This aerial ph otograph shooA., the ClIth edral and the abbey bui1din~ fro m the south-west.

On the left is th e Abbe y

G at ewa}' leading to Abbe}' Squa re, the former ou te r courtyard of th e abbey. On its nonh and We51 sides are hou ses built
&_1760. At the eastern end of the terrace af hoUSC'S on the nonh side is the: Bisho p's Ho use , Late: 18tb-ntUf}' in da te,

* n SIT O R S' G U IDE TO C HES T E R C AT HE D RA L *

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CHESTER
(, H,,,, ' n 17M. Du ... " .011>1 ~ro'"
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8 CHOI. SotooI.
MEM ORIAL
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 r ur P I CTO R IA l. H I ST ORY Of

CHESTER

CATHEDRAL

A!lOn:: The south-wes t porch and th e: exterior of the.' 1UI\'e.', Tht nave, begun about 1350, '<"as finished aOOu I
1490, and the porch about 150S, The: Wor ld War I memorial cross, erected in 192:1, is by F , H , Crosaley,
 TIlE I'I CT ORI A L III ST OR YOI'

CHESTER CATHEDRAL
R.y The r~, ,}" RlT. G. Jr. O. Addlcsbow. .ILI. . B.D.. 1-".5.. 1., Dcun l' Chester
HE story of OIC!ittt Cathedral F rom t 092 til l 1540 th e present Sa xon chu rch ...."as rep lace d by the

T begins in 907 with lilt forti fica-

tion of Chester by Ethelfteda .
the martial SiSICT of Edward the
Eld er, kin g of W'n sa, as strong-
point against th e halC-he1ltMn N one
cathed ral ....o n a Benedictine abbe}'
in th e diocese of Li chficld. The
first abbot an d monb came from
Bee. In the course o f the twe lfth
and thi rteenth centuries th e Ang lo-
firs t abbe}' ch urc h whic h Stretched
f rom tb e present west end to ju st
sho rt of th e p resent h igh alta r. I n
the north- west come r o f the nav e
are the _
where the font s tandse-t.-J stri _
kin g
~

from Ireland who Il.1;TC scn ling in

\'t"irnd . Soon after 907 church
was foun ded on the site of the present
cathedral. In th e ch urch ..-ere placed
the relics o f 51. \l'CTbutgb brought
from H an b u ry in St affordsh ire . 51.
\l'crburgh . who had d ied between
700 an d 707. "'"as the daughter of
\\ulfhcn: , king of .\ krcia. L ike a
great man)' other royal ladi n of be r
time she became a nun and .... .,
p laced by her father in charge of all
the rom"enlS in M ercia . Up rill
1092 the church of St . Wcrbu rgh
was a minster staffed by college of
twelve cle rgymen , callN canom,
under a CW t M or warden. Each had
their own house: round the church.
They ....ere responsible for the daily
sCTv ices an d guard ed th e rel ics o f
St . Werbu rgh . They w ere abo
parish pri ests , as 51. Wc:rburgh ' s
IIi"aS the parish ch urch of an area
em b racing most o f Olf:$tcr an d ex-
lending a good way into Wirral.
N oth ing is left o f the Anglo-S1Ix on
mi nster e xcep t tw o till ed in door-
ways in the so u th-east co me r of the
cloister.
In the reign of W illia m Rufus, in
1092, H ugh L u pus, the SCU)nd earl
of Cheste r, wan ted to tu m St . ~'e r
burgh ' s into an abbe}' of Benedictine
monks, He was a gr eat fr iend of St.
Anselm, the abbot of Bee in N or -
mand}', and asked h im over to
Eng lan d to advise him how to do it ,
St. Anselm came to Chester in
Septembe r 1092, and at the time of
his vis it h e was beginning to plan
the great est of hi s writin gs, that on
th e meaning of the Death o f Christ ,
known by ils Latin litle, Cur D ,'It!
Homo. Afte r making arrang em ents
for the conversion of th e Ang lo-
Saxon min ster in to a Benedictine
ab bey , h e sta yed on in England on
busin ess co nnected with the ab bey
of Bee. D u rin g his sta y th e dramatic
even ts took pla ce which led to h im Tht baptij/tT)', made in t 885 out of the norlh-a.'tJl corner of rhe tarly 12th-
becoming An:hb ishop ofCanter bu ry , centllry >I<lVe. The fO>lt, rWtn to the cathedral in 1885. came fr om Vema.
Page 3
fACl SG PAGE : Th" 'laW looking east.
T he Wa in wr igh t M emori al by the west door. It is a u niq ue monumem, a signed work of G eorge Be rkel ey.
the Anglica n ph ilosop her and futu re bishop of Ctove e, and William Ke nt , th e g rea t arch itect. The mo nument.
c.1722, commemorates Joh n \X'ainwrigh t and his son, Thomas, successively chancellors of the diocese of Chest er.

