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Abstract
Using multiple q-integrals and a determinant evaluation, we establish a nonterminating 8 7 summation for
the root system Cr . We also give some important specializations explicitly.
c 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
where a2 q=bcdef (cf. [9, Eq. (2.11.7)]), is one of the deepest results in the classical theory of basic
hypergeometric series. It contains many important identities as special cases (such as the nontermi-
nating 3 2 summation, the terminating 8 7 summation, and all their specializations including the
q-binomial theorem). One way to derive (1.1) is to start with a particular rational function identity,
namely Bailey’s [5] very-well-poised 10 9 transformation, and apply a nontrivial limit procedure, see
the exposition in [9, Sections 2.10 and 2.11].
Basic hypergeometric series (and, more generally, q-series) have various applications in com-
binatorics, number theory, representation theory, statistics, and physics, see [1,2]. For a general
account of the importance of basic hypergeometric series in the theory of special functions
see [4].
There are diEerent types of multivariable series. The one we are concerned with are so-called
multiple basic hypergeometric series associated to root systems (or, equivalently, to Lie algebras).
This is mainly just a classiGcation of certain multiple series according to the type of speciGc factors
(such as a Vandermonde determinant) appearing in the summand. We omit giving a precise deGnition
here, but instead refer to papers of Bhatnagar [7] or Milne [15, Section 5].
The signiGcance of the nonterminating 8 7 summation (1.1) lies in the fact that it can be used
for deriving other nonterminating transformation formulae; see [9, Sections 2.12 and 3.8, 18]. Thus,
it is apparently desirable to Gnd (various) multivariable generalizations of Bailey’s nonterminating
8 7 summation.
In this paper, we give a multivariable nonterminating 8 7 summation for the root system Cr
(or, equivalently, the symplectic group Sp(r)); see Corollary 5.1. We deduce this result from an
equivalent multiple q-integral evaluation (Theorem 4.1). In our proof of the latter we utilize a
simple determinant method, essentially the same which was introduced in [11] and which we further
exploited in [17] to derive a number of identities for multiple basic hypergeometric series. The
diEerence here is that now we apply the method to integrals and q-integrals whereas in [17] we
had only applied it to sums. Our new Cr nonterminating 8 7 summation is not the Grst multivariable
nonterminating 8 7 sum that has been found. In fact, Degenhardt and Milne [8] already derived
such a result for the root system An (or, equivalently, the unitary group U (n)), a result we consider
to be deeper than ours. While Corollary 5.1 is derived by elementary means, by combining known
one-variable results with the argument of interchanging the order of summations, or of summation
and (q-)integration (this is what the determinant method in this article really does), Degenhardt and
Milne deduce their multivariable summation formula from Milne’s and Newcomb’s [16] extension
of Gasper and Rahman’s [9, Section 2.10] analysis to higher dimensions which appears to be fairly
nontrivial. However, supported by the combinatorial applications (in [14,10]) of identities of type
strikingly similar to the one being investigated in this paper, we believe that the identities derived
here will have future applications and deserve being written out in detail.
Our paper is organized as follows: In Section 2, we review some basics in the theory of basic
hypergeometric series. Further, we also note a determinant lemma which we need as an ingredi-
ent in proving our results in Sections 3 and 4. We demonstrate the method of proof in Section
3 by deriving a simple multidimensional beta integral evaluation. In Section 4, we derive an (at-
tractive) multiple q-integral evaluation, Theorem 4.1, which in Section 5 is used to explicitly write
out a nonterminating 8 7 summation for the root system Cr ; see Corollary 5.1. Finally, in Sec-
tion 6 we explicitly list several interesting specializations of Theorem 4.1 (and of the equivalent
Corollary 5.1).
M. Schlosser / Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 160 (2003) 283 – 296 285
Here we recall some standard notation for q-series, and basic hypergeometric series (cf. [9]).
Let q be a complex number such that 0 ¡ |q| ¡ 1. We deGne the q-shifted factorial for all integers
k by
∞
(a; q)∞
(a; q)∞ := (1 − aqj ) and (a; q)k := :
j=0
(aqk ; q)∞
to denote the basic hypergeometric s s−1 series. In (2.1), a1 ; : : : ; as are called the upper parameters,
b1 ; : : : ; bs−1 the lower parameters, z is the argument, and q the base of the series. The series in
(2.1) terminates if one of the upper parameters, say as , equals q−n , where n is a nonnegative integer.
If the series does not terminate, we need |z| ¡ 1 for convergence.
