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Statistically, the most frequent forms of special needs are learning disabilities, which are
impairments in specific aspects of learning and especially of reading. Learning disabilities
account for about half of all special educational needsas much as all other types put
together. Somewhat less common are speech and language disorders, intellectual
disabilities and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (or ADHD).
Since the 1970s support for people with disabilities and special educational needs has grown
significantly. Political and social attitudes have moved increasingly toward including people
with disabilities into a wide variety of regular activities.
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funding.
2. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990: This law prohibited discrimination on the basis of
disability. This law is responsibility for some of the minor renovations in schools in recent
years like wheelchair-accessible doors, ramps and bathrooms.
3. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act 1975/2004: This law guarantees the following
rights related to education for anyone with a disability from birth to age 21:
Free appropriate education
Due process
Fair evaluation of performance in spite of disability
Education in the least restrictive environment
An individualised educational plan.
These laws affected teachers work in the classroom and had a big impact on education in
general.
Similar changes in laws have occurred in countries all over the world. While most teachers
certainly support these changes in broad terms, others have found the prospect of applying it
in classrooms leads to a number of questions and concerns.
These are legitimate concerns from teachers. One step towards reducing these concerns is
to learn more about the general responsibilities of teachers for students with disabilities.
Changes in legalisation have affected the work of teachers by creating three new
expectations.
In principle, of course, these are tasks that teachers have for all students. Assessment is a
major reason why teachers give tests and assignments, for example, and why they listen
carefully to the quality of students comments during class discussions.
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assessment as tests and assignments, often seriously underestimate the students
competence (Koretz & Barton, 2003/2004; Pullin, 2005).
Traditionally, teachers have assumed that all students either have these skills or can learn
them with just modest amounts of coaching, encouragement and will power. For many other
students, for example, it may be enough to say something like: Remember to listen to the
question carefully! For students with disabilities, however, a comment like this may not work
and may even be insensitive. A student with visual impairment does not need to be reminded
to look closely at what I am writing on the board. Doing so will not cause the student to see
the chalkboard more clearly, though the reminder might increase the students anxiety and
self-consciousness.
There are a number of strategies for modifying assessments in ways that attempt to be fair
and that at the same time recognise how busy teachers usually are.
Examples:
A young child with a mild cognitive disability may spend the majority of time in a regular
classroom, working alongside and playing with non-disabled classmates and relying on a
teacher assistant for help where needed.
An individual with a similar disability in high school, however, might be assigned primarily to
classes specially intended for slow learners, but nonetheless participate in some school-wide
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activities alongside non-disabled students.
The correct least restrictive environment for each individual student will vary depending on
the following types of factors:
The severity of the disability
The level of resources in a given school, e.g. number of teaching assistants
The teachers perception of how difficult it is to modify the curriculum
An individual education plan (IEP) should be created by a team of individuals who know the
students strengths and needs.
An IEP can vary from student to student, but it usually includes the following core elements:
The students current social and academic strengths
The students current social or academic needs
The educational goals or objectives for the student for the coming year
Details about special services to be provided to the student
Details about how progress will be assessed at the end of the year
Introduction
This image shows a simple, imaginary Individual Educational Plan (IEP).
The actual visual formats of IEP plans vary widely from country to country.
This particular plan is for a student named Sean, a boy having difficulties with reading.
Core Details:
This part of the form supplies general details about the student and the student's school.
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Resources Needed:
This part of the form lists the special materials or equipment that the student needs on a day
to day basis to enable him to meet his educational goals.