Grammar Book

GRAMMAR BOOK
Edicin Preliminar
CONTENIDOS
Tenses
Present Simple
Be
Present Progressive
Past Simple
Be-Past
Past Progressive
The Future
More Future
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Parts Of Speech 1
Nouns
Nouns and Quantifiers
Comparison Of Adjectives
Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
Adverbs
Participles
Parts Of Speech 2
Modals
Past Form Of Modals
Will Vs Would
Infinitives
More Infinitives
Gerunds
Phrasal Verbs
Clauses
Clauses
Relative Clauses
More Relative Clauses
1
Clauses Of Result
Conditionals
More Conditionals
Subjunctive Mood
More Grammar Points

Reported Speech
Passive Voice
Causatives or Permissives
Conjunctions
Logical Connectors
Negation
Impersonal Statements
Common Errors
More Common Errors
TENSES:
PRESENTE SIMPLE
PRESENT SIMPLE: YES/NO QUESTIONS

QUESTIONS
USE:
TO ASK QUESTIONS ABOUT ACTIONS IN GENERAL TIME THAT NEED AN ANSWER OF "YES" OR "NO".
FORM:
PUT DO OR DOES IN FRONT OF THE SUBJECT.
[DO/DOES + SUBJECT + VERB + REST]
DOES HE/SHE/IT LIKE MILK?
DO I KNOW HIM?
AFFIRMATIVE: SHE LIKES MILK.

YES/NO QUESTION: DOES SHE LIKE MILK?
ANSWERS
USE:
TO ANSWER A YES/NO QUESTION.
FORM:
[YES, SUBJECT + DO/DOES]
2
YES, I/YOU/WE/THEY DO.
YES, HE/SHE/IT DOES.
[NO, SUBJECT + DON'T/DOESN'T]
NO, I/YOU/WE/THEY DON'T.
NO, HE/SHE/IT DOESN'T.
EXAMPLES:
"DO YOU WORK ON SATURDAYS?"
"YES, I DO."
"DOES HE WORK ON SATURDAYS?"
"NO, HE DOESN'T."
PRESENTE SIMPLE: PREGUNTAS WH
USO:
REALIZAR PREGUNTAS ACERCA DE ACCIONES EN TIEMPO GENERAL
QUE COMIENZAN CON LOS SIGUIENTES INTERROGATIVOS: WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, WHO, WHY, HOW.
FORMA:
PREGUNTAS ACERCA DEL SUJETO:
[WHO-WHAT + VERBO + RESTO]
WHO LIVES HERE?

PREGUNTAS ACERCA DEL RESTO DE LA ORACION:
[WH-WORD + DO/DOES... VERBO...]
WHEN DO YOU GO HOME?

WHERE DOES HE LIVE?
EJEMPLOS:
"WHO LIVES IN THAT HOUSE?"
"THE PORTERS."
"WHAT DOES JACK WANT TO DO?"
"GO TO THE MOVIES.
"WHERE DO THEY WORK?"
"AT THE BANK."
PRESENTE SIMPLE: PREGUNTAS CON COLETILLA
USO:
REALIZAR UNA PREGUNTA S/NO CUANDO YA ANSWER IS ALREADY EXPECTED.
FORMA:
AADIR UNA PREGUNTA CORTA DE DOS PALABRAS AL FINAL DE LA FRASE.
SI SE ESPERA UN "S":
[ORACIN AFIRMATIVA + DON'T/DOESN'T + SUJETO]
YOU DRIVE, DON'T YOU?
CARL PAINTS, DOESN'T HE?
SI SE ESPERA UN "NO":
[ORACIN NEGATIVA + DO/DOES + SUJETO]
3
YOU DON'T SMOKE, DO YOU?
MARY DOESN'T DRIVE, DOES SHE?
EJEMPLOS:
"YOU LIKE COFFEE, DON'T YOU?"
"YES, I DO." (LA RESPUESTA ESPERADA ES UN "SI")
"SHE DOESN'T WORK HERE, DOES SHE?"
"NO, SHE DOESN'T."(LA RESPUESTA ESPERADA ES UN "NO".)
PRESENT SIMPLE VS. PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
USE:
THE PRESENT SIMPLE IS USED TO TALK ABOUT GENERAL TIME, STATES, AND REPEATED ACTIONS.
THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE IS USED TO TALK ABOUT MORE TEMPORARY SITUATIONS AND ACTIONS WHICH ARE GOING
ON AT THE PRESENT MOMENT.
EXAMPLES:
PRESENT SIMPLE: "SHE PLAYS TENNIS EVERY FRIDAY."
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: "PAT IS PLAYING TENNIS NOW."
PRESENT SIMPLE: "HANS SPEAKS VERY GOOD ENGLISH."

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: "NOW HE'S SPEAKING ENGLISH TO THAT CUSTOMER."
NOTE: SOME VERBS ARE USED ONLY IN SIMPLE TENSES: WANT, LIKE, LOVE, HATE, NEED, THINK, KNOW,
UNDERSTAND, BELIEVE, MEAN.
PRESENTE SIMPLE: ENUNCIADOS
USO:
HABLAR DE ACCIONES, ESTADOS O HECHOS QUE SUCEDEN EN CUALQUIER MOMENTO, DE FORMA REPETIDA O
CONTINUAMENTE.
AFIRMATIVA
FORMA:
LA TERCERA PERSONA DEL SINGULAR AADEN UNA -S FINAL.
[SUJETO + VERBO(S) + RESTO DE LA ORACIN
I/YOU/WE/THEY WORK IN A BANK.
HE/SHE/IT HAS BROWN EYES.
ORTOGRAFIA
LOS VERBOS QUE ACABAN EN SS, SH, CH, X, O AADEN LA TERMINACIN ES A LA TERCERA PERSONA DEL
SINGULAR.KISSES,MATCHES, GOES, WATCHES
PARA VERBOS QUE TERMINAN EN LA CONSONANTE + Y,CAMBIAN LA Y POR LA TERMINACIN -
IES: CARRY/CARRIES,TRY/TRIES, COPY/COPIES
NOTA: EL PRESENTE SIMPLE SE UTILIZA TAMBIN CON ADVERBIOS Y FRASES ADVERBIALES: ALWAYS,
NEVER,OFTEN,SOMETIMES, USUALLY, EVERY DAY/WEEK, ON SUNDAYS, TWICE A MONTH, YEAR, ETC.
EJEMPLOS:
"I OFTEN GO TO BASKETBALL GAMES."
4
"HE NEVER WATCHES TV."
"MY BROTHER GOES TO THE HEALTH CLUB TWICE A WEEK."
"I ALWAYS HAVE COFFEE FOR BREAKFAST."
NEGATIVA
FORMA:
[SUJETO+ DO NOT/DON'T+ VERBO+ RESTO DE LA ORACIN] DOES NOT/DOESN'T)
I/YOU/WE/THEY DON'T DRIVE IN THE CITY.

HE/SHE/IT DOESN'T HAVE BROWN EYES..
EJEMPLO:
"BILL CALLS MARY, BUT HE DOESN'T CALL ME."
REVIEW
PRESENT SIMPLE
USE:
TO TALK ABOUT ACTIONS, STATES OR EVENTS WHICH HAPPEN AT ANY TIME, REPEATEDLY, OR ALL THE TIME.
STATEMENTS
AFFIRMATIVE
FORM:
VERBS TAKE AN -S ENDING IN THIRD PERSON SINGULAR.
[SUBJECT + VERB(S) + REST OF SENTENCE]
I/YOU/WE/THEY WORK IN A BANK.

HE/SHE/IT HAS BROWN EYES.
SPELLING
VERBS ENDING IN SS, SH, CH, X, O TAKE -ES IN THIRD PERSON

SINGULAR: KISSES, MATCHES, GOES, WATCHES
FOR VERBS ENDING IN CONSONANT + Y, DROP THE Y AND ADD -IES:

CARRY/CARRIES, TRY/TRIES, COPY/COPIES
NOTE: THE PRESENT SIMPLE IS OFTEN USED WITH ADVERBS AND ADVERB PHRASES THAT INDICATE
FREQUENCY: ALWAYS, NEVER, OFTEN, SOMETIMES, USUALLY, EVERY DAY/WEEK, ON SUNDAYS, TWICE A MONTH,
YEAR, ETC.
NEGATIVE
5
FORM:
[SUBJECT + DO NOT/DON'T + VERB + REST]
I/YOU/WE/THEY DON'T DRIVE IN THE CITY.

HE/SHE/IT DOESN'T HAVE BROWN EYES.
YES/NO QUESTIONS
FORM:
[DO + SUBJECT + VERB + REST OF SENTENCE]
DO I/YOU/WE/THEY KNOW THEM?
[DOES + SUBJECT + VERB + REST OF SENTENCE]
DOES HE/SHE/IT LIKE MILK?
WH-QUESTIONS
FORM:
QUESTIONS ABOUT THE SUBJECT:
[WH-WORD + VERB + REST OF SENTENCE]

WHO LIVES HERE?
QUESTIONS ABOUT THE REST OF THE SENTENCE:
[WH-WORD + DO/DOES... VERB...]

WHERE DOES HE LIVE?
WHEN DO YOU GO HOME?
ANSWERS
FORM:
[YES, SUBJECT + DO/DOES]

YES, I DO.
YES, HE DOES.
[NO, SUBJECT + DON'T/DOESN'T]
6
NO, WE DON'T
NO, SHE DOESN'T.
TAG QUESTIONS
IF "YES" IS EXPECTED:
[AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCE + DON'T/DOESN'T + SUBJECT]
YOU DRIVE, DON'T YOU?

CARL PAINTS, DOESN'T HE?
IF "NO" IS EXPECTED:
[NEGATIVE SENTENCE + DO/DOES + SUBJECT]
YOU DON'T SMOKE, DO YOU?

MARY DOESN'T DRIVE, DOES SHE?
VS. PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
USE:
THE PRESENT SIMPLE IS USED TO TALK ABOUT GENERAL TIME, STATES, AND REPEATED ACTIONS. THE PRESENT
PROGRESSIVE IS USED TO TALK ABOUT MORE TEMPORARY SITUATIONS AND ACTIONS WHICH ARE GOING ON AROUND
THE PRESENT MOMENT.
EXAMPLES:
PRESENT SIMPLE: "PAT PLAYS TENNIS EVERY FRIDAY."
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: "SHE IS PLAYING TENNIS NOW."
PRESENT SIMPLE: "HANS SPEAKS VERY GOOD ENGLISH."

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: "NOW HE IS SPEAKING ENGLISH TO THAT TOURIST."
BE
"BE" PRESENTE: AFIRMATIVO
USO:
PARA CONECTAR EL SUJETO CON EL RESTO DE LA SENTENCIA.
FORMA:
7
AM, IS, ARE (EN EL THE PRESENT TENSE)
[SUBJECT + BE + REST OF SENTENCE]
I AM
YOU ARE
HE IS
SHE IS
IT IS
WE ARE
YOU ARE
THEY ARE
EJEMPLOS:
"MY NAME IS MAURICE."
"I AM YOUR WAITER."
"WE ARE HUNGRY."
"BE" PRESENTE: NEGATIVO
USO:
HACER UNA SENTENCIA NEGATIVA
FORMA:
AGREGAR "NOT" DESPUES DEL VERBO "BE".
[SUJETO + BE + NOT + RESTO DE LA SENTENCIA]
I AM NOT
YOU ARE NOT
SHE IS NOT
HE IS NOT
IT IS NOT
WE ARE NOT
YOU ARE NOT
THEY ARE NOT
EJEMPLOS:
"THIS DRESS IS NOT MY SIZE."
"THEY ARE NOT HAPPY."
"BE" PRESENT: WH-QUESTIONS
USE:
REALIZAR PREGUNTAS QUE COMIENCEN CON ESTAS PALABRAS DE INTERROGACIN:
WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, WHO, WHY, HOW.
FORM:
[INTERROGATIVO + BE + SUJETO + RESTO]
8
NOTA: EL SUJETO Y EL VERBO CAMBIAN DE LUGAR.
THEY ARE AT WORK.

ARE THEY AT WORK?
WHERE ARE THEY? (WH-QUESTION)
EXAMPLES:
"WHO IS SHE?"
"WHERE ARE THEY?"
"WHEN ARE THEY LEAVING?"
"WHAT IS YOUR CAT'S NAME?"
"WHY IS CAROL SMILING?"
"BE" PRESENTE: PREGUNTAS SI/NO
USO:
REALIZAR PREGUNTAS CUYA RESPUESTA SEA "YES" O "NOT".
.
FORMA:
EL SUJETO Y EL VERBO CAMBIAN DE LUGAR.
AFIRMATIVA: THEY ARE AT WORK.

PREGUNTA SI/NO: ARE THEY AT WORK?
AFIRMATIVA: THAT STORE IS EXPENSIVE.

PREGUNTA SI/NO: IS THAT STORE EXPENSIVE?
EJEMPLOS:
"ARE YOU ANGRY?"
"IS BOB IN FRANCE?"
"BE" PRESENTE: CONTRACCIONES
USO:
UNIR EL SUJETO Y LA FORMA DE "BE" Y CONVERTIRLOS EN UNA PALABRA. SE UTILIZA EN CONVERSACIN.
FORMA:
FORMAS AFIRMATIVAS
REGULAR FORM CONTRACTED FORM

I AM I'M
YOU ARE YOU'RE
HE IS HE'S
SHE IS SHE'S
IT IS IT'S
WE ARE WE'RE
YOU ARE YOU'RE
9
THEY ARE THEY'RE
FORMAS NEGATIVAS
FORMA REGULAR FORMA CONTRAIDA

I AM NOT I'M NOT
YOU ARE NOT YOU'RE NOT YOU AREN'T
HE IS NOT HE'S NOT HE ISN'T
SHE IS NOT SHE'S NOT SHE ISN'T
IT IS NOT IT'S NOT IT ISN'T
WE ARE NOT WE'RE NOT WE AREN'T

YOU ARE NOT YOU'RE NOT YOU AREN'T
THEY ARE NOT THEY'RE NOT THEY AREN'T
EJEMPLOS:
"WHO'S NEXT?"
"I'M NEXT!"
"NO, YOU AREN'T. WE'RENEXT!"
"BE" PRESENTE: RESPUESTAS CORTAS
USO:
PARA RESPONDER A UNA PREGUNTA SI/NO. N.
FORM:
[SI + SUJETO + BE]
(NUNCA CON CONTRACCIONES)

[NO + SUJETO + BE + NOT]
(CON FRECUENCIA CON CONTRACCIONES)
AFIRMATIVO
YES, I AM.
YES, YOU ARE.
YES, HE IS.
YES, SHE IS.
YES, IT IS.
YES, WE ARE.
YES, YOU ARE.
YES, THEY ARE.
NEGATIVO
NO, I'M NOT.
NO, YOU'RE NOT. NO, YOU AREN'T.
NO, HE'S NOT. NO, HE ISN'T.
10
NO, IT'S NOT. NO, IT ISN'T.
NO, WE'RE NOT. NO, WE AREN'T.

NO, THEY'RE NOT. NO, THEY AREN'T.
EJEMPLOS:
"IS THIS YOUR DOG?"
"YES, IT IS."
"IS THIS YOUR DOG?"
"NO, IT ISN'T."
"BE" PRESENT: TAG QUESTIONS
USE:
SE UTILIZA PARA REALIZAR UNA PREGUNTA S/NO CUANDO YA SE ESPERA UNA DETERMINADA RESPUESTA.
FORM:
SI SE ESPERA UN "S":
[ORACIN AFIRMATIVA + BE + N'T + SUJETO]
SI SE ESPERA UN "NO":
[ORACIN NEGATIVA + BE + SUJETO]
EXAMPLES:
"TODAY IS YOUR BIRTHDAY, ISN'T IT?"
"YES, IT IS."(SE ESPERA QUE LA RESPUESTA SEA "S".)
"TODAY ISN'T YOUR BIRTHDAY, IS IT?"

"NO, IT ISN'T."(SE ESPERA QUE LA RESPUESTA SEA "NO".)
REVIEW
"BE" PRESENT
USE:
TO CONNECT THE SUBJECT WITH THE REST OF THE SENTENCE.
EXAMPLES:
"ARE YOU THE MANAGER?"
"NO, I'M NOT. SHE'S THE MANAGER."
AFFIRMATIVE
11
FORM:
[SUBJECT + BE + REST OF SENTENCE]
I AM AT HOME.
YOU ARE PRETTY.
HE/SHE/IT IS HERE.
WE/YOU/THEY ARE AT SCHOOL.
EXAMPLE:
"I AM TIRED."
NEGATIVE
FORM:
[SUBJECT + BE + NOT+ REST OF SENTENCE]
I AM NOT TIRED.
YOU ARE NOT NICE.
SHE/HE/IT IS NOT HERE.
WE/YOU/THEY ARE NOT AT WORK.
EXAMPLE:
"WE ARE NOT HUNGRY."
POSITIVE CONTRACTIONS
I'M HERE.
YOU'RE HERE.
HE'S/SHE'S/IT'S HERE.
WE'RE/YOU'RE/THEY'RE HERE.
NEGATIVE CONTRACTIONS
I'M NOT HERE.

YOU'RE NOT HERE. YOU ARN'T HERE.
HE'S NOT HERE. HE ISN'T HERE.
12
SHE'S NOT HERE. SHE ISN'T HERE.
IT'S NOT HERE. IT ISN'T HERE.
WE'RE NOT HERE. WE AREN'T HERE.

YOU'RE NOT HERE. YOU AREN'T HERE.
THEY'RE NOT HERE. THEY AREN'T HERE.
EXAMPLE:
FRANK ISN'T AT HOME TODAY.
FRANK'S NOT AT WORK TODAY.
YES/NO QUESTIONS
USE:
TO ASK QUESTIONS THAT NEED AN ANSWER OF "YES" OR "NO". THE SUBJECT AND THE VERB "BE" CHANGE PLACES.
STATEMENT: HE IS AT HOME.
YES/NO QUESTION: IS HEAT HOME?
STATEMENT: THEY ARE AT WORK NOW.

YES/NO QUESTION: ARE THEY AT WORK NOW?
EXAMPLE:
"ARE YOU IN THE LIVING ROOM?"
POSITIVE SHORT ANSWERS
USE:
TO GIVE A POSITIVE ANSWER TO A YES/NO QUESTION (NEVER USED WITH CONTRACTIONS).
FORM:
[YES + SUBJECT + BE]
YES, I AM.
YES, YOU ARE.
YES, HE/SHE/IT IS.
YES, WE/YOU/THEY ARE.
NEGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS
USE:
13
TO GIVE A NEGATIVE ANSWER TO A YES/NO QUESTION (OFTEN USED WITH CONTRACTIONS).
FORM:
[NO + SUBJECT + BE + N'T]
NO, I'M NOT


EXAMPLE:
"ARE YOU TIRED TODAY?"
"NO, I'M NOT."
WH-QUESTIONS
USE:
TO ASK QUESTIONS THAT BEGIN WITH THESE QUESTION WORDS:
FORM: [QUESTION WORD + BE + SUBJECT + REST]
NOTE: THE SUBJECT AND VERB CHANGE PLACES.
THEY ARE AT WORK NOW.

ARE THEY AT WORK NOW?
WHERE ARE THEY NOW? (WH-QUESTION)
EXAMPLE: "WHAT IS HIS NAME?"
TAG QUESTIONS
USE:
TO ASK A YES/NO QUESTION WHEN A CERTAIN ANSWER IS ALREADY EXPECTED. ADD A SHORT, TWO-WORD
QUESTION-TAG TO THE END OF THE STATEMENT.
FORM:
[AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCE + BE + N'T + SUBJECT]
14
[NEGATIVE SENTENCE + BE + SUBJECT]
EXAMPLES:
"YOU ARE TIRED, AREN'T YOU?"
"YES, I AM."
"HE ISN'T AT WORK, IS HE?"

"NO, HE ISN'T."
PRESENTE PROGRESIVO
PRESENTE PROGRESIVO: AFIRMATIVO
USO:
DESCRIBIR ACCIONES QUE ESTN OCURRIENDO AHORA O EN EL FUTURO.
FORMA:
[SUJETO + BE + VERBOING + RESTO DE LA ORACIN]
I AM WAITING FOR YOU.

YOU ARE EATING MY CAKE.
HE/SHE/IT IS SLEEPING NOW.
WE ARE GOING TOMORROW.

YOU ARE WALKING TOO FAST.
THEY ARE STUDYING ENGLISH THIS YEAR.
EJEMPLOS:
"I AM TRYING TO STUDY."
"HE IS EATING AN APPLE."
"OUR SECRETARY IS EATING LUNCH."
"WE ARE MEETING THEM TONIGHT."
PRESENTE PROGRESIVO: NEGATIVO
USO:
DESCRIBIR UNA ACCIN QUE NO EST OCURRIENDO AHORA O EN EL FUTURO.
FORMA:
[SUJET + BE + NOT + VERBO+ING (+ REST)]
I AM NOT DRIVING.
YOU ARE NOT LISTENING.
SHE IS NOT WORKING.
HE IS NOT WORKING.
IT IS NOT WORKING.
15
WE ARE NOT STUDYING.
YOU ARE NOT WAITING.
THEY ARE NOT TALKING.
EJEMPLOS:
"IT IS NOT RAINING ANYMORE."
"I AM NOT GOING TO THE PARTY TONIGHT."
PRESENTE PROGRESIVO: PREGUNTAS -WH
USO:
REALIZAR PREGUNTAS QUE COMIENZAN CON LAS SIGUIENTES PALABRAS DE INTERROGACIN: WHAT, WHEN,
WHERE, WHO, WHY, HOW
FORMA:
[PALABRA DE INTERROGACIN + BE + SUJETO + VERBOING + RESTO]
NOTA: EL SUJETO Y LA FORMA DE "BE" CAMBIAN DE LUGAR.
THEY ARE WORKING AT HOME NOW.
ARE THEY WORKING AT HOME NOW?
WHERE ARE THEY WORKING NOW? (WH-QUESTION)
EJEMPLO:
"WHAT ARE YOU DOING NOW?"
"I'M WATCHING A MOVIE ON TV."
PRESENTE PROGRESIVO: PREGUNTAS SI/NO
USO:
REALIZAR PREGUNTAS QUE REQUIEREN "S" O "NO" COMO RESPUESTA
FORMA
EL SUJETO Y LA FORMA DE "BE" CAMBIAN DE LUGAR.
ENUNCIADO: HE IS SLEEPING.
PREGUNTA SI/NO: IS HE SLEEPING?
ENUNCIADO: THEY ARE WORKING NOW.

PREGUNTA SI/NO: ARE THEY WORKING NOW?
EJEMPLOS:
"ARE YOU LISTENING TO ME?"
"IS YOUR SISTER MOVING TO NEW YORK?"
PRESENTE PROGRESIVO: RESPUESTAS CORTAS
USO:
RESPONDER A UNA PREGUNTA S/NO.
FORMA:
[YES + SUJETO + BE] (NUNCA SE UTILIZA CON CONTRACCIONES)
[NO + SUJETO + BE + NOT] (A MENUDO SE UTILIZA CON CONTRACCIONES)
AFIRMATIVA
YES, I AM.
16
YES, YOU ARE.
YES, HE IS.
YES, SHE IS.
YES, IT IS.
YES, WE ARE.
YES, YOU ARE.
YES, THEY ARE.
NEGATIVA
NO, I'M NOT.