BUILD I N G O F TilE A BBEY CH URC II

arches (page 3), dating from about
t 140 , of what was intended to be the
no rt h-west tow er of th is church. T he
cho ir and each of its aisles ended in
an apse. and the apses o f th e aisles
are marked in the floor of the p resent
north and south choir aisles. The
bases of two of th e columns of the
choir can be seen in th e no nh choir
aisle aga inst the bac k of the choir
stall s. The first abbey chu rch ha d
two tr ansep ts. each with an apsidal
chapel on the eas t side . The arch
and triforium in the east wall of the
present north transept (page 17) be-
lo nged to the north transe pt of the
first abbey church. T h ey date fre m
the end of the eleven th century and
are the oldest part of the cathedral.
Bet ween J250 an d 1539 the first
abbey church was gradually rep laced
by rhe church we see tod ay. F irst
came the La d y Chapel c. 1250-75
P age 4
in da te (pa ge 15) and then the choir
(page 13), which wa s finished in the
early years of the fourteenth century.
The archi tec t of the choir was
Ric ha rd of Chester, one of the
military eng ineers respons ible for
Ed war d I' s eas nes in X orth Wales.
T o the earlv fou rt eenth century
also belongs the base of St. we,
burgh' s Shrine (page 14) which since
1889 has stood at the west end of the
Lady C hape l. O n it woul d have been
placed the chest containing her
relics. Xc reliable evidence is avail -
able as to where th e Shrine stood
in the middle ages.
T he sou th transep t up to triforium
le vel was built in the middle years of
t he fourteenth century. It s size . out
of all proportion 10 the nonh tran -
sept, is due to the need for providing
altars. The monast ic buildings on the
north s ide of the church made an ex-
tension of the north transe pt im-
possible. In stead , an extra large
south tr ansept was bui ll. At the same
t ime the rebuilding of th e nave was
begun with the south ar cad e, similar
in design to t he a rca des of the sou th
transe pt. T he last gre at buildi ng
period in the Middle Ages was fro m
1485 till t 537. T o these years belong
the north arcade of the n3\' C and the
cle restory win do ws (page 2), the
south-west come r o f the nave where
the consistory court is (page S), the
south-west po rc h (titl e page), the
west from an d the top stage of th e
central tower (back cover).
The ab be y inheri ted the parochial
resp onsibilities of th e Anglo-Saxon
mins te r. T he par ish ioners used the
south aisle of the na ve as their pari sh
chu rch. It was ded icated to St.
O swa ld. When the rebuilding of
the nave began in the mid-fourteen th
C~nrinllLJ ~n M ." 6
 T Hf .\IOS.'\I C P ..\ ;>;U S
ABO\'E : One of the four mouic
panels on the nonh wall of the
nave which portl'll}"S scenes from
the lives of Abraham , .\ loses ,
David and Elii.h. The panels
date from 1883-6 and were de-
signed by J. R. CJa}~on. This
mosaic decoration is the Victo rian
counterpart of the mosai cs so
often seen in Byzantine churches.

