Respiration What is cellular respiration?

The plant breathing Cellular respiration is the process that

releases energy by breaking down
When: At all times day and night glucose and other food molecules in
the presence of oxygen.
Done for energy purposes

Turning Chemical Energy into Fuel

for Growth, Development and
Reproduction
Where does cellular respiration take place?
Release of energy stored in foods
The beginning pathway of cellular
Controlled burning or oxidation at low respiration, glycolysis, takes place in the
temps by enzymes cell cytoplasm.
Respiration equation: The two remaining pathwaysthe Krebs
Cycle and electron transporttake
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
place inside the mitochondria of the
(glucose) (oxygen) (carbon dioxide) (water) cell.

Heat energy is of little value to plant (may be Cellular Respiration: Process by which
detrimental) mitochondria break down food
molecules to produce ATP in plants and
ATP energy used for: animals
Chemical reactions (energy req.)
Nutrients + oxygen water + ATP + CO2
Assimilation (protoplasm)
Changes organic chemical energy
Maintenance (protoplasm) (glucose) into inorganic chemical
energy (ATP)
Synthesis (misc.) There are three stages of Cellular
Respiration:
Accumulation (solutes)
Glycolysis
Conduction (foods) Anaerobic does not
require oxygen
Motion (protoplasm, chromosomes) Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle
Aerobic does require
Three Types of Respiration oxygen
Aerobic Respiration- when oxygen is Electron Transport Chain
adequate Aerobic does require
oxygen
Anaerobic Respiration- when oxygen is
low 3 STAGES of RESPIRATION

Photorespiration- occurs only in Glycolysis

chloroplasts cytoplasm
with or without oxygen present
Plants get no usable energy from breaks glucose (6C) into 2
it pyruvates (3C)
a glucose molecule is split to
C4 plants very little
produce two molecules of
photorespiration so plants can
pyruvic acid.
accumulate more dry matter
TCA Cycle
 mitochondrial matrix
only if oxygen present
converts pyruvate via acetyl CoA
into CO2; generates NADH and
FADH2
pyruvic acid is used to produce
carbon dioxide, NADH, ATP and
FADH2. Sometimes called the
citric acid cycle because citric
acid is first formed.
Electron Transport Chain
mitochondrial membranes =
cristae
transfers electrons from NADH
and FADH2 to reduce O2 to H2O
Cellular respiration is carefully regulated:
and generate ATP
when ATP is abundant, respiration slows
uses high-energy electrons from
down when ATP is needed, respiration
the Krebs Cycle to convert ADP
speeds up
to ATP.

What happens if oxygen is not available?