EJEMPLOS:
"MARIE, ARE YOU ENJOYING THE PARTY?"
"YES, I AM."
"ARE WE LEAVING NOW?"
"NO, WE AREN'T."
PRESENTE PROGRESIVO: CONTRACCIONES
USO:
UNIR EL SUJETO Y LA FORMA DE "BE" Y CONVERTIRLOS EN UNA PALABRA. SE EMPLEA EN CONVERSACIN.
FORMA:
FORMAS AFIRMATIVAS
FORMA REGULAR FORMA CONTRADA

I AM GOING. I'M GOING.
YOU ARE GOING. YOU'RE GOING.
HE IS GOING. HE'S GOING.
SHE IS GOING. SHE'S GOING.
IT IS GOING. IT'S GOING.
WE ARE GOING. WE'RE GOING.
YOU ARE GOING. YOU'RE GOING.
THEY ARE GOING. THEY'RE GOING.
EJEMPLOS:
HE IS TAKING THE BUS.
HE'S TAKING THE BUS.
FORMAS NEGATIVAS
17
I'M NOT WORKING.
YOU'RE NOT WORKING. YOU AREN'T WORKING.
HE'S NOT WORKING. HE ISN'T WORKING.
SHE'S NOT WORKING. SHE ISN'T WORKING.
IT'S NOT WORKING IT ISN'T WORKING.
WE'RE NOT WORKING. WE AREN'T WORKING.

THEY'RE NOT WORKING. THEY AREN'T WORKING.
EJEMPLOS:
"FRANK IS NOT DRIVING TO WORK TODAY."
"FRANK ISN'T DRIVING TO WORK TODAY."
"FRANK'S NOT DRIVING TO WORK TODAY."
PRESENTE PROGRESIVO: CAMBIOS DE ORTOGRAFIA
USO:
LA ORTOGRAFA DE ALGUNOS VERBOS CAMBIA CUANDO SE AADE "ING".
FORMA:
EN LA MAYORA DE LOS VERBOS QUE TERMINAN EN CONSONANTE- VOCAL-CONSONANTE, SE DUPLICA LA LTIMA
LETRA:
STOP - STOPPING
EN LOS VERBOS QUE ACABAN EN "E", ELIMINAR LA"E" ANTES DE AADIR "ING":
HAVE - HAVING
GIVE - GIVING
EJEMPLOS:
"I'M HAVING A GREAT TIME IN PARIS."
"THE BUS DRIVER IS STOPPING THE BUS."
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: TAG QUESTIONS
USE:
SE UTILIZA PARA HACER PREGUNTAS S/NO CUANDO YA SE ESPERA UNA DETERMINADA RESPUESTA.
FORM:
EXAMPLES:
"THAT MAN IS FOLLOWING US, ISN'T HE?"
18
"YES, HE IS."(SE ESPERA UN S)
"YOU AREN'T LEAVING, ARE YOU?"

"NO, I'M NOT."(SE ESPERA UN NO)
REVIEW
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
USE:
TO DESCRIBE ACTIONS THAT ARE HAPPENING NOW OR IN THE FUTURE.
EXAMPLES:
"THAT MAN IS FOLLOWING US, ISN'T HE?"
"YES, HE IS."
"YOU AREN'T LEAVING, ARE YOU?"

"NO, I'M NOT."
AFFIRMATIVE
FORM:
[SUBJECT + BE + VERB+ING+ REST]
I AM WAITING FOR SAM.

YOU ARE EATING MY CAKE.
HE/SHE/IT IS SLEEPING NOW.
WE/YOU/THEY ARE GOING TOMORROW.
EXAMPLE:
"I AM TRYING TO STUDY."
SPELLING CHANGES
USE:
THE SPELLING OF SOME VERBS CHANGES WHEN "ING" IS ADDED. FOR MOST VERBS THAT END IN CONSONANT-
VOWEL-CONSONANT, DOUBLE THE LAST LETTER:
STOP, STOPPING
FOR VERBS THAT END IN "E", DROP THE "E" BEFORE ADDING "ING":
HAVE, HAVING GIVE, GIVING LIVE, LIVING
EXAMPLE:
"I'M HAVING FUN IN PARIS."
19
NEGATIVE
FORM:
[SUBJECT + BE + NOT+ VERB+ING(+ REST)]
I AM NOT DRIVING.
YOU ARE NOT LISTENING.
HE/SHE/IT IS NOT WORKING.
WE/YOU/THEY ARE NOT STUDYING.
EXAMPLE:
"IT IS NOT RAINING ANYMORE."
POSITIVE CONTRACTIONS
I'M GOING.
YOU'RE GOING.
HE'S/SHE'S/IT'S GOING.
WE'RE/YOU'RE/THEY'RE GOING.
NEGATIVE CONTRACTIONS
I'M NOT WORKING.

HE'S NOT WORKING. HE ISN'T WORKING.
SHE'S NOT WORKING. SHE ISN'T WORKING.
IT'S NOT WORKING. IT ISN'T WORKING.
WE'RE NOT WORKING. YOU AREN'T WORKING.

THEY'RE NOT WORKING. THEY AREN'T WORKING.
EXAMPLES:
"FRANK ISN'T DRIVING TO WORK TODAY."
"FRANK'S NOT DRIVING TO WORK TODAY."
YES/NO QUESTIONS
USE:
TO ASK QUESTIONS THAT NEED AN ANSWER OF "YES" OR "NO". THE SUBJECT AND THE FORM OF THE VERB "BE"
CHANGE PLACES."
20
STATEMENT: HE IS SLEEPING.
YES/NO QUESTION: IS HE SLEEPING?
STATEMENT: THEY ARE WORKING NOW.

YES/NO QUESTION: ARE THEY WORKING NOW?
EXAMPLE:
POSITIVE SHORT ANSWERS
USE:
TO RESPOND TO A QUESTION THAT REQUIRES A "YES" ANSWER (NEVER USED WITH CONTRACTIONS).
FORM:
[YES + SUBJECT + BE]
YES, I AM.
YES, YOU ARE.
YES, HE/SHE/IT IS.
YES, WE/YOU/THEY ARE.
EXAMPLE:
"YES I AM."
NEGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS
USE:
TO RESPOND TO A QUESTION THAT REQUIRES A "NO" ANSWER (OFTEN USED WITH CONTRACTIONS).
FORM:
[NO+ SUBJECT + BE+ NOT
NO, I'M NOT.


EXAMPLE:
21
"MARIE, ARE YOU ENJOYING THE PARTY?"
"NO, I'M NOT."
WH-QUESTIONS
USE:
TO ASK QUESTIONS THAT BEGIN WITH THE FOLLOWING QUESTION WORDS:
FORM:
[QUESTION WORD + BE + SUBJECT + VERBING + REST]
NOTE: THE SUBJECT AND THE FORM OF THE VERB "BE" CHANGE PLACES.
THEY ARE WORKING AT HOME NOW.

ARE THEY WORKING AT HOME NOW?
WHERE ARE THEY WORKING NOW?(WH-QUESTION)
EXAMPLE:
"WHAT ARE YOU DOING NOW?"
TAG QUESTIONS
USE:
TO ASK A YES/NO QUESTION WHEN A CERTAIN ANSWER IS ALREADY EXPECTED. ADD A SHORT, TWO-WORD
QUESTION-TAG TO THE END OF THE STATEMENT.
FORM: IF "YES" IS EXPECTED:

EXAMPLES:
"HE'S LEAVING, ISN'T HE?" "YES, HE IS."
"YOU AREN'T GOING, ARE YOU?" "NO, I'M NOT."
PAST SIMPLE
PASADO SIMPLE: ENUNCIADOS
USO:
HABLAR ACERCA DE ACCIONES Y HECHOS DEL PASADO.
AFIRMATIVO
FORMA:
22
EL PRETRITO SIMPLE DE LOS VERBOS REGULARES ACABA EN -ED.
[SUJETO + VERBO+ED + REST]

EJEMPLOS:
"JOE WALKED HOME ALONE LAST NIGHT."
"WE PLAYED FOOTBALL LAST WEEK."
SPELLING
LOS VERBOS QUE ACABAN EN -E SOLO AADEN -D: LIVE/LIVED.

LOS VERBOS QUE ACABAN EN CONSONANTE + Y CAMBIAN LA Y POR I:
CARRY / CARRIED TRY/ TRIED

NOTA: EL PRETRITO SIMPLE SE UTILIZA A MENUDO CON ADVERBIOS: YESTERDAY, LAST WEEK/MONTH/YEAR, A...
AGO.
NEGATIVO
FORMA:
PONER DID NOT (DIDN'T) ANTES DEL VERBO.
[SUJETO + DID NOT + VERBO + RESTO DE LA ORACIN]
/DIDN'T
THEY DID NOT CALL ME LAST WEEK.
RUTH DIDN'T STUDY LAST NIGHT.
EJEMPLOS:
"HE DIDN'T WORK AT ALL LAST WEEK."
"I DIDN'T LIKE THE MOVIE LAST NIGHT."
PASADO SIMPLE: VERBOS IRREGULARES
FORMA:
ALGUNOS VERBOS TIENEN FORMAS IRREGULARES EN EL PRETRITO SIMPLE. TIENE QUE APRENDRSELOS DE
MEMORIA.
ESTOS SON ALGUNOS DE LOS VERBOS
VERBOS FREQUENTES :
COME - CAME PUT - PUT
DO - DID READ - READ
DRINK - DRANK SAY - SAID
EAT - ATE SELL - SOLD
FIND - FOUND SIT - SAT
GET - GOT SLEEP - SLEPT
DRIVE - DROVE SPEAK - SPOKE
GO - WENT TAKE - TOOK
HAVE - HAD TELL - TOLD
HEAR - HEARD THINK - THOUGHT
KNOW - KNEW UNDERSTAND - UNDERSTOOD
LEAVE - LEFT WEAR - WORE
MAKE - MADE WRITE - WROTE
23
MEET - MET
PASADO SIMPLE: PREGUNTAS
PREGUNTAS SI/NO
USO:
REALIZAR PREGUNTAS ACERCA DE ACCIONES/HECHOS DEL PASADO CUYA RESPUESTA ES "S" O "NO".
FORMA:
PUT DID / DIDN'T DELANTE DEL SUJETO.
[DID / DIDN'T + SUJETO + VERBO + RESTO]
DID YOU WALK YESTERDAY?

DIDN'T THEY BUY THE BOOK LAST WEEK?
PREGUNTAS - WH
USO:
REALIZAR PREGUNTAS ACERCA DEL PASADO QUE COMIENZANCON ESTOS INTERROGATIVOS: WHAT, WHEN,
WHERE, WHO, WHY, HOW.
FORMA:
[WHO/WHAT + PAST VERBO + RESTO]
WHO TOLD HIM?

WHAT MADE THAT NOISE?
PREGUNTAS ACERCA DEL RESTO DE LA SENTENCIA:
[PALABRA-WH + DID + VERBO...]
WHEN DID YOU LEAVE SCHOOL?
WHERE DID THEY BUY THAT?
EJEMPLOS:
JOHN: "DID YOU ASK THE BOSS ABOUT MONEY?"
ROSE: "YES, I DID."
JOHN: "WELL, WHAT DID SHE SAY?"
ROSE: "SHE SAID NO."
REVIEW
PAST SIMPLE: STATEMENTS

AFFIRMATIVE
FORM:
REGULAR VERBS IN THE PAST SIMPLE END IN -ED.
[SUBJECT + VERB+ED + REST OF SENTENCE]
JOE WALKED HOME LAST NIGHT.

WE PLAYED TENNIS YESTERDAY
24
SPELLING
VERBS ENDING IN -E, TAKE ONLY -D: LIVE / LIVED.
WITH VERBS ENDING IN CONSONANT+Y, CHANGE THE Y TO I:

CARRY / CARRIEDTRY / TRIED
NOTE: PAST SIMPLE IS OFTEN USED WITH ADVERBS: YESTERDAY, LAST WEEK/MONTH/YEAR, A... AGO
NEGATIVE
FORM:
[SUBJECT + DID NOT / DIDN'T + VERB + REST]
THEY DID NOT CALL ME YESTERDAY.

RUTH DIDN'T STUDY BEFORE THE TEST.
IRREGULAR FORMS
HERE IS A LIST OF SOME OF THE MOST FREQUENT IRREGULAR VERBS:
COME - CAME PUT - PUT

DO - DID READ - READ
DRINK - DRANK SAY - SAID
EAT - ATE SELL - SOLD
FIND - FOUND SIT - SAT
GET - GOT SLEEP - SLEPT
DRIVE - DROVE SPEAK - SPOKE
GO - WENT TAKE - TOOK
HAVE - HAD TELL - TOLD
HEAR - HEARD THINK - THOUGHT
KNOW -KNEW UNDERSTAND -UNDERSTOOD
LEAVE - LEFT WEAR - WORE
MAKE - MADE WRITE - WROTE
MEET - MET
QUESTIONS
YES/NO QUESTIONS
FORM:
[DID/DIDN'T + SUBJECT + VERB + REST]
DID YOU WALK YESTERDAY?
25
DIDN'T THEYBUY THE BOOK LAST WEEK?
SHORT ANSWERS
FORM:
[YES, SUBJECT + DID]
YES, THEY DID.
[NO, SUBJECT + DID + NOT / DIDN'T]
NO, THEY DIDN'T..
WH-QUESTIONS
FORM: QUESTIONS ABOUT THE SUBJECT:

[WHO/WHAT + PAST VERB+REST]
WHO TOLD HIM?

WHAT MADE THAT NOISE?

[WH-WORD + DID + SUBJECT + VERB + REST]
WHEN DID YOU LEAVE SCHOOL?

WHERE DID THEY BUY THAT?
BE- PAST
BE PASADO: FRASES
USO:
CONECTAR EL SUJETO CON EL RESTO DE LA ORACIN Y HABLAR ACERCA DEL PASADO
AFIRMATIVO
FORMA:
[SUJETO + WAS/WERE + RESTO]
I/SHE/HE/IT WAS IN THE KITCHEN.

YOU/WE/THEY WERE LATE.
26
NEGATIVO
FORMA:
[SUJETO + WAS/WERE + NOT + RESTO]
WASN'T/WEREN'T
I/SHE/HE/IT WAS NOT ANGRY.
I/SHE/HE/IT WASN'T HERE.
YOU/WE/THEY WERE NOT EARLY.

YOU/WE/THEY WEREN'T ON TIME.
EJEMPLOS:
"DIANA WAS AT HOME YESTERDAY."
"SHE WASN'T AT SCHOOL."
"THEY WERE LATE TO WORK."
"THEY WEREN'T EARLY."
BE PAST: PREGUNTAS
PREGUNTAS SI/NO
USO:
REALIZAR PREGUNTAS CUYA RESPUESTA ES "S" O "NO".
FORMA:
EL SUJETO Y EL VERBO CAMBIAN DE LUGAR.
AFIRMATIVA: THEY WERE AT HOME.

PREGUNTA SI/NO: WERE THEY AT HOME?
NEGATIVA: HE WASN'T AT SCHOOL.
PREGUNTA SI/NO: WASN'T HE AT SCHOOL?(SE UTILIZAN SIEMPRE CON CONTRACCIONES.)
RESPUESTAS: YES, I WAS.

NO, I WASN'T.
PREGUNTAS-WH
USO:
REALIZAR PREGUNTAS QUE COMIENZAN CON ESTASEXPRESIONES INTERROGATIVAS:WHAT, WHEN, WHERE,
WHO, WHY, HOW.
FORMA:
PREGUNTAS ACERCA DEL SUJETO:
27
[PALABRA-WH + BE PAST + RESTO DE LA SENTENCIA]
AFIRMATIVA: JUAN WAS AT HOME.
PREGUNTA -WH: WHO WAS AT HOME?
PREGUNTAS ACERCA DEL RESTO DE LA ORACIN:
[WH-WORD + BE PAST + SUBJECT + REST OF SENTENCE]
AFIRMATIVA: HE WAS IN PHILADELPHIA.
PREGUNTA - WH WHERE WAS HE?
AFIRMATIVA: HE WAS THERE IN 1990.
PREGUNTA - WH: WHEN WAS HE THERE?
EJEMPLOS:
POLICE: "WHERE WERE YOU LAST NIGHTAT 9:30?"
MAN: "I WAS AT HOME ALL NIGHT."
POLICE: "WAS BIG BOB WITH YOU?"
MAN: "NO, HE WASN'T. I WAS ALONE."
REVIEW
BE - PAST
STATEMENTS
AFFIRMATIVE
FORM:
[SUBJECT + WAS/WERE + REST]
I/SHE/HE/IT WAS IN THE KITCHEN.

YOU/WE/THEY WERE LATE.
NEGATIVE
FORM:
[SUBJECT + WAS/WERE + NOT + REST]
WASN'T/WEREN'T
I/SHE/HE/IT WAS NOT ANGRY.

I/SHE/HE/IT WASN'T HERE.
YOU/WE/THEY WERE NOT EARLY.

YOU/WE/THEY WEREN'T ON TIME.
QUESTIONS
YES/NO QUESTIONS
28
FORM:
[WAS/WERE + SUBJECT + REST OF SENTENCE]
WASN'T/WEREN'T
WERE THEY AT HOME?

WASN'T HE YOUR NEIGHBOR?
NOTE: USE ONLY CONTRACTIONS WITH NEGATIVE QUESTIONS.
SHORT ANSWERS
[YES, SUBJECT + WAS/WERE]
YES, I WAS
[NO, SUBJECT + WAS/WERE + NOT]
NO, THEY WERE NOT/WEREN'T
WH-QUESTIONS
FORM:
[WHO/WHAT + BE PAST + REST]
WHO WAS AT HOME?

[WH-WORD + BE PAST + SUBJECT + REST]
WHERE WERE YOU?

WHEN WAS HE THERE ?
PAST PROGRESSIVE
PASADO PROGRESIVO: ENUCIADOS

AFIRMATIVO
FORMA:
29
[SUJETO + WAS/WERE + VERBO + ING...]
HE WAS WAITING FOR THE BUS WHEN IT STARTED TO RAIN.
THEY WERE WAITING FOR THE BUS WHEN IT STARTED TO RAIN.
EJEMPLOS:
"SHE WAS EATING WHEN I ARRIVED."
"WE WERE SLEEPING AT 3:OO A.M."
NEGATIVO
[SUJETO + WAS/WERE + NOT + VERBO + ING...]

I WAS NOT (WASN'T) WAITING FOR THE BUS.
THEY WERE NOT (WEREN'T) WAITING FOR THE BUS.
EJEMPLOS:
"HE WASN'T SLEEPING WHEN THE PHONE RANG."
"THEY WEREN'T WATCHING TV WHEN THE NEWS WAS ON."
PASADO PROGRESIVO: PREGUNTAS Y RESPUESTS
PREGUNTAS Y RESPUESTAS YES/NO
FORMA:
[P: WAS/WERE+ SUBJECT+ VERBO + ING...]
WAS SHE WAITING FOR THE TRAIN?
WERE YOU WAITING FOR THE TRAIN?
[A: YES/NO+ SUBJECT+ BE(NOT)]

YES, IT WAS.
NO, SHE WASN'T.
YES, WE WERE.
NO, YOU WEREN'T.
EJEMPLOS:
"WERE THE CHILDREN PLAYING IN THE GARDEN WHEN YOU CAME IN?"
"YES, THEY WERE."
"WERE YOU WORKING IN TOKYO IN1991?"
"NO, I WASN'T."
PREGUNTAS - WH
PREGUNTAS AERCA DEL SUJETO DE LA ORACIN:

FORMA:
[WHO/WHAT + WAS/WERE + VERBO + ING...]

EJEMPLOS:
"WHO WAS WATCHING THE BABY LAST NIGHT?"
"WHAT WAS PLAYING AT THE CINEPLEX LAST NIGHT?"
PREGUNTAS ACERCA DEL RESTO DE LA SENTENCIA:
[PALABRA-WH + WAS/WERE + SUJETO + VERBO + ING...]
EJEMPLOS:
"WHAT WERE YOU DOING AT 10 O'CLOCK?"
"I WAS WALKING THE DOG."
30
"WHO WAS PAT LOOKING AT?"
"SHE WAS LOOKING AT KIM."
PASADO PROGRESIVO - VS. PASADO SIMPLE
USO:
UTILIZAMOS EL PRETRITO SIMPLE PARA HABLAR DE UNAACCIN QUE SE HA COMPLETADO EN EL PASADO.
UTILIZAMOS EL PRETRITO PROGRESIVOPARA HABLAR DE UNA ACCIN CONTINUADA A LO LARGO DEUN TIEMPO EN EL
PASADO.
TAMBIN SE PUEDE UTILIZAR EL PRETRITO SIMPLE Y EL PRETRITOPROGRESIVO JUNTOS EN LA MISMA ORACIN,
PARAMOSTRAR QUE UNA ACCIN O HECHO CORTO OCURRIDODURANTE UNA ACCIN O HECHO MS LARGO. SI
MENCIONAMOSLA ACCIN MS CORTA PRIMERO, POR LO GENERAL UNIMOS LAS DOS PARTES DE LA FRASE CON
'WHILE'.
EJEMPLOS:
"TOM ARRIVED WHILE WE WERE TALKING ABOUT HIM."
"SHE CAME IN WHILE I WAS DOING MY HOMEWORK."
SI MENCIONAMOS LA ACCIN MS LARGA PRIMERO, NORMALMENTEUNIMOS LAS DOS PARTES DE LA ORACIN CON
WHEN.
EJEMPLOS:
"WE WERE TALKING ABOUT TOM WHEN HE ARRIVED."
"I WAS DOING MY HOMEWORK WHEN SHE CAME IN."
REVIEW
PAST PROGRESSIVE
USE:
UTILIZAMOS EL PRETRITO PROGRESIVO PARA HABLARDE UNA ACCIN O HECHO CONTINUOS QUEESTABA
SUCEDIENDO EN UN MOMENTO EN PARTICULAREN EL PASADO
EXAMPLES:
"WEREN'T YOU STUDYING WITH LINDA LAST NIGHT?"
"NO, I WASN'T. I WAS SHOPPING FOR JOE'S BIRTHDAY PRESENT."
"WHAT WERE YOU DOING WHEN HE PHONED?"

"I WAS SLEEPING."
STATEMENTS
FORM:
AFFIRMATIVE:
[SUBJECT + WAS/WERE + VERB + ING...]
I WAS WAITING FOR THE BUS WHEN IT STARTED TO RAIN.
31
WE WERE WAITING FOR THE BUS WHEN IT STARTED TO RAIN.
NEGATIVE:
[SUBJECT + WAS/WERE + NOT + VERB + ING...]
SHE WAS NOT (WASN'T) WAITING FOR THE BUS.

THEY WERE NOT (WEREN'T) WAITING FOR THE BUS.
YES/NO QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
FORM:
[WAS/WERE + SUBJECT + VERB+ING...?]
WAS SHE WAITING FOR THE TRAIN?

WERE YOU WAITING FOR THE TRAIN?
[YES/NO + SUBJECT + BE (NOT)]
YES, I WAS.
NO, IT WASN'T.
YES, THEY WERE.

