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4. Explain OC & SC tests of a 1-phase T/F.

The OC test is carried out by connecting LV side (as primary) of the transformer to the AC supply through
variac, ammeter and wattmeter instruments. The secondary side or HV side terminals are left open and in
some cases a voltmeter is connected across it to measure the secondary voltage.

The primary side voltmeter reads the applied voltage to the transformer, ammeter reads the no
load current, wattmeter gives the input power and the variac used to vary the voltage applied to
transformer so that rated voltage is applied at rated frequency. The OC test arrangement of a transformer
is shown in below figure.

When the single phase supply is given to the transformer, the rated value of the primary voltage is
adjusted by varying the variac. At this rated voltage, the ammeter and wattmeter readings are to be taken.
From this test, we get rated voltage Vo, input or no load current Io and input power Wo.
W o = Iron losses
The no load shunt parameters are calculated from the OC test as
The no load power factor, Cos o = W o/VoIo
Once the power factor is obtained, the no load component currents are determined as
Magnetizing component of no load current, Im = Io sin o
Core loss component of no load current, Im = Io cos o
Then, the magnetizing branch reactance, Xo= Vo / Im
Resistance representing core loss, Ro = Vo / Ic

Short Circuit Test on Transformer

This test is performed to find series branch parameters of an equivalent circuit such as equivalent
impedance (Zo1 or Zo2), total winding resistance (Ro1 or Ro2), and total leakage reactance (Xo1 or Xo2).
Also, it is possible to determine copper losses at any desired load and total voltage drop of the
transformer referred to primary or secondary. In this test, usually LV winding is shorted by a thick wire.
And the other side, i.e. HV side this test is conducted.
In this test, the primary or HV winding is connected to the AC supply source through voltmeter, ammeter,
wattmeter and a variac as shown in figure. This test is also called as reduced voltage test or low voltage
test. This is because as the secondary winding is short circuited, at rated voltage the transformer draws a
very large current due to its very small winding resistance.

Such high current can cause the overheating and also burning of the transformer. Thus, to limit the high
current, the primary winding must be energized with a low voltage which is just enough to produce the
rated current in the transformer primary.

The SC test is conducted on HV side due to the two main reasons. The first one is, the SC test conducted
by applying rated current and the HV side rated current is much less than the LV side. Therefore, the
rated current is easily achieved at HV side (due to the low current value) as compared to the LV side.

On the other hand, if we short the HV terminals by connecting measuring instrument on LV side, voltage
in the secondary is zero. Therefore, the current flow through HV side is very high (as VA rating is
constant) compared to the LV side and hence it will cause to burn the transformer.

W sc = Full load copper losses

Form the test results we determine the series branch parameters of an equivalent circuit as

2
Equivalent resistance referred to HV side, R01 = W sc/ Isc
Equivalent impedance referred to HV side, Z01 = Vsc / Isc
2 2
Equivalent leakage reactance referred to HV side, X01 = (Z 01 R 01)
And also short circuit power factor, Cos sc = W sc/VscIsc
The equivalent circuit obtained from this test is shown below.

It should be noted that, before parameters calculation, one must aware in which side (primary or
secondary) the test reading being recorded. Suppose if the transformer is step-up transformer, then we
carry out the SC test on secondary side (HV side) while primary or low voltage side is shorted.

In such case we get the parameters referred to the secondary from calculations such as R02, X02 and
Z02. If it is a step-down transformer, we get the parameter values as R01, X01 and Z01 because the
meters are connected to the HV side of the primary.
5. Find the relation between line & Phase quantities for both star and delta connected 3-phase
circuit

Star Connection is obtained by connecting together similar ends of the three coils, either
Starting or finishing. The other ends are joined to the line wires. The common point is called
the neutral or Star Point, which is represented by N. (As shown in fig 1)

The voltage between any two terminals or Voltage between Line and Neutral (Star
Point) is called Phase voltage or Star voltage. And the voltage between two Lines is called Line
to Line Voltage or Line Voltage.