The classical theory of basic hypergeometric series contains numerous summation and transforma-
tion formulae involving s s−1 series. Many of these summation theorems require that the parameters
satisfy the condition of being either balanced and/or very-well-poised. An s s−1 basic hypergeomet-
ric series is called balanced if b1 · · · bs−1 = a1 · · · as q and z = q. An s s−1 series is well-poised if
√
a1 q = a2 b1 = · · · = as bs−1 and very-well-poised if it is well-poised and if a2 = −a3 = q a1 . Note that
the factor
1 − a1 q2k
1 − a1
appears in a very-well-poised series. The parameter a1 is usually referred to as the special parameter
of such a series.
One of the most important summation theorems in the theory of basic hypergeometric series is
Jackson’s [13] terminating very-well-poised balanced 8 7 summation (cf. [9, Eq. (2.6.2)]):
√ √
a; q a; −q a; b; c; d; a2 q1+n =bcd; q−n
8 7 √ √ ; q; q
a; − a; aq=b; aq=c; aq=d; bcdq−n =a; aq1+n
(aq; aq=bc; aq=bd; aq=cd; q)n
= : (2.2)
(aq=b; aq=c; aq=d; aq=bcd; q)n
For studying nonterminating basic hypergeometric series it is often convenient to utilize Jackson’s
[12] q-integral notation, deGned by
b b a
f(t) dq t = f(t) dq t − f(t) dq t; (2.3)
a 0 0
where
a ∞
f(t) dq t = a(1 − q) f(aqk )qk : (2.4)
0 k=0
The above determinant evaluation was generalized to the elliptic case (more precisely, to an
evaluation involving Jacobi theta functions) in [20, Corollary 5.4].
M. Schlosser / Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 160 (2003) 283 – 296 287
Here, we present a simple multivariable extension of Euler’s beta integral evaluation. The proof
serves as an illustration of the determinant method which we use in Section 4 to derive a multivariable
extension of (2.5).
r
(a + xi ) (b + i − 1)
= (xi − xj ) ; (3.1)
16i¡j 6r i=1
(a + b + xi + r − 1)
Remark 3.2. We note the diEerences between Proposition 3.1 and Selberg’s [19] integral,
1 1 r
··· |ui − uj |2c uia−1 (1 − ui )b−1 dur · · · du1
0 0 16i¡j 6r i=1
r
(a + (i − 1)c)(b + (i − 1)c)(ic + 1)
= ; (3.2)
i=1
(a + b + (r + i − 2)c)(c + 1)
where R(a); R(b) ¿ 0, and R(c) ¿ max(−1=r; −R(a)=(r − 1); −R(b)=(r − 1)). In
(3.1) we have
additional parameters x1 ; : : : ; xr , while in (3.2) the absolute value of the discriminant 16i¡j6r (ui −
uj ) in the integrand is taken to an arbitrary power 2c, which makes the computation considerably
more diMcult.
Proof of Proposition 3.1. First, we note that if in Lemma 2.1 we let C → 0, replace A; B, and Xi
by qa ; qa+b , and qxi , for i = 1; : : : ; r, respectively, and then let q → 1, we have
r
(a + xi )r −j (b)i−1
det = (xi − xj ) ; (3.3)
16i; j 6r (a + b + xi )r −j 16i¡j 6r i=1
(a + b + x i )r − 1
where
(! + k)
(!)k := (3.4)
(!)
is the shifted factorial. Thus,
1 1 r
··· (ui − uj ) uia−1+xi (1 − ui )b−1 dur · · · du1
0 0 16i¡j 6r i=1
1
= det uia−1+xi +r −j (1 − ui )b−1 dui
16i; j 6r 0
288 M. Schlosser / Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 160 (2003) 283 – 296
(a + xi + r − j) (b) (a + xi ) (b) (a + xi )r −j
= det = det
16i; j 6r (a + b + xi + r − j) 16i; j 6r (a + b + xi ) (a + b + xi )r −j
r
(a + xi ) (b) (a + xi )r −j
= · det
i=1
(a + b + xi ) 16i; j 6r (a + b + xi )r −j
r
(a + xi ) (b) r
(b)i−1
= (xi − xj )
i=1
(a + b + xi ) 16i¡j 6r i=1
(a + b + xi )r −1
r
(a + xi ) (b + i − 1)
= (xi − xj ) ;
16i¡j 6r i=1
(a + b + xi + r − 1)
where we have used linearity of the determinant with respect to rows, the Vandermonde 1 determi-
nant evaluation det 16i; j6r (uir −j ) = 16i¡j6r (ui − uj ), Euler’s beta integral evaluation 0 ua−1 (1 −
u)b−1 dt = (a)(b)=(a + b), for R(a); R(b) ¿ 0, the deGnition of the shifted factorial (3.4), and
the determinant evaluation (3.3).