NO, YOU WEREN'T.
PAST PROGRESSIVE VS. PAST SIMPLE
USE:
UTILIZAMOS EL PRETRITO SIMPLE PARA HABLAR SOBRE UNA ACCIN QUE SE COMPLET EN EL PASADO. UTILIZAMOS
EL PRETRITO PROGRESIVO PARA HABLAR DE UNA ACCIN QUE CONTINU DURANTE UN TIEMPO EN EL PASADO.
TAMBIN PODEMOS UTILIZAR EL PRETRITO SIMPLE Y EL PRETRITO PROGRESIVO JUNTOS EN LA MISMA

ORACIN, MOSTRAR QUE UNA ACCIN O HECHO CORTO OCURRIDO DURANTE UNA ACCIN O HECHO MS LARGO. SI
MENCIONAMOS LA ACCIN MS CORTA PRIMERO, POR LO GENERAL UNIMOS LAS DOS PARTES DE LA ORACIN CON
WHILE.
EXAMPLES:
"THE PHONE RANG WHILE SHE WAS TAKING A SHOWER."
"THE CAR BROKE DOWN WHILE BILL WAS DRIVING HOME."SI MENCIONAMOS LA ACCIN MS LARGA
PRIMERO,UNIMOS LAS DOS PARTES DE LA ORACIN CON "WHEN".
EXAMPLES:
"SHE WAS TAKING A SHOWER WHEN THE PHONE RANG."
"BILL WAS DRIVING HOME WHEN THE CAR BROKE DOWN."
32
THE FUTURE
FUTURO: WILL Y GOING TOWILL
USE: WILL SE UTILIZA PARA EXPRESAR UNA OPININ SUBJETIVA, O PARA EXPRESAR UNA DECISIN,PROMESA,
CREENCIA O AMENAZA, ETC. ACERCA DEL FUTURO. POR ESTA RAZN 'WILL' CON FRECUENCIA SIGUE A EXPRESIONES
TALES COMO 'I HOPE...', 'DO YOU THINK...', ETC.
EJEMPLO:
"DO YOU THINK SHE WILL LIKE THESE FLOWERS?"
FORMA:
AFIRMATIVA: [SUJETO + WILL + VERBO...]
NOTA: CON FRECUENCIA SE ABREVIA WILL COMO "'-LL" Y SE PRONUNCIA JUNTO CON EL SUJETO.
EJEMPLO:
"I THINK HE WILL (HE'LL) FIX THE CAR TOMORROW."
NEGATIVA: [SUJETO + WILL + NOT + VERBO...]
NOTA: CON FRECUENCIA SE ABREVIA WIL NOT COMO "WON'T".
EJEMPLO:
"I'M AFRAID WE WON'T FINISH THE JOB TODAY."
PREGUNTAS Y RESPUESTAS
PREGUNTAS SI/NO
USO:
EN LA FORMA INTERROGATIVA, WILL SUELE INTRODUCIR UNA PETICIN.
FORMA:
[Q: WILL + SUJETO + VERBO...?]
[A: YES, + SUJETO + WILL
NO, + SUJETO + WILL NOT(WON'T).]
EJEMPLOS:
"WILL YOU OPEN THE WINDOW, PLEASE?"
"YES, OF COURSE I WILL."
"WILL YOU BUY ME AN ICE CREAM, PLEASE?"
"NO, I WON'T!"
PREGUNTAS -WH
FORMA:
PREGUNTAS ACERCA DEL SUJETO DE LA ORACIN:
[Q: WHO/WHAT + WILL + VERBO...?]
EJEMPLO:
"WHO'LL BE THERE TONIGHT?"
"LIZ WILL GO FOR SURE. AND MAYBE TOM WILL BE THERE TOO."
[P: PALABRA-WH + WILL + SUJETO + VERBO...?]
33
EJEMPLO:
"WHEN WILL WE GET HOME TONIGHT?"
"I THINK WE'LL GET HOME AT AROUND 10."
GOING TO
USO:
GOING TO SE UTILIZA PARA HABLAR DE HECHOS OBJETIVOS Y CLAROS O PLANES EN EL FUTURO.
EJEMPLO:
"LOOK AT THOSE CLOUDS! IT'S GOING TO RAIN!"
FORMA:
AFIRMATIVA
[SUJETO + BE + GOING TO + VERBO...]

EJEMPLOS:
"I'M GOING TO STUDY CHINESE HISTORY NEXT SEMESTER."
"LOOK OUT! THAT CAR'S GOING TO HIT US!"
NEGATIVA
[SUJETO + BE + NOT + GOING TO + VERBO...]

EJEMPLOS:
"WE AREN'T GOING TO MAKE A PROFIT THIS YEAR."
"I KNOW I'M NOT GOING TO PASS THIS EXAM!"
YES/NO PREGUNTAS
[Q: BE + SUJETO + GOING TO + VERBO...?]

[A: YES, + SUJETO (PRONOMBRE) + BE.]
OR:
[NO, + SUBJECT (PRONOMBRE) + BE + NOT.]
EJEMPLO:
"IS THIS TRAIN GOING TO ARRIVE ON TIME?"
"NO, IT ISN'T. IT'S GOING TO BE LATE."
PREGUNTAS - WH
PREGUNTAS ACERCA DEL SUJETO DE LA ORACIN:
[Q: WHO/WHAT + BE+ GOING TO + VERBO]

[P: PALABRA-WH+ BE + SUJETO + GOING TO + VERBO...?]
[R: ORACIN AFIRMATIVA CON GOING TO.]
EJEMPLO:
"WHO ARE YOU GOING TO VOTE FOR?"
"I'M GOING TO VOTE FOR TOM BAXTER."
34
NOTA: CON FRECUENCIA ENCONTRAMOS 'WILL' Y 'GOING TO' EN LA MISMA CONVERSACIN. EN EL SIGUIENTE
DILOGO, EL PACIENTE QUIERE UNA RESPUESTA DEFINITIVA, PERO LA ENFERMERA CONTESTA SLO CON UNA
PROMESA:
"IS THIS INJECTION GOING TO HURT?"
"DON'T WORRY, IT WILL ONLY HURT A LITTLE AND IT WON'T TAKE LONG!"
FUTURO: PRESENTE PROGRESIVO
USO:
CON FRECUENCIA UTILIZAMOS EL PRESENTE PROGRESIVO (CONSULTAR NDICE LINGSTICO 1) PARA HABLAR DE
PLANES Y DECISIONES PARA EL FUTURO CERCANO.
SE UTILIZA DE FORMA MS HABITUAL CON VERBOS QUE EXPRESAN MOVIMIENTO (P. EJ. ARRIVE, COME, GO, LEAVE,
SAIL, VISIT, ETC.)
EJEMPLOS:
"I'M LEAVING EARLY TODAY; I HAVE A HEADACHE."
"ARE YOU VISITING YOUR MOTHER TONIGHT?"
"I'M NOT WAITING ANY LONGER; HE'S HALF AN HOUR LATE ALREADY!"
FUTURO: PRESENTE SIMPLE
USO:
ALGUNAS VECES UTILIZAMOS EL PRESENTE SIMPLE (CONSULTAR NDICE LINGSTICO 2) PARA HABLAR DE ACCIONES Y
HECHOS FUTUROS 'DEFINITIVOS' QUE YA HAN SIDO
ARREGLADOS O FIJADOS EN UN CALENDARIO OFICIAL.
EJEMPLOS:
"THE PRESIDENT LEAVES FOR JAPAN ON MONDAY."
"WHEN DOES THE NEXT BUS ARRIVE?"
REVIEW
THE FUTURE
USE:
UTILIZAMOS EL FUTURO PARA HABLAR DE ACCIONESY ESTADOS FUTUROS. PODEMOS UTILIZAR DIVERSAS FORMAS
VERBALES PARA HABLAR DEL FUTURO.
EXAMPLES:
"WHAT TIME ARE YOU LEAVING FOR THE STATION?"
"WELL, MY TRAIN LEAVES AT TEN, SO I'LL LEAVE HERE AT ABOUT NINE. THAT WILL GIVE ME TIME.
BUT YOU'RE GOING TO GIVE ME A RIDE, AREN'T YOU?"
CUATRO DE LAS FORMAS VERBALES DE FUTURO MS IMPORTANTESSON:
WILL
EXAMPLE:
"I WILL GO HOME AT SIX O'CLOCK."
35
GOING TO
EXAMPLE:
"IT'S GOING TO RAIN SOON."
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
EXAMPLE:
"WE'RE SPENDING CHRISTMAS WITH MY PARENTS."
SIMPLE PRESENT
EXAMPLE:
THE NEXT TRAIN FOR OXFORD LEAVES AT 2:45.
CADA FORMA TIENE UN SIGNIFICADO LIGERAMENTE DIFERENTE, PERO LAS DIFERENCIAS SON A MENUDO MUY
PEQUEAS.
MORE FUTURE
MAS TIEMPOS FUTUROS: FUTURO PERFECTO
USO:
SE UTILIZA PARA HABLAR SOBRE ACCIONES O HECHOS QUE CONCLUIRN EN UN CIERTO MOMENTO DEL FUTURO.
FORMA:
AFIRMATIVO Y NEGATIVO
[SUJETO + WILL (+ NOT) + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE...]
OBSERVA QUE A MENUDO WILL NOT SE ABREVIA COMO WON'T.
I/YOU/WE WILL (NOT) HAVE GONE...

HE/SHE/IT WON'T HAVE GONE...
NORMALMENTE EL VERBO VA SEGUIDO POR UNA ORACIN CIRCUNSTANCIAL DE TIEMPO QUE COMIENZA POR WHEN,
BEFORE O BY.
BY SIGNIFICA NOT LATER THAN ... Y VA SEGUIDO DE UNA EXPRESIN DE TIEMPO TAL COMO TEN O'CLOCK,
NEXT MONDAY, THE END OF THE YEAR, ETC.
36
BEFORE PUEDE IR SEGUIDO DE UNA EXPRESIN TEMPORAL O UNA ORACIN (SUJETO + VERBO) TAL COMO WE
ARRIVE, THE JOB IS FINISHED, ETC. NO OLVIDES QUE EL VERBO EN ESTAS ORACIONES NORMALMENTE EST EN
TIEMPO PRESENTE, NUNCA EN TIEMPO FUTURO.
WHEN VA SEGUIDO DE UNA ORACIN, DE IGUAL FORMA QUE BEFORE.
EL VERBO TAMBIN PUEDE IR SEGUIDO POR LA EXPRESIN BY THE TIME, QUE VA SEGUIDA POR UNA FRASE (SUJETO
+ VERBO) EN LA CUAL EL VERBO EST EN PRESENTE SIMPLE.
EJEMPLOS:
"HAVE YOU FINISHED TYPING THAT LETTER YET?
"DON'T WORRY, I'M TYPING IT NOW; I'LL HAVE FINISHED IT BY 3 O'CLOCK."
"I'LL HAVE CORRECTED ALL THE HOMEWORK BY TOMORROW MORNING."
"THEY WON'T HAVE BUILT THE NEW ROAD BEFORE NEXT SUMMER."
"SHE'LL HAVE MADE DINNER BEFORE WE ARRIVE."
"THE FILM WILL HAVE STARTED WHEN WE GET TO THE THEATER."
"I WILL HAVE FINISHED CLEANING MY ROOM BY THE TIME YOU RETURN."
PREGUNTAS
[(PALABRA -WH) + WILL + SUJETO + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE...]

(WHAT) WILL HE/YOU/WE HAVE DONE...
(WHERE) WILL HE/SHE/IT HAVE GONE...
(WHEN) WILL THEY HAVE BEEN...
RESPUESTAS A PREGUNTAS SI/NO
[YES, + SUJETO-PRONOMBRE+ WILL.]

[NO, + SUJETO-PRONOMBRE + WON'T]
EJEMPLOS:
"HOW MANY LETTERS WILL YOU HAVE WRITTEN BY THIS EVENING?"
"WILL THE RAIN HAVE STOPPED BEFORE WE GET TO THE BEACH? WHAT DO YOU THINK?"
"YES, I THINK IT WILL."
"WILL DAD HAVE REPAIRED MY BIKE BY TOMORROW?"

"YES, I'M SURE HE WILL."
"WILL PAUL AND MARY HAVE FINISHED THEIR EXAMS BEFORE THE SUMMER?"
"NO, THEY WON'T."
"WHEN WILL YOU HAVE FINISHED THE WORK?"
37
"BY TWO O'CLOCK."
"HOW MANY STUDENTS WILL THEY HAVE TESTED BEFORE LUNCH?"

"ABOUT FIVE."
MAS TIEMPOS FUTUROS: FUTURO PROGRESIVO
USO:
SE UTILIZA PARA REFERIRSE A ACCIONES O ESTADOS CONTINUOS QUE OCURRIRN EN UN MOMENTO ESPECFICO
FUTURO O DURANTE UN PERODO ESPECFICO FUTURO.
NORMALMENTE NO SE UTILIZA EL FUTURO PROGRESIVO PARA HABLAR SOBRE CARACTERSTICAS PERSONALES (TO
HAVE RED HAIR, ETC) O ESTADOS FSICOS O MENTALES TRANSITORIOS (TO BE HAPPY/ILL/TIRED, TO HAVE A
HEADACHE, ETC).
FORMA:
AFIRMATIVA Y NEGATIVA
[SUJETO + WILL ( + NOT) + BE + VERBO + ING...]
OBSERVA QUE WILL NOT SUELE ABREVIARSE COMO WON'T I/YOU/WE WILL (NOT) BE DOING... HE/SHE/IT WILL
(NOT) BE GOING...
EJEMPLOS:
"SHE'LL BE LYING IN THE SUN THIS TIME NEXT WEEK!"
"I'LL BE WORKING IN LONDON ALL NEXT MONTH."
"WE'LL BE STAYING AT THE STAR HOTEL FROM MAY 1ST TO MAY 10TH."
"PATRICK WON'T BE WATCHING TELEVISION THIS EVENING; HE'LL BE DOING HIS HOMEWORK."
[(PALABRA-WH) + WILL + SUJETO + BE + VERBO + ING...]
(WHAT) WILL I/YOU/WE BE DOING...

(WHERE) WILL HE/SHE/IT BE GOING...
(WHEN) WILL THEY BE EATING...
RESPUESTAS A PREGUNTAS SI/NO
[YES, + SUJETO-PRONOMBRE + WILL]

[NO, + SUJETO-PRONOMBRE + WON'T.]
LAS PREGUNTAS "WH" PUEDEN RESPONDERSE CON UNA ORACIN COMPLETA UTILIZANDO EL FUTURO
PROGRESIVO, PERO A MENUDO BASTA CON UNA EXPRESIN CORTA QUE CORRESPONDA A LA PALABRA "WH".
38
EJEMPLOS:
"WHAT WILL YOU BE DOING TOMORROW AFTERNOON?"
"I'LL BE DRIVING TO BOSTON."
"WHERE WILL YOU BE STUDYING NEXT SEMESTER?"

"IN NEW YORK."
"WILL YOU BE LIVING WITH US NEXT YEAR?"

"NO, I WON'T."
"WHERE WILL YOU BE LIVING THEN?"
"I'LL BE STAYING WITH MY FAMILY IN BOGOTA."
REVIEW
MAS TIEMPOS FUTUROS
USO:
ESTOS TIEMPOS VERBALES SE UTILIZAN PARA REFERIRSE A ACCIONES QUE OCURRIRN EN UN MOMENTO ESPECFICO O
DURANTE UN PERODO ESPECFICO EN EL FUTURO (FUTURO PROGRESIVO) Y A ACCIONES Y HECHOS QUE
CONCLUIRN EN UN CIERTO MOMENTO DEL FUTURO (FUTURO PERFECTO).
EJEMPLOS:
"COULD I BORROW THE CAR TOMORROW, DAD?"
"WELL, I'LL BE USING IT ALL DAY TOMORROW;WHEN DO YOU WANT TO BORROW IT?"
"IN THE EVENING, AFTER DINNER."
"THAT'S OKAY; I'LL HAVE FINISHED WITH IT BY THEN."
PRESENT PERFECT
PRESENTE PERFECTO SIMPLE:

ENUNCIADOS, P Y R
USO:
SE UTILIZA PARA HABLAR SOBRE ACCIONES O ESTADOS QUE COMENZARON EN EL PASADO Y DE ALGUNA FORMA SE
CONECTAN AL PRESENTE. EL PRESENTE PERFECTO A MENUDO SE UTILIZA CON EXPRESIONES QUE COMIENZAN CON
FOR Y SINCE PARA HABLAR DE ACCIONES O ESTADOS QUE COMENZARON EN EL PASADO Y SIGUEN VIGENTES EN EL
PRESENTE. TAMBIN SE UTILIZA CON LOS ADVERBIOS JUST, ALREADY Y YET. EL PRESENTE PERFECTO TAMBIN SE
UTILIZA PARA HABLAR SOBRE ACCIONES O HECHOS RECIENTES ("NOTICIAS").
FORMA:
EL PRESENTE PERFECTO EST COMPUESTO POR HAVE/HAS Y EL PARTICIPIO PASADO (LA TERCERA FORMA DEL VERBO
[V3]).
39
AFIRMATIVO
[SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + (JUST/ALREADY) + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]... (FOR/SINCE...)]

EJEMPLOS:
"I'VE LIVED HERE FOR TWO YEARS."
"YOU'VE ALREADY LOST ONE KEY. I CAN'T BELIEVE YOU CAN'T FIND THE SECOND."
"WHOSE PACKAGE IS THIS? IT'S BEEN HERE SINCE 4 P.M."
"WE'VE ALREADY MET THEM."
"THEY'RE NOT HUNGRY. THEY'VE JUST EATEN THEIR DINNER."
NOTA: EN ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS, JUST Y ALREADY POR LO GENERAL VAN INMEDIATAMENTE ANTES DEL
PARTICIPIO PASADO. LAS FRASES CON FOR Y SINCE VAN AL FINAL DE CADA ORACIN.
NEGATIVO
[SUJETO + HAVE NOT/HAVEN'T + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]..] HAS NOT/HASN'T

EJEMPLOS:
"I HAVEN'T MET HER YET."
"IT HASN'T BEGUN TO RAIN YET."
"WE HAVEN'T HAD LUNCH YET."
"YOU HAVEN'T SAID A WORD FOR 2 HOURS."
"THEY HAVEN'T FINISHED THEIR BREAKFAST."
NOTA: EN ORACIONES NEGATIVAS, ALREADY Y YET
Y FRASES CON FOR Y SINCE POR LO GENERAL
VAN AL FINAL DE LA ORACIN.
PREGUNTAS SI/NO
[HAVE/HAS + SUJETO +...PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]]

EJEMPLOS:
"HAVE YOU ALREADY FINISHED YOUR WORK?"
"HAS SHE FINISHED PAINTING THE ROOM?"
PREGUNTAS - WH
PREGUNTAS -WH ACERCA DEL SUJETO

[PALABRA-WH+ HAVE/HAS +...PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]]
EJEMPLO:
"WHO'S JUST EATEN THE CANDY?"
PREGUNTAS - WH ACERCA DEL RESTO DE LA ORACION
[PALABRA-WH + HAVE/HAS + SUJETO +...PAST PARTICIPLE (V3)]|

EJEMPLOS:
"WHERE HAS HE PUT MY COAT?"
"WHAT HAVE YOU DONE WITH THE MONEY?"
40
NOTA: EN PREGUNTAS, JUST Y ALREADY POR LO GENERAL VAN ANTES DEL PARTICIPIO PASADO [V3]; YET
Y LAS FRASES CON FOR Y SINCE POR LO GENERAL VAN AL FINAL DE LA ORACIN.
CONTRASTE CON OTROS TIEMPOS:
USO:
UTILIZAMOS EL PRESENTE PERFECTO PARA HABLAR SOBRE ACCIONES O HECHOS QUE OCURRIERON DURANTE UN
PERODO QUE DE ALGUNA FORMA INCLUYE EL PRESENTE O VA CONECTADO A ESTE, CUANDO NO SE SABE EL
MOMENTO EXACTO.
EJEMPLO:
"PETER PARKER HAS WRITTEN FIVE BOOKS."
EL "PERODO" DE ESTA ORACIN ES LA VIDA DE PARKER. AL UTILIZAR EL PRESENTE PERFECTO SE SEALA QUE AN
EST VIVO Y SIGUE ESCRIBIENDO LIBROS.
PERO -
"JOHN CRAIG WROTE FIVE BOOKS."
EL "PERODO" HA FINALIZADO, PROBABLEMENTE PORQUE CRAIG MURI.
TAMBIN UTILIZAMOS EL PRETRITO PERFECTO PARA HABLAR SOBRE ACCIONES O HECHOS RECIENTES QUE SON
"NUEVOS" PARA EL OYENTE, A MENUDO CON LOS ADVERBIOS JUST Y ALREADY Y YET EN ORACIONES NEGATIVAS Y
PREGUNTAS.
EJEMPLOS:
"THE RESULTS HAVE JUST COME IN; AND HERE THEY ARE..."
"I DON'T WANT TO GO TO THAT MOVIE: I'VE ALREADY SEEN IT."
"HAVE YOU TYPED THAT LETTER YET?"
NOTA: EN INGLS AMERICANO SE UTILIZA CON FRECUENCIA EL PRETRITO SIMPLE:
"THE ELECTION RESULTS JUST CAME IN: HERE THEY ARE..."
"I DON'T WANT TO GO TO THAT MOVIE; I ALREADY SAW IT."
"DID YOU TYPE THAT LETTER YET?"
UTILIZAMOS EL PRESENTE PERFECTO CON CIERTAS EXPRESIONES:
FOR O SINCE
PODEMOS UTILIZAR FOR O SINCE AL COMIENZO DE LA EXPRESIN DE TIEMPO. SI DECIMOS CUNTO DURA LA
ACCIN O EL ESTADO UTILIZAMOS FOR:
"...FOR TEN MINUTES.", "...FOR TWENTY YEARS."
"...FOR TWO CENTURIES.", "...FOR A VERY LONG TIME." ETC.
SI DECIMOS CUNDO COMENZ LA ACCIN O ESTADO, UTILIZAMOS SINCE, SEGUIDO DEL TIEMPO O ALGUNA OTRA
EXPRESIN QUE INDIQUE EL TIEMPO:
"...SINCE 2 O'CLOCK.", "...SINCE LAST MONDAY."

