05 RA41215EN40GLA0 Bearer Management

Bearer Management
LTE Radio Parameters RL40
1 Nokia Siemens Networks RA41215EN40GLA0

Contents
1. LTE Functionalities & Features Overview

2. Parameters Structure & SIBs
3. Physical Channel Configuration & Random Access
4. UE State Handling
5. Bearer Management
6. Admission Control
7. Power Control & Power Setting
8. Adaptive Modulation & Coding
9. MIMO Mode Control
10. Idle Mode Mobility
11. Connected Mode Mobility
12. Scheduler
13. SON
Index
QoS Architecture and Profiles in LTE

Default and Dedicated Bearers
Multiple EPS Bearers
EPS Bearers for Conversational Voice
Emergency Calls
Rate Capping
eRAB Modification
ROHC

Bearer Model in GTP and IETF Variants
E- UTRAN EPC Internet
UE eNB S-GW P-GW Peer

Entity
End-to-end Service GTP variant:
IP Transport
EPS Bearer EPS bearer termination in PGW
Radio Bearer S1 Bearer S5/S8 Bearer
Radio S1 S5/ S 8 SGi
E- UTRAN EPC Internet
UE eNB S-GW P-GW Peer

Entity
IETF variant:
End-to-end Service
EPS bearer termination in SGW
IP Transport
IP Transport
EPS Bearer
Radio Bearer S1 Bearer
Radio S1 S5/ S 8 SGi External Bearer
GTP: GPRS Tunneling Protocol

6 Nokia Siemens Networks RA41215EN40GLA0 IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force
Simplifications in QoS Profile
3G EPS
Traffic Class QCI (QoS Class
Identifier)
Delivery Order
ARP
Max SDU Size
SDU Format
Information
Max Bit Rate
SDU Error Ratio For GBR bearers
Guaranteed Bit
Residual Bit Error
Ratio Rate
Delivery of
Erroneous SDUs
Aggregate Max For non-GBR bearers
Transfer Delay
Bit Rate
Traffic Handling
Priority
Source Statistics
Descriptor
Signalling
Number of QoS parameters has
Indication been decreased
ARP
AMBR as part of rate capping feature
Max Bitrate (LTE13) is supported from RL20
Guaranteed
Bitrate
AMBR: Aggregate Max Bit Rate for non-GBR EPS bearer
ARP: Allocation & Retention Priority
GBR: Guaranteed Bit Rate
QoS Parameters in EPS
QCI: QoS Class Identifier

QCI is used to determine packet forwarding treatment (e.g. scheduling of packets)
QCI is used to mark packets with DSCP (Differential Service Code Point)
3GPP has standardized 9 QCI values and mapping to resource type (GBR, non-GBR),
priority, packet delay budget and packet error loss rate
ARP: Allocation & Retention Priority
ARP is used to decide whether bearer establishment or modification request can be
accepted in case of resource limitations
ARP can also be used to decide which bearer(s) to drop during resource limitations
It has been agreed in 3GPP that ARP has no impact on packet forwarding treatment
APN Aggregate Max Bit Rate APN-AMBR and UE Aggregate Max Bit Rate UE-
AMBR for non-GBR EPS bearers
APN-AMBR shared by all non-GBR EPS bearers with the same APN DL enforcement is
done in PDN GW and UL enforcement in UE
UE-AMBR shared by all non-GBR EPS bearers of the UE DL & UL enforcement is done
in eNB
Guaranteed Bit Rate GBR and Max Bit Rate MBR for GBR EPS bearers
APN: Access Point Name
DSCP: Differentiated Service Code Point
DiffServ (QoS) uses the 6-bit Differentiated Services
Code Point (DSCP) field in the header of IP packets for
packet classification purposes
Standardized QCIs
QCI
Resource
Priority
Packet delay Packet error Example Application
type budget loss rate
1 GBR 2 100 ms 1e-2 Conversation voice
2 GBR 4 150 ms 1e-3 Conversational video
3 GBR 3 50 ms 1e-3 Real-time gaming
4 GBR 5 300 ms 1e-6

Non-conversational
video
5 Non-GBR 1 100 ms 1e-6 IMS signalling
6 Non-GBR 6 300 ms 1e-6 Video, www, email, ftp
7 Non-GBR 7 100 ms 1e-3 Interactive gaming
Note: Usage of operator specific QCIs in addition to standardized QCIs is possible.