H IE C()~SI'iT{)RY
COU RT
LEFT : In 1635 th e gro und floor of
th e unfin ishe d sou th-west to we r
was turn ed in to the consis tory
coun. It is the COUrt of the
Bishop, and it s judge: is th e
O1ancellor o f th e diocese. H e
sits in th e canopied KIlt at m e:
bad.. The: oaken ,"11 and
table are of the time of Chaeles I.
This is the om}" aample in Eng-
land of an old consistory court.
Page S
 A GREAT POP U LA R
H ISTOR IA N
century they moved ou t to a guild
chapel dedicated to St . !\"icholas, the
remains of which can be seen in St.
,"erburgh Street opposite the south-
west por ch. In the early decades of
the sixtentth century, the y were
gi\'en the south transept as th eir
parish church. It was called St.
Oswald' s and remained their parish
church till 1881. A panition at the
north enJ sep arat ed it from the rest
of the cathedral. The same arrange-
mall is found in Spanish cathednb
which have a parish . The parishion-
en worship in a part-e-often the
J<IKr,m'o-whi ch though st ructurally
belonging 10 the cath edral is cut
01T from the pans used for th e
cath ed ral services and has iu O'A'R
o utside entrance.
~ the abbots the most
noted u builden were Simon de
\llUtchurch ( 1 26~ -9 1) ; his su ccessor
Thomu de Burchelks ( 129 1- 1323) ;
Simon Ripl ey ( 148 ~ --9)) whose ini-
tia.ls can be scm on tWO of the
capiuJs of the north arcade, S R on
thoU of the western respond, R on
that of the third pier from the west;
and John Birchens hawe, who was
abbot from 1.49 3- 1 ~ 24 and again
from 1529-38. Some evidence is
a\'ailabk u to the number of monks
belonging to th e abbe y. In the
middle of th e thirteenth century,
there were abou t forty towards the
end of the fourteenth century about
thirty, and when the ab bey was dis-
solved in 15]8 there were at lust
twenry-cigb e. The main work of
the monks was the singing of the
dil'me office in choir dar by day. The
magnificent choir stal ls (pages 10
and II ), a bout 1390 in date, witness
to th e importance placed on this
work of worship. Incidentally, the
choi r was divided from the nave by
a stone screen, an d pan of it can
still be seen in th e north choir aisle
at th e bad. of th e stalls. Alth o ugh
St. Anselm , who pr esided over the
abbey 's foundation, was one of the
1' 111; CH ..\ I'EL OF ST. ERAS\lll S greatest thinkers of all time, the
ABOVE : This chapel in the south choir aisle is set apart for priva te prayers. monks were no t distinguished for
Here the Blessed Sacrament is reserved . The apsidal end of the chapel ( 1 81~) th eir intellect ual gifts excep t in th e
is new work by G il~rt Scott ; th e stained glass windo ws , by Clayton and Bell, fou rteenth cen tury , when th e abbey
re pre sent Fa ith, H ope , Charity and H umilit) ; and Clayton's three fine mosai c produced the great popular historian
pa nels behind th e allar depict women ' s m inistry in me Chu rch. of th e later M iddle Ages. H is name
was Ranulp h H igden . At th e sug-
gest ion of his brothe r monks he
T1IE C HO IR SC REE:" wro te a history of the world begin-
FACING PAGI! : The screen (J876), designed by Gilbert SCOtt, replaced 1 solid stone ning at the creation and brought his
screen which from the M iddle Ages down to 1876 di vided th e choir from th e na rra tive down to 1352. It is called
nave. The rood , the work of Bavarian carvers, was added in 191), the first to be th e P(}/~hronic(}n, and then: is 1
placed in an English cath ed ral since the Refo rma tion. Above th e screen th e manuscript copy on show in the
choir ceiling is seen with its de coration of angels and prop hets by J. R. C layton . chapter hou se . H igden ' s narrative
Ctntt,_ J "" I"JI' 8
Page 6
 TilE C IlE STE R
,\I YSTE R Y PLA YS
has bee n d escribed as scrap py an d
re petinve ; bUI it contains so me lively
character sketches. H e d ied in 1]64
and was buried in th e south ch oir
aisle just eas t of th e blocked-u p d oor.
The grave was opened in 1874. H is
bones were in I sto ne coffin, and
wrap ped in a coarse woollen clo th
of reddish brown. The bones dis-
scleed directly they we re tou ch ed .
But the fourteenth-century abbey
also produced the earliest of the
Clester .")'Stery P lays . The p lays ,
of wh ich twenty-four are extant ,
deal with th e Christian scheme of
~\1Ition from th e fall of Lu cifer
md th e Creation to the La st J udge-
menr, Accordin g to a 0\c:s1eT t radi-
tion of 15]1, thq- were "devised and
made" b) I H enry F rancis, wh o is
lmongs1 the monb signing docu -
ments dealing 'Ai th m e abbey be-
tween 1] 17 It'd 1]81. H e may have
been me author o f the earliest p la}"S,
but many were written in the fif
teenth century. Since 195 1 there
have been regular performances in
CleslC'f of me p lays, the abbe)'s
great contribulion 10 the story o f
En glish drama.
Chester Cathedral is fortunate in
possessing many o f the buildings
wh e re me monks lived. They an:
amongst the best p rese rved monastic
buildings in Great Britain an d give
far be net id ea o f I medieval
abbey than the celebra ted Cistercian
ruins in Yorkshire. They are on the
north side of the cathedral, built
ro und the clo ister (p age ii cover),
which was originaJly laid ou t where
th e first abbey ch urch was built in
the twelfth century. T o the twelfth-
cen tury cloister belo n g the two
doorways in to th e cathed ral fro m the
sou th c jois re r and the blind Itch es
along its wall, an d m e un de rcroft
leaJing off the WCSt wa ll. This was
th e mo nk's cellar and is now the
cathedral work shop (p age 22 ).
T he other build ing s are later in
date. Off the east cloister is the
chap te r ho use wher e the monks me l
each d ay in conference, p receded b y
its beautifu l vestibule (page 18) and
the ir par lou r. These are thi rt eenth
centu~r in d ate . Over th em was th e
T H E O RG ,"r.'" monks d crmitc ry , wh ich has been
The main pan of th e or gan stands in the archwa y betwee n the to we r cross in g d estroyed . It ha d two staircases-c.
and th e nonh transept. The loft an d case (1876) were designe d by Gilbe rt Scott one use d by the monks in the day -
an d many peo ple think it his finest work in the cathedral . The o rgan was last lime , just by th e door to the parlour,
re bu ilt in 19O'ri O b y W. H iJl and Son. It has four man uals an d sixt)-three an d the e ther leadi n g from the
spea kin g sto ps. The choir organ is in the south choi r a isle. The flags in the do rmi to ry to the nom transept, by
foregr ound 'A~ ftown at th e ban le o f Jutland by H .~1 .S . Cheue r, On a tab let is wh ich th ey came down to th e choir
co mmemorate d Ja ck Ccm we lt , I boy seaman of sixtee n who, serving in that sh ip , for the night office . Along th e nonb
was awa rded a posthumous Victori a C ros s for bravery d u rin g the great ee me. clo ister is one of m e most n ob le
e-tu..uJ ... ~ II
Page 8
 T HI: Cl IAI' I I 01:
ST. ~ I .\ RY .\\.<\<;n .\1 E;-; I;
UfT : This chapel is in the easr ais le
of the south transept and was foun -
ded in 1922 in memo ry of John
L ionel D arby, Dean of Chesler
1886-19 19. The altar and reredos
we n: designed by W . F. T OVoTf. In
the centre of the reredos is the as-
cended Chrin; on the left .'\lary
.\ lagdal m e 's sins ate forgi"en and
on the righ t she is the firs l to sec
Our Lord in the Garden on Easter
morning. The Il.indo w, a militar)
one b)' H eat on , Bu tl er and Bayne
( 1876) , shows fOUT sol d icn, Joshua ,
D avid , and the cenlu rions of Cape r-
Mum an d Caesarn. The colo urs
arc those of the Cheshi re Reg imem.

T HI:: \\fST .\U;-;SH.R

.\ W ;-'; U.\I f :-'; T
BELOW , lef t : The monumen l to Hugh
L u p us, first duke of '1X'cslminster
(d . 1899). It is in the sout h tr ansept
which was restored in hi s memory in
1900-.2 . The arch itect o f both
monument and restoration was C. J .
Blo mfic1d . The effigy, a fin e exam ple
of the late r English Im pe rial style of
sculpture, is b y Pome ro y ; the rails
are by H art an d Son , Pearl an d
Company ; an d th e base b )' th e masons
W . H aswd l an d Sons, o f Chester.