Glycolysis is then followed by a different

pathway.
The combined process of this pathway
and glycolysis is called fermentation.
Fermentation releases energy from food
molecules by producing ATP in the
absence of oxygen.
Location: Occurs in the mitochondria
(powerhouse)
Found in: Both plant and animal cells
In cellular respiration the mitochondria
BREAKS glucose into
H2O
CO2 3 Main Respiration Steps
ENERGY
1. Glycolysis
Formula for cellular respiration
Series of reactions which break the 6-
carbon glucose molecule down into
Reactants! Products!
two 3-carbon molecules called
pyruvate
C6H1206 + 02 H2O + CO2 + ATP energy Occurs in Cytosol
(glucose) (oxygen) (water) (carbon dioxide) (energy)
NADH Is Formed from NAD
Process is an ancient one-all
organisms from simple bacteria
to humans perform it the same
way
Yields 2 ATP molecules for every
one glucose molecule broken
down
Yields 2 NADH per glucose
molecule
 Some ATP and NADH Are also
Formed
Storage Energy Molecules
Anaerobic Cellular respiration
Some organisms thrive in environments
with little or no oxygen
Marshes, bogs, gut of animals,
sewage treatment ponds
No oxygen used= anaerobic
Results in no more ATP, final steps in
these pathways serve ONLY to
regenerate NAD+ so it can return to pick
up more electrons and hydrogens in
glycolysis.
End products such as ethanol and CO2
(single cell fungi (yeast) in beer/bread)
or lactic acid (muscle cells)
Glycolysis
Glycolysis: Breaks down glucose into
two molecules of pyruvic acid (a
colorless acid formed as an important
intermediate in metabolism or
fermentation)
This reaction uses enzymes and takes
place in the cytoplasm of the cell
(anaerobic reaction)
Produces
2 pyruvic acid molecules (used in
the next step of Cellular
Respiration)
2 ATP molecules (energy the cell
can use)
2 NADH (electron carrier)
THUS, Glycolysis - sugar splitting
Net production of:
2 ATP molecules
2 NADH molecules
Forms:
pyruvic acid
Before the next step of Cellular
Respiration can occur, the pyruvic acid
molecules must go into the
mitochondria
The two oxygen-dependent (aerobic)
reactions are the
Citric Acid Cycle (or Krebs Cycle) and
the electron transport chain
Pyruvic acid CO2 + water + ATP
2. Krebs Cycle
Completes the breakdown of glucose
Takes the pyruvate (3-carbons)
and breaks it down, the carbon
and oxygen atoms end up in CO2
and H2O
Hydrogens and electrons are
stripped and loaded onto NAD+
and FAD to produce NADH and
FADH2
Production of only 2 more ATP but loads
up the coenzymes with H+ and electrons
which move to the 3rd stage
Aerobic Energy Transfer
If O2 and mitochondria are present:
Krebs cycle - an energy converter
converts glucose energy into usable
energy via enzymes
occurs in stroma of mitochondria
powerhouse
Tricarboxylic acid Cycle (TCA Cycle)
Citric Acid Cycle
Occurs in Mitochondrial Matrix
A Cyclic Series of Rxs that Completely
Break down Pyruvate to
CO2 and Various Carbon
Skeletons
Skeletons Are Used in other Metabolic
Pathways to Make various
Compounds
Proteins
Lipids
Cell Wall Carbohydrates
DNA
Plant Hormones
Plant Pigments
Many other Biochemical
Compounds
The Step where CO2 Is Given off by the
Plant
10 NADH Are Generated
ALTERNATE
ENERGY TRANSFER
If no O2 and mitochondria present to respire
alternative is:
fermentation -
yeast (fungi) in beer, bread
 silage
3. Electron Transport Chain
Electron carriers loaded with electrons
and protons from the Krebs cycle move
to this chain-like a series of steps
(staircase).
As electrons drop down stairs, energy
released to form a total of 32 ATP
Oxygen waits at bottom of staircase,
picks up electrons and protons and in
doing so becomes water
Electron Transport Chain uses the
electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) to
pass electrons down the protein chain
and slowly release energy that is used to
form ATP and water molecules
Electron Transport Chain transfers the
most energy
*must have O2 present
convert high energy from Krebs (NADH,
FADH) into usable ATP
occurs along cristae
fingerlike projections in mitochondria
where:
cytochromes in enzymes transport
electrons
lowers and releases energy
last cytochrome passes electrons to O2
associates with 2 H+ protons forming
H2O
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Series of Proteins in the Mitochondria
Helps Transfer Electrons (e-) from
NADH to Oxygen
Releases a Lot of Energy
Occurs on Mitochondrial Inner
Membrane (Proteins Bound to
Membrane)
Steps:
Released Energy Is Used to Drive the
Reaction ADP + P ATP
Many ATP Are Made
Oxygen Is Required for this Step
Water Is Produced
36 ATP for aerobic vs. 2 ATP for
anaerobic
Glycolysis 2 ATP
Krebs 2 ATP
Electron Transport 32 ATP
36 ATP
Anaerobic organisms cant be too
energetic but are important for global
recycling of carbon
Aerobic Respiration
Requires Oxygen
Main Type of Respiration that Occurs in
most Situations in Plants and Animals
Involves Complete Breakdown of
Glucose back to CO2 and Water
Not all of the Energy in Glucose Is
Converted to ATP Formation
Only about 40% Efficient
Extra Energy Is Given off as Heat
In Plants, Heat Quickly
Dissipates
For Animals, Heat Is
Retained to Hold Body
Temperature
Process by which cells use oxygen to
break down organic molecules, with the
release of energy that can be used for
biological work
A sequence of 30+ chemical reactions;
Breaks down fuel molecules most
common, glucose
Ultimately, it releases energy, carbon
dioxide, and water
Fermentation
When oxygen is not available
anaerobic respiration, fermentation,
can follow glycolysis in order to continue
to produce energy.
This is not as efficient as aerobic
respiration and produces far fewer ATPs
Two types of fermentation:
Lactic acid Fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation
Lactic acid Fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation occurs in
muscle cells during strenuous exercise
when a lot of energy is required and
oxygen is scarce (oxygen debt).
Glucose pyruvic acid lactic acid + ATP
The lactic acid is transferred from the
muscle cells to the liver where it will be
converted
back into pyruvic acid
The build up of lactic acid in the
muscles is what causes them to
be fatigued and sore.
Alcoholic Fermentation
Yeast and some bacteria cells are
capable of alcoholic fermentation
during which glucose is broken down to
release CO2 and ethyl alcohol
Glucose pyruvic acid alcohol + CO2 + ATP
The bubbles formed by the CO2 make
bread rise
The alcohol released
turns grape juice into wine
Photorespiration
In the "normal" reaction, CO2 is joined
with RUBP to form 2 molecules of 3PGA
In the process called photorespiration,
O2 replaces CO2 in a non-productive,
wasteful reaction
It is believed that photorespiration in
plants has increased over geologic time
and is the result of increasing levels of O2
in the atmosphere--the byproduct of
photosynthetic organisms themselves
The appearance of C4-type plants
appears to be an evolutionary
mechanism by which photorespiration is
suppressed
It has long been the dream of biologists
to increase the production of certain
crop plants, such as wheat, that carry
on C3 PS by genetically re-engineer
them to perform C4 PS
It seems unlikely that this goal will be
accomplished in the near future due to
the complex anatomical and metabolic
differences that exist between C3- and
C4-type plants
Respiration Driven by Light Energy
Discovered when Scientists Realized that
some Plants Have Faster Respiration
Rate in Light than in Dark
Occurs in Chloroplasts and other
Structures in a Photosynthetic Cell
Rubisco can React with Oxygen to Start
a slightly Different Series of Rxs
Result in a Loss or no Net Gain of
Dry Matter for the Plant
Less ATP Is Produced from the
Photorespiration
Factors Affecting Respiration
Temperature - respiration increases as
temperature increases
Moisture - respiration increases as
moisture decreases (stress)
Injuries - respiration increases with injury
Age of tissue - respiration greater in
young tissue
Kind of tissue - respiration greater in
meristematic
CO2/O2 - respiration increases with high
O2 / low CO2
Stored carbohydrates - respiration
increases with increased stored energy
 Step 1: Glycolysis Step 3 without oxygen: Fermentation
The cell must recycle the materials from
The energy that cells make and use is called glycolysis.
ATP This recycling process is called fermentation.
Adenosine triphosphate
The product of fermentation is alcohol.