RL40 Supported QCIs
NSN RL40 release supports all standard QCIs for non-GBR and all GBR radio bearer services.
In addtion features such as LTE10 enable QCI=1 conversational voice.
Packet RLC PDCP DRX

Resource Delay Packet Default QCI Default Profile Profile profile
QCI Type Priority Budget Loss Rate Support RLC Mode Index Index Indx
1 GBR 2 100 ms 1.0E-02 ENABLED RLC_UM 101 101 2
5 NON-GBR 1 100 ms 1.0E-06 ENABLED RLC_UM 2 2 3
6 NON-GBR 6 300 ms 1.0E-06 ENABLED RLC_AM 2 2 3
7 NON-GBR 7 100 ms 1.0E-03 ENABLED RLC_AM 2 2 3
9 NON-GBR
8 NON-GBR
QCI values89 > 9 300
arems 1.0E-06
mapped
300 ms 1.0E-06
into ENABLED
QCI 9.
ENABLED
RLC_AM
RLC_AM
2
2
2
2
3
3
Parameters per QCI can be controlled on LNBTS level by qciTab.
qciTab
Structure {delayTarget, drxProfileIndex, dscp, l2OHFactorDL,
l2OHFactorUL, Lcgid, maxGbrDl, maxGBRUl, pdcpProfIdx, prio,
qci, qciSupp, resType, rlcMode, rlcProfIdx, schedulBSD,
schedulPrio, schedulWeight,
LNBTS;- ;9 ; -
dscp
LNBTS: qcitabx configures DSCP value associated
with the QCI; DSCP value will be set
in each IP packet sent for the related
bearer to S-GW or target eNB.
L2SWI; 0 - 63; 1; -
LNBTS: qcitabx not all parameters apply to all QCI profiles

.delayTarget
drxProfileIndex
The maximum packet delay value used by the eNB MAC scheduling algorithm. Only for QCI=1.
Specifies the ID of the corresponding DRX profile.
dscp This parameter configures the DSCP (Differentiated Services Code Point).
l2OHFactorDL Specifies the overhead factor of the downlink GBR in layer 2. Only for QCI=2,3,4.
l2OHFactorUL Specifies the overhead factor of the uplink GBR in layer 2. Only for QCI=2,3,4.
Lcgid Logical Channel Group Identifier for buffer status reporting.
MaxGbrDL Specifies the maximum value of the GBR in the downlink direction. Only for GBR QCI.
MaxGbrUL Specifies the maximum value of the GBR in the uplink direction. Only for GBR QCI.
pdcpProfIdx This parameter specifies the corresponding PDCP profile in the PDCP profile list.
prio This parameter gives the priority of the EPS bearer.
qci QoS Class Identifier.
qciSupp The given QCI is supported and enabled in this release .
resType Permanent network resources allocated for GBR.
rlcMode Configures the RLC mode of the radio bearer based on the corresponding QCI.
rlcProfIdx This parameter specifies the corresponding RLC profile in the RLC profile list.
schedulBSD Configure the Bucket Size Duration (BSD) of the UL scheduler.
schedulPrio Logical Channel Priority for the UE scheduler.
schedulType Specifies how the EPS bearer with this QCI is scheduled. Only for QCI=5.
schedulWeight Specifies the scheduling weight for eNB schedulers. Only for Non GBR QCI.
L2SWI: Layer 2 Switching mode weight indication

BSD: Bucked Size duration: 36.321; 5.4.3.1)
Example: LNBTS: qcitabx - <list name="qciTab1">
- <item>
80ms
46
1
LNBTS: qcitabx in 101
2
1
eNB SCF file ENABLE
GBR
RLC_UM
101
100ms
qcitab1 and qcitab2 shown

