HUMAN PHYSIO 2

1.a.i.Electroencephalography (EEG) is an electrophysiological monitoring method to record electrical activity of the brain. It is typically noninvasive, with
the electrodes placed along the scalp.

V.GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. Although it is not one of the 20 amino acids used to build
proteins, it is classifi ed with the amino acid neurotransmitters because it is a modifi ed form of glutamate. With few exceptions, GABA neurons in the
brain are small interneurons that dampen activity within neural circuits.

After death, respiration in an organism ceases, depleting the corpse of oxygen used in the making of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is required to
cause separation of the actin-myosin cross-bridges during relaxation of muscle.[2] When oxygen is no longer present, the body may continue to produce
ATP via anaerobic glycolysis. When the body's glycogen is depleted, the ATP concentration diminishes, and the body enters rigor mortis given it is
unable to break those bridges

The cortical reaction is a process initiated during fertilization by the release of cortical granules from the egg, which prevents polyspermy, the fusion of
multiple sperm with one egg. To create this barrier cortical granules, specialized secretory vesicles located within the egg's cortex (the region directly
below the plasma membrane), are fused with the egg's plasma membrane, causing the contents of the cortical granules to be released outside the cell
where they modify an existing extracellular matrix to make it impenetrable to sperm entry.

As the sperm approaches the zona pellucida of the egg, which is necessary for initiating the acrosome reaction, the membrane surrounding the
acrosome fuses with the plasma membrane of the sperm's head, exposing the contents of the acrosome.

The Haldane effect describes how oxygen concentrations determine hemoglobin's affinity for carbon dioxide. For example, high oxygen concentrations
enhance the unloading of carbon dioxide. The converse is also true: low oxygen concentations promote loading of carbon dioxide onto hemoglobin. In
both situations, it is oxygen that causes the change in carbon dioxide levels.

The Bohr effect, on the other hand, describes how carbon dioxide and H+ affect the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. High CO2 and H+
concentrations cause decreases in affinity for oxygen, while low concentrations cause high affinity for oxygen.

Homeostasis is the mechanism by which a biological system maintains an equilibrium state, such as body temperature, salinity, osmolarity, acidity, and
such. Hemostasis is any mechanism by which an organism with a circulatory system (with blood not all living things have blood) keeps the blood a)
from leaking out, and b) perfusing the right organs.

Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system. When a blood vessel is
injured, the body uses platelets (thrombocytes) and fibrin to form a blood clot to prevent blood loss.

The stomach lining is normally protected from the corrosive effects of its own acidic secretions in the following ways:

A. There are tight junctions between adjacent epithelial lining cells, making it difficult for secreted H+ ions to be reabsorbed back through the stomach
lining.

B. The gastric glands secrete a thick coating of HCO3- - rich mucus onto the lining.

C. Gastric epithelial cells damaged by the gastric acid are quickly replaced by underlying cells.However, excessive alcohol ingestion can break down this
mucosal barrier, thus increasing its permeability to H+ ions.

AlsoThis mucus layer also protects the mucosa from digestive enzymes in the lumen, but why dont the enzymes do damage before they are
secreted from the exocrine cells of the mucosa? Because they are never present within the cells! The cells synthesize and secrete proenzymes that are
larger than the active enzymes. Once in the lumen of the stomach, these proenzymes become active enzymes

Transpulmonary pressure is the difference between the alveolar pressure and the intrapleural pressure in the lungs. During human ventilation, air
flows because of pressure gradients.
Ptp = Palv Pip. Where Ptp is transpulmonary pressure, Palv is alveolar pressure, and Pip is intrapleural pressure. VIII.i. Vnaders 245