∞
× f(c1 (S)qk1 ; : : : ; cr (S)qkr )qk1 +···+kr ; (4.2)
k1 ;:::; kr =0
where the outer sum runs over all 2r subsets S of {1; 2; : : : ; r}, and, where ci (S) = ai if i ∈ S and
ci (S) = bi if i ∈ S, for i = 1; : : : ; r.
M. Schlosser / Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 160 (2003) 283 – 296 289
r
(qti =axi ; qti =b; qti =c; qti =d; qti =e; qti xi =f; q)∞
× dq tr · · · dq t1
i=1
(t i xi ; bti =a; cti =a; dti =a; eti =a; fti =axi ; q)∞
r
2
=a br (1 − q)r (xi − xj )(1 − axi xj =f)
16i¡j 6r
r
(q; axi =b; bq=axi ; aq2−i =cd; aq2−i =ce; q)∞
×
i=1
(bxi ; cxi ; dxi ; exi ; f; q)∞
r
(axi q=cf; aq2−i =de; axi q=df; axi q=ef; q)∞
× : (4.3)
i=1
(bcqi−1 =a; bdqi−1 =a; beqi−1 =a; bf=axi ; q)∞
Proof. We have
r
(q2−r ti =d; aq2−r =dti ; q)r −1 r −1
(ti − tj )(1 − ti tj =a) = 2−r =cd; cq2+r −2i =d; q)
ti
16i¡j 6r i=1
(aq i −1
r r
−
2
−
3 (cti =a; c=ti ; q)r −j
×c q det
16i; j 6r 2 −
(q ti =d; aq2−r =dti ; q)r −j
r
due to the Xi
→ ti ; A
→ c=a; B
→ q2−r =d, and C
→ a case of Lemma 2.1. Hence, using some
elementary identities from [9, Appendix I], we may write the left-hand side of (4.3) as
r
a r −
r
2 3
q (aq2−r =cd; cq2+r −2i =d; q)− 1
i −1
d i=1
b
(1 − ti2 =a)(ti q=axi ; ti q=b; q)∞
× det
16i; j 6r axi (ti xi ; bti =a; q)∞
(ti q1−r+j =c; ti q2−j =d; ti q=e; ti xi q=f; q)∞
× d q ti :
(cti qr −j =a; dti qj−1 =a; eti =a; fti =axi ; q)∞
Now, to the integral inside the determinant we apply the q-integral evaluation (2.5), with the sub-
stitution t
→ ti xi , and the replacements a
→ axi2 ; b
→ bxi ; c
→ cqr −j xi , d
→ dqj−1 xi , and e
→ exi .
290 M. Schlosser / Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 160 (2003) 283 – 296
Thus we obtain
r
a r − r
2
q 3 (aq2−r =cd; cq2+r −2i =d; q)− 1
i −1
d i=1
b(1 − q)(q; axi =b; bq=axi ; aq2−r =cd; aq1−r+j =ce; q)∞
× det
16i; j 6r (bxi ; cxi qr −j ; dxi qj−1 ; exi ; f; q)∞
(axi q1−r+j =cf; aq2−j =de; axi q2−j =df; axi q=ef; q)∞
× :
(bcqr −j =a; bdqj−1 =a; be=a; bf=axi ; q)∞
Now, by using linearity of the determinant with respect to rows and columns, we take some factors
out of the determinant and obtain
a r − r r
(q; axi =b; bq=axi ; q)∞
2
q 3 br (1 − q)r
d i=1
(aq −r =cd; cq2+r −2i =d; q)i−1
2
r
(aq2−r =cd; aq1−r+i =ce; axi q=cf; aq2−i =de; axi q2−r =df; axi q=ef; q)∞
×
i=1
(bxi ; cxi ; dxi qr −1 ; exi ; f; bcqr −i =a; bdqi−1 =a; be=a; bf=axi ; q)∞
r
r
a 2 −3
3 (cxi ; cf=axi ; q)r −j
× q det :
cdf 16i; j 6r (axi q2−r =df; q2−r =dxi ; q)r −j
The determinant can be evaluated by means of Lemma 2.1 with Xi
→ xi ; A
→ c; B
→ aq2−r =df,
and C
→ f=a; speciGcally
(cxi ; cf=axi ; q)r −j
det
16i; j 6r (axi q2−r =df; q2−r =dxi ; q)r −j
r r
2 3
r
(aq2−r =cdf; cq2+r −2i =d; q)i−1
=c q (xj − xi )(1 − f=axi xj ) :
16i¡j 6r i=1
(axi q2−r =df; q2−r =dxi ; q)r −1
Substituting our calculations and performing further elementary manipulations we arrive at the
right-hand side of (4.3).