5
2
144
31
</item>
</list>
- <list name="qciTab2">
- <item>
2
26
2
102
4
2
DISABLE
GBR
RLC_UM
102
100ms
7
80ms
16
35
144
144
</item>
</list>
Operator Specific QCI (RL30)
actOperatorQCI
activates the support of the
In RL30 up to 21 additional QCIs are defined establishment of EPS bearers withc
Only for non-GBR bearers QCI in range 128154
LNCEL; true(1),false(0); false(0)
QCI range is 128254
LNBTS: qciTabOperator is a structure parameter with 13 parameters
Mostly same parameters as the standard QCIs
Main differentiation of QCIs by scheduling weights (and DSCPs) counterGroup
The counter group to
For each QCI an additional counterGroup is defined which the QCI belongs
Examples of Counter Groups for the typical use cases: LNCEL; 1..6;1; -
1. Better user and service differentiation for non-GBR services for one
operator:
Bronze users: QCI: 130, 131, 132, 133 Counter Group 1
Silver users: QCI: 140, 141, 142, 143 Counter Group 2
Gold users: QCI: 150, 151, 152, 153 Counter Group 3
2. RAN sharing (operators share eNodeB) to define a set of QCIs dedicated for
each operator:
Operator A: QCI: 140, 141, 142, 143 Counter Group 1
Operator B: QCI: 160, 161, 162, 163 Counter Group 2
Index

Emergency Calls
Rate Capping
eRAB Modification
ROHC

Default Bearers
The initial Default EPS Bearer is created as part of the LTE Attach procedure.
UE is allocated an IP address.
QoS is based on the QCI and associated parameters.
Additional Default EPS Bearers may be created when simultaneous access to
services available via multiple Access Point Names (APN) is needed.
Trigger of an additional Default EPS Bearer is initiated by UE.
Default EPS Bearers are always non-GBR.
E-UTRAN EPC Internet
UE eNB S-GW P-GW

SRB1
SRB2
Default EPS Bearer
Radio S1-U S5 /S8 SGi

Dedicated EPS Bearers
Dedicated EPS Bearers (non-GBR or GBR) are created for QoS differentiation purposes.
The IP address allocated for the default bearer is used for the dedicated EPS bearers
within the same PDN connection.
Utilization of default or dedicated EPS bearers is based on a TFT.
Dedicated EPS Bearers are created by network.
RL20 supports multiple dedicated EPS bearers (not supported in RL10)
RL20 supports conversational voice on GBR dedicated EPS bearers
RL30 supports operator specific QCI bearers
RL40 supports QCI, 2,3,4 and multiple GBR bearers per UE
UE may have multiple dedicated EPS bearers linked to a default EPS bearer.
UE eNB S-GW P-GW

SRB1
SRB2
Default EPS Bearer
Dedicated EPS Bearer
TFT: Traffic Flow Template;
Dedicated EPS Bearer single UE can have multiple SAE bearers system
requires kind of packet filter (UL & DL TFT) to decide
which IP datagram has to go to which SAE bearer

Index

Emergency Calls
Rate Capping
eRAB Modification
ROHC

LTE587 Support of Multiple GBR EPS Bearers
Multiple sessions with different QoS
The Flexi Multiradio BTS supports up to 6 EPS bearers.
The following radio bearer combinations per UE are supported by the Flexi
Multiradio BTS:
SRB1 + SRB2 + 5 x AM DRB (+ 1 x UM DRB)
SRB (signaling radio bearer)

GBR EPS bearer
Non-GBR EPS bearer actMultBearers
GBR EPS bearer activates the support of multiple
EPS Bearers.
LNCEL; true,false; true
UE Flexi Multiradio BTS S-GW
SRB1: for RRC messages

18 Nokia Siemens Networks RA41215EN40GLA0 SRB2: for NAS messages
LTE587 Support of Multiple EPS Bearers
Multiple DRB (data radio bearers) can be either multiple default EPS
bearers or a combination of default and dedicated EPS bearers.
The radio admission is extended by additional check of the total number of
DRB per cell and maximum number of DRB per UE.
The different EPS bearers per UE can have the same or a different QCI.
TFT

LTE9 Service Differentiation for non-GBR EPS
Bearers
QCI based service differentiation
The service differentiation functionality allows to assign relative scheduling
weights for each non-GBR QCI on cell level.
The relative weight will be considered by the UL & DL scheduler.
The service differentiation functionality allows further on to define 3 different
RLC/PDCP profiles per BTS which can be assigned to different QCIs.
The operator can enable/disable the support of individual QCIs.
Services are transferred to bearers which are mapped to QCIs
actnonGbrServiceDiff
activates the Service Differentiation
for non-GBR Bearers.
LNCEL; true,false; true