"...SINCE 1975.", "...SINCE THE END OF THE WAR."
"SINCE I WAS A BABY." ETC.
41
HOW LONG
PARA SABER LA DURACIN DE UNA ACTIVIDAD O ESTADO COMENZAMOS UNA PREGUNTA CON HOW LONG:
EJEMPLOS:
"HOW LONG HAVE YOU HAD THAT SWEATER?"
"ABOUT SIX MONTHS."
"HOW LONG HAVE YOU BEEN AN ACTOR?"
"SINCE I LEFT SCHOOL."
EVER
SI QUEREMOS SABER SI ALGO HA OCURRIDO, PERO NO CUNDO, A MENUDO COLOCAMOS EL ADVERBIO EVER ANTES
DEL VERBO EN LA PREGUNTA.
EXAMPLES:
"HAVE YOU EVER EATEN OCTOPUS?"
"YES, I HAVE."
"HAVE YOU EVER BEEN IN AN ACCIDENT?"
"NO, I HAVEN'T."
JUST, ALREADY O YET
JUST (=HACE POCO TIEMPO), ALREADY (=ANTES DE AHORA)
Y YET (ANTES/ HASTA AHORA) SE UTILIZAN CON ORACIONES EN PRESENTE PERFECTO QUE HABLAN SOBRE ACCIONES O
HECHOS RECIENTES ("NOTICIAS"). JUST Y ALREADY POR LO GENERAL VAN INMEDIATAMENTE ANTES DE LA TERCERA
FORMA DEL VERBO Y YET A MENUDO SE UTILIZA AL FINAL DE UNA ORACIN NEGATIVA O UNA PREGUNTA.
EJEMPLOS:
"I HAVE ALREADY SEEN THAT MOVIE. LET'S STAY HOME!"
"BUT I HAVEN'T SEEN IT YET!"
"HERE WE ARE AT THE INDY 500 WITH MIKE RHODES. MIKE, HAVE YOU EVER DRIVEN IN AN INDY RACE?"
"NO, I HAVEN'T. BUT I'VE BEEN A RACE DRIVER IN EUROPE FOR TEN YEARS."
"WELL, GOOD LUCK TO YOU!"
PRESENTE PERFECTO PROGRESIVO
USO:
SE UTILIZA PARA HABLAR SOBRE UNA ACCIN CONTINUA O REPETIDA QUE COMENZ EN EL PASADO Y CONTINA
HASTA EL PRESENTE, O QUE CONCLUY HACE MUY POCO TIEMPO Y AN TIENE UN EFECTO. NORMALMENTE NO
UTILIZAMOS EL PRESENTE PERFECTO PROGRESIVO CON VERBOS DE ESTADO (TO HAVE RED HAIR TO BE
APPY/ILL/TIRED, TO KNOW THE ANSWER, ETC.).
EJEMPLOS:
"BETTY AND JOE HAVE BEEN WORKING ALL NIGHT: THEY'RE EXHAUSTED!"
"TED, I'VE BEEN TELLING YOU TO MAKE YOUR BED FOR TWO HOURS!"
FORMA:
AFIRMATIVO
[SUJETO + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + VERBO+ING ]
42
EJEMPLOS:
"I'VE BEEN SITTING HERE FOR AN HOUR."
"SHE'S BEEN HIDING IN THE GARAGE."
NEGATIVO
[SUJETO + HAS/HAVE + NOT + BEEN + VERBO+ING...]
HASN'T/HAVEN'T
EXAMPLES:
"YOU HAVE NOT (HAVEN'T) BEEN WORKING ALL WEEK."
"HE HAS NOT (HASN'T) BEEN LIVING HERE VERY LONG."
NOTA: LAS EXPRESIONES FOR Y SINCE SE UTILIZAN CON EL PRESENTE PERFECTO PROGRESIVO IGUAL QUE CON EL
PRESENTE PERFECTO SIMPLE.
EJEMPLOS:
"THEY HAVE BEEN STUDYING FRENCH FOR THREE YEARS."
"SHE HAS BEEN LIVING HERE SINCE 1987."
PRESENTE PERFECTO:
CONTRASTE CON OTROS TIEMPOS
USO:
A DIFERENCIA DEL PRESENTE PERFECTO, EL PRETRITO SIMPLE O EL PRETRITO PROGRESIVO SE UTILIZAN PARA HABLAR
SOBRE UNA ACCIN O HECHO QUE OCURRI DURANTE UN PERODO QUE NO INCLUYE EL PRESENTE.
EJEMPLOS:
"HAVE YOU SEEN PAT THIS WEEK?"
"NO, BUT I SAW HER LAST WEEK."
"HAVE YOU TALKED TO SHARON?"
"NO. I HAVEN'T TALKED TO HER SINCE SHE CAME BACK FROM FRANCE."
A VECES, UNA CONVERSACIN COMIENZA EN PRESENTE PERFECTO Y SIGUE EN PRETRITO SIMPLE: CUANDO LA
PRIMERA PREGUNTA ["HAVE YOU EVER...?" O "HOW LONG HAVE YOU...?"] CUBRE UN LARGO PERODO
(INCLUYENDO EL PRESENTE) MIENTRAS QUE EL RESTO DE LA CONVERSACIN TRATA DE UNA ACCIN O HECHO EN
PARTICULAR PASADOS.
EJEMPLOS:
"HAVE YOU EVER BEEN TO NEW YORK?"
"YES, I HAVE. I WENT IN 1989. I LOVED IT."
"HOW LONG HAVE YOU HAD THAT CAR?"
"WE'VE HAD IT FOR FIVE YEARS."
"HOW MUCH DID YOU PAY FOR IT?"
"NOT MUCH, BUT WE HAD TO DO A LOT OF WORK ON IT..."
REVIEW
PRESENT PERFECT
USE:
HABLAR SOBRE ACCIONES O ESTADOS QUE COMENZARON EN EL PASADO Y DE ALGUNA FORMA SE CONECTAN CON EL
PRESENTE. EL PRESENTE PERFECTO A
43
MENUDO SE UTILIZA CON EXPRESIONES QUE COMIENZAN CON FOR O SINCE PARA HABLAR DE ACCIONES O ESTADOS
QUE COMENZARON EN EL PASADO Y SIGUEN VIGENTES EN EL MOMENTO ACTUAL. TAMBIN SE UTILIZA CON LOS
ADVERBIOS JUST, ALREADY Y YET PARA HABLAR DE ACCIONES O HECHOS QUE SUCEDIERON EN UN MOMENTO
INDEFINIDO DEL PASADO. EL PRESENTE PERFECTO SE UTILIZA ADEMS PARA HABLAR SOBRE ACCIONES O HECHOS
RECIENTES ("NOTICIAS").
EXAMPLES:
"HI, KARLA! I HAVEN'T SEEN YOU LATELY. WHERE HAVE YOU BEEN?"
"I'VE BEEN REALLY BUSY. I'VE BEEN PLAYING WITH A BAND CALLED "WILD THING." HAVE YOU HEARD OF US?"
"NO, I HAVEN'T."
"WELL, COME AND SEE US ON SATURDAY NIGHT!"
FORM:
AFFIRMATIVE
SIMPLE:
[SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + (JUST/ALREADY) + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3] + (FOR/SINCE...)]
PROGRESSIVE:
[SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + (JUST/ALREADY) + BEEN + VERB + ING + (FOR/SINCE...)]
EXAMPLES:
"THEY'VE LIVED HERE FOR TWO YEARS."
"SHE'S BEEN HERE SINCE 4 P.M."
"I'VE ALREADY SWEPT THE FLOOR."
"THEY'VE BEEN WORKING ALL NIGHT."
NEGATIVE
SIMPLE:
[SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS NOT / HAVEN'T/HASN'T + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]...]
PROGRESSIVE:
[SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS NOT / HAVEN'T/HASN'T + BEEN + VERB + ING...]
EXAMPLES:
"WE HAVEN'T MET HER YET."
"HE HASN'T MADE A SOUND."
"YOU HAVEN'T BEEN DOING YOUR HOMEWORK."
YES/NO QUESTIONS
SIMPLE:
[HAVE/HAS + SUBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]...?]
44
PROGRESSIVE:
[HAVE/HAS + SUBJECT + BEEN + VERB + ING...?]
EXAMPLES:
"HAVE YOU FINISHED YOUR WORK YET?"
"HAS PETER COME HOME YET?"
"HAVE THEY BEEN LIVING HERE LONG?"
WH-QUESTIONS
WH-QUESTIONS ABOUT THE SUBJECT
SIMPLE:
[WH-WORD + HAVE/HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE[V3]...]
PROGRESSIVE:
[WH-WORD + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + VERB + ING]
EXAMPLES:
"WHO'S EATEN ALL THE CANDY?"
"WHO'S BEEN SLEEPING IN MY BED?"
WH-QUESTIONS ABOUT THE REST OF THE SENTENCE
SIMPLE:
[WH-WORD + HAVE/HAS + SUBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE[V3]...]
PROGRESSIVE:
[WH-WORD + HAVE/HAS + SUBJECT + BEEN + VERB + ING]
EXAMPLES:
"WHERE HAS HE PUT MY COAT?"
"WHY HAVE YOU DONE THAT?"
"WHAT HAVE YOU BEEN DOING?"
TIME EXPRESSIONS
FOR O SINCE SE UTILIZAN AL INICIO DE UNA EXPRESIN DE TIEMPO. PARA DECIR CUNTO DUR LA ACCIN O EL
ESTADO, UTILIZAMOS FOR:"...FOR TEN MINUTES." "...FOR TWENTY YEARS." "...FOR TWO CENTURIES." "...FOR A
VERY LONG TIME." ETC.
PARA DECIR CUNDO COMENZ LA ACCIN O EL ESTADO, UTILIZAMOS SINCE,:

"...SINCE 2 O'CLOCK." "...SINCE LAST MONDAY." "...SINCE 1975." "...SINCE THE END OF THE WAR."
45
HOW LONG SE UTILIZA PARA COMENZAR UNA PREGUNTA SOBRE DURACIN.
EXAMPLES:
" HOW LONG HAVE YOU HAD THAT SWEATER?"
"ABOUT SIX MONTHS."
"HOW LONG HAVE YOU BEEN LIVING HERE?"

"FOR TWO YEARS."EVER
SE UTILIZA ANTES DEL VERBO PARA PREGUNTAR SI ALGO

ACONTECI, PERO NO CUNDO.
EXAMPLE:
" HAVE YOU EVER EATEN OCTOPUS?"
"YES, I HAVE."
JUST, ALREADY Y YET SE UTILIZAN PARA HABLAR SOBRE ACCIONES O HECHOS SUCEDIDOS EN UN MOMENTO
INDEFINIDO DEL PASADO, O ACCIONES O HECHOS RECIENTES ("NOTICIAS"). JUST (=HACE POCO TIEMPO) Y ALREADY
(=ANTES DE AHORA) POR LO GENERAL VAN INMEDIATAMENTE ANTES DEL PARTICIPIO PASADO [V3] Y YET
(ANTES/HASTA AHORA) A MENUDO SE UTILIZA AL FINAL DE UNA ORACIN O PREGUNTA NEGATIVA.
EXAMPLES:
"I HAVE ALREADY SEEN THAT MOVIE. LET'S STAY HOME!"
"BUT I HAVEN'T SEEN IT YET!"
PAST PERFECT
PASADO PERFECTO: SIMPLE
USO:
SE UTILIZA PARA ENFATIZAR QUE UN HECHO ACONTECI ANTES QUE OTRO (CONECTADO MEDIANTE CONJUNCIONES
COMO WHEN Y BEFORE) O EN EL MODO INDIRECTO, CUANDO EL "VERBO INFORMANTE" EST EN PRETRITO Y LA
AFIRMACIN O IDEA "ORIGINAL" ESTABA EN PRETRITO O PRESENTE PERFECTO.
TAMBIN UTILIZAMOS EL PRETRITO PERFECTO PARA INTERRUMPIR UN RELATO (EN PASADO) CON UNA REFERENCIA A
ALGN MOMENTO ANTERIOR (ANTES DE QUE EMPEZARA EL RELATO):
EJEMPLO:
"I WENT HOME. I WAS VERY TIRED AND I WANTED MY SUPPER. BUT WHEN I ARRIVED I COULDN'T GET INTO MY
HOUSE BECAUSE I HAD LEFT THE KEY IN MY OFFICE!"
FORMA:
AFIRMATIVO
46
[SUJETO + HAD... + PAST PARTICIPLE.[V3]..]
HAD NOT/HADN'T
EJEMPLOS:
"SHE HAD JUST ARRIVED WHEN HE CAME IN."

"WE HAD ALREADY EATEN BY THE TIME SHE ARRIVED."
"THE OPERA HAD JUST BEGUN WHEN WE ARRIVED."
"I HAD NEVER BEEN IN LOVE UNTIL I MET YOU!"
VOZ REPORTADA
[TIEMPO PASADO + (THAT) + PASADO PERFECTO]

EJEMPLOS:
"I THOUGHT (THAT) YOU HAD ALREADY SEEN THIS."
"SHE SAID (THAT) SHE HAD NEVER MET ME BEFORE."
PERFECTO PASADO: PROGRESIVO
USO:
SE UTILIZA PARA HABLAR DE ACCIONES O ESTADOS CONTINUOS QUE CONTINUARON HASTA UN DETERMINADO
MOMENTO DEL PASADO.
FORMA:
[SUJETO + HAD/HAD NOT + BEEN + VERBO+ING...]
(HADN'T)
EJEMPLOS:
"I'D BEEN WAITING FOR AN HOUR WHEN THE TRAIN PULLED IN."
"HE HADN'T BEEN STUDYING MUCH UNTIL HE FAILED HIS FIRST EXAM."
DESCRIBIENDO DOS EVENTOS:
"THEY'D BEEN WAITING FOR TWO HOURS WHEN THE BUS FINALLY ARRIVED."
USO DE FOR Y SINCE
SI QUEREMOS DECIR CUNTO TIEMPO DUR LA ACCIN O EL ESTADO, GENERALMENTE UTILIZAMOS FOR AL
PRINCIPIO DE LA "EXPRESIN DE TIEMPO":
"...FOR TEN MINUTES."

"...FOR TWENTY YEARS."
"...FOR TWO CENTURIES."
"...FOR A VERY LONG TIME." ETC.
SI QUEREMOS DECIR CUNDO COMENZ LA ACCIN O EL ESTADO, UTILIZAMOS SINCE, SEGUIDO DEL TIEMPO O DE
OTRA EXPRESIN QUE INDIQUE EL TIEMPO:
"...SINCE TWO O'CLOCK."

"...SINCE LAST MONDAY."
"...SINCE 1975."
"...SINCE THE END OF THE WAR."
"...SINCE I WAS A BABY." ETC.
47
EJEMPLO:
THE TWO SCIENTISTS HAD BEEN WORKING FOR FIFTY YEARS (SINCE 1945) WHEN THEY FINALLY DISCOVERED THE
YOUTH DRUG.
REVIEW
PASADO PERFECTO
USO:
SE UTILIZA PARA ENFATIZAR LA DIFERENCIA TEMPORAL ENTRE DOS ESTADOS, ACCIONES O HECHOS EN EL PASADO QUE
SE MENCIONAN EN LA MISMA ORACIN. POR LO GENERAL EMPLEAMOS EL PRETRITO PERFECTO SI QUEREMOS
ENFATIZAR
QUE UN HECHO O ESTADO ACONTECI ANTES QUE OTRO.
EJEMPLO:
"I WAS REALLY SURPRISED WHEN I MET FRED AT JILL'S PARTY LAST WEEK. I HADN'T SEEN HIM FOR FIVE YEARS, AND
HE LOOKED REALLY DIFFERENT. I ASKED HIM WHAT HE'D BEEN DOING SINCE WE LEFT SCHOOL, BUT HE DIDN'T TELL
ME. THEN SOMEBODY TOLD ME HE'D BEEN IN PRISON..."
PASADO PERFECTO SIMPLE
USO:
SE UTILIZA PARA ENFATIZAR QUE UN HECHO ACONTECI ANTES QUE OTRO (CONECTADO MEDIANTE CONJUNCIONES
COMO WHEN Y BEFORE) O EN EL MODO INDIRECTO, CUANDO EL "VERBO INFORMANTE" EST EN PASADO Y LA
AFIRMACIN O IDEA "ORIGINAL" ESTABA EN PRETRITO, PRESENTE PERFECTO O PRETRITO PERFECTO.
FORMA:
AFIRMATIVO
[SUJETO + HAD (+ADVERBIO) + PAST PARTICIPLE[V3]...]

HAD NOT/HADN'T
EJEMPLOS:
"SHE HAD JUST ARRIVED WHEN HE CAME IN."
"WE HAD ALREADY EATEN BY THE TIME THEY ARRIVED."
"THE OPERA HAD JUST BEGUN WHEN WE ARRIVED."
"I HAD NEVER BEEN IN LOVE UNTIL I MET YOU!"
VOZ REPORTADA
[TIEMPO PASADO + (THAT) + PASADO PERFECTO]

EJEMPLOS:
"I THOUGHT (THAT) YOU'D ALREADY SEEN THIS."
"SHE SAID (THAT) SHE'D NEVER MET ME BEFORE."
PASADO PERFECTO PROGRESIVO
USO:
SE UTILIZA PARA HABLAR DE ACCIONES O ESTADOS CONTINUOS QUE CONTINUAN HASTA UN MOMENTO DADO DEL
PASADO.
FORMA:
[SUJETO + HAD/HAD NOT + BEEN + VERB + ING...](HADN'T)
EJEMPLOS:
"I'D BEEN WAITING FOR AN HOUR WHEN THE TRAIN PULLED IN."
48
"HE HADN'T BEEN STUDYING MUCH UNTIL HE FAILED HIS FIRST EXAM."
"THEY'D BEEN WAITING FOR TWO HOURS WHEN THE BUS FINALLY ARRIVED."
PARTS OF SPEECH 1
NOUNS
SUSTANTIVOS: SINGULAR/PLURAL
USO:
INDICAR DOS O MS UNIDADES DEL MISMO OBJETO.
FORMA:
AADIR UNA "S" AL SUSTANTIVO.
A DOLLAR MANY GUITARS

A GUITAR TWO DOLLAR
MUCHOS SUSTANTIVOS CAMBIAN SU ORTOGRAFA AL HACER EL PLURAL.
CUANDO UN SUSTANTIVO TERMINA EN "S", "SS", "X", "SH" O "CH", AADIR "ES".
A WATCH WATCHES
NOTA: "ES" SE PRONUNCIA "EZ"
CUANDO UN SUSTANTIVO ACABA EN CONSONANTE + "Y" CAMBIAR LA "Y" POR "I" Y AADIR "ES".
A BABY
BABIES
CUANDO UN SUSTANTIVO TERMINA EN "O", A VECES AADIR "ES".
A POTATO
POTATOES
PERO
A RADIO
RADIOS
CUANDO UN SUSTANTIVO ACABA EN "F" O "FE", CAMBIAR LA "F" POR "V" Y AADIR "ES" O "S".A SHELF SHELVES
A VECES LA FORMA PLURAL DEL SUSTANTIVO PARECE TOTALMENTE DISTINTA:
A FOOT / FEET
A WOMAN / WOMEN
A MAN / MEN
A MOUSE / MICE
A PERSON / PEOPLE
A CHILD / CHILDREN
SUSTANTIVOS: POSESIVO
USO:
MOSTRAR A QUIN O A QU PERTENECE UNA COSA.
49
FORMA:
AADIR " 'S " AL NOMBRE DE LA PERSONA, LUGAR O COSA A LA QUE PERTENECE EL SUSTANTIVO. EN LOS
SUSTANTIVOS EN PLURAL, COLOCAR EL " ' " DESPUS DE LA "S".
EJEMPLOS:
"THE BOY'S PIZZA."
(LA PIZZA PERTENECE AL NIO.)
"THE BOYS' PIZZA."
(LA PIZZA PERTENECE A LOS NIOS.)
ARTICULOS
USO:
"A" Y "AN" SE UTILIZAN CON TODOS LOS SUSTANTIVOS CONTABLES EN SINGULAR.
"THE" SE UTILIZA PARA REFERIRSE A UN SUSTANTIVO ESPECFICO, SINGULAR O PLURAL.
FORMA:
CON LAS PALABRAS QUE COMIENZAN POR CONSONANTE SE UTILIZA LA FORMA "A". LAS PALABRAS QUE COMIENZAN
POR VOCAL UTILIZAN LA FORMA "AN".
EJEMPLOS:
"GIVE ME A SANDWICH PLEASE."
(SANDWICH ES SINGULAR Y PUEDE CONTARSE.)
"THIS IS A DOG."
(DOG COMIENZA POR "D", UNA CONSONANTE.)
"THIS IS AN ORANGE."
(ORANGE COMIENZA POR "O", UNA VOCAL.)
"I WANT THE ENGLISH BOOK."
"I WANT THE ENGLISH BOOKS."
("THE" SE UTILIZA IGUALMENTE CON SUSTANTIVOS EN PLURAL O EN SINGULAR.)
"I WANT WATER, PLEASE."
"I WANT THE WATER, PLEASE."
(WATER NO PUEDE CONTARSE, POR TANTO SOLO PUEDE UTILIZARSE "THE" Y NO "A".)
THERE IS / THERE ARE
USO:
INDICAR QUE ALGO EXISTE O EST PRESENTE.
FORMA:
SINGULAR: [THERE IS + RESTO DE LA ORACIN]
PLURAL: [THERE ARE + RESTO DE LA ORACIN]
INTERROGACIONES: [IS/ARE THERE + RESTO DE LA ORACIN]
EJEMPLOS:
"ARE THERE ANY COOKIES LEFT?"
"THERE IS ONE MORE LEFT."
THIS/THAT THESE/THOSE
USO:
INDICAR OBJETOS ESPECFICOS.
50
FORMA:
"THIS"/"THAT"
SE UTILIZAN CON SUSTANTIVOS EN SINGULAR
"THESE"/"THOSE"
SE UTILIZAN CON SUSTANTIVOS EN PLURAL
"THIS"/"THESE"
SE EMPLEAN CON SUSTANTIVOS CERCANOS AL HABLANTE
"THAT"/"THOSE"
SE EMPLEAN CON SUSTANTIVOS QUE NO ESTN CERCA DEL HABLANTE
EJEMPLOS:
"IS THIS YOUR HAT?"
(UN SOMBRERO ESPECFICO CERCANO A LA PERSONA QUE HABLA.)
"NO, THAT IS MY HAT."
(UN SOMBRERO ESPECFICO QUE EST UN POCO MS LEJOS.)
"ARE THESE YOUR GLOVES?"
(GUANTES ESPECFICOS QUE ESTN CERCA.)
"NO, THOSE ARE MY GLOVES."
(GUANTES ESPECFICOS QUE ESTN MS LEJOS.)
"I'M GOING TO VISIT FRIENDS THIS FRIDAY."
(EL VIERNES ESPECFICO, MS CERCANO EN EL TIEMPO.)
REVIEW
NOUNS
USE:
LOS SUSTANTIVOS SON NOMBRES PROPIOS, DE LUGARES Y COSAS.
EXAMPLE:
"THESE MEN BUY THEIR WATCHES IN NEW YORK."
MEN (PERSONA)
WATCHES (COSA)
NEW YORK (LUGAR)
SINGULAR/PLURAL
USE:
PARA FORMAR EL PLURAL DE UN SUSTANTIVO.
FORM:
AADIR UNA "S" AL SUSTANTIVO.
A DOLLAR
TWO DOLLARS
MUCHOS SUSTANTIVOS CAMBIAN SU ORTOGRAFA AL FORMAR EL PLURAL.
51
CUANDO UN SUSTANTIVO TERMINA EN "S", "SS", "X", "SH"
O "CH", AADIR "ES". A WATCH/WATCHES
CUANDO UN SUSTANTIVO ACABA EN CONSONANTE + "Y",CAMBIAR LA "Y" POR "I" Y AADIR "ES": A BABY/BABIES
CUANDO UN SUSTANTIVO TERMINA EN "O",
A VECES AADIR "ES"
A POTATO/POTATOES
BUT:
LA "F" A "V" Y AADIR "ES" O "S":A SHELF/SHELVES
SOMETIMES THE NOUN PLURAL LOOKS COMPLETELY DIFFERENT.
FOOT / FEET
A WOMAN / WOMEN
A MAN / MEN
A MOUSE / MICE
A PERSON / PEOPLE
A CHILD / CHILDREN
POSSESSIVE
USO: PARA MOSTRAR A QUIN O A QU PERTENECE
UNA COSA O LA RELACIN ENTRE PERSONAS.
FORMA: AADIR " 'S " AL NOMBRE DE LA PERSONA O COSA

A LA QUE PERTENECE EL SUSTANTIVO.
EN EL CASO DE SUSTANTIVOS EN PLURAL COLOCAR
EL " ' " DESPUS DE LA "S".
EXAMPLE:
"THE BOY'S PIZZA. THE BOYS' PIZZA."