Glycolysis makes 2 molecules of ATP (energy)

Glycolysis happens in the cytoplasm of the cell

Respiration Problems/Hazards

deterioration (fungi and bacteria)

Step 2: Check for Oxygen rot and decay
loss of dry wt.
If oxygen is present, the cell can make more loss of palatability
ATP high temperatures / high CO2
If no oxygen is present, the cell has to recycle
the pieces from glycolysis and makes alcohol. (diseases; FIRE hazard)

Why are photosynthesis and cellular respiration

often described as being complementary
reactions?

Photosynthesis
Carbon Dioxide + Water
are taken into the plant
Step 3 with oxygen: Glucose + Oxygen are
produced
Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration
Oxygen required=aerobic Glucose + Oxygen are
2 more sets of reactions which occur the cells used for cellular respiration
mitochondria Cellular respiration
releases Carbon Dioxide +
Water
1. Krebs Cycle makes 2 ATP
Also called the Citric Acid Cycle
Therefore, products of photosynthesis
are the reactants for cellular respiration
2. Electron Transport Chain makes 32-34 ATP AND the products of cellular respiration
are the reactants for photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Requires Carbon Dioxide and
Water
Produces Oxygen and
Carbohydrates (CHOs)
Light Energy Trapped by
Chlorophyll
Takes Place in Light Only
Occurs Only in Cells With
Chlorophyll (the mesophyll cells
of the leaf)
Respiration
Requires Oxygen and
Carbohydrates (CHOs)
Produces Carbon Dioxide
and Water
Energy Released
Takes Place in Both Light
and in Darkness
All Living Cells Respire
(animals and plants)