Rl.. HOP I' EA RS() ;\

~tO;\U .\IE;\T
BELO W : John Pearson WD Bishop o f
Olcsle r 167 ) - 86 an d I "ery greal
theologian. H is mos t cdebraled
wo rk , "An Ex pos ition of the Creed" ,
is the classic An glican treatise on
Ibis Christian faith. The monument,
..hich dat es only from (86) an d
stands in the no rth transept, was
designed by A. W. Blom ficld and
executed by Thomu Earp . t'ote the
heads o f the twelve apostles, each
....-it h th e clause of the CTC'Cd he is
tr ad itiona lly said 10 ha ve written.
 TIl E C HOiR STIH LS
Chester Cathedral is fam ou s for its cho ir stalls. They
datefrome. I)90,and ween: resccred by John Thompson
of Peterborough in 1876 under Gilbert Seen's direc-
ti OOI. The carved misericerds a n: particularly fine
and have been d escri bed as reach ing " the high ,'..a ter-
mark of miserirord carving!. in England" . A miscri-
cord is a tip-up SC'lIt with . small ledge on the under
side which gave support to the more infum of th e
mo nks during the long periodsofstanding in th e services .
fACI~G PAGE: The end of the Dean' s Stall, pre viously
the Abbot's Stall. On it is a Tree of Jesse surmounted
by the coronation of Our Lady. On the elbow rest is
a pilgrim to th e sh rine o f St. Werbu rgh . H e has been
take n as th e badge of the Friends of the Cathedral.
ABOVE : T he end of the Vice- Dean's Sta ll. shcwm g the
pelican in her pi ety . IUGHT, abcw: A miserioord o f
Easier Morning (north side of choir). Angels remove
the stone fro m m e Se pulchre while sold ie rs sleep below.
O n one s id e is SI. M a ry .~tagdalene, on the other a
ga rdener. T h is carving dare s from 1876 and is by
Robe rt Bri dgeman. RIGHT, centre: T h is misericord
(nonh sid e o f cho ir) has tw o herons, one walking, the
other standing with head set back. One su p porter is a
figure with a man' s head o n a he ron's body, me other
a dragon. RIGHT : Another miseri rord (sou th side of
cho ir). There a re two wrestlers with a marshal with a
baron on each side while spec ta tors watch through trees.
P age 10
T il E AllII EY IIECOME$
TIl E C AT II ED R AL
medieval room s in existen ce, th e
monks' dining hall (page: 2 1). h ,
too , is thirt een th century in date : b u t
wi th fifteenth-century wind ows in
the side .....alls. .....h ich lilI it with light.
The:c10istcn (p.t ge 19), the ..-ind ows,
stone vaults, and the carrels in the
so uth clcis rers where the monks did
their rea ding and illuminating, ....~ rc
built between IPS an d 1537 in th e
"cry last da ys of the abbey. The
entrance to the monas tic buildin gs
from the ciry ,,'u through Ab bey
Gale ( ins ide cover) wh ich led in to
the outer ceurtyard o f the ab bq',
new Ab bey Square. Round th e
cou rtyard were \".rious buildings
used in the abbey', administration,
for insta nce n ote- roo ms and th e
brew house. On the sou th side of the
cou rtyard and joined to the south-
wC'St COI"DCT of !.he nave " "as the
abbot's lodging. St. Anselm' , OIapel
(pa ge 22 ), bring hi s p rh-a tc chapel.
On January 20th IS 40 ' the abbey
came to an end wi th its sutl'ellder to
th e crown. On July 26th, I S41, th e
former abbey church ...-as made the
cathedral of the newly formed die-
cese of Chest er . The church received
a new dedi cation : Christ and th e
m essed Virgin :\{ary' ; and was in
future to be sta ffed by a dean , and a
chapter of six prebendaries (who
today would be called canons) with
six minor canons, sil: lay clem
and eight choristers for singin g
th e services . The fint pre bendaries
were eith er former monks or friars;
and the last abbot became the fint
dean , Today the cathe dral clc:rg)'
consist of th e dean , th ree cano ns, and
two chaplains choral who corres pon d
to the former minor cano ns,
The history of th e cath ed ral since
154 1 falls into IWO well-defined
periods : I S41-1 868 j and 1868 to the
present day. Owing to the restora-
tions carried ou t since 1868, very
little dist jnctive wo rk of th e seven-
teenth, eightee nth or early nine-
tee nth century remai ns, In 1600
the flagged floor of the nave was
laid, though it has been repa ired
seve ral times since. The bis hop of
Chest er in the time of Charles I,
John Bridgeman, took a great interest
in the cath edral. To his generos ity
are due the fumishin g1 of th e con-
sistory court (page S) and the screen
that separates it from the nave, and
the screen, altar rails and f laster
ceiling in St. Anselm's Chape (page
12 ), He also probably gave the
great tapestry (page 2/)
that now
hangs in the refect ory, . n the south-
e;,..n -.l .... ~ I'
Page II
 Tm IIIG Ii ALT..\ R
ABOVE: H ere is su ng every Sunday and Red Leuer D ar .
th e Solemn Eu cbarisr, the clima x of th e cathedral's wor-
shi p, The mosaic rere dos ( 1876) is by Salviati from a
cartoon b)' Clayto n; the ridde1 pom ( 1957) by Bernard
.\ t iller; th e rails ( 196]) by George Pace . The 16th-
century Italian bronze candelabra were given about rase.
Page 12
TH ". CIIOIR " T ,Hl"
fACI:-G PAGE: In the choi r sralls the daily services of
M attins and Evensong are su ng b)' the cathedral clcrg}'
an d cho ir. The carving of the stalls has been described
on page 10, but this ph o tograph shows the rich ta bernacle
work and o n the rig ht is th e elephant and castle elbow
rest. The fine met al gale (1876) is by F." . Skidmore.
 THE ,\ II D - V ICT O RI A N
WI N D OW S
WC'JI comer of the nave i$ a font,
given in 1687. Apan from monu -
ments, such as the \t.ainwrighr menu-
ment (page 4 ) by Berkele)' and
K en t, the Peploe monument by
~ollekens, and two delicate monu-
ments b)' Richard Hayw ard , the
cathedral has little to show from the
eighteenth century. In 1819 the
chapter called in the ChC'5ter
architect Thomas H arrison to advise
them about the fabric; and the pre-
sent south front of the sou th transept
..,. a s rebuilt according to his design.
In the 1840'$ the R'\;\'e.j interest
in medieval architecture and church
fumishing5 began to make itself felt
in the cathedral. Considerable alter-
ations were carried out in the choir
from 18.0--6. The arch between the
choir and the Lady Chapel wes
opened up; and the familiar ..rista
through the choir to the east end of
the Lady Chapel created. The choir
was rearranged by the architect R. C.
H USK y . The stone.work of the east
window ( 1846) over the high altar
(page 11 ) is his work; 10 also are the
balustrades in the choir triforiumand
the na..-e pulpit. In 18SS he built
the doorway and ~indows between
the charter hOU5C' vesubule and the
an clOISICT. From 18so onwards a
number of stained-glass windows
were placed in the cathedral. B"
then all in medieval gla$$ had gone.
Of these mid-Victorian wmdc...."S
the mosr impo rtant are the Resurrec-
lion ....indow ( 18s o) b)' P ugir. with its
adminble clear colours, and th e
O rd ina tion ....-indow ( 18sz) b)' W ailC'5
in the south c hoir aide. the ~au vity
....-indow ( 18S7) by the brothers
O'Connor at th e east end of the
north choir aisle, and the east win-
dow of the Lad )' Chapel ( 18S9) b)'
Wailes (facin g pa ge ). Also in the
north choi r ais le are an ea rly Clayton
c.m""""J <tit " " ' . 16