"THE BOY'S PIZZA. THE BOYS' PIZZA."
NOUNS AND QUANTIFIERS
SUSTANTIVOS Y CUANTIFICADORES:
SUSTANTIVOS CONTABLES/INCONTABLES
USO:
LOS CUANTIFICADORES SON PALABRAS O FRASES QUE INDICAN EL NMERO O LA CANTIDAD DE UN
OBJETO. ALGUNOS CUANTIFICADORES SE EMPLEAN TANTO CON SUSTANTIVOS CONTABLES COMO CON INCONTABLES.
OTROS SLO SE UTILIZAN CON SUSTANTIVOS CONTABLES O INCONTABLES, PERO NO CON AMBOS.
USADOS CON AMBOS SUSTANTIVOS CONTABLES E INCONTABLES:
SOME (DICHOS):
"THERE ARE SOME BOOKS ON THE SHELF." (CONTABLE)

"THERE IS SOME FRUIT ON THE TABLE." (INCONTABLE)
52
ANY (FRASES NEGATIVAS Y PREGUNTAS):
"ARE THERE ANY GIRLS IN YOUR CLASS?" (CONTABLE)

"THERE AREN'T ANY ONIONS IN THE SALAD." (CONTABLE)
"IS THERE ANY BUTTER?" (INCONTABLE)
"THERE ISN'T ANY HOMEWORK TODAY." (INCONTABLE)
A LOT OF:
"THERE ARE A LOT OF RED APPLES." (CONTABLE)

"THERE IS A LOT OF NOISE IN HERE." (INCONTABLE)
USADAS CON SUSTANTIVOS CONTABLES SOLAMENTE:
MANY
"I HAVEN'T GOT MANY FRIENDS."

"HOW MANY CHAIRS ARE IN THAT CLASSROOM?"
A FEW
"HE HAS A FEW BOOKS."

USADAS CON SUSTANTIVOS INCONTABLES SOLAMENTE:
MUCH
"I HAVEN'T GOT MUCH TIME."

"HOW MUCH MILK DO YOU WANT?"
A LITTLE
"I ONLY WANT A LITTLE JUICE."

NOUNS AND QUANTIFIERS:
COUNT NOUNS AND QUANTIFIERS
USE:
QUANTIFIERS ARE WORDS OR PHRASES WHICH SHOW THE NUMBER OR AMOUNT OF AN OBJECT. SOME QUANTIFIERS
ARE USED WITH BOTH COUNT AND NON-COUNT NOUNS. SOME OTHER QUANTIFIERS ARE USED ONLY WITH EITHER
NON-COUNT NOUNS OR COUNTNOUNS, BUT NOT WITH BOTH.
SOME (STATEMENTS):
"THERE ARE SOME BOOKS ON THE SHELF."
ANY (QUESTIONS AND NEGATIVE SENTENCES):
"ARE THERE ANY GIRLS IN YOUR CLASS?"

"THERE AREN'T ANY ONIONS IN THE SALAD."
A LOT OF
"THERE ARE A LOT OF RED APPLES."

MANY
"I HAVEN'T GOT MANY FRIENDS."

"HOW MANY CHAIRS ARE IN THAT CLASSROOM?"
53
A FEW
"HE HAS A FEW BOOKS."
EXAMPLE:
"ARE THERE ANY SMALL NAILS DOWN THERE, HARRY?"
"SORRY, THERE AREN'T ANY, BUT I HAVE SOME BIG NAILS.
IS THAT OK?"
SUSTANTIVOS Y QUANTIFICADORES:
SUSTANTIVOS INCONTABLES Y CUANTIFICADORES
USO:
LOS CUANTIFICADORES SON PALABRAS O FRASES
QUE INDICAN EL NMERO O LA CANTIDAD DE
UN OBJETO. ALGUNOS CUANTIFICADORES SE EMPLEAN TANTO CON SUSTANTIVOS COMO CON INCONTABLES. OTROS
SOLO SE UTILIZAN
CON SUSTANTIVOS CONTABLES O INCONTABLES
PERO NO CON AMBOS.
RECUERDA: LOS SUSTANTIVOS INCONTABLES TOMAN SOLO LA
FORMA SINGULAR DEL VERBO!
SOME (ENUNCIADO):
"THERE IS SOME WATER IN YOUR GLASS."
ANY (PREGUNTAS Y SENTENCIAS NEGATIVE):
"IS THERE ANY MONEY IN THE HANDBAG?"

"THERE ISN'T ANY TIME LEFT."
A LOT OF
"THERE IS A LOT OF BUTTER ON YOUR BREAD."

MUCH
"I HAVEN'T GOT MUCH MONEY."

"HOW MUCH MILK DO YOU WANT?"
A LITTLE
"I ONLY WANT A LITTLE JUICE."

REVIEW
USE:
COUNT AND NON-COUNT NOUNS HAVE SPECIAL ARTICLES AND QUANTIFIERS.
COUNT NOUNS
THESE ARE THE NAMES OF OBJECTS, PEOPLE, IDEAS, ETC. WHICH WE CAN COUNT. COUNT NOUNS HAVE A SINGULAR
54
AND PLURAL FORM:
A DOG - DOGS THE MAN - MEN
WITH COUNT NOUNS, WE CAN USE A/AN, THE, AND NUMBERS.

A DOG - TWO DOGS THE BOY - THE BOYS
NON-COUNT NOUNS
THESE ARE THE NAMES OF MATERIALS, LIQUIDS, OR OTHER THINGS WHICH WE DO NOT SEE AS SEPARATE,COUNTABLE
OBJECTS:HEALTH, LOVE, NATURE, WATER, LIGHT, MUSIC, CHEESE, MONEY
NON-COUNT NOUNS ONLY HAVE A SINGULAR FORM:

THE WATER IS COLD.
WITH NON-COUNT NOUNS, WE CANNOT USE A/AN OR NUMBERS. WE CAN USE THE AND OTHER QUANTIFIERS:
"THE MUSIC IS TOO LOUD."
"WE HAVE SOME CHEESE."
"HOW MUCH MONEY DO YOU HAVE?"
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
USE:
COUNT AND NON-COUNT NOUNS HAVE SPECIAL ARTICLES AND QUANTIFIERS.
COUNT NOUNS
THESE ARE THE NAMES OF OBJECTS, PEOPLE, IDEAS, ETC. WHICH WE CAN COUNT. COUNT NOUNS HAVE A SINGULAR
AND PLURAL FORM:
A DOG - DOGS THE MAN - MEN
WITH COUNT NOUNS, WE CAN USE A/AN, THE, AND NUMBERS.

A DOG - TWO DOGS THE BOY - THE BOYS
NON-COUNT NOUNS
THESE ARE THE NAMES OF MATERIALS, LIQUIDS, OR OTHER THINGS WHICH WE DO NOT SEE AS SEPARATE,COUNTABLE
OBJECTS:HEALTH, LOVE, NATURE, WATER, LIGHT, MUSIC, CHEESE, MONEY
NON-COUNT NOUNS ONLY HAVE A SINGULAR FORM:

THE WATER IS COLD.
55
WITH NON-COUNT NOUNS, WE CANNOT USE A/AN OR NUMBERS. WE CAN USE THE AND OTHER QUANTIFIERS:
"THE MUSIC IS TOO LOUD."
"WE HAVE SOME CHEESE."
"HOW MUCH MONEY DO YOU HAVE?"
COMPARACIN: COMPARATIVOS
USO:
COMPARAR UNA O MS PERSONA(S)/COSA(S)CON OTRAS PERSONAS/COSAS. .
FORMA:
[FORMA COMPARATIVA DE ADJETIVO + THAN]
JOHN IS OLDER THAN BART.
BETTY IS MORE BEAUTIFUL THAN BARBARA.
LA MAYORA DE ADJETIVOS AADEN LA TERMINACIN -ER:
LONG/LONGER, OLD/OLDER, TALL/TALLER

LOS ADJETIVOS QUE ACABAN EN -E TOMAN LA TERMINACIN -R:
NICE/NICER, LATE/LATER
LOS ADJETIVOS QUE ACABAN EN VOCAL + CONSONANTE
DUPLICAN LA CONSONANTE:
FAT/FATTER, BIG/BIGGER, HOT/HOTTER

EN LOS ADJETIVOS QUE ACABAN EN Y, ELIMINAR LA Y; AADIR LA TERMINACIN -IER:
HAPPY/HAPPIER, EASY/EASIER
LA MAYORA DE LOS ADJETIVOS DE DOS O MS SLABAS

FORMAN EL COMPARATIVO CON MORE:
INTELLIGENT - MORE INTELLIGENT

BEAUTIFUL - MORE BEAUTIFUL
LOS ADJETIVOS "GOOD" Y "BAD" TIENEN UNA FORMA COMPARATIVA IRREGULAR:
GOOD - BETTER
BAD - WORSE
EJEMPLOS:
TODD: "SAMURAI SAM IS WINNING. HE'S STRONGER THAN VIKING VICK."
COMPARACIN: SUPERLATIVOS
USO:
COMPARAR UNA O MS PERSONAS O COSAS CON
UN GRUPO.
56
FORMA:
[THE + FORMA SUPERLATIVA DE ADJETIVO]
JOHN IS THE TALLEST BOY IN THE CLASS.

THEY ARE THE MOST BEAUTIFUL SHOES IN THE STORE.
LA MAYORA DE LOS ADJETIVOS ADQUIEREN LA TERMINACIN -EST: LONG/LONGEST, OLD/OLDEST
LOS ADJETIVOS QUE ACABAN EN -E TOMAN -ST: NICE/NICEST, LATE/LATEST
LOS ADJECTIVES QUE TERMINAN EN UNA VOCAL + CONSONANTE DUPLICAN LA CONSONANTE: FAT/FATTEST,
BIG/BIGGEST, HOT/HOTTEST
LOS ADJETIVOS QUE ACABAN EN Y ELIMINAN LA Y; AADEN LA TERMINACIN -IEST:
HAPPY/HAPPIEST, EASY/EASIEST
LA MAYORA DE LOS ADJETIVOS DE DOS O MS SLABAS
FORMAN EL SUPERLATIVO CON MOST:

HONEST - MOST HONEST
BEAUTIFUL - MOST BEAUTIFUL
THE ADJECTIVES "GOOD" AND "BAD" HAVE AN IRREGULAR SUPERLATIVE FORM:
GOOD - BEST
BAD - WORST
EJEMPLOS:
"COME TO MAD MO'S. WE HAVE THE CHEAPEST,
THE BIGGEST, THE MOST TERRIFIC STORE IN NEW YORK! WE ARE THE BEST!"
REVIEW
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
USE:
TO COMPARE TWO PERSONS OR THINGS.
EQUALITY
FORM:
AFFIRMATIVE: [AS + ADJECTIVE + AS]
BOB IS AS TALL AS MARTY.
NEGATIVE: [NOT AS + ADJECTIVE + AS]

HER HAIR IS NOT AS LONG AS MINE.
COMPARATIVES
FORM:
[COMPARATIVE FORM OF ADJECTIVE + THAN]
JOHN IS OLDER THAN BART.
BETTY IS MORE BEAUTIFUL THAN BARBARA.
57
NOTE:
MOST ADJECTIVES TAKE -ER:
LONG/LONGER, OLD/OLDER, TALL/TALLER
ADJECTIVES ENDING IN -E TAKE -R:

NICE/NICER, LATE/LATER
ADJECTIVES ENDING IN VOWEL + CONSONANT DOUBLE THE CONSONANT:

FAT/FATTER, BIG/BIGGER, HOT/HOTTER
WITH ADJECTIVES ENDING IN Y, DROP THE Y AND ADD -IER:

HAPPY/HAPPIER, EASY/EASIER
WITH MOST TWO-SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES AND LONGER ADJECTIVES THE COMPARATIVE IS FORMED WITH MORE:
INTELLIGENT - MORE INTELLIGENT
BEAUTIFUL - MORE BEAUTIFUL
THE ADJECTIVES "GOOD" AND "BAD" HAVE AN IRREGULAR COMPARATIVE FORM:

GOOD - BETTER
BAD - WORSE
SUPERLATIVES
FORM:
[SUPERLATIVE FORM OF ADJECTIVE]
JOHN IS THE TALLEST BOY IN THE CLASS.
THEY ARE THE MOST BEAUTIFUL SHOES IN THE STORE.
NOTE:
MOST ADJECTIVES TAKE -EST:
LONG/LONGEST, OLD/OLDEST
ADJECTIVES ENDING IN -E TAKE -ST:

NICE/NICEST, LATE/LATEST
ADJECTIVES ENDING IN VOWEL + CONSONANT DOUBLE THE CONSONANT:

FAT/FATTEST, BIG/BIGGEST, HOT/HOTTEST
WITH ADJECTIVES ENDING IN Y, DROP THE Y AND ADD -IEST:

HAPPY/HAPPIEST, EASY/EASIEST
LONG ADJECTIVES FORM THE SUPERLATIVE WITH MOST:

INTELLIGENT - MOST INTELLIGENT
BEAUTIFUL - MOST BEAUTIFUL
58
THE ADJECTIVES "GOOD" AND "BAD" HAVE AN IRREGULAR SUPERLATIVE FORM:
GOOD - BEST
BAD WORST
PRONOUNS
PRONOMBRES: OBJETO
USO:
HACER REFERENCIA AL OBJETO DE UNA ORACIN EN LUGAR DE UTILIZAR UN NOMBRE PROPIO.
FORMA:
PARA REFERIRSE A PERSONAS: ME, YOU, HIM, HER, US, THEM
PARA REFERIRSE A COSAS: IT, THEM
EJEMPLOS:
"DO YOU KNOW HIM?"
"NO, BUT I KNOW HER; SHE'S MY BOSS!"
PRONOBRES: SUJETO
USE:
HACER REFERENCIA AL SUJETO DE UNA ORACIN EN LUGAR DE UTILIZAR NOMBRES PROPIOS.
FORMA:
PARA REFERIRSE A PERSONAS: I, YOU, HE, SHE, WE, THEY
PARA REFERIRSE A COSAS: IT, THEY
EJEMPLO:
"I AM MACK."
"SHE IS MATILDA."
"HE IS LITTLE SPIKE."
"WE ARE YOUR NEW NEIGHBORS."
PRONOBRES: POSESIVO
USO:
INDICAR PERTENENCIA SIN UTILIZAR EL NOMBRE DEL PROPIETARIO.
FORMA:
ADJETIVO
SEGUIDO SIEMPRE POR EL SUSTANTIVO AL CUAL DESCRIBE: MY, YOUR, HIS,
HER, ITS, OUR, THEIR
SUSTANTIVO
SIN EL SUSTANTIVO AL CUAL QUE DESCRIBE: MINE, YOURS, HIS, HERS, OURS, THEIRS
EJEMPLOS:
"IS IT YOUR TURN?"
"NO, IT'S HIS."
"IT'S NOT MY TURN, IT'S HERS."
REVIEW
PRONOUNS
USE:
59
HACER REFERENCIA A SUSTANTIVOS ESPECFICOS O GENERALES SIN UTILIZAR NOMBRES PROPIOS.
EXAMPLES:
"IS THIS YOUR BAG?"
"YES, IT'S MINE."
"GIVE IT TO ME PLEASE."
SUBJECT PRONOUNS
USE:
HACER REFERENCIA AL SUJETO DE UNA ORACIN EN LUGAR DE UTILIZAR NOMBRES PROPIOS.
PARA REFERIRSE A PERSONAS:I, YOU, HE, SHE, WE, THEY
PARA REFERIRSE A COSAS: IT, THEY
EXAMPLE:
"I AM MACK. SHE IS MATILDA."
OBJECT PRONOUNS
USE
HACER REFERENCIA AL OBJETO (DIRECTO E INDIRECTO) DE UNA ORACIN EN LUGAR DE UTILIZAR NOMBRES PROPIOS.
PARA REFERIRSE A PERSONAS: ME, YOU, HIM, HER, US, THEM
PARA REFERIRSE A COSAS: IT, THEM
EXAMPLE:
"DO YOU KNOW HIM?"
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
USE:
INDICAR LA PERTENENCIA SIN UTILIZAR LOS NOMBRES DE LOS PROPIETARIOS.
ADJECTIVE
SEGUIDO SIEMPRE POR EL SUSTANTIVO AL CUAL DESCRIBE:
MY, YOUR, HIS, HER, ITS, OUR, THEIR.
NOUN
SIN EL SUSTANTIVO AL CUAL DESCRIBE:
60
MINE, YOURS, HIS, HERS, OURS, THEIRS.
EXAMPLE:
"IS IT YOUR TURN?" "NO, IT'S HIS."
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
USE:
(A) PARA HABLAR SOBRE ACCIONES EN DONDE EL SUJETO Y EL OBJETO DEL VERBO SON LA MISMA PERSONA.
(B) PARA INDICAR "ESA PERSONA/COSA Y NADIE/NADA MS"
FORM:
SINGULAR PLURAL
MYSELF
OURSELVES
YOURSELF
YOURSELVES
HIMSELF
THEMSELVES
HERSELF
ITSELF
ONESELF
EXAMPLES:
"HOW DID YOU HURT YOURSELF?"
"I DECIDED TO TEACH MYSELF TO SKI."
"THE MANAGER SPOKE TO ME HIMSELF!"NOTA:
NORMALMENTE NO UTILIZAMOS PRONOMBRES REFLEXIVOS CON WASH, DRESS, HAVE, FEEL O DESPUS DE
PREPOSICIONES CUANDO ES EVIDENTE SOBRE QUIN ESTAMOS HABLANDO.
"I DON'T FEEL VERY WELL." (NOT "FEEL MYSELF")
OBSERVA LA IMPORTANTE DIFERENCIA EXISTENTE ENTRE LOS PRONOMBRES REFLEXIVOS Y LAS EXPRESIONES EACH
OTHER/ONE ANOTHER.
"MARY LOOKED AT TOM AND TOM LOOKED AT MARY."

= "MARY AND TOM LOOKED AT EACH OTHER/ONE ANOTHER."
61
COMPARE TO: "MARY AND TOM STOOD IN FRONT OF THE MIRROR AND LOOKED AT THEMSELVES."
LA EXPRESIN BY + PRONOMBRE REFLEXIVO (BY MYSELF, BY HIMSELF ETC.) SIGNIFICA "SOLO" O "SIN AYUDA".
"FRED LOVES COMPANY; HE HATES BEING BY HIMSELF."

"THE BABY CLIMBED THE STAIRS BY HERSELF."
EXAMPLES:
"BE CAREFUL WITH THAT RAZOR: YOU'LL CUT YOURSELF!"
"I MYSELF CHECKED THE FIGURES; I'M SURE THEY'RE RIGHT."
"SHARON LOOKED AT HERSELF IN THE MIRROR."
"NOBODY HELPED ME; I WROTE THE BOOK BY MYSELF."
ADVERBS
ADVERBIOS: FORMACION
LA MAYORA DE LOS ADVERBIOS SE FORMAN AADIENDO

-LY AL FINAL DE UN ADJETIVO:
CLEAR/CLEARLY, WONDERFUL/WONDERFULLY,
CLEVER/CLEVERLY, STUPID/STUPIDLY,
INTERESTING/INTERESTINGLY, CLOSE/CLOSELY,
DANGEROUS/DANGEROUSLY, BAD/BADLY.
SI UN ADJETIVO YA ACABA EN -LY (P. EJ. FRIENDLY, LONELY) NO PUEDE TRANSFORMARSE EN UN ADVERBIO. EN
ESTE CASO TENDREMOS QUE HACER UNA ORACIN ADVERBIAL.
EJEMPLOS:
"SHE SPOKE TO ME IN A FRIENDLY WAY."
"HE SAT THERE LOOKING LONELY."
EN ALGUNOS CASOS, EL ADVERBIO ES EXACTAMENTE IGUAL A SU ADJETIVO CORRESPONDIENTE: EARLY, LATE, FAST,
HARD, LEFT, RIGHT, WRONG, HIGH, LONG.
EJEMPLOS:
"I'M AFRAID THE TRAIN WILL LEAVE LATE."
"HE RUNS VERY FAST."
"WHY DO YOU WORK SO HARD?"
"TURN RIGHT AT THE NEXT CORNER!"
LA FORMA ADVERBIAL DEL ADJETIVO GOOD ES WELL.
"MICHAEL IS A VERY GOOD COOK. HE MAKES CAKES PARTICULARLY WELL."
ADVERBS AND ADJECTIVES: TOO AND ENOUGH
USE:
SE UTILIZAN PARA HABLAR DE ADJETIVOS O ADVERBIOS EN TRMINOS DE EXCESO (TOO), SUFICIENCIA (ENOUGH) O
INSUFICIENCIA (NOT... ENOUGH).
FORM + MEANING
[TOO + ADJETIVO O ADVERBIO] (=EXCESO)
62
EXAMPLES:
"THIS RESTAURANT IS TOO EXPENSIVE. I'M NOT COMING HERE AGAIN!"
"I'M TOO FAT; I MUST LOSE WEIGHT!"FORM + MEANING
[ADJETIVO O ADVERBIO + ENOUGH] (=SUFICIENCIA)
EXAMPLE:
"CAN YOU LIFT THAT CASE?"
"SURE, I'M STRONG ENOUGH."
FORM + MEANING
[NOT (-N'T) + ADJETIVO O ADVERBIO + ENOUGH] (=INSUFICIENCIA)
EXAMPLE:
"DON'T GO SKATING THERE; THE ICE ISN'T THICK ENOUGH!"
"WE LOST THE MATCH BECAUSE WE DIDN'T PLAY WELL
ENOUGH."
ADVERBIOS: COMPARACION
USO:
SE UTILIZA PARA COMPARAR A DOS SUJETOS QUE REALIZAN LA MISMA ACCIN.
EL COMPARATIVO Y EL SUPERLATIVO DE LA MAYORA DE LOS ADVERBIOS SE FORMA IGUAL QUE EL DE LOS ADJETIVOS
LARGOS:
COMPARATIVO
FORM:
[SUJETO 1 + VERBO + MORE + ADVERBIO + THAN + SUJETO 2 (+DOES/CAN ETC)...]
EJEMPLOS:
"I CAN SING MORE BEAUTIFULLY THAN YOU (CAN)."
"TED WRITES MORE SLOWLY THAN BRENDA (DOES)."
SUPERLATIVO
FORMA
[SUJETO 1 + VERBO + THE MOST + ADVERBIO (OF ALL)]
EJEMPLOS
"OF ALL THE STUDENTS IN HER CLASS, SARAH DOES HER HOMEWORK THEMOST CAREFULLY."
"JIMMY BEHAVES THE MOST CHILDISHLY OF ANYONE IN THE CLASS."
LOS ADVERBIOS QUE TIENEN LA MISMA FORMA BASE QUE LOS ADJETIVOS TAMBIN TIENEN LA MISMA FORMA PARA EL
COMPARATIVO Y EL SUPERLATIVO. SE CONSTRUYEN AADIENDO -ER (PARA EL COMPARATIVO) Y -EST (PARA EL
SUPERLATIVO) A LA FORMA BASE.
EJEMPLOS
"FRED CAN RUN FASTER THAN MARTIN CAN, BUT SHARON RUNS THE FASTEST."
"MY WIFE GOT UP EARLIER THAN I DID THIS MORNING, BUT OUR DAUGHTER GOT UP THE EARLIEST."
63
COMPARATIVOS IRREGULARES Y FORMAS SUPERLATIVAS
TAMBIN EXISTE UN PEQUEO NMERO DE ADVERBIOS CUYA FORMA COMPARATIVA Y SUPERLATIVA SON
IRREGULARES:
BASE FORM COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVO
BADLY WORSE THE WORST