Index

Emergency Calls
Rate Capping
eRAB Modification
ROHC

LTE10 EPS Bearers for Conversational Voice
In RL20 voice service shall be transmitted using dedicated
bearers. Voice requires two bearers:
QCI 1 for user data
QCI 5 for IMS signaling actConvVoice
Activates the support of the
conversational voice bearer
LNCEL; false, true; false
UE eNB S-GW P-GW

SRB1
SRB2
Default EPS Bearer (AM)
VoIP GBR, VoIP GBR,
Dedicated EPS Bearer (UM)
UM, QCI=1 UM, QCI=1

* - only for QCI5
QCI Translation Table for QCI1 & 5-9
For UL and DL
Default Default Default Defaults Default Default
Parameter Name s QCI1 s QCI5 s QCI6 QCI7 s QCI8 s QCI9
QCI 1 5 6 7 8 9 Not modifiable
Resource Type 0(GBR) 1(NonGBR) 1(NonGBR) 1(NonGBR) 1(NonGBR) 1(NonGBR) Not modifiable
Priority 2 1 6 7 8 9 Not modifiable
QCI Support 1 1 1 1 1 1
RLC Mode RLC_UM RLC_AM RLC_AM RLC_AM RLC_AM RLC_AM Not modifiable
RLC Profile Index 101 2 2 2 2 2

If actnonGbrServiceDiff
PDCP Profile Index 101 2 2 2 2 2 disabled QCI9 must be
enabled
Logical Channel
Group Id 1 2 3 2 3 3
RRM configuration
Scheduling BSD 1 1 3 1 3 3 related parameters
Scheduling Priority 5 9 9 10 11 12
Scheduling Type* n/a 1 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Scheduling Weight n/a 40 20 10 5 1
DelayTarget 80ms n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
DSCP 46 34 18 20 10 0 QOS/dscpMap
LTE131 Traffic
DSCP to PHB map AF41 AF41 AF21 AF22 AF11 BE prioritization on IP
QOS/perHopBehav layer (DiffServ)
PHB queue weight list 10000 10000 100 100 10 1 iourWeightList
Has to be set to
0 (signaling)
23 Nokia Siemens Networks RA41215EN40GLA0 when using
LTE10
Index

Emergency Calls
Rate Capping
eRAB Modification
ROHC

LTE 22 Emergency Call Handling - RL20 (1/2)
Introduces Circuit Switch Fallback functionality applicable to emergency calls only
Emergency calls are redirected to GSM or WCDMA
actEmerCallRedir
activates the feature 'Emergency Call Via
Redirection'.
LNBTS; Disabled (0), Enabled (1);- ; Disabled (0)
There are two cases:
Case 1: UE is idle mode, eNB checks RRC Connection Request for call
establishment cause and in case it is 'Emergency', then a separate admission
threshold is used and calls will not be rejected due to capacity license
limitations
RRCConnectionEstablishmentRequest, Cause: Emergency
UE initials an Admission control: Admitted

emergency
call
CS Fallback Redirect to UTRAN or GSM

LTE 22 Emergency Call Handling - RL20 (2/2)
Case2: MME is sending CS Fallback Indicator IE with value 'CS Fallback

High Priority'
MME initials an
emergency call
MME
CS Fallback High Priority
CS Fallback Redirect to UTRAN or GSM

LTE572 IMS Emergency Sessions (RL30)
IMS is an access-independent architecture that enables various types of

multimedia services to end users using common Internet based protocols
LTE 572 provides support for IMS based emergency sessions for release 9 UEs
Two bearers are required:
One bearer for SIP signaling
One bearer for VoIP
An IMS emergency session is established and kept with preference compared to
normal sessions
An emergency session is recognized by:
RRC connection request message with establishment cause emergency
EPS bearer with ARP value matching the per PLMN configurable ARP value reserved for emergency
calls
The PLMN id. Supporting emergency
emerSessArpPrioLev sessions is defined by following
actIMSEmerSessR9
ARP priority level used by PLMN parameters:
Activate the IMS Emergency Id. For emergency sessions. The
sessions range of ARP is 1..15 but for
LNBTS: emerSessMcc
LNBTS; false(0), true (1); false(0) emergency only ARP 1..8 allowed. LNBTS: emerSessMnc
LNBTS; 1..8;1; 1 (Highest priority LNBTS: emerSessMncLen
for emergency calls)
IMS: IP Multimedia Subsystem LNBTS: emerSessArpPrioLev
SIP: Session Initiation Protocol
ARP: Allocation and Retention Priority