TIl E L-\ DY CHA PEL
FACI SG PAGE: In 1960 the Lady
Chaptl u"as r. d. corated by B ernard
,\1ill.r and the lampshad.s d.signtd
by his partllv. DUllcan .\1. Sttf,aart "
It u'<u built IZSG-7S and brought back
TilE SIIRI:'\f: OF ST. WfRRURG H to its original form by GilI'ert Scott
At the back of the La d y Chapel is the shrine o f S t. Werb urgb , about 1310 in date. ill 1868-73. The glass is by Wail.s:
After the Reformat ion unli l 1876 it srccd in the choir and fo nned th e bottom part in th ast Cl.1"nduw is the Passion
o f the Bishop ' s th ron e. W erbu rgh Wa5 the daughter of Wulfhere, king of ~tercia. and Resurrection; in th. side ttindou:s
who d ied be tween 700-707. The shrine i$ much mu tilated ; a.ll that remains of the <Ire sunts from the li,:es of SS. Peter
lar ge number of natue$ are some figureJ at the top (most ly headless), o f Angle> and Paul. Till allar frontal ( 1889) t::<u
Saxon king5, and, on the comer on the left, a little dog scratching its ear with itJ foot. "Iad# by 'he East Grinsuad Sisters.
Page 14
 A SERI ES OF
REST O RA TI O ;-'; S
and BeU and Heaton, Butler and
& }'IlC, both da ting from 186) .
S ince 1868 the whole ap pea rance
of th e cath ed ral, insi de and ou t, ha s
been altered by a series of restora-
lion s. Of these mu ch the great est
was that of the nne, choi r , an d LId}'
Chapel, and exte rior carried o ut ,
1868- 76, by G ilbert Soon . II was
more than I rest or atio n. M an y new
features wer e add ed, and det ails o f
th ese will be found in the ca pti ons
10 th e illu st rations. The cre d it for
mu ch o f the work belon gs 10 James
Frater, Sco u's cler k of wor ks ; and
in the nonh choir aisle is a brass to
hi s mem ory . The present a rrange-
m ent of the interior of the cathedral
is due: 10 Sam. H e replaced th e
stone screen between th e nave and
choir b y the open .. -ccden SCf'C"C'1l
(page 7 ). It mak es the sanetw.ry
the focal point o f wo rshi p from the
nave, cnhancc:s the SC'1UoC' o f space,
and gi"c:s the cathedral an an nos-
phere of reverence and prayer.
Between the to wer crossing an d the
north transep t the organ lof l an d
case were buil t, forming a splen d id
TlII- :,\O RT H T R.-\'''U'T RO OI termin us 10 the ,-ista from the
ABOVE : The only med -evei roof left in the cathed ral easily see n is tha t of the south transe p t (page 8). T he p res-
north transept. It was bu ilt be tween 1509 an d 1529 and o n it a re the a rms of ene arran ge men t of th e choi r and
Henry VII I and of Car dinal Wolsey. On the Jcfl of th e photogr aph the top of the the stal ls (page 13) also da tes fro m
or gan case is see n, The timber roof was restor ed in 19 27 by the arch itect D . T . F yf e. Scott'S restoration. P art icu larly fine
is th e tiled floor , an d the WI }' it s
brown to nes in with the san d stone.
T ill' SP A:" ISU G,J"ns At th e eastern en d of th e floo r are
BELOW : In 1876 the cathe d ral was given a pa ir of Spanish 1l.<'O\Ight iro n gates the head s of the apos tles and two
dated 1558, the wo rk o f ..\ 10 0 $0 Berrugue te. They stan d at th e en trances 10 the G ree k and I -'"0 La tin docton of the
north an d sou th c hoir a isles. The splend id gatt shown is in the north cho ir aisle. Chutcb incised on marble tablets
from cartOOl\$ b y J. R. Cayton. The:
dccecrs , Athanasi us , Chr}"50Stom,
Am b rose an d Augus tine , represent
respectively the creeds, prnching,
church music and theology ,
The sancruat) was planned b)' J. S.
Ho wSoOI1, the gr eatest of the Victori an
deans of Chester , In the floor a re
two ~p l"C'SC'ntation s of the Passover,
also from cartoons b y J . R . Cl ayto n.
Rou nd them a rc pieces of tessela ted
pavement fr om the tem ple a rea at
Jerusalem . T he wood of the alta r
table is from th e H oly Land. On it
C""""""J .... ""'6 20