Note that if the integrand f(t1 ; : : : ; tr ) of the multiple integral in (4.3) were an antisymmetric
function in t1 ; : : : ; tr , the multiple sum in (4.2) would simplify considerably. In fact, if ti = bqki and
tj = bqkj , for a pair i ¡ j, we would then have
∞
f(: : : ; bqki ; : : : ; bqkj ; : : :) = 0:
ki ; kj =0
M. Schlosser / Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 160 (2003) 283 – 296 291
k1 ;:::; kr =0
r
+ (−1)r −1 ar −1 bx1 · · · xr (1 − q)r xl−1
l=1
∞
r
× f(ax1 qk1 ; : : : ; axl−1 qkl−1 ; bqkl ; axl+1 qkl+1 ; : : : ; axr qkr ) q i=1 ki : (5.1)
k1 ;:::; kr =0
A very similar situation occurs in the U (n) (or Ar ) nonterminating 8 7 summation by [8] (however,
their argument is reversed, i.e., they Grst derive a nonterminating summation and then deduce the
multiple q-integral evaluation). Unfortunately, in our case the multiple integrand in (4.3) is not
antisymmetric in t1 ; : : : ; tr , whence we have all 2r sums on the right-hand side of (4.2).
We write out (4.2) explicitly for our integral in (4.3):
b b r
··· (ti − tj )(1 − ti tj =a) (1 − ti2 =a)
ax1 axr 16i¡j 6r i=1
r
(qti =axi ; qti =b; qti =c; qti =d; qti =e; qti xi =f; q)∞
× dq tr · · · dq t1
i=1
(ti xi ; bti =a; cti =a; dti =a; eti =a; fti =axi ; q)∞
|S | r −|S |
= (−1)|S | a|S | br −|S | (1 − q)r a 2 b 2 xi
S ⊆{1;2;:::;r } i ∈S
∞
× (xi qki − xj qkj )(1 − axi xj qki +kj ) (1 − axi2 q2ki )
k1 ;:::; kr =0 16i¡j 6r i ∈S
i; j ∈S
× (qki − qkj )(1 − b2 qki +kj =a) (1 − b2 q2ki =a)
16i¡j 6r i ∈S
i; j ∈S
× (axi qki − bqkj )(1 − bxi qki +kj )(−1)#(i¿j)
i∈S; j ∈S
292 M. Schlosser / Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 160 (2003) 283 – 296
(q1+ki ; axi q1+ki =b; axi q1+ki =c; axi q1+ki =d; axi q1+ki =e; ax2 q1+ki =f; q)∞
i
× 2 ki
i ∈S
(ax i q ; bxi q ki ; cx qki ; dx qki ; ex qki ; fqki ; q)
i i i ∞
(bq1+ki =axi ; q1+ki ; bq1+ki =c; bq1+ki =d; bq1+ki =e; bxi q1+ki =f; q)∞ r
× q i=1 ki ;
(bxi qki ; b2 qki =a; bcqki =a; bdqki =a; beqki =a; bfqki =axi ; q)∞
i ∈S
where |S| denotes the number of elements of S, and # is the truth function (which evaluates to one
if the argument is true and evaluates to zero otherwise). Now, if we set the obtained sum of 2r
sums equal to the right-hand side of (4.3) and divide both sides by
r+1
(−1) a 2 x1 · · · xr (1 − q)r
r
(xi − xj )(1 − axi xj )
16i¡j 6r
r
(q; axi q=b; axi q=c; axi q=d; axi q=e; axi2 q=f; q)∞
× ;
i=1
(axi2 q; bxi ; cxi ; dxi ; exi ; f; q)∞
and simplify, we obtain the following result which reduces to (1.1) when r = 1.
