis
Mathematically proficient students can analyze those Reasoning and Proof Analyzing a problem
relationships mathematically to draw conclusions. r EFWFMPQBOEFWBMVBUFNBUIFNBUJDBM r TFFLJOHQBUUFSOTBOESFMBUJPOTIJQT
arguments and proofs.
Proficient students routinely interpret their mathematical Problem Solving Reflecting on a solution
results in the context of the situation and reflect on whether r NPOJUPSBOESFGMFDUPOUIFQSPDFTTPG r JOUFSQSFUJOHBTPMVUJPOBOEIPXJUBOTXFSTUIFQSPCMFN
UIFSFTVMUTNBLFTFOTF QPTTJCMZJNQSPWJOHUIFNPEFMJGJU mathematical problem solving. including making decisions under uncertain conditions.
has not served its purpose. Representation
r VTFSFQSFTFOUBUJPOTUPNPEFMBOE
5. Use appropriate tools strategically.
Mathematically proficient students consider the available Representation Analyzing a problem
tools when solving a mathematical problem. r $SFBUFBOEVTFSFQSFTFOUBUJPOTUP r JEFOUJGZJOHSFMFWBOUDPODFQUT QSPDFEVSFT PS
PSHBOJ[F SFDPSE BOEDPNNVOJDBUF representations.
mathematical ideas.
Proficient students are sufficiently familiar with tools Representation Analyzing a problem
appropriate for their grade or course to make sound r DSFBUFBOEVTFSFQSFTFOUBUJPOTUP r JEFOUJGZJOHSFMFWBOUDPODFQUT QSPDFEVSFT PS
decisions about when each of these tools might be PSHBOJ[F SFDPSE BOEDPNNVOJDBUF representations.
IFMQGVM SFDPHOJ[JOHCPUIUIFJOTJHIUUPCFHBJOFEBOEUIFJS mathematical ideas.
limitations.
Proficient students detect possible errors by strategically Problem Solving Reflecting on a solution
using estimation and other mathematical knowledge. r NPOJUPSBOESFGMFDUPOUIFQSPDFTTPG r DPOTJEFSJOHUIFSFBTPOBCMFOFTTPGBTPMVUJPO JODMVEJOH
mathematical problem solving. whether any numbers are reported at an unreasonable
level of accuracy.
8IFONBLJOHNBUIFNBUJDBMNPEFMT QSPGJDJFOUTUVEFOUT Representation Analyzing a problem
know that technology can enable them to visualize the r VTFSFQSFTFOUBUJPOTUPNPEFMBOE r JEFOUJGZJOHSFMFWBOUDPODFQUT QSPDFEVSFT PS
SFTVMUTPGWBSZJOHBTTVNQUJPOT FYQMPSFDPOTFRVFODFT BOE JOUFSQSFUQIZTJDBM TPDJBM BOE representations.
compare predictions with data. mathematical phenomena.
Mathematically proficient students at various grade levels Problem Solving Analyzing a problem
BSFBCMFUPJEFOUJGZSFMFWBOUFYUFSOBMNBUIFNBUJDBMSFTPVSDFT r NPOJUPSBOESFGMFDUPOUIFQSPDFTTPG r JEFOUJGZJOHSFMFWBOUDPODFQUT QSPDFEVSFT PS
TVDIBTEJHJUBMDPOUFOUMPDBUFEPOBXFCTJUF BOEVTFUIFN mathematical problem solving. representations.
to pose or solve problems.
of emphasis
Proficient students are able to use technological tools to Representation Analyzing a problem
explore and deepen their understanding of concepts. r TFMFDU BQQMZ BOEUSBOTMBUFBNPOH r JEFOUJGZJOHSFMFWBOUDPODFQUT QSPDFEVSFT PS
mathematical representations to solve representations.
problems.
6. Attend to precision.
Mathematically proficient students try to communicate Communication Reflecting on a solution
precisely to others. r VTFUIFMBOHVBHFPGNBUIFNBUJDTUP r SFGJOJOHBSHVNFOUTTPUIBUUIFZDBOCFFGGFDUJWFMZ
express mathematical ideas precisely. communicated.
Proficient students try to use clear definitions in discussion Communication Reflecting on a solution
with others and in their own reasoning. r VTFUIFMBOHVBHFPGNBUIFNBUJDTUP r SFGJOJOHBSHVNFOUTTPUIBUUIFZDBOCFFGGFDUJWFMZ
Proficient students state the meaning of the symbols they Communication Analyzing a problem
DIPPTF JODMVEJOHVTJOHUIFFRVBMTJHODPOTJTUFOUMZBOE r VTFUIFMBOHVBHFPGNBUIFNBUJDTUP r EFGJOJOHSFMFWBOUWBSJBCMFTBOEDPOEJUJPOTDBSFGVMMZ
appropriately. express mathematical ideas precisely. including units if appropriate.