LITTLE LESS THE LEAST
MUCH MORE THE MOST
ADVERBIOS: ADVERBIOS DE FRECUENCIA
USO:
SE UTILIZAN PARA HABLAR DE LA FRECUENCIA CON QUE OCURRE ALGO.
LOS ADVERBIOS DE FRECUENCIA MS IMPORTANTES SON ALWAYS, GENERALLY, NORMALLY, USUALLY,
FREQUENTLY, OFTEN, SOMETIMES, EVER, OCCASIONALLY, SELDOM, RARELY Y NEVER.
FORMA:
POR LO GENERAL, LOS ADVERBIOS DE FRECUENCIA VAN INMEDIATAMENTE ANTES DEL VERBO EN LAS ORACIONES
AFIRMATIVAS, PERO DESPUS DEL VERBO BE.
EN LAS ORACIONES NEGATIVAS, LOS ADVERBIOS DE FRECUENCIA NORMALMENTE VAN INMEDIATAMENTE DESPUS DE
LA PALABRA NOT. EN LAS PREGUNTAS, LOS ADVERBIOS DE FRECUENCIA NORMALMENTE VAN INMEDIATAMENTE
DESPUS
DEL SUJETO.
AFIRMATIVO
[ADVERBIO + VERBO]
EJEMPLO:
"I ALWAYS DRINK CHAMPAGNE WITH MY SUPPER."
[BE + ADVERBIO]
EJEMPLO:
"PETER IS SOMETIMES LATE FOR LESSONS."
NEGATIVO
[NOT + ADVERBIO]
EJEMPLOS:
"WE DON'T OFTEN GO TO THE THEATER."
"MY SISTER ISN'T USUALLY SO QUIET."
QUESTIONS
[SUJETO + ADVERBIO]
EJEMPLOS:
"WHAT DO YOU USUALLY HAVE FOR BREAKFAST?"
"DO YOU ALWAYS EAT A SANDWICH FOR LUNCH?"
64
"ARE YOU EVER GOING TO FINISH THAT BOOK?"
"WE SOMETIMES TAKE THE CAR AND SOMETIMES WALK."
"BILL IS RARELY LATE."
"JESSICA DOESN'T EVER CALL ME AT WORK."
"WHY DON'T PAM AND JIM EVER SPEAK TO MICHAEL?"
REVIEW
ADVERBS
USE:
AN ADVERB OFTEN CONTAINS THE ANSWER TO THE QUESTION: "HOW DOES THE SUBJECT PERFORM THE VERB?".
EXAMPLES:
"HE PLAYS THE TRUMPET BEAUTIFULLY, BUT HE PLAYS BASEBALL VERY BADLY."
"JOHN WALKED TOWARDS ME VERY SLOWLY. THEN HE SPOKE QUIETLY."
SOME ADVERBS (E.G. EXTREMELY, TERRIBLY, REMARKABLY, UNUSUALLY, ESPECIALLY, AND SEVERAL
OTHERS) ARE ALSO USED TO STRENGTHEN ADJECTIVES OR OTHER ADVERBS.
EXAMPLES:
"FRED WAS EXTREMELY ANGRY WHEN YOU SAID THAT."
"THAT'S A LOVELY HAT, BUT IT'S TERRIBLY EXPENSIVE!"
FORMATION
MOST ADVERBS ARE FORMED BY ADDING -LY TO THE END OF AN

ADJECTIVE: CLEAR/CLEARLY, WONDERFUL/WONDERFULLY, CLEVER/CLEVERLY, STUPID/STUPIDLY, INTERESTING/INTER
ESTINGLY, CLOSE/CLOSELY, DANGEROUS/DANGEROUSLY, BAD/BADLY.
IF AN ADJECTIVE ALREADY ENDS IN -LY (E.G. FRIENDLY, LONELY) IT CANNOT BE MADE INTO AN ADVERB. IN THIS
CASE WE HAVE TO MAKE AN ADVERBIAL PHRASE.
EXAMPLES:
"SHE SPOKE TO ME IN A FRIENDLY WAY."
"HE SAT THERE LOOKING LONELY." IN A FEW CASES, THE ADVERB IS EXACTLY THE SAME AS ITS CORRESPONDING
ADJECTIVE: EARLY, LATE, FAST, HARD, LEFT, RIGHT, WRONG, HIGH, LONG.
EXAMPLES:
"I'M AFRAID THE TRAIN WILL LEAVE LATE."
"HE RUNS VERY FAST."
"WHY DO YOU WORK SO HARD?"
"TURN RIGHT AT THE NEXT CORNER!"
THE ADVERB FORM OF THE ADJECTIVE GOOD IS WELL.
"MICHAEL IS A VERY GOOD COOK. HE MAKES CAKES PARTICULARLY WELL."
65
ADVERBS AND ADJECTIVES: TOO AND ENOUGH
USE:
USED TO TALK ABOUT ADJECTIVES OR ADVERBS IN TERMS OF EXCESS (TOO), ADEQUACY (ENOUGH), OR
INADEQUACY (NOT... ENOUGH).
FORM + MEANING:
[TOO + ADJECTIVE OR ADVERB] (=EXCESS)
EXAMPLES:
"THIS RESTAURANT IS TOO EXPENSIVE. I'M NOT COMING HERE AGAIN!"
"I'M TOO FAT; I MUST LOSE WEIGHT!"
FORM + MEANING:
[ADJECTIVE OR ADVERB + ENOUGH] (=ADEQUACY)
EXAMPLE:
"CAN YOU LIFT THAT CASE?"
"SURE, I'M STRONG ENOUGH."
FORM + MEANING:
[NOT (-N'T) + ADJECTIVE/ADVERB + ENOUGH](=INADEQUACY)
EXAMPLES:
"DON'T GO SKATING THERE. THE ICE ISN'T THICK ENOUGH!"
"WE LOST THE MATCH BECAUSE WE DIDN'T PLAY WELL
ENOUGH."
COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
USE:
USED TO COMPARE TWO SUBJECTS PERFORMING THE SAME ACTION.
COMPARATIVE
FORM:
[SUBJECT 1 + VERB + MORE + ADVERB + THAN + SUBJECT 2 (+DOES/CAN ETC)...]
EXAMPLE:
"I CAN SING MORE BEAUTIFULLY THAN YOU (CAN)."
SUPERLATIVE
FORM:
[SUBJECT 1 + VERB + THE MOST + ADVERB (OF ALL)]
66
EXAMPLE:
"OF ALL THE STUDENTS IN HER CLASS, SARAH DOES HER HOMEWORK THE MOST CAREFULLY."
ADVERBS WITH THE SAME BASE FORM AS ADJECTIVES
FORM:
COMPARISON: ADD -ER
EXAMPLE:
"FRED CAN RUN FASTER THAN MARTIN CAN, BUT SHARON RUNS THE FASTEST."
FORM:
SUPERLATIVE: ADD -EST
EXAMPLE:
"MY WIFE GOT UP EARLIER THAN I DID THIS MORNING, BUT OUR DAUGHTER GOT UP THE EARLIEST."
IRREGULAR COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS

BASE FORM COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
WELL BETTER THE BEST
BADLY WORSE THE WORST
LITTLE LESS THE LEAST
MUCH MORE THE MOST
ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
USE:
USED TO TALK ABOUT HOW OFTEN OR HOW RARELY SOMETHING HAPPENS. THE MOST IMPORTANT ADVERBS OF
FREQUENCY ARE ALWAYS, GENERALLY, NORMALLY, USUALLY, FREQUENTLY, OFTEN, SOMETIMES,
EVER, OCCASIONALLY, SELDOM, RARELY, AND NEVER.
AFFIRMATIVE
FORM:
[ADVERB + VERB...]
EXAMPLE:
"I ALWAYS DRINK CHAMPAGNE WITH MY SUPPER."
FORM:
[BE + ADVERB]
EXAMPLE:
"PETER IS SOMETIMES LATE FOR LESSONS."
67
NEGATIVE
FORM:
[NOT + ADVERB]
EXAMPLES:
"WE DON'T OFTEN GO TO THE THEATER."
"MY SISTER ISN'T USUALLY SO QUIET."
QUESTIONS
FORM:
[SUBJECT + ADVERB]
EXAMPLES:
"WHAT DO YOU USUALLY HAVE FOR BREAKFAST?"
"DO YOU ALWAYS EAT A SANDWICH FOR LUNCH?"
"ARE YOU EVER GOING TO FINISH THAT BOOK?"
PARTICIPLES
PARTICIPIOS: ADJETIVOS PARTICIPIALES
USE:
LOS ADJETIVOS PARTICIPIALES SE UTILIZAN CON VERBOS QUE DESCRIBEN EL ESTADO DE UN SUJETO, TALES COMO BE,
GET O BECOME. UN PARTICIPIO PRESENTE POR LO GENERAL SE REFIERE AL ESTADO O CONDICIN DEL SUSTANTIVO
QUE MODIFICA.
EJEMPLOS:
"THAT FILM WAS BORING."
"THE POLITICAL SITUATION IN JAPAN IS VERY INTERESTING THIS YEAR."
"FRED'S WORK IS VERY TIRING."
POR LO GENERAL, LOS PARTICIPIOS DE PASADO HACEN REFERENCIA A UN ESTADO "PASIVO" PROVOCADO A VECES POR
ALGUNA OTRA COSA. CON FRECUENCIA ESTOS PARTICIPIOS VAN SEGUIDOS POR PALABRAS COMO BY, AT, OF, WITH,
ETC., O POR UNA FRASE QUE INDICA EL MOTIVO DE DICHO ESTADO.
EJEMPLOS:
"JOHN WAS TIRED OF HIS MOTHER'S CONSTANT COMPLAINING."
"FELICITY WAS EXCITED WHEN SHE HEARD ABOUT THE PARTY."
PARTICIPIALES: PRESENTE/PASADO
68
USO:
EL PARTICIPIO PRESENTE DE MUCHOS VERBOS PUEDE UTILIZARSE COMO UN ADJETIVO ANTES DE SUSTANTIVOS.
EN ESTE CASO, A MENUDO PUEDEN REEMPLAZAR A UNA ORACIN DE RELATIVO QUE CONTIENE UN VERBO ACTIVO.
EJEMPLOS:
"THERE WAS A SLEEPING DOG ON THE FLOOR."
(IN OTHER WORDS, "...A DOG WHICH WAS SLEEPING...")
"HE HAS A WORKING MODEL OF THE LOCOMOTIVE."
(IN OTHER WORDS "...A MODEL THAT WORKS...")
EL PARTICIPIO PASADO DE MUCHOS VERBOS PUEDE UTILIZARSE DE LA MISMA FORMA, PERO EN ESTE CASO
REEMPLAZA A UNA ORACIN DE RELATIVO QUE CONTIENE UN VERBO PASIVO.
EJEMPLOS:
"HE GAVE ME A BROKEN PENCIL."
(IN OTHER WORDS "...A PENCIL WHICH WAS BROKEN.")
"THE FLOOR WAS MADE OF VARNISHED WOOD."
(IN OTHER WORDS "...WOOD WHICH WAS VARNISHED.")
LOS PARTICIPIOS PRESENTES TAMBIN PUEDEN UTILIZARSE CON CIERTOS VERBOS EN ORACIONES QUE INCLUYEN
SUSTANTIVOS O PRONOMBRES. EN ESTE CASO, EL SUSTANTIVO O PRONOMBRE ACTA COMO EL OBJETO DEL PRIMER
VERBO Y COMO EL SUJETO DEL PARTICIPIO.
EJEMPLO:
"I SAW FRED WALKING ALONG THE ROAD."
ESTA ORACIN CONTIENE DOS IDEAS: "I SAW FRED" Y "FRED WAS WALKING ALONG THE ROAD". ES IGUAL QUE UNA
ORACIN SIMPLE QUE CONTIENE UNA ORACIN
PRINCIPAL "I SAW FRED..." Y LA ORACIN ADVERBIAL "...WHILE HE WAS WALKING ALONG THE ROAD."
ESTA ESTRUCTURA A MENUDO SE UTILIZA CON OTROS VERBOS DE "PERCEPCIN," TALES COMO HEAR, SMELL,
FEEL, NOTICE, OBSERVE, FIND Y CATCH.
EJEMPLOS:
"SHE HEARD HIM SINGING IN THE SHOWER."
"MIKE NOTICED PAT LOOKING AT HIM."
"I FOUND THIS CAT SLEEPING ON MY CHAIR."
"THEY CAUGHT THE THIEF STEALING A VCR."
OTROS VERBOS QUE SE EMPLEAN CON ESTA ESTRUCTURA INCLUYEN A HAVE Y GET. EN TALES CASOS, EL SUJETO DEL
PRIMER VERBO CONTROLA O PROVOCA LA ACCIN DESCRITA POR EL PARTICIPIO.
EJEMPLO:
"THEY HAD ME WORKING ALL NIGHT." (IN OTHER WORDS, "THEY FORCED/PERSUADED ME TO WORK ALL NIGHT.")
REVIEW
PARTICIPLES
69
USE:
A PARTICIPLE IS A VERB FORM WHICH CAN BE USED LIKE AN ADJECTIVE IN A SENTENCE. ALL VERBS, EXCEPT MODALS
SUCH AS MUST, MAY, CAN, WILL, SHALL, AND SHOULD, HAVE PARTICIPIAL FORMS.
FORM:
THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE IS FORMED BY ADDING "-ING" TO THE BASE FORM. IT IS USED TO EXPRESS AN ACTIVE
MEANING: IT DESCRIBES WHAT THE NOUN "IS DOING/DOES." THE PAST PARTICIPLE IS FORMED BY ADDING "-ED" TO
THE VERB IN REGULAR VERBS. THE IRREGULAR VERBS HAVE SPECIAL FORMS.
THE PAST PARTICIPLE EXPRESSES A PASSIVE MEANING: IT DESCRIBES THE EFFECT SOMETHING HAS ON THE PERSON OR
THING, OR WHAT THE PERSON FEELS.
EXAMPLES:
PRESENT PARTICIPLE PAST PARTICIPLE

CONFUSING CONFUSED
EXCITING EXCITED
PLEASING PLEASED
WORRYING WORRIED
"JEAN IS SUCH AN ANNOYING PERSON. SHE NEVER HAS ANYTHING NICE TO SAY ABOUT ANYONE. I
GET ANNOYED EVERY TIME SHE OPENS HER MOUTH!"
PARTS OF SPEECH 2
MODALS
MODALES Y SEMI-MODALES: CAN
USO:
EL MODAL CAN SE UTILIZA CON VERBOS Y AADE UN SIGNIFICADO ESPECIAL. COMO LA MAYORA DE LOS
MODALES,CAN TIENE MS DE UN SIGNIFICADO.
SIGNIFICADO:
"JOE CAN SPEAK FRENCH." (HABILIDAD)
"YOU CAN LEAVE EARLY." (PERMISO)
"IT CAN BE HOT HERE." (POSIBILIDAD)
FORMA:
AL IGUAL QUE OTROS MODALES, CAN VA ANTESDEL VERBO Y TIENE SOLO UNA FORMA.
AFIRMATIVO
70
[CAN + VERBO]
JOHN CAN SWIM QUICKLY.
YOU CAN GO TO THE MOVIES WITH YOUR FRIENDS.
NEGATIVO
[CAN + NOT + VERBO]
DIANE CAN'T SWIM.
BETH CANNOT MEET US TONIGHT.
PREGUNTAS SI/NO
[CAN + SUJETO + VERBO + RESTO DE LA ORACION]
CAN YOU HELP ME?
CAN ILEAVE NOW?
RESPUESTAS:
YES, YOU CAN.
NO, YOU CANNOT/CAN'T.
PREGUNTAS - WH
[PALABRA-WH + CAN... VERBO...]
WHEN CAN YOU HELP ME?
EJEMPLOS:
DANNY: "CAN YOU OPEN IT?"
KEITH: "NO, I CAN'T. I CAN'T OPEN IT."
DANNY: "LET'S ASK BUTCH. HE CAN DO IT."
MODALES Y SEMI-MODALES: MAY
USO:
EL MODAL MAY SE UTILIZA CON VERBOS Y
AADE UN SIGNIFICADO ESPECIAL. AL IGUAL QUE LA MAYORA DE MODALES,
MAY TIENE MS DE UN SIGNIFICADO.
SIGNIFICADO:
"YOU MAY LEAVE EARLY."(PERMISO)

"THEY MAY BUY A NEW HOUSE." (POSIBILIDAD)
FORMA:
AL IGUAL QUE OTROS MODALES, MAY VA ANTESDEL VERBO Y SOLO TIENE UNA FORMA.
AFIRMATIVA
[MAY + VERBO]
JOHN MAY GO WITH YOU.
THEY MAY VISIT US LATER.
NEGATIVA
[MAY + NOT + VERBO]
YOU MAY NOT LEAVE THE TABLE.
WE MAY NOT GO TO THE PARTY LATER.
PREGUNTAS SI/NO
[MAY + SUJETO + VERBO + RESTO]
MAY WE LEAVE NOW?
MAY I HELP ME?
71
RESPUESTAS:
YES, YOU MAY.
NO, YOU MAY NOT.
PREGUN TAS - WH
[PALABRA-WH + MAY... VERBO...]
WHEN MAY WE LEAVE?
EJEMPLOS:
GIRL: "MOM, MAY I HAVE A COOKIE?"

"OKAY, BUT ONLY ONE. YOUR BROTHER MAY
MOTHER: WANT ONE, TOO."
MODALES Y SEMI-MODALES: HAVE TO
USO:
EL SEMIMODAL HAVE TO SE UTILIZA CON VERBOS Y AADE UN SIGNIFICADO ESPECIAL.
SIGNIFICADO:
"HE HAS TO LEAVE EARLY." (OBLIGACION).
FORMA:
AL IGUAL QUE OTROS MODALES Y SEMIMODALES, HAVE TOVA DELANTE DEL VERBO. TIENE LA MISMA FORMA QUE
LOS VERBOS REGULARES.
AFIRMATIVO:
[HAVE TO + VERBO + RESTO]
HE HAS TO LEAVE EARLY.
THEY HAVE TO DO THEIR HOMEWORK.
NEGATIVO:
[DO/DOES (NOT) + SEMI-MODAL + VERBO + RESTO]
THE BOYS DON'T HAVE TO WORK TODAY.
PREGUNTAS SI/NO:
[DO/DOES(NOT) + SUJETO + HAVE TO + VERBO + RESTO]
DO I HAVE TO LEAVE NOW?
DOESN'T SHE HAVE TO STUDY FOR HER TEST?
ANSWERS:
YES, I DO.
NO, SHE DOESN'T.
PREGUNTAS - WH:
[WH-WORD + (DO/DOES + SUJETO) + HAVE TO + VERBO + RESTO]
WHO HAS TO LEAVE?
WHEN DO YOU HAVE TO CALL YOUR PARENTS?
EJEMPLOS:
MOTHER: "IT'S TIME FOR BED, MICHAEL."
RICK: "AW, MOM. DO I HAVE TO GO TO BED NOW?"
MOTHER: "YES, YOU DO. IT'S LATE AND YOU HAVE TO GOTO SCHOOL TOMORROW."
MAS MODALES (Y SEMI-MODALES): MUST
USO:
SE UTILIZA PARA HABLAR DE UNA NECESIDAD, OBLIGACIN O RESPONSABILIDAD FUERTE DE HACER ALGO. CON
FRECUENCIA EXISTE MUY POCA DIFERENCIA ENTRE MUST Y HAVE TO (CONSULTAR MDULO 2) EN EL INGLS
FORMAL ESCRITO, MUST SE UTILIZA EN AVISOS PBLICOS ACERCA DE REGLAS O REGLAMENTOS OFICIALES. MUST
72
TAMBIN PUEDE EMPLEARSE PARA EXPRESAR SEGURIDAD ACERCA DE UNA SITUACIN DEBIDO A HECHOS O
CIRCUNSTANCIAS EXISTENTES.
AFIRMATIVO
FORMA:
[SUJETO + MUST + VERBO...]
EJEMPLOS:
"I HAVE A TERRIBLE TOOTHACHE; I MUST GO TO THE DENTIST."
"WE MUST TRY TO HELP NICKY; SHE'S OUR OLDEST FRIEND."
"ALL WORKERS MUST WEAR SAFETY HELMETS IN WORK AREAS!"
"JACK MUST BE ON HIS WAY. THERE WAS NO ONE HOME WHEN I CALLED HIS APARTMENT."
NEGATIVO
USO:
TANTO EN EL INGLS OFICIAL COMO EN EL INFORMAL EMPLEAMOS LA FORMA NEGATIVA MUST NOT (CON
FRECUENCIA ABREVIADA COMO MUSTN'T) PARA HABLAR ACERCA DE ALGO INCORRECTO O PROHIBIDO. RECUERDA
QUE NO ES IGUAL A LA FORMA NEGATIVA DE HAVE TO, QUE SLO SIGNIFICA QUE ALGO NO ES NECESARIO.
FORMA:
[SUJETO + MUST + NOT (MUSTN'T) + VERBO...]
EJEMPLOS:
"YOU MUSTN'T PULL THE DOG'S TAIL, DEAR; HE'LL BITE YOU."
"WE MUSTN'T FORGET TO PAY BACK THAT LOAN."
"WORKERS MUST NOT SMOKE IN WORK AREAS!"
USO:
SE UTILIZA PARA PREGUNTAR SI ALGO ES NECESARIO U OBLIGATORIO. LA FORMA INTERROGATIVA DE HAVE TO
SIGNIFICA LO MISMO Y ES MS HABITUAL.
PREGUNTAS SI/NO
FORMA:
[P: MUST+ SUJETO+ VERBO...?]

[A: YES, + SUJETO+ MUST
NO, + SUJETO+ NEEDN'T]
EJEMPLO:
"MUST I GO TO SCHOOL TODAY, MOM?"
"YES, YOU MUST."
PREGUNTAS - WH
FORMA:
ACERCA DEL SUJETO DE LA ORACIN:
[WH-WORD + MUST + VERBO...?]
ABOUT REST OF SENTENCE:
[WH-WORD + MUST + SUBJECT + VERBO...?]
EJEMPLOS:
"WHAT MUST HAPPEN BEFORE WE CAN LEAVE?"
73
"WHEN MUST YOU TAKE THE TEST?"
"NEXT FRIDAY."
MAS MODALES (Y SEMI-MODALES): SHOULD
AFIRMATIVO
USO:
SE UTILIZA PARA HABLAR DE UNA RESPONSABILIDAD U OBLIGACIN QUE ES MUCHO MS DBIL QUE MUST O HAVE
TO. TAMBIN SE EMPLEA PARA DAR UN CONSEJO A ALGUIEN.
FORMA:
[SUJETO + SHOULD + VERBO...]
EJEMPLOS:
"YOU SHOULD STUDY FOR YOUR TEST TONIGHT INSTEAD OF WATCHING TV." (DUTY)
"I'M TERRIBLY TIRED."
"YOU SHOULD WORK LESS!" (ADVICE)
NEGATIVO
USO:
PODEMOS UTILIZAR SHOULD NOT (SHOULDN'T) COMO UNA FORMA MS DBIL DE MUSTN'T, PARA ACONSEJAR
O ADVERTIR A LAS PERSONAS DE QUE NO HAGAN ALGO.
FORMA:
[SUJETO + SHOULD NOT (SHOULDN'T) + VERBO...]
EJEMPLOS:
"YOU SHOULDN'T EAT SO MUCH CANDY. IT'LL MAKE YOU FAT!"
"YOU SHOULDN'T THROW CANDY WRAPPERS ON THE STREET. PUT THEM IN THE TRASH CAN INSTEAD."
USO:
SE UTILIZA PARA PREGUNTAR SI ALGO ES NECESARIO, CORRECTO O TIL, O PARA PEDIR CONSEJOS A ALGUIEN.
PREGUNTAS YES/NO
FORM:
[P: SHOULD+ SUBJECT+ VERBO...?]