rut. :,\ORTH TR .\;"~I'PT

fACISG PAGE: T~ oJd~st part of Iht
, atht dral i, t~ late luh-u " tury
round arch and 'ITCOldt aM-t it Uti!
on lilt I,ft sidt of th , pi,tUrt. This
"'Utd a rch I,ds imo t~ Sacristy
rrwd, 'If 193 0 m.t of a 13tll-untury
,ho~/. Htr' th, t'ntmt"U art It~t.

Page 16
 THE l -H .'PTER H OU SE
xx o VEST IBUl.E
ABOVE : T be chapter house was built in the r jth
cen tury. H ere th e mo nks assembled each day
in Chapte r for spiritual conference, and it was
the burial place of the abbots. T he D ean and
C hapter now meet here each mont h to deal with
cathedral business. ABOVE, left: T his vestibule
is a much admired piece of r j th-century archi-
tecture. II leads fro m the east clois te r to the
chapter ho use. In the vest ibule the cathedral
cle rgy and the choir asse mble before the service.

THE PARLOUR
L EFT : Ar jth-century room off the east cloister,
now used for meetings. T he portraits arc of
D ean H o wson (d . 1885), !he grea test of Victorian
deans, and D ean Bennett , unde r whose lead er-
shi p from 1920-37 Ch ester became the first
E nglish cathedral to be run in a mo dem way.

T H E ;,\ORT H C L O IST ER
FACISG PAGE: The cloisters were laid out in the
rz th cen tury an d still contain work of this
period, bu t th ey were large ly rebuilt 1525-37,
and resto red by G iles Scott 19 tt - 13. The roof
bosses in the no rth cloister show it dates fro m
1 5 27-~ 9, The stained glass in the windows
( 192 1- 27) by Nichelson and Eden illustrates the
Christian year accordi ng to the Pra yer Book.
Page 18

THf' RI-H CTOIn
AllO\'E: The ~at building in
th e background is th e refecto ry .
the dining hall of the rl\OIlk$ .
In the foreground is th e cloi ster
garden which was laid o ut in
the 1920'S. Hen: visitors to the
cathedral can rest and enjoy th e
colour of the stone. If they
throw a coi n in the fountain
they will come back again.
fACIS'G PAGE: The interio r of
the refectory . Un d er the wood-
en p latform is the dais wh en:
th e abbot and his chief guests
sat. Fro m the car ly 17th cen-
lUI'}' u ntil 1876 th e refecto ry
was used b y the K ing ', Sc hool,
foun ded as pan of th e cathed ral
in 1541. T he st one wo rk of the
east window (19 13) is by G iles
SCOll. In the glass ( 1920) b y
P owell a re Sr. \'i:'c rb u rgh and
her relations. Th e arch brace
and ha mm er beam roof de-
signe d by F . H . C ros sley dates
from 19 39. The refectory is
no w used for big gath c rinlr-l of
all kinds. RIG HT: The r jth-
century wall pulp it and arcaded
stai r in the refecto ry. From
it a monk rea d aloud 10 the
brethren during mealtimes.
Page 20
TH E C HESH I RE
REGIM EN T
are ca....in gt b)' G. F. Armitage of
plants connected with th e Passion.
Prophets b y J . R. Dayton look down
from the ceiling, So far th e sanc-
tua ry s}mbolises the earthly Jeru-
salem, where th e Lord' s d eath and
passion , foretold b)' the Old Testa-
ment , was accomplished. Bu t over
the ala r is th e mosaic o f th e Last
Supper, where Our Lo rd instituted
the H oi)' Communion IS "a perpet-
ual memo!'}" of H is death and
passion. At the Hoi}' Conununion
H e gi\'es us the hca\'culy food of
H is Body and Blood. So the sanc-
tuary sym bo lises the heavenly Jeru-
salem, whe-n: (in Au~tinc', great
words}, God fds H is Israel for ever
with the food o f truth , and life is the
wisdom b)' who m iii things an: made.
At the end of 1881 the south tran-
sept cease d to be used by St .
Oswald', as their parish church. In
1882 Sir A rth u r Blomfield res tored
the- cast aisle and in 1887 placed the
grea t ....tndow in me south ....-all, IIIi th
its staincd-glass T~ Triumph of
Faith, by H eaton , Butk r an d Bayne.
The rest o( the interior of the tran-
sept was restored 1900"'2 by Chafin
James Blomfield. A striking feature
ofthe tranSoCpt an: the four litan in a
row in the cast aisle. In the first ba}'
from the- south is the St . :'\icholu
altar (19 17) and in the second the 51.
Georg.: .Itar ( 19 21). Both .... ere
designed b)' Gi les Scott. In the third
bay is the 51. Oswald altar ( t'}06) by
Kempe, and the stained gla r.s in the
windows over these altan is by him.
The last altar, 51. M ary M agda -
lene ( 1922) is by T ower (pa ge 9).
The bay wit h the St . George alta r is
the c hape l o f the Ocshin: R egimen t,
and round the transept are the regi-
mental colou rs, includ ing th ose in
wh ich th e coffin of Wolfe was wrap-
ped after the Battl e of Q uebec
( 1" 9), In the bay in the west ais le
opposi te SI. George's chapel is th e
cenota p h ( 1933) designed hy G iles
Scott with Ih... Rcgim ... ntal Book of
Remem b ran ce of th e F irst World
War. Th e Book of Rem...mbrance
of the Second Wor ld W ar is in th e
case n... arby. In th... wind ow ( 19 49)
neer the south- west door is the
R isen and Glorified Orist by H .
.\ 1. 0 0)1e.
Between 19 1t and 19 t4 the m on-
aSlie b uild ings wen: resto red by Gi les
Soon. The easl, north and west
cloisteR an: h is work, so is also the
cas t windo w o f the refecto ry. In the
mo na stic buildings the cathedral has
a magnificenl plan t (or pla}ing its part
as a cathedral in th e modem world.
e-,'i.....d .... ~~ 24
 T HE WO IU':SIIOI'
ABOVE: Cat hedra ls arc th e hom e of fine craftsmanship. At Chesle r the
workshop is off th e west cloister in a rzth -century un dercroft. Two
of th e cathed ral cra ftsmen who maintain th e tradition arc seen at work:
in th e inner room is Mr. Fr ank Fox, th e p lum ber an d general handy-
man; at th e bench is .... t r. Gordon Williams, one of the several joiners.