Corollary 5.1 (A Cr nonterminating 8 7 summation). Let a2 q2−r = bcdef. Then there holds
r −|S |
b 2 (axi2 q; cxi ; dxi ; exi ; f; q)∞
a (axi =b; axi q=c; axi q=d; axi q=e; axi2 q=f; q)∞
S ⊆{1;2;:::;r } i ∈S
∞
(xi qki − xj qkj )(1 − axi xj qki +kj ) (1 − axi2 q2ki )
×
k1 ;:::; kr =0 16i¡j 6r
(xi − xj )(1 − axi xj ) i ∈S
(1 − axi2 )
i; j ∈S
r
(1 − axi xj =f) (axi2 q; b=axi ; aq2−i =cd; aq2−i =ce; q)∞
=
16i¡j 6r
(1 − axi xj ) i=1 (axi q=c; axi q=d; axi q=e; axi2 q=f; q)∞
r
(axi q=cf; aq2−i =de; axi q=df; axi q=ef; q)∞
× i−1 =a; bdqi−1 =a; beqi−1 =a; bf=ax ; q)
: (5.2)
i=1
(bcq i ∞
6. Specializations
It is clear that in Corollary 5.1, if we replace e by a2 q2−r =bcdf and then let f → q−N , we obtain
a Cr extension of Jackson’s 8 7 summation (2.2). This result
N
r
(xi qki − xj qkj )(1 − axi xj qki +kj ) (1 − axi2 q2ki )
k1 ;:::; kr =0 16i¡j 6r
(xi − xj )(1 − axi xj ) i=1
(1 − axi2 )
r
(axi2 ; bxi ; cxi ; dxi ; a2 xi q2−r+N =bcd; q−N ; q)ki r
ki
× q i=1
i=1
(q; axi q=b; axi q=c; axi q=d; bcdxi qr −1−N =a; axi2 q1+N ; q)ki
r
(1 − axi xj qN ) (axi2 q; aq2−i =bc; aq2−i =bd; aq2−i =cd; q)N
= ; (6.1)
16i¡j 6r
(1 − axi xj ) i=1 (aq2−r =bcdxi ; axi q=d; axi q=c; axi q=b; q)N
was given as Theorem 4.3 in [17]. An extension of (6.1) to elliptic hypergeometric series was found
in [20, Theorem 5.1].
Next, if in (4.3), we Grst replace e by a2 q2−r =bcdf, then b by aq=b, do the substitution ti
→ ati ;
r+1
divide both sides by a( 2 ) , let a → 0, and afterwards do the simultaneous substitutions xi
→
√ √ √ √ √ ( r+1 )
xi a; b
→ q a=b; c
→ cq1−r =bdf√ a; d
→ d a, f
→ fa, then multiply both sides by a 2 ,
and perform the substitution ti
→ ti = a, we obtain the following multiple q-integral evaluation which
is an r-dimensional extension of Eq. (2.10.18) in [9].
Corollary 6.2 (An Ar nonterminating 3 2 summation). Let ef = abcqr . Then there holds
q r − |S | (axi ; bxi ; c; q=exi ; fq=e; q)∞
2 2
e (aq=e; bq=e; cq=exi ; exi =q; fxi ; q)∞
S ⊆{1;2;:::;r } i ∈S
∞
(xi qki − xj qkj ) (qki − qkj ) (exi q1+ki − qkj )
×
(xi − xj ) (xi − xj ) (xi − xj )
k1 ;:::; kr =0 16i¡j 6r 16i¡j 6r i∈S; j ∈S
i; j ∈S i; j ∈S
r
(q=exi ; fq1−i =a; fq1−i =b; fxi =c; q)∞
= : (6.3)
i=1
(aqi =e; bqi =e; cq=exi ; fxi ; q)∞
It is again clear that Corollary 6.2 above can be specialized to an Ar terminating q-PfaE–SaalschNutz
summation, Namely, by Grst replacing f by abcqr =e and then letting c → q−N , we obtain
N
r
(xi qki − xj qkj ) (axi ; bxi ; cxi ; q−N ; q)ki ri=1 ki
q
(xi − xj ) i=1 (q; cxi ; abxi qr −N =c; q)ki
k1 ;:::; kr =0 16i¡j 6r
r
(cq1−i =a; cq1−i =b; q)N
= (6.4)
i=1
(cxi ; cq1−r =abxi ; q)N
b b r
(−qti =axi ; qti =b; q)∞
··· (ti − tj ) dq tr · · · dq t1
−ax1 −axr 16i¡j6r i=1
(−cti =a; dti =b; q)∞
r
2
r
(q; −axi =b; −bq=axi ; cdqr −1 xi ; q)∞
r r
=(−a) b (1 − q) (xi − xj ) : (6.5)
16i¡j 6r i=1
(cxi ; −adxi =b; −bcqi−1 =a; dqi−1 ; q)∞
M. Schlosser / Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 160 (2003) 283 – 296 295
r
(a + xi ) (b + i − 1)
= (xi − xj )
16i¡j 6r i=1
(a + b + r − a + xi )
r
r(a+b−1)+ + xi
r(1−a)− xi r(1−b) 2
×c d (c + d) ; (6.6)
which follows from the multiple beta integral evaluation in Proposition 3.1 by the substitutions
c + ti
ui
→ ; i = 1; : : : ; r: (6.7)
c+d
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