Index

Emergency Calls
Rate Capping
eRAB Modification
ROHC

LTE 13 Rate Capping
Feature objective:
Limitation of the UL & DL bit rate of all non-GBR bearers per UE below UE-
AMBR
The subscription parameter is stored in HSS and signaled to eNodeB during
bearer setup
Benefits:
Allow introducing xDSL-like pricing models rcEnableDl/ Ul
Flat rate Enable DL (or UL) rate capping
Differentiation by subscribed max. data rate LNCEL; false(0), true (1); false(0)
Improves utilization of the radio interface
Note: GBR bearers are outside of scope of the UE-AMBR

HSS: Home Subscriber Server
LTE 13 Rate Capping
RRM Scheduler function:

Introduces throughput measurements filters in the scheduler that
controls the UE throughput according to UE-AMBR values
Measured AMBR of all non-GBR bearers is averaged over 1 second
and compared to UE-AMBR
Scheduler restricts the physical resources (the number of PRBs) of the
UE
AMBR is not exceeded
Calculates the limited amount of PRBs depending on the UE-AMBR
Remove the restriction of PRB assignment in case AMBR falls below UE
AMBR
rcAmbrMgnDl / Ul
Factor to calculate margin for
AMBR to account for overhead of
PDCP and RLC (DL & UL)
LNCEL; 11.5;0.01; 1.03/1.02

Index

Emergency Calls
Rate Capping
eRAB Modification
ROHC

eRAB Modification LTE519
An EPS bearer is the level of granularity for bearer level QoS

control in the E-UTRAN/EPC) Motivation:
e-NB analysis provided QoS for
each EPS Bearer to get the type
of modification
According the feature LTE519

e-NB decides about RAB
modifications and handling
- Feature utilization
LTE9 use service differentiation
LTE519 modifies the scheduling
weight introduced by LTE9
LTE13 Rate Capping
LTE519 modifies the UE-AMBR
introduced by LTE13
EPS Bearer is identified by a set of QoS parameters

QCI -> (QoS Class Identifier)
ARP -> (Allocation and Retention Priority)
GBR -> (Guaranteed Bit Rate)
MBR -> (Maximum Bit Rate)

Without the feature LTE519, eNB will reject any modification attempt
commanded by MME via S1AP: E-RAB MODIFY REQUEST message.
In this case S1AP: E-RAB MODIFY RESPONSE message includes IE:
cause set to Radio Network Layer Cause Unspecified
With the feature LTE519 modification of the following parameters can handled
by eNB
Non-GBR Bearers
QCI, ARP, UE-AMBR
GBR Bearers
ARP
Modification of QCI,GBR and MBR for GBR EPS Bearers is planned for a
future release.

EPS Bearer Modification procedure for QCI/ARP change triggered by the S1AP message E-RAB
MODIFY REQUEST.

Index

Emergency Calls
Rate Capping
eRAB Modification
ROHC

Motivation for ROHC (LTE11)
IP/UDP/RTP headers size can be either
40 bytes (52% of a packet) for IPv4
or even 60 bytes (63%) for IPv6
This means enormous waste of energy
for transmitting headers instead of
speech data
In order to prevent that waste, in RL20, in parallel to LTE10 Conversational Voice,

there is also LTE11 feature which provides the functionality of Robust Header
Compression
For example, with ROHC, a 10 minutes of 12.2 kbps AMR coded VoIP call with
talk spurt/silent period alternating every 1 second (SID packets excluded), the
transmission overhead is reduced by 91.5%
actPdcpRohc
activates the usage of PDCP
Robust Header Compression
LNCEL; false, true; false