Voltage, Current and Power Values in Star Connection (Y)

VRY = VR VY . (Vector Difference)

Thus, to find vector of VRY, increase the Vector of VY in reverse direction as shown in the dotted
form in the below fig 2. Similarly, on the both ends of vector VR and Vector VY, make
perpendicular dotted lines which look like a parallelogram as shown in fig (2). The Diagonal line
which divides the parallelogram into two parts, showing the value of VRY. The angle between
VY and VR vectors is 60.

Hence, if VR = VY = VB = VPH, then

VRY = 2 x VPH x Cos (60/2)

= 2 x VPH x Cos 30

= 2 x VPH x (3/2) Since Cos 30 = 3/2

= 3 VPH

Similarly,

VYB = VY VB

= 3 VPH

And
 VBR = VB VR

= 3 VPH

Hence, it is proved that VRY = VYB = VBR is line voltages VL in Star Connection, Therefore, in Star
Connection;

VL = 3 VPH or VL = 3 EPH

It is seen from the fig 2 that;

Line voltages are 120 apart from each other

Line voltages are 30 leading from the corresponding phase voltages
The angle between line currents and respective line voltages are (30+), i.e. each line
current is lagging (30+) from the corresponding line voltage.
2. Line Currents and Phase Currents in Star Connection
It is seen from the fig (3a) that each line is in series with individual phase winding, therefore, the
value of line current is same as in Phase windings to which the line is connected. i.e.;

Current in Line 1 = IR
Current in Line 2 = IY
Current in Line 3 = IB
Since, the flowing currents in all three lines are same, and the individual current in each line is
equal to the corresponding phase current, therefore;

IR = IY = IB = IPH . The phase current

Line Current = Phase Current

IL = IPH

In simple words, the value of Line Current and Phase Current is same in Star Connection.

3. Power in Star Connection

In a three phase AC circuit, the total True or Active power is the sum of the three phase power.
Or the sum of the all three phase powers is the Total Active or True Power.

Hence, total active or true power in a three phase AC system;

Total True or Active Power = 3 Phase Power

Or

P = 3 x VPH x IPH x Cos .. Eq (1)

P = 3 x VPH x IPH x Cos or

P = 3 x VL x IL x Cos

Similarly,

Total Reactive Power = Q = 3 x VL x IL x Sin

DELTA CONNECTION
 Voltage, Current and Power Values in Delta Connection ()
1. Line Voltages and Phase Voltages in Delta Connection
It is seen from fig 2 that there is only one phase winding between two terminals (i.e. there is one
phase winding between two wires). Therefore, in Delta Connection, the voltage between (any
pair of) two lines is equal to the phase voltage of the phase winding which is connected between
two lines. Since the phase sequence is R Y B, therefore, the direction of voltage from R
phase towards Y phase is positive (+), and the voltage of R phase is leading by 120from Y
phase voltage. Likewise, the voltage of Y phase is leading by 120 from the phase voltage of B
and its direction is positive from Y towards B.
If the line voltage between;
Line 1 and Line 2 = VRY
Line 2 and Line 3 = VYB
Line 3 and Line 1 = VBR
Then, we see that VRY leads VYB by 120 and VYB leads VBR by 120.
Lets suppose,
VRY = VYB = VBR = VL (Line Voltage)
Then
VL = VPH
I.e. in Delta connection, the Line Voltage is equal to the Phase Voltage.
2. Line Currents and Phase Currents in Delta Connection
It will be noted from the below (fig-2) that the total current of each Line is equal to the vector
difference between two phase currents flowing through that line. i.e.;
Current in Line 1= I1 = IR IB
Current in Line 2 =I2 = IY IR
Current in Line 3 =I3 = IB IY
{Vector Difference}
 The current of Line 1 can be found by determining the vector difference between IR and IB and
we can do that by increasing the IB Vector in reverse, so that, IR and IB makes a parallelogram.
The diagonal of that parallelogram shows the vector difference of IR and IB which is equal to
Current in Line 1= I1. Moreover, by reversing the vector of IB, it may indicate as (-IB), therefore,
the angle between IR and -IB (IB, when reversed = -IB) is 60. If,
IR = IY = IB = IPH . The phase currents
Then;
The current flowing in Line 1 would be;
IL or I1 = 2 x IPH x Cos (60/2)
= 2 x IPH x Cos 30
= 2 x IPH x (3/2) Since Cos 30 = 3/2
= 3 IPH
i.e. In Delta Connection, The Line current is 3 times of Phase Current
Similarly, we can find the reaming two Line currents as same as above. i.e.,
I2 = IY IR Vector Difference = 3 IPH
I3 = IB IY Vector difference = 3 IPH
As, all the Line current are equal in magnitude i.e.
I1 = I2 = I3 = IL
Hence
IL = 3 IPH
It is seen from the fig above that;
The Line Currents are 120 apart from each other
Line currents are lagging by 30 from their corresponding Phase Currents
The angle between line currents and respective line voltages is (30+), i.e. each line
current is lagging by (30+) from the corresponding line voltage.
3. Power in Delta Connection
We know that the power of each phase
Power / Phase = VPH x IPH x Cos
And the total power of three phases;
Total Power = P = 3 x VPH x IPH x Cos .. (1)
We know that the values of Phase Current and Phase Voltage in Delta Connection;