T ill IUHCTlllt)' Il (HI HWA)'

xaova, right: T his dates fro m the early 13th century and was the main
doorway used by monks from th e clois ters to th e refectory. The coal
of arms on t he right is that of H em) ' VIII in whose reign th e cloisters
were rebui lt (see page 18). Beyond at the side is the monk' s wash place.

C 11 .-\ I'U. (H ST. .-\ :\ S H.,\ I

IIIGHT: Adj oi ni n~ th e weer end of th e nave is th e rzth-century chapel of
the abbot's lodgmg, which after the Refo rma tion became the bishop's
place. A bisho p al th e tim e of Charles I, John Bridgeman, gave the
handsome ceiling, the carved screen, the altar rails and east window.
Page 21
 Tiff .\I0RTL"'''f-. TAI'ESTRY
AllOY!: This tapestry of St. Pa ul and
the sorcerer Elymas ~as give n 10 the
cathedral in the r rth century and until
IS.n hun g behind the Hi gh Altar. It
was woven at .\ lortlakc from one of the
canoons of the Act s of the Aposllcs
which Rap hae l drew in IS'/ Cor 1a1XS-
lri es for t1K' Sistine' Qupe. The car -
tOOlU were bought in 162] by Charles I,
and they arc now 10 be SI1 in the
Vict oria and Alben ~lusnJm . Lcodoe,

THE VICTORIO\:" rORlnl~

UFT: The: "Gladstone" and " Diuaeli"
corbels, A characteristic of the Yicto-
rian age ...." as rumbustiou s satire of pub-
lic figures. D uring the 1868-76 resto-
rat ion these two corbels we re car....: d at
th e south en d of the sou th transept. In
the lop carving, known as "ecclesiastical
contention", Gladstone with a pen is
undermining the claims of th e Church
of Rome . At th e bo ttom of th e corbel
a bed ragg led 51. Pet er' s cock scuttles
away. The lower can-ing is known as
"political contention", Di sracli is lak-
ing offensive action with a swo rd on
behalf of the Coown of England againSI
a figure with a repu blican cap of libe rty.
ThC5e elaborate and amusing corbels
were desi gned by Ro bert Brid gema n
and (:arwd b)" Ed ward Griffilhs.