Idea of Compression
Uncompressed transmission Compressed transmission
IP/UDP/RTP header MAC header, RLC header,

consisting of predictable VoIP payload, CRC
from now on assume
and unpredictable fields - checksum - not subjected
Destination IP is 10.0.0.10
subjected to compression to compression
Initial transmission, context

is initialized so that next
10.0.0.10 6 10.0.0.10 x 6
transmissions can be
compressed
10.0.0.10 3 3
10.0.0.10 7 7
10.0.0.10 0 0
In the course of transmission

10.0.0.10 1 1 header fields initialized in
context do not have to be
8 transmitted
10.0.0.10 8
rohcMaxCid Context - information about all

Field predictable in Unpredictable field configures the max. number of ROHC fields that are predictable and
the course of contexts used for a DRB in one their change patterns sent in the
transmission - direction. The max. number of ROHC beginning of transmission to
Destination IP contexts is also restricted by UE allow header compression
capabilities
LNBTS; 1..16;1; 4

05 RA41215EN40GLA0 Bearer Management

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Bearer Management

LTE Radio Parameters RL40

1 Nokia Siemens Networks RA41215EN40GLA0

1. LTE Functionalities & Features Overview

QoS Architecture and Profiles in LTE

5 Nokia Siemens Networks RA41215EN40GLA0

UE eNB S-GW P-GW Peer

End-to-end Service GTP variant:

Radio S1 S5/ S 8 SGi

E- UTRAN EPC Internet

UE eNB S-GW P-GW Peer

Radio Bearer S1 Bearer

Radio S1 S5/ S 8 SGi External Bearer

GTP: GPRS Tunneling Protocol

QCI: QoS Class Identifier

1 GBR 2 100 ms 1e-2 Conversation voice

2 GBR 4 150 ms 1e-3 Conversational video

3 GBR 3 50 ms 1e-3 Real-time gaming

4 GBR 5 300 ms 1e-6

6 Non-GBR 6 300 ms 1e-6 Video, www, email, ftp

7 Non-GBR 7 100 ms 1e-3 Interactive gaming

8 Non-GBR 8 300 ms 1e-6 Video, www, email, ftp

9 Non-GBR 9 300 ms 1e-6 Video, www, email, ftp

Note: Usage of operator specific QCIs in addition to standardized QCIs is possible.

9 Nokia Siemens Networks RA41215EN40GLA0

Packet RLC PDCP DRX

LNBTS: qcitabx not all parameters apply to all QCI profiles

L2SWI: Layer 2 Switching mode weight indication

qcitab1 and qcitab2 shown

QoS Architecture and Profiles in LTE

14 Nokia Siemens Networks RA41215EN40GLA0

E-UTRAN EPC Internet

UE eNB S-GW P-GW

Radio S1-U S5 /S8 SGi

15 Nokia Siemens Networks RA41215EN40GLA0

E-UTRAN EPC Internet

UE eNB S-GW P-GW

Radio S1-U S5 /S8 SGi

QoS Architecture and Profiles in LTE

17 Nokia Siemens Networks RA41215EN40GLA0

SRB (signaling radio bearer)

UE Flexi Multiradio BTS S-GW

SRB1: for RRC messages

19 Nokia Siemens Networks RA41215EN40GLA0

20 Nokia Siemens Networks RA41215EN40GLA0

QoS Architecture and Profiles in LTE

21 Nokia Siemens Networks RA41215EN40GLA0

E-UTRAN EPC Internet

UE eNB S-GW P-GW

Radio S1-U S5 /S8 SGi

RLC Profile Index 101 2 2 2 2 2

QoS Architecture and Profiles in LTE

24 Nokia Siemens Networks RA41215EN40GLA0

RRCConnectionEstablishmentRequest, Cause: Emergency

UE initials an Admission control: Admitted

25 Nokia Siemens Networks RA41215EN40GLA0

Case2: MME is sending CS Fallback Indicator IE with value 'CS Fallback

CS Fallback High Priority

CS Fallback Redirect to UTRAN or GSM

26 Nokia Siemens Networks RA41215EN40GLA0

IMS is an access-independent architecture that enables various types of

27 Nokia Siemens Networks RA41215EN40GLA0

QoS Architecture and Profiles in LTE

28 Nokia Siemens Networks RA41215EN40GLA0