[A: YES, + SUBJECT+ SHOULD
NO, + SUBJECT+ SHOULDN'T]
EXAMPLE:
"SHOULD I ANSWER PETER'S LETTER?"
"YES, YOU SHOULD!"
PREGUNTAS-WH
FORMA:
ACERCA DEL SUJETO DE LA ORACIN
[PALABRA-WH + SHOULD + VERBO...?]
ACERCA DEL SUJETO DE LA ORACIN
[WH-WORD + SHOULD + SUJETO + VERBO...?]
EJEMPLOS:
"WHO SHOULD BRING THE DRINKS?"
74
"WHERE SHOULD WE GO TO BUY THE LOCAL POTTERY?"
"WELL, DON'T GO TO THE BIG TOURIST SHOPS. YOU SHOULD GO TO THE SMALL SHOPS IN THE VILLAGES."
MAS MODALES (Y SEMI-MODALES): BE ABLE TO
AFIRMATIVO
USO
SE UTILIZAN PARA HABLAR DE UNA CAPACIDAD EN EL PRESENTE, FUTURO Y PASADO. SU SIGNIFICADO ES MUY
PARECIDO AL DE LOS MODALES CAN Y COULD.
FORMA:
[SUJETO + BE(PRESENTE/PASADO/FUTURO) + ABLE TO + VERBO...]
EJEMPLOS:
"HE WORKED HARD AND WAS ABLE TO PASS THE EXAM."
"MARY BROKE HER LEG JUST TWO MONTHS AGO BUT SHE'S ALREADY ABLE TO WALK AGAIN."
"SHE NEEDS TIME TO DECIDE, BUT SHE'LL BE ABLE TO GIVE YOU AN ANSWER TOMORROW."
NEGATIVO
USE:
SE UTILIZA PARA HABLAR DE UNA INCAPACIDAD O IMPOSIBILIDAD DE HACER ALGO EN EL PASADO, PRESENTE O
FUTURO.
FORMA:
[SUJETO + BE (PRESENTE/PASADO/FUTURO)
+ NOT + ABLE TO + VERBO...]
EJEMPLOS:
"THE STORE WAS CLOSED, SO I WASN'T ABLE TO BUY THE BOOK."
"SORRY, WE WON'T BE ABLE TO FIX YOUR CAR UNTIL NEXT WEEK."
USO:
SE UTILIZA PARA REALIZAR PREGUNTAS ACERCA DE LA CAPACIDAD EN EL PRESENTE, PASADO Y FUTURO.
PREGUNTAS YES/NO
FORM:
[Q: BE (TODO LOS TIEMPOS) + SUJETO + ABLE TO + VERBO...?]
[A: YES,+ SUJETO+ BE.
NO, + SUJETO+ BE NOT.]
EJEMPLOS:
"WERE YOU ABLE TO BUY THAT BOOK FOR ME?"
"YES I WAS. HERE IT IS!"
WH-Q PREGUNTAS
FORMA:
ABOUT THE SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE
[WH-WORD + BE ABLE TO+ VERBO...?]
ABOUT THE REST OF THE SENTENCE
[WH-WORD + BE + SUBJECT + ABLE TO + VERBO...?]
75
EXAMPLES:
"WHO WAS ABLE TO FINISH THEIR HOMEWORK ON TIME?"
"WHEN WILL YOU BE ABLE TO PAY BACK THE LOAN?"
"WE'LL BE ABLE TO PAY YOU NEXT MONTH."
MAS MODALES (Y SEMI-MODALES): HAD TO
AFIRMATIVO
USO:
SE UTILIZA PARA HABLAR DE LA NECESIDAD, OBLIGACIN Y RESPONSABILIDAD EN EL PASADO. HAD TO ES EL PASADO
TANTO DE HAVE TO COMO DE MUST.
FORM:
[SUJETO + HAD TO + VERBO...]
EJEMPLOS:
"I HAD TO STAY UP ALL NIGHT TO WRITE THIS PAPER!"
"WE HAD TO RUN TO CATCH THE TRAIN."
NEGATIVO
USO:
SE UTILIZA PARA HABLAR ACERCA DE ALGO QUE NO ERA NECESARIO U OBLIGATORIO EN EL PASADO.
FORMA:
[SUJETO + DID NOT (DIDN'T) + HAVE TO + VERBO...]
EJEMPLOS:
"MONDAY WAS A HOLIDAY, SO I DIDN'T HAVE TO GO TO WORK."
"I DIDN'T HAVE TO STUDY LATIN IN HIGH SCHOOL."
USO:
SE UTILIZA PARA REALIZAR PREGUNTAS SOBRE TAREAS Y OBLIGACIONES EN EL PASADO.
PREGUNTAS SI/NO
[Q: DID + SUJETO + HAVE TO + VERBO...?]

[A: YES,+ SUJETO (PRONOMBRE)+ DID.
NO, + SUJETO (PRONOMBRE)+ DIDN'T]
EJEMPLO:
"DID YOU HAVE TO BORROW MONEY TO BUY THE CAR?"
"YES, WE DID."
PREGUNTAS -WH
ACERCA DEL SUJETO OF THE SENTENCE:

[PALABRA-WH + HAS/HAD/HAD TO+ VERBO...?]
ACERCA DEL RESTO DE LA ORACIN:
[WH-WORD + DID + SUBJECT + HAVE TO + VERB...?]
EXAMPLES:
"WHO HAD TO WASH THE CAR THIS WEEK?"
76
"WHAT DID YOU HAVE TO DO TO GET THE LOAN?"
"I HAD TO FILL OUT A FORM FOR THE BANK."
MAS MODALES (Y SEMI-MODALES):
MUST NOT/DON'T HAVE TO
USO
AUNQUE MUST Y HAVE TO TIENEN SIGNIFICADOS PARECIDOS EN ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS, NO PUEDEN
INTERCAMBIARSE EN LAS NEGATIVAS.
MUST NOT (MUSTN'T) SE UTILIZA PARA INDICAR QUE ALGO EST PROHIBIDO O NO PERMITIDO.
DONT HAVE SIGNIFICA "NO ES NECESARIO HACER ALGO"
EJEMPLOS:
"YOU MUSTN'T RUN IN HERE; THIS IS A HOSPITAL."
"YOU DON'T HAVE TO RUN; THE BUS IS WAITING FOR YOU."
REVIEW 1
MODALS AND SEMI-MODALS
USE:
MODALS AND SEMI-MODALS ARE WORDS THAT ARE USED WITH VERBS AND ADD A SPECIAL MEANING. MOST
MODALS HAVE MORE THAN ONE MEANING.
FORM:
MODALS GO BEFORE THE VERB AND HAVE ONLY ONE FORM.
MODALS
AFFIRMATIVE
[MODAL + VERB]
JOHN CAN SWIM QUICKLY.
BILL AND MARY MAY VISIT US LATER.
NEGATIVE
[MODAL + NOT + VERB]
DIANE CAN'T SWIM.
BETH CANNOT MEET US TONIGHT.
SEMI-MODALS
77
SEMI-MODALS ALSO GO BEFORE THE VERB, BUT HAVE THE SAME FORM AS REGULAR VERBS.
AFFIRMATIVE
[SEMI-MODAL + VERB]
HE HAS TO LEAVE EARLY.
THEY HAVE TO DO THEIR HOMEWORK.
NEGATIVE
[(DO/DOES NOT) + SEMI-MODAL + VERB]
THE BOYS DON'T HAVE TO WORK TODAY. THREE OF THE MOST COMMON MODALS/SEMI-MODALS ARE:
CAN (MODAL):
JOE CAN SPEAK FRENCH. (ABILITY)
YOU CAN LEAVE EARLY. (PERMISSION)
IT CAN BE HOT HERE. (POSSIBILITY)
MAY (MODAL):
YOU MAY LEAVE EARLY. (PERMISSION)
THEY MAY VISIT LATER. (POSSIBILITY)
HAVE TO (SEMI-MODAL):
HE HAS TO LEAVE EARLY. (OBLIGATION)
QUESTIONS
FORM:
MODALS - YES/NO QUESTIONS

[MODAL + SUBJECT + VERB + REST]
CAN YOU HELP ME?

MAY I LEAVE NOW?
ANSWERS:
YES, YOU CAN.
NO, YOU CANNOT/CAN'T.
78
MODALS - WH-QUESTIONS
[WH-WORD + MODAL... VERB...]
WHEN CAN YOU HELP ME?
SEMI-MODALS - YES/NO QUESTIONS

[DO/DOES(NOT) + SUBJECT + SEMI-MODAL + VERB + REST]
DO I HAVE TO LEAVE NOW?
DOESN'T SHE HAVE TO STUDY FOR HER TEST?
ANSWERS:
YES, I DO.
NO, SHE DOESN'T.
SEMI-MODALS - WH-QUESTIONS
[WH-WORD + (DO/DOES+SUBJECT) + SEMI-MODAL + VERB + REST]
WHO HAS TO LEAVE?

WHEN DO YOU HAVE TO CALL YOUR PARENTS?
REVIEW 2
MORE MODALS (AND SEMI-MODALS)
USE:
LOS MODALES Y SEMIMODALES SON PALABRAS QUE SE UTILIZAN CON VERBOS Y AADEN UN SIGNIFICADO ESPECIAL.
LA MAYORA DE LOS MODALES TIENEN MS
DE UN SIGNIFICADO.
MUST
MODAL QUE INDICA FUERTE NECESIDAD, OBLIGACIN O RESPONSABILIDAD PARA HACER ALGO. EXISTE UNA
DIFERENCIA MUY LIGERA ENTRE MUST Y HAVE TO. SIN EMBARGO, EN EL INGLS FORMAL, MUST SE EMPLEA EN
LOS ANUNCIOS PBLICOS ACERCA DE REGLAS Y REGLAMENTOS OFICIALES. MUST TAMBIN PUEDE EMPLEARSE PARA
EXPRESAR SEGURIDAD ACERCA DE UNA SITUACIN DEBIDO A HECHOS O CIRCUNSTANCIAS EXISTENTES.
SHOULD MODAL UTILIZADO PARA HABLAR ACERCA DE UNA OBLIGACIN O RESPONSABILIDAD (MS DBIL QUE
MUST O HAVE TO) O PARA ACONSEJAR A ALGUIEN.HAD TO SEMIMODAL UTILIZADO PARA HABLAR DE UNA
NECESIDAD, OBLIGACIN O RESPONSABILIDAD EN EL PASADO. ES EL PASADO TANTO DE HAVE TO COMO DE MUST.
BE ABLE TO
79
SEMIMODAL UTILIZADO PARA HABLAR SOBRE UNA HABILIDAD EN EL PRESENTE, FUTURO Y PASADO. SU SIGNIFICADO
ES SIMILAR A CAN Y COULD.
AFFIRMATIVE
FORM:
MUST, SHOULD
OBSERVA QUE LAS TERCERAS PERSONAS DEL SINGULAR DE LAS FORMAS MODALES NO UTILIZAN LA TERMINACIN -S.
[SUBJECT + MODAL + VERB...]
EXAMPLES:
"WE SHOULD INVITE PAUL TO THE PARTY."
"BOB MUST BE HOME BY NOW. LET'S CALL HIM."
"YOU MUST HAVE A LICENSE TO DRIVE."
BE ABLE TO, HAD TO
[SUBJECT + SEMI MODAL + VERB...]
EXAMPLES:
"PAUL ISN'T ABLE TO COME TO THE PARTY."
"BARBARA HAS/HAD TO BABYSIT TONIGHT."
WITH ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
OBSERVA QUE LOS ADVERBIOS DE FRECUENCIA (NEVER, OFTEN, SOMETIMES ETC.)

PUEDEN COLOCARSE INMEDIATAMENTE DESPUS DEL MODAL EN FRASES AFIRMATIVAS.
EXAMPLE:
"YOU MUST ALWAYS REMEMBER YOUR BOSS'S BIRTHDAY."
LOS ADVERBIOS DE FRECUENCIA SE COLOCAN INMEDIATAMENTE ANTES DE HAD TO EN ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS.
EXAMPLE:
"BOB ALWAYS HAD TO WORK AFTER SCHOOL."
CON BE ABLE TO, LOS ADVERBIOS DE FRECUENCIA SE COLOCAN DESPUS DE BE.
EXAMPLE:
"SHE IS NEVER ABLE TO UNDERSTAND THE HOMEWORK."
NEGATIVE
80
FORM:
[SUBJECT + MODAL + NOT + VERB...]
NOTA: NOT SUELE ABREVIARSE COMO "-N'T" Y SE PRONUNCIA JUENTO CON EL MODAL (CON LA EXCEPCIN DE
MIGHT).
EXAMPLES:
"WE MUST NOT (MUSTN'T) BE LATE."
"YOU SHOULD NOT (SHOULDN'T) OPEN THAT BOX!"
[SUBJECT + DO/DOES/DID + NOT + HAVE TO+ VERB...]
EXAMPLE:
"THEY DIDN'T HAVE TO CLEAN THE YARD YESTERDAY."
[SUBJECT + BE + NOT + ABLE TO + VERB...]

"PETER ISN'T ABLE TO COME TO OUR PARTY."
YES/NO QUESTIONS
FORM:
[MODAL + SUBJECT + VERB...?]
EXAMPLES:
"MUST WE INVITE PAUL?"
"SHOULD WE ASK SOMEONE TO HELP US?"
[DO/DOES/DID + SUBJECT + HAVE TO + VERB...?]
EXAMPLE:
"DID HE HAVE TO LEAVE SO EARLY?"
[BE + SUBJECT + ABLE TO + VERB...?]
EXAMPLE:
"IS HE ABLE TO FIX THE TV?"
WH-QUESTIONS
FORM:
ABOUT THE SUBJECT
[WH-WORD + MODAL/SEMI-MODAL + VERB...?]
EXAMPLES:
81
"WHO MUST WE SPEAK TO?"
"WHO HAD TO HELP HER YESTERDAY?"
"WHO IS ABLE TO UNDERSTAND THAT QUESTION?"
WH-QUESTIONS ABOUT REST OF SENTENCE

[WH-WORD + MODAL + SUBJECT + VERB...?]
EXAMPLES:
"WHY MUST WE INVITE PAUL?"
"WHEN COULD YOU TYPE THAT LETTER FOR ME?"
[WH-WORD + DO/DOES/DID + SUBJECT + HAVE TO + VERB...?]
EXAMPLE:
"WHAT DID BRADLEY HAVE TO DO YESTERDAY?"
[WH-WORD + BE + SUBJECT + ABLE TO + VERB...?]
EXAMPLE:
"HOW IS SARAH ABLE TO BUY SUCH AN EXPENSIVE SWEATER?"
PAST FORM OF MODALS
FORMAS DE PASADO DE MODALES:

SHOULD HAVE AND COULD HAVE
SHOULD HAVE
USO:
UTILIZAMOS SHOULD HAVE PARA HABLAR SOBRE UNA EXPECTATIVA, UN SUPUESTO O UNA OBLIGACIN NO
CUMPLIDA EN EL PASADO. ESTO PUEDE REFERIRSE A ALGO QUE NO SE HIZO, AUNQUE ERA NECESARIO, O A ALGO QUE
SE HIZO AUNQUE FUERA INCORRECTO O LAMENTADO.
FORMA
[SUBJECT + SHOULD (+ NOT) + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]]

EJEMPLOS:
"OUR EXAM RESULTS SHOULD HAVE ARRIVED BY NOW. LET'S CHECK THE MAILBOX."
"I SHOULD HAVE THANKED MARY FOR HER HELP, BUT I COMPLETELY FORGOT."
"WE SHOULDN'T HAVE INVITED JAMES TO THE PARTY; HE BEHAVED VERY BADLY."
PREGUNTAS
FORMA:
[(PALABRA-WH) + SHOULD(N'T) + SUBJECT + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]]
82
EJEMPLOS:
"SHOULDN'T THE BRIDE HAVE ARRIVED BY NOW? IT'S VERY LATE."
"SHOULD WE HAVE WAITED FOR THE NEXT TRAIN?"
"WHAT SHOULD I HAVE DONE WHEN THE FIRE STARTED?"
"WHY SHOULDN'T I HAVE READ THAT LETTER?"
NOTA: LAS PREGUNTAS ANTERIORES IMPLICAN QUE, EN REALIDAD, SUCEDI LO CONTRARIO: EL PAQUETE NO HA
LLEGADO TODAVA, NO ESPERAMOS EL SIGUIENTE TREN, YO NO HICE NADA (O HICE ALGO INCORRECTO) CUANDO
COMENZ EL INCENDIO, Y LE LA CARTA.
COULD HAVE
USO:
UTILIZAMOS COULD HAVE PARA HABLAR SOBRE UNA ACCIN O HECHO QUE ERA POSIBLE PERO QUE NO SUCEDI, O
QUE NO ERA POSIBLE (FORMA NEGATIVA) EN EL PASADO. A MENUDO EMPLEAMOS COULD HAVE EN LA ORACIN DE
RESULTADO DE LOS CONDICIONALES PASADO IRREALES.
FORMA
[SUJETO + COULD (+NOT) + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]..]

EJEMPLOS:
"I COULD HAVE DONE WELL ON THE TEST, BUT I WAS TOO LAZY TO STUDY."
"THAT COULDN'T HAVE BEEN SARAH YOU SAW AT THE PARTY. SHE'S OUT OF TOWN."
"IF I'D KNOWN YOUR ADDRESS, I COULD HAVE WRITTEN TO YOU."
PREGUNTAS
FORMA:
[(PALABRA-WH )+ COULD + SUJETO + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]]
EJEMPLOS:
"COULDN'T HE HAVE ARRIVED EARLIER?"
"WHAT COULD WE HAVE DONE TO PREVENT THE DISASTER?"
"HOW COULD SHE HAVE KNOWN THE WAY?"
FORMAS DE PASADO DE MODALES:

MIGHT/MAY HAVE Y MUST HAVE
MIGHT/MAY HAVE
USO:
UTILIZAMOS MIGHT/MAY HAVE PARA ESPECULAR O EXPRESAR OPINIONES SOBRE HECHOS POSIBLES EN EL
PASADO. MAY DA A ENTENDER UNA PROBABILIDAD MAYOR QUE MIGHT.
FORMA:
[SUJETO + MAY/MIGHT (+ NOT) + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]..]

EJEMPLOS:
"SHE MIGHT HAVE BEEN THE THIEF, BUT I DON'T THINK SHE WAS."
"I MAY HAVE MET HIM BEFORE, OR I MAY HAVE SEEN HIS PHOTOGRAPH; I REALLY CAN'T REMEMBER."
"THEY MIGHT NOT HAVE GONE WITHOUT US."
MUST HAVE
83
USO:
UTILIZAMOS MUST HAVE PARA EXPRESAR DEDUCCIONES SOBRE ACCIONES O HECHOS PASADOS CUANDO EL
HABLANTE EMPLEA LA LGICA PARA DECIDIR QU SUCEDI.
FORMA:
[SUJETO + MUST (NOT) + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]]

EJEMPLOS:
"THE ROADS ARE ALL WET THIS MORNING; IT MUST HAVE RAINED LAST NIGHT."
"THE OFFICE IS EMPTY; EVERYBODY MUST HAVE GONE HOME."
"THE PAPERS ARE STILL HERE; HE MUST NOT HAVE FINISHED THE REPORT."
DADO QUE MUST HAVE EXPRESA UNA DEDUCCIN LGICA, CASI NUNCA SE UTILIZA EN PREGUNTAS.
REVIEW
FORMAS DE PASADO DE MODALES
USO:
LAS FORMAS MODALES COULD, MAY Y MIGHT SE UTILIZAN CON HAVE Y EL PARTICIPIO PASADO [V3] DE LOS
VERBOS PARA ESPECULAR O FORMAR OPINIONES ACERCA DE POSIBLES ACONTECIMIENTOS DEL PASADO. MUST
HAVE SE UTILIZA DEL MISMO MODO PARA EXPRESAR DEDUCCIONES LGICAS SOBRE EL PASADO. SHOULD HAVE SE
UTILIZA PARA HABLAR SOBRE EXPECTATIVAS, SUPUESTOS Y OBLIGACIONES EN EL PASADO.
EJEMPLOS:
"I'M WORRIED. JACK SHOULD HAVE BEEN ON THAT TRAIN, BUT HE WASN'T."
"I'M SURE IT'S OK; HE MUST HAVE TAKEN A LATER TRAIN."
"I DON'T KNOW. HE MAY HAVE DECIDED TO COME BY CAR. HE MIGHT HAVE HAD AN ACCIDENT; YOU KNOW HOW
BADLY HE DRIVES."
WILL VS WOULD
WILL AND WOULD
USO:
UTILIZAMOS WILL Y/O WOULD PARA REFERIRNOS A LA VOLUNTAD O CAPACIDAD DE UN SUJETO PARA REALIZAR
UNA ACCIN, DESCRIBIR COSTUMBRES Y REALIZAR PETICIONES U OFERTAS. TAMBIN PODEMOS UTILIZAR WILL Y/O
WOULD PARA HABLAR DE ACCIONES, ESTADOS Y HECHOS TANTO FUTUROS COMO HIPOTTICOS.
EJEMPLOS:
"I'LL HELP YOU WITH YOUR HOMEWORK."
"MY FIRST CAR WOULD RUN FOR 30 MILES ON ONE GALLON OF GASOLINE."
"CATS WILL OFTEN PLAY WITH MICE FOR HOURS BEFORE KILLING THEM."
"JACK, WOULD YOU PLEASE STOP MAKING THAT NOISE!"
"DON'T WORRY; I'LL EXPLAIN THE CONTRACT IF YOU DON'T UNDERSTAND IT."
"THE PRESIDENT'S HELICOPTER WILL LAND AT 2:15."
"I WOULDN'T OPEN THAT BOX IF I WERE YOU."
84
FORMA:
AFIRMATIVA Y NEGATIVA
[SUJETO + WILL/WOULD (+NOT) + VERBO [BASE FORM]...]
WILL + NOT SUELE ABREVIARSE COMO WON'T Y WOULD + NOT SUELE ABREVIARSE COMO WOULDN'T
PREGUNTAS
[(PALABRA -WH +) WILL/WOULD + SUJETO + VERBO...]