Page 23
 A NE W
W EST W I ND OW
T hei r possibilities were first realised
by D ean Bennett, dean from 1920-
19 37. U nd er his imaginative lead er-
ship th er ...."C're o nce mo re used as an
imegral pan of th e cathedral's day-
to-day life. The pa rlou r and rerec-
tory became rooms which oould be
used for meetin gs, \isi ling parties
and d iocesan ptherings. A kilchcn
w" made: in 1923 al th e \VC'St end o r
th e: refect ory so thai meals can be
served. The elo inen became a
place to \\'alk in sheltered from the
elements, In the: middle of the
doisten a garden ,.,as laid out (page
19). The work of bringing the
monastic buildings into modem use
was completed in 19 39 ....'ith the
building of F. H . Crossl~"s mag-
nifioent double hammer beam in
the refectory (page 2 1).
The restorations were carried out
by IWO finns, John Thompson and
Son of Pet erborou gh, and \'{'illiam
Haswell and Son of Cheerer, and
are a lasting monumenl to the excel-
lence of thei r craftsmen. Since 1946
under the diceetion of Bernard
.\liller, the main roofs have been
covered with copper atld in the aisle
roofs timber ha$ been replaced ....ith
mc:tal. In 1'}61 came one of the
greatest treasures, the west ...indo...-
The choir and [he Lady Chapel from Ihe Kluth. T he Lady Chapel WlIIS restored 10 of the 11lII\'e: by W . T . Caner Shap-
its r jth-century appearance by Gilbert Scott 11168- 73. The cenotaph ( 19 52) in the land, ....ith its tall hieratic figures of
Cheshire R egim ~'1lt Garden of Remembrance was designed by Bernard .\ liller. Our Lad}' and SI. Joseph ....ith
.\lc:rcian and Xorthumbrian saints.
A feature of th e n inet een th-
,\RCIIIH:CTS century res torations were: the rib-
Berkeley, George, Bisho p 01 Cloyne, 16 85-1 7 53. Blomfield, Sir Anhur vaul ted ceilings. U nti l the 1840's
Wi lliam , 1829-99. Blo mtield, Charles James , d. 1932. C rosst ev, Fred eri ck all pans of the: cat he dral except th e:
H , d. 19 55. F yfc , Da\'id Theod ore 1875-1 94 5. H arrison, Thoma s, nw- Lad}' Chapel had open limber roofs.
1829. H usSC'}' , Richard Charles, 1806-87. Ken t , \\'illiam , 1684-1748. Husse y, 1844-6, pu t a rib-vaulted
M iller , Bern ar d Alexander, d. 1960 , P ace, George G . Soon , Si r George ceil ing with lat he and plaster in-
Gilbert, 1811- 78. Soo n, Sir Giles Gilbert, 1880-1960 . filling ever th e cho ir under the tim be r
C RAFTS.\ \I ';'; roof. G ilben S oon removed Hu s-
se}"s ceilin g and pla ced th e oak ri b-
Frater , J am es, d. 1875. H aswell and Sons Ltd., Chest er : (George H as- vaul ted cei lings ove r the nave: an d
well, d. 1852 ; W illiam H aswell, 1837-1926; G eorge Wi lliam H asw ell, choir ; an d C- J . Blomfi eld pUI a
1862 -1 9 38; James Nicholson Cadman I 1 882 ~1 962 ; James xicnctsoo similar ceiling o ver th e so uth tran-
Cadm an II ), Sa lviati Antonio , 1816""'90. Sk idmo re , Franci s Alfred , 1816- sept. O f recent yea rs emp hasis has
96. John Thompson an d Sons, Peter borou gh : (John Thompson 1824-98). been laid on th e importa nce of th e
~n llI'TO RS pri nciple o f " pa rt iality" in go th ic
Armitage, G eo rge Faulkn er, 1848-1937. Berruguet e, Alon so, 1486- 1561. ar chitectu re . T he principle sp rings
Bridg eman , Ro bert, 1855-1 9 18. Earp , Thomas, 1837-93. Ha yward , from th e use: o f rib- vaul tin g whether
Rich ard , 1728-1 900 . Nol tckeos, Jo sep h , 1737- 1823. Pomer oy, F red erick wood or stone. A cha rac teristic of a
mediev al rib-vaulted c hu rch is th at
William, 1857 -1 924. eac h part is a fra gment of the wh ole .
STAl:-';l-:n GLASS .o\RT ISTS This characteristic is mo re than an
Clayton an d Bell : (John R ichard Clayton, 1837- 1913 and Alfred Bell , archi tec tural featu re. It mak es a
1832-95). Doyle , Har cou rt M ed h u n t . Ed en , Fred erick, 1864- 1944 . church speak a great Ehrisrtan truth.
H eaton , But ler and Bayn e : (Clemen t H eaton I d. 1882.) Kem pe , Charles C hester Ca thed ral 100 , wit h its
Earner , 183 7-1 907, l' icholson, Arch ibald Ke ightlcy, 1872-1937. O'Connor, nineteent h-century rib-vaulted ceil-
M ichael , d . 1865, and A rth ur, d. 1874. Pu gtn, Augustin e W'e lb}' X ort h - ings, is able to speak that truthc -
more , 18tl - 52. Sha pland, W . T . Caner. T o wer, W alter E rn est , 1873 - M an is but a fra gme nt of creation,

l 1955. Wa iles, W illiam , 1809--81.

Page 24
H e: finds his totality by taking h is
place in the: Kin gdo m o f God.

At [he pla ces portrayed anJ from booksellers in G rea r Britain the p rice is 2 :6 each. At booksellers abroaJ the follo...ing
prices prevail: Cana Ja 55 cents; U.S. A. 55 cenrs ; France 2.50 Frcs ; Bl!l:Jiu:n 25
CUlhl.'dru ls. oml Chl/ f elll's
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CITY C H l: RC H ES
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Fr~'S : Italy }()() lire ; Germany 2 D m.
FamollS e ffie'S UII<I Plucr s Roy al 116 10' )"
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The east end of the church seen from the south. This side of the cathedral IU' virtuall y reconstructed by
Gilbert Stott during his restoration 1868- 76. Dver his apse I I th e end of lh e sou th choir aisle i. the curious
spire with the \"ertical western race which SCOtt maintained was the original 13th -centUf)' end of the aisle.
The top stage of the tower , built 148S-92, was restored 1868 70 by Seen, The turrets are new work by h im.

T H IS 15 o xe O F TH E P IT"IS "PRIDE O F RRITAIS" R O OK"