Proficient students are careful about specifying units of Communication Analyzing a problem
NFBTVSF BOEMBCFMJOHBYFTUPDMBSJGZUIFDPSSFTQPOEFODF r VTFUIFMBOHVBHFPGNBUIFNBUJDTUP r EFGJOJOHSFMFWBOUWBSJBCMFTBOEDPOEJUJPOTDBSFGVMMZ
with quantities in a problem. express mathematical ideas precisely. including units if appropriate.
1SPGJDJFOUTUVEFOUTDBMDVMBUFBDDVSBUFMZBOEFGGJDJFOUMZ Problem Solving Reflecting on a solution
express numerical answers with a degree of precision r NPOJUPSBOESFGMFDUPOUIFQSPDFTTPG r DPOTJEFSJOHUIFSFBTPOBCMFOFTTPGBTPMVUJPO JODMVEJOH
appropriate for the problem context. mathematical problem solving . whether any numbers are reported at an unreasonable
level of accuracy.
*OUIFFMFNFOUBSZHSBEFT TUVEFOUTHJWFDBSFGVMMZGPSNVMBUFE Communication Reflecting on a solution
explanations to each other. r VTFUIFMBOHVBHFPGNBUIFNBUJDTUP r SFGJOJOHBSHVNFOUTTPUIBUUIFZDBOCFFGGFDUJWFMZ
By the time students reach high school they have learned to Communication Reflecting on a solution
examine claims and make explicit use of definitions. r VTFUIFMBOHVBHFPGNBUIFNBUJDTUP r SFGJOJOHBSHVNFOUTTPUIBUUIFZDBOCFFGGFDUJWFMZ
7. Look for and make use of structure.
Mathematically proficient students look closely to discern a Reasoning and Proof Analyzing a problem
pattern or structure. r NBLFBOEJOWFTUJHBUFNBUIFNBUJDBM r TFFLJOHQBUUFSOTBOESFMBUJPOTIJQT
conjectures. r MPPLJOHGPSIJEEFOTUSVDUVSF
Appendix B 73
of emphasis
Proficient students also can step back for an overview and Problem Solving Implementing a strategy
shift perspective. r NPOJUPSBOESFGMFDUPOUIFQSPDFTTPG r NPOJUPSJOHQSPHSFTTUPXBSEBTPMVUJPO JODMVEJOHSFWJFXJOH
1SPGJDJFOUTUVEFOUTDBOTFFDPNQMJDBUFEUIJOHT TVDIBT Connections Analyzing a problem
TPNFBMHFCSBJDFYQSFTTJPOT BTTJOHMFPCKFDUTPSBTCFJOH r SFDPHOJ[FBOEVTFDPOOFDUJPOTBNPOH r MPPLJOHGPSIJEEFOTUSVDUVSF
composed of several objects. mathematical ideas.
8. Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.
Mathematically proficient students notice if calculations Connections Analyzing a problem
BSFSFQFBUFE BOEMPPLCPUIGPSHFOFSBMNFUIPETBOEGPS r SFDPHOJ[FBOEVTFDPOOFDUJPOTBNPOH r TFFLJOHQBUUFSOTBOESFMBUJPOTIJQT
shortcuts. mathematical ideas.
"TUIFZXPSLUPTPMWFBQSPCMFN NBUIFNBUJDBMMZQSPGJDJFOU Problem Solving Implementing a strategy
TUVEFOUTNBJOUBJOPWFSTJHIUPGUIFQSPDFTT XIJMFBUUFOEJOHUP r NPOJUPSBOESFGMFDUPOUIFQSPDFTTPG r NBLJOHQVSQPTFGVMVTFPGQSPDFEVSFT
the details. mathematical problem solving. r PSHBOJ[JOHUIFTPMVUJPO JODMVEJOHDBMDVMBUJPOT BMHFCSBJD
NBOJQVMBUJPOT BOEEBUBEJTQMBZT
Proficient students continually evaluate the reasonableness Problem Solving Implementing a strategy
of their intermediate results. r NPOJUPSBOESFGMFDUPOUIFQSPDFTTPG r NPOJUPSJOHQSPHSFTTUPXBSEBTPMVUJPO JODMVEJOHSFWJFXJOH
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APPENDIX B:!

Mathematical Practices and Processes Chart

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