IPH = IL / /3 .. (From IL = 3 IPH)

VPH = VL
Putting these values in power eq. (1)
P = 3 x VL x ( IL/3) x Cos (IPH = IL / /3)
P = 3 x3 x VL x ( IL/3) x Cos { 3 = 3x3 }
P = 3 x VLx IL x Cos
Hence proved;
Power in Delta Connection,
P = 3 x VPH x IPH x Cos . or
P = 3 x VL x IL x Cos

6. Explain the operation of 1- phase t/F on load with phasor diagram also derive the
equation of induced emf in the winding.

Operation:
We have seen that the number of coil turns on the secondary winding compared to the primary winding,
the turns ratio, affects the amount of voltage available from the secondary coil. But if the two windings
are electrically isolated from each other, how is this secondary voltage produced?
We have said previously that a transformer basically consists of two coils wound around a common soft
iron core. When an alternating voltage ( VP ) is applied to the primary coil, current flows through the coil
which in turn sets up a magnetic field around itself, called mutual inductance, by this current flow
according to Faradays Law of electromagnetic induction. The strength of the magnetic field builds up as
the current flow rises from zero to its maximum value which is given as d/dt.

As the magnetic lines of force setup by this electromagnet expand outward from the coil the soft iron core
forms a path for and concentrates the magnetic flux. This magnetic flux links the turns of both windings
as it increases and decreases in opposite directions under the influence of the AC supply.
However, the strength of the magnetic field induced into the soft iron core depends upon the amount of
current and the number of turns in the winding. When current is reduced, the magnetic field strength
reduces.
When the magnetic lines of flux flow around the core, they pass through the turns of the secondary
winding, causing a voltage to be induced into the secondary coil. The amount of voltage induced will be
determined by: N.d/dt (Faradays Law), where N is the number of coil turns. Also this induced voltage
has the same frequency as the primary winding voltage.
Then we can see that the same voltage is induced in each coil turn of both windings because the same
magnetic flux links the turns of both the windings together. As a result, the total induced voltage in each
winding is directly proportional to the number of turns in that winding. However, the peak amplitude of
the output voltage available on the secondary winding will be reduced if the magnetic losses of the core
are high.
 If we want the primary coil to produce a stronger magnetic field to overcome the cores magnetic losses,
we can either send a larger current through the coil, or keep the same current flowing, and instead
increase the number of coil turns ( NP ) of the winding. The product of amperes times turns is called the
ampere-turns, which determines the magnetising force of the coil.
So assuming we have a transformer with a single turn in the primary, and only one turn in the secondary.
If one volt is applied to the one turn of the primary coil, assuming no losses, enough current must flow
and enough magnetic flux generated to induce one volt in the single turn of the secondary. That is, each
winding supports the same number of volts per turn.
As the magnetic flux varies sinusoidally, = max sint, then the basic relationship between induced emf,
( E ) in a coil winding of N turns is given by:

emf = turns x rate of change

Where:
- is the flux frequency in Hertz, = /2
- is the number of coil windings.
- is the flux density in webers

This is known as the Transformer EMF Equation. For the primary winding emf, N will be the number
of primary turns, ( NP ) and for the secondary winding emf, N will be the number of secondary turns,
( NS ).
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7. Explain armature reaction in DC machines.