WILL/WOULD - WILLINGNESS
USO:
WILL A MENUDO SE EMPLEA PARA HACER UNA OFERTA O PARA PREGUNTARLE A ALGUIEN SI EST DISPUESTO A HACER
ALGO.
EJEMPLOS:
"I'LL HELP YOU WITH YOUR HOMEWORK."
"WILL YOU LEND ME A THOUSAND DOLLARS SO THAT I CAN GO ON VACATION?"
WOULD SE UTILIZA COMO FORMA PRETRITA DE WILL Y PARA PEDIRLE MUY CORTSMENTE A ALGUIEN SI EST
DISPUESTO A HACER ALGO.
EJEMPLOS:
"HE TOLD ME THAT HE WOULD GIVE ME SOME MONEY."
"EXCUSE ME, WOULD YOU STOP SMOKING, PLEASE?"
WON'T Y WOULDN'T A MENUDO SE UTILIZAN PARA DESCRIBIR UNA NEGACIN.
EJEMPLOS:
"MARY WON'T CLEAN HER ROOM EVEN WHEN I ASK HER POLITELY."
"JAMES WOULDN'T LEND ME HIS PEN, ALTHOUGH I ASKED HIM SEVERAL TIMES IF I COULD."
WILL/WOULD - CAPACITY
USO:
WILL SE UTILIZA EN SUS FORMAS AFIRMATIVA, NEGATIVA E INTERROGATIVA PARA HABLAR SOBRE LA HABILIDAD O
CAPACIDAD DE UN SUJETO PARA HACER ALGO.
EN ESTE CASO, GENERALMENTE HABLAMOS SOBRE UNA MQUINA U OTROS OBJETOS.
EJEMPLOS::
"THIS TANK WILL HOLD 500 LITERS OF WATER."
"MY CAR HAS BROKEN DOWN; IT WON'T START."
"WILL THIS CAMERA WORK UNDER WATER?"
EMPLEAMOS WOULD DE LA MISMA FORMA PARA REFERIRNOS AL PASADO.
EJEMPLOS:
85
"MY FIRST CAR WOULD RUN FOR 30 MILES ON ONE GALLON OF GASOLINE."
"WHEN I TRIED TO OPEN THE DOOR, MY KEY WOULDN'T FIT THE LOCK."
WILL/WOULD - HABIT
USO:
UTILIZAMOS WILL EN SU FORMA AFIRMATIVA Y NEGATIVA PARA REFERIRNOS A HBITOS PRESENTES.
EJEMPLO:
"JOHN WILL OFTEN PUT SOMETHING DOWN, AND THEN IMMEDIATELY FORGET WHERE HE PUT IT."
CUANDO EL SUJETO DEL VERBO ES UNA PERSONA, EL USO DE WILL A MENUDO SUGIERE QUE EL HABLANTE EST
LEVEMENTE MOLESTO POR LA ACCIN.
EJEMPLO:
"HE'S A CLEVER BOY, BUT HE WILL FREQUENTLY INTERRUPT MY LESSONS WITH ANNOYING QUESTIONS."
UTILIZAMOS WOULD EN SU FORMA NEGATIVA Y AFIRMATIVA PARA HABLAR ACERCA DE HBITOS Y COSTUMBRES
PASADOS.
EJEMPLOS:
"WHEN I WAS A CHILD, I WOULD BEG MY FATHER TO TELL ME STORIES."
"THE ANCIENT BRITONS WOULD PAINT THEMSELVES BLUE BEFORE BATTLE."
WILL/WOULD - PETICIONES
LAS FORMAS INTERROGATIVAS DE WILL Y WOULD SE UTILIZAN PARA REALIZAR PETICIONES.
EJEMPLOS:
"WILL YOU OPEN THE WINDOW, PLEASE?"
"JACK, WILL YOU BE QUIET!"
"EXCUSE ME, WOULD YOU TELL ME THE TIME, PLEASE?"
OBSERVA QUE WOULD ES MUCHO MS CORTS QUE WILL Y NORMALMENTE SE EMPLEA AL HABLAR CON
DESCONOCIDOS.
WOULD YOU MIND + VERBO-ING ES UNA FORMA MS CORTS AN DE SOLICITAR A ALGUIEN QUE HAGA ALGO.
EJEMPLO:
"EXCUSE ME, WOULD YOU MIND OPENING THE WINDOW?"
WOULD YOU MIND IF + SUJETO + VERBO [FORMA PASADA].. ? ES UNA FORMA MUY CORTS DE PEDIR PERMISO
PARA HACER ALGO.
EJEMPLO:
"EXCUSE ME, WOULD YOU MIND IF I BORROWED YOUR NEWSPAPER?"
WILL/WOULD - ACCIONES FUTURAS Y ESTADOS
USO:
WILL Y WON'T SE UTILIZAN PARA HABLAR ACERCA DE ESTADOS O HECHOS QUE OCURRIRN EN ALGN MOMENTO
DEL FUTURO.
86
EJEMPLOS:
"HOW WILL YOU OPEN THE DOOR WITHOUT A KEY?"
"JOHN WON'T BE IN THE OFFICE NEXT WEEK."
"I WILL NEVER FORGET YOU."
EN EL INGLS ORAL, WILL Y WON'T A MENUDO SE UTILIZAN EN UNA ORACIN SUBORDINADA CUANDO LA ORACIN
PRINCIPAL DESCRIBE LA ACTITUD O PENSAMIENTO DEL SUJETO EN RELACIN CON EL ESTADO O HECHO FUTURO.
EJEMPLOS:
"HE HOPES (THAT) YOU WON'T BE ANGRY WITH HIM."
"I'M SURE SHE'LL GET HERE SOON."
WOULD Y WOULDN'T SE UTILIZAN EN EL ESTILO INDIRECTO CUANDO REPETIMOS ALGO QUE SE DIJO SOBRE EL
FUTURO.
EJEMPLOS:
"MARY KISSED ME AND TOLD ME (THAT) SHE WOULD NEVER FORGET ME."
"DID HE TELL YOU WHAT TIME HE WOULD ARRIVE?"
"LAST WEEK SHE TOLD ME THAT SHE WOULDN'T BE AT YESTERDAY'S MEETING."
WILL/WOULD - CONDICIONALES
WILL Y WON'T SE UTILIZAN EN ORACIONES SUBORDINADAS PARA REFERIRSE A LOS RESULTADOS DE CONDICIONES
PRESENTES O FUTURAS POSIBLES QUE SE DESCRIBEN EN LA ORACIN PRINCIPAL. LA ORACIN PRINCIPAL
NORMALMENTE COMIENZA
CON IF O UNLESS Y CONTIENE UN VERBO QUE ASUME UNA FORMA PRESENTE, INCLUSO SI SE REFIERE AL FUTURO.
EJEMPLOS:
"IF I WIN THE LOTTERY NEXT MONTH, I'LL BUY YOU A DIAMOND RING."
"WE WON'T HURT THE HOSTAGES UNLESS THE POLICE ATTACK US."
"WHAT WILL YOU DO IF YOU LOSE THE NEXT MATCH?"

"I'LL GIVE UP TENNIS AND PLAY CHESS INSTEAD."
WOULD Y WOULDN'T SE UTILIZAN PARA DESCRIBIR LOS RESULTADOS DE CONDICIONES IMPOSIBLES, IRREALES O
MUY IMPROBABLES, PRESENTES O FUTURAS, QUE SE DESCRIBEN EN LA ORACIN PRINCIPAL. EL VERBO DE LA ORACIN
PRINCIPAL NORMALMENTE ASUME UNA FORMA PRETRITA, AUNQUE SE REFIERA AL PRESENTE O FUTURO.
EJEMPLO:
"I HATE YOU! I WOULDN'T MARRY YOU IF YOU WERE THE LAST MAN ON EARTH!"
INFINITIVES
INFINITIVOS: DESPUES DE ADJETIVOS
USO:
SE UTILIZA PARA DECIR LO QUE PIENSA O SIENTE ALGUIEN SOBRE UNA ACCIN O HECHO.
87
FORMA:
[SUJETO + BE + ADJETIVO + TO + VERBO...]
EJEMPLOS:
"MIKE WAS VERY SURPRISED TO SEE TED WITH LAURA."
"WE WERE DELIGHTED TO SEE FRED AT THE PARTY."
INFINITIVOS: DESPUES DE VERBOS
USO:
CUANDO DOS VERBOS DE LA MISMA ORACIN TIENEN EL MISMO SUJETO, EL SEGUNDO ACTA COMO OBJETO DEL
PRIMERO. DEPENDIENDO DEL PRIMER VERBO, ES POSIBLE QUE EL SEGUNDO SEA UN INFINITIVO.
FORMA:
[SUJETO + VERBO 1 + (NOT) + INFINITIVO...]
EJEMPLO;
"TINA DECIDED TO STUDY RUSSIAN."
EXISTEN DOS GRUPOS PRINCIPALES DE VERBOS QUE PUEDEN IR SEGUIDOS DE UN INFINITIVO:
ACTITUD DEL SUJETO: AGREE, CHOOSE, DECIDE, HOPE, OFFER, PROMISE, REFUSE, ETC.
EJEMPLOS:
"PATRICK AGREED TO COOK DINNER."
"JANE CHOSE TO STAY AT HOME."
"WE DECIDED NOT TO BUY A NEW HOUSE."
"I HOPE TO WIN FIRST PRIZE NEXT YEAR."
CAPACIDAD DEL SUJETO: ATTEMPT, FAIL, LEARN, MANAGE, TRY, BE ABLE TO, ETC.
EJEMPLOS:
"BEN ATTEMPTED TO START THE CAR."
"ANNE FAILED TO FINISH HER PAPER ON TIME."
"WE LEARNED TO SKI WHEN WE WERE ON VACATION."
INFINITIVOS: DESPUES DE VERBO + OBJETO
USO:
CUANDO HAY DOS VERBOS CON SUJETOS DIFERENTES EN LA MISMA ORACIN, ALGUNAS VECES EL SEGUNDO ES UN
INFINITIVO. ESTA ESTRUCTURA SE UTILIZA A MENUDO PARA HABLAR ACERCA DE LA ACTITUD DEL PRIMER SUJETO
HACIA EL SEGUNDO SUJETO O DE SU INFLUENCIA SOBRE ESTE.
FORMA:
[SUJETO 1 + VERB0 1 + SUJETO 2 + INFINITIVO]
EJEMPLOS:
"I TOLD MAGGIE TO WRITE THAT LETTER LAST WEEK."
"THE TEACHER ALLOWED THE STUDENTS TO GO HOME EARLY."
"FRED ASKED ME TO LEND HIM SOME MONEY."
"I EXPECTED THEM TO ANSWER MY LETTER IMMEDIATELY."
"THEY INVITED SARAH TO GO ON VACATION WITH THEM."
"WE'D LIKE YOU TO WORK WITH US."
"I NEED YOU TO SIGN THIS PAPER, PLEASE."
"THE GENERAL ORDERED HIS MEN TO RETREAT."
"JANET PAID THE MECHANIC TO FIX HER CAR."
"DAVID REMINDED HER TO FEED THE CAT."
"MARY TEACHES PEOPLE TO READ."
88
"THE BOSS TOLD ME TO WORK HARDER."
"ANGELA WANTS PAUL TO MARRY HER."
INFINITIVES: INSTEAD OF NOUN CLAUSES
USE:
EL INFINITIVO SE UTILIZA EN LUGAR DE UNA ORACIN DE SUSTANTIVO QUE EMPIEZA CON UNA DE LAS SIGUIENTES
PALABRAS WHO, WHAT, WHICH, WHEN, WHERE, WHOSE, HOW, HOW MUCH, HOW MANY, O
WHETHER, CUANDO EL SUJETO DEL PRIMER VERBO TAMBIN ES RESPONSABLE DE LA SEGUNDA ACCIN.
FORM:
[MAIN CLAUSE + WHO, WHAT, ETC. + INFINITIVE]
EXAMPLES:
"MIKE DOESN'T KNOW WHERE TO BUY A TICKET."
(MIKE DOESN'T KNOW WHERE HE SHOULD BUY A TICKET.)
"LAURA CAN'T DECIDE WHETHER TO STOP SMOKING OR NOT."

(LAURA CAN'T DECIDE WHETHER SHE SHOULD STOP SMOKING OR NOT.)
TAMBIN EMPLEAMOS EL INFINITIVO PARA REEMPLAZAR ORACIONES DE SUSTANTIVO QUE COMIENZAN CON SO
THAT Y TIENEN EL MISMO SUJETO QUE LA ORACIN PRINCIPAL. EN ESTE CASO SE OMITE LA CONJUNCIN.
EXAMPLE:
"I WENT TO THE STORE TO BUY SOME MILK."
(I WENT TO THE STORE SO THAT I COULD BUY SOME MILK.)
EXAMPLES:
"I DON'T KNOW HOW TO GET HOME FROM HERE."
"I'VE NO IDEA WHO TO ASK FOR ADVICE."
"I CALLED HIM TO MAKE AN APPOINTMENT FOR TOMORROW."
REVIEW
INFINITIVES
USE:
SE UTILIZA PARA REFERIRSE A UNA CONDICIN O ACCIN. EL INFINITIVO ES LA FORMA EN LA QUE EL VERBO APARECE
EN EL DICCIONARIO, NORMALMENTE PRECEDIDA POR TO.
EXAMPLES:
"SHEILA! I'M SO HAPPY TO SEE YOU! I DON'T KNOW WHAT TO SAY!"
"I KNOW YOU DIDN'T EXPECT ME TO COME. I DIDN'T HAVE TO WORK SO I CAME TO HELP YOU."
"GREAT! THE PARTY IS GOING TO BE FANTASTIC!"
AFTER ADJECTIVES
89
USE:
SE UTILIZA PARA DECIR LO QUE UNA PERSONA SIENTE O PIENSA SOBRE UNA ACCIN O HECHO.
FORM:
[SUBJECT + BE + ADJECTIVE + TO + VERB...]
EXAMPLES:
"MIKE WAS VERY SURPRISED TO SEE TED WITH LAURA."
"WE WERE DELIGHTED TO SEE FRED AT THE PARTY."
AFTER VERBS
USE:
CUANDO EL SUJETO DE UNA ORACIN VA SEGUIDO DE DOS VERBOS, EL SEGUNDO VERBO SUELE IR EN INFINITIVO.
FORM:
[SUBJECT + VERB 1 + (NOT) + INFINITIVE...]
EXAMPLE
"TINA DECIDED TO STUDY RUSSIAN."
AFTER VERB + OBJECT
CUANDO HAY DOS VERBOS CON DISTINTOS SUJETOS EN LA MISMA ORACIN, A VECES EL SEGUNDO ES UN INFINITIVO.
FORM:
[SUBJECT 1 + VERB 1 + SUBJECT 2 + INFINITIVE]
EXAMPLE:
"I TOLD MAGGIE TO WRITE THAT LETTER LAST WEEK."
INSTEAD OF NOUN CLAUSES
USE:
SE UTILIZA EN LUGAR DE UNA ORACIN DE SUSTANTIVO Y COMIENZA CON CUALQUIERA DE LAS SIGUIENTES PALABRAS:
WHO, WHAT, WHICH, WHEN, WHERE, WHOSE, HOW, HOW MUCH, HOW MANY, O WHETHER.
FORM:
[MAIN CLAUSE + WHO, WHAT, ETC. + INFINITIVE]
USE:
SE USAN EN LUGAR DE UNA CLUSULA SUSTANTIVA QUE
EMPIEZA CON UNA DE LAS CONJUNCIONES
90
WHO, WHAT, WHICH, WHEN, WHERE, WHOSE,
HOW, HOW MUCH, HOW MANY, O WHETHER.
MORE INFINITIVES
MAS INFINITIVOS: INFINITIVE PERFECTO
USO:
SE UTILIZA PARA REFERIRSE A UNA ACCIN O ESTADO PASADOS. EL INFINITIVO PERFECTO A VECES SE UTILIZA
DESPUS DE LA FORMA PASIVA DE VERBOS TALES COMO KNOW, THINK, SAY, REPORT Y BELIEVE.
FORMA:
[SUJETO + BE + PAST PARTICIPLE + TO HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE...]
O EN LA FORMA PASIVA:
[SUJETO + BE + PAST PARTICIPLE + TO HAVE BEEN + PAST PARTICIPLE]
EJEMPLOS:
"NOBODY KNOWS FOR SURE WHERE THE ESCAPED CRIMINAL
IS NOW, BUT HE IS THOUGHT TO HAVE LEFT THE SAN FRANCISCO AREA."
"LEONARDO DA VINCI IS THOUGHT TO HAVE PAINTED THIS PICTURE."
"THE PLANE IS REPORTED TO HAVE CRASHED SOMEWHERE IN THE RAINFOREST."
"THE POEM IS BELIEVED TO HAVE BEEN WRITTEN IN ABOUT 1650."
"MODERN ROCK AND ROLL IS SAID TO HAVE BEEN BASED ON THE BLUES MUSIC OF THE AMERICAN SOUTH."
DESPUES DE SEEM Y APPEAR
USO:
EL INFINITIVO PERFECTO SE UTILIZA A MENUDO CON LOS VERBOS SEEM Y APPEAR PARA ESPECULAR SOBRE
ACCIONES Y ESTADOS EN EL PASADO. ESTOS DOS VERBOS TIENEN SIGNIFICADOS MUY SIMILARES, PERO SEEM ES MS
COMN EN CONVERSACIONES INFORMALES.
FORMA:
[SUJETO + SEEM/APPEAR + INFINITIVO...]
EJEMPLOS:
"MICHAEL APPEARS TO HAVE LOST HIS MEMORY."
"ISABEL'S CAR SEEMS TO HAVE BEEN DAMAGED IN THE ACCIDENT."
MAS INFINITIVOS: DESPUES DE PASIVO
USO:
SE UTILIZA PARA DESCRIBIR UNA OPININ O CREENCIA GENERAL. EN LUGAR DE UNA ORACIN CON DOS CLUSULAS
91
("LA GENTE PIENSA QUE JOHN EST LOCO") CONVERTIMOS EL SUJETO DE LA ORACIN SUBORDINADA EN UN SUJETO
DE UN VERBO PASIVO (JOHN IS THOUGHT) Y AGREGAMOS UN INFINITIVO (TO BE CRAZY).
A CONTINUACIN PRESENTAMOS ALGUNOS DE LOS VERBOS QUE SE UTILIZAN CON MAYOR FRECUENCIA DE ESTA
FORMA: AGREE, ALLEGE, ASSUME, BELIEVE,
CONSIDER, KNOW, REPORT, SAY, THINK.
FORMA:
[SUJETO + BE + PAST PARTICIPLE + INFINITIVE...]
EJEMPLOS:
"FRED IS KNOWN TO LOVE FISHING."
"JANET IS SAID TO SPEAK FIVE LANGUAGES."
TAMBIN PODEMOS UTILIZAR DE ESTA FORMA LAS FORMAS PROGRESIVAS, PASADAS Y PASIVAS DEL INFINITIVO.
EJEMPLOS:
"DRACONIA IS REPORTED TO BE BUILDING A NEW TYPE OF BOMB."
"QUEEN VICTORIA IS SAID TO HAVE LIKED CHILDREN."
"THIS LANGUAGE IS BELIEVED TO BE SPOKEN BY AN AFRICAN TRIBE."
"SHE IS REPORTED TO HAVE BEEN KIDNAPPED BY HER EX-HUSBAND."
MAS INFINITIVOS: COMO CONECTORES
USO:
LOS INFINITIVOS SE UTILIZAN, POR LO GENERAL, PARA SUSTITUIR A ORACIONES QUE EXPLICAN LAS RAZONES DEL
SUJETO PARA REALIZAR UNA ACCIN.
FORMA:
[SUJETO + VERBO... + INFINITIVE.]
EJEMPLOS:
"I WENT TO THE KITCHEN TO GET SOME FOOD."
"MARY OPENED THE WINDOW TO LET SOME AIR INTO THE ROOM."
LOS INFINITIVOS EN PRESENTE SIMPLE PUEDEN UTILIZARSE TAMBIN PARA REEMPLAZAR A UNA SEGUNDA ORACIN
PRINCIPAL, CONECTADA A LA PRIMERA POR UN AND O THEN, SIN NINGUNA IDEA DE MOTIVO O CAUSA. EN ESTE
CASO, EL SEGUNDO VERBO (INFINITIVO) ES POR GENERAL BE TOLD, DISCOVER, FIND, HEAR, LEARN, ETC. EL
INFINITIVO EST PRECEDIDO, NORMALMENTE, POR ONLY; ESTO INDICA UN FINAL IRRITANTE O DECEPCIONANTE DE LA
ORACIN.
FORMA:
[ORACIN PRINCIPAL (+ ONLY) + INFINITIVO...]
EJEMPLOS:
"THEY ARRIVED HOME TO FIND ANOTHER CAR PARKED IN THEIR PARKING SPACE."
92
"THEY REACHED THE TOP OF THE MOUNTAIN AT LAST, ONLY TO DISCOVER THAT THE OTHER CLIMBERS HAD GOT
THERE FIRST."
"WE WALKED ALL THE WAY TO THE STATION, ONLY TO BE TOLD THAT THE ENGINEERS WERE ON STRIKE."
MAS INFINITIVOS: OTROS USOS
LAS DIVERSAS FORMAS DEL INFINITIVO PASIVO SE UTILIZAN PARA ENFATIZAR AL AGENTE PASIVO DE LA ACCIN.
DESPUES DE ADJETIVOS
EL ADJETIVO POR LO GENERAL DESCRIBE LA ACTITUD O SENTIMIENTOS DEL SUJETO CON RESPECTO A LA ACCIN. LOS
SIGUIENTES ADJETIVOS A MENUDO SE UTILIZAN DE ESTA FORMA: HAPPY, DELIGHTED, WILLING, PREPARED,
SURPRISED, SHOCKED, ANGRY.
FORMA:
[... ADJETIVO + TO + BE + PAST PARTICIPLE...]
EJEMPLOS:
"I AM ALWAYS HAPPY TO BE INVITED TO PARTIES."
"JO WAS VERY SURPRISED TO BE OFFERED THE JOB."
DESPUES DE VERBOS
EL VERBO GENERALMENTE DESCRIBE LA ACTITUD O SENTIMIENTOS DEL SUJETO CON RESPECTO A LA ACCIN. LOS
SIGUIENTES VERBOS A MENUDO SE UTILIZAN DE ESTA
FORMA: LOVE, LIKE, WANT, EXPECT, AGREE, REFUSE, HATE.
FORMA:
[SUJETO + VERBO + TO + BE + PAST PARTICIPLE...]
EJEMPLOS:
"FRANK HATES TO BE CRITICIZED."
"WE WOULD LIKE TO BE TOLD THE REASON FOR THE DELAY."
OBSERVA QUE EN LOS EJEMPLOS ANTERIORES, EL SUJETO DEL PRIMER VERBO ES LA MISMA PERSONA QUE EL AGENTE
PASIVO DE LA ACCIN DEL INFINITIVO PASIVO. SE PUEDE UTILIZAR UNA CONSTRUCCIN SIMILAR CON DOS SUJETOS
DISTINTOS, DE LA SIGUIENTE MANERA:
[SUJETO + VERBO + OBJECT + TO + BE + PAST PARTICIPLE...]
EJEMPLOS:
"WE EXPECT JONES TO BE ELECTED PRESIDENT NEXT YEAR."
"I DON'T WANT MY PARENTS TO BE WORRIED."
SI QUEREMOS MENCIONAR LA PERSONA QUE REALIZA LA ACCIN, UTILIZAMOS LA PREPOSICIN BY DESPUS DEL
VERBO, IGUAL QUE CON OTRAS FORMAS PASIVAS.
93
EJEMPLOS:
"SHE WAS SURPRISED TO BE CRITICIZED BY HER HUSBAND."
"I HOPE TO BE INVITED BY THE PRINCESS."
"HE WANTED THE PORTRAIT TO BE PAINTED BY PIERO."
REVIEW 1
MAS INFINITIVOS
USE:
LOS INFINITIVOS ASUMEN VARIAS FORMAS RELACIONADAS CON EL TIEMPO VERBAL Y CON LA VOZ, INCLUYENDO
PERFECTO Y PASIVO. EL INIFINITIVO PERFECTO SE UTILIZA PARA REFERIRSE A UNA ACCIN O ESTADO PASADOS.
A MENUDO SE UTILIZA DESPUS DE LA FORMA PASIVA DE VERBOS TALES COMO KNOW, THINK, SAY, REPORT Y
BELIEVE. TAMBIN SE UTILIZA DESPUS
DE LOS VERBOS SEEM Y APPEAR PARA ESPECULAR SOBRE ACCIONES Y ESTADOS EN EL PASADO. LOS INFINITIVOS
PASIVOS A MENUDO SE UTILIZAN DESPUS DE ADJETIVOS Y VERBOS, DE IGUAL FORMA QUE LOS INFINITIVOS ACTIVOS,
PARA REFERIRSE A UNA ACCIN EN LA QUE EL OBJETO (O AGENTE PASIVO) DE LA ACCIN ES MS IMPORTANTE QUE EL
SUJETO (O AGENTE ACTIVO).
EJEMPLOS:
"NOBODY KNOWS FOR SURE WHERE THE ESCAPED CRIMINAL IS NOW, BUT HE IS THOUGHT TO HAVE LEFT THE SAN
FRANCISCO AREA."
"MAY I ASK YOU A FEW QUESTIONS?"

"SURE! I'D BE HAPPY TO BE INTERVIEWED... AND I'D LOVE TO BE PHOTOGRAPHED, TOO."
"MARY SEEMS TO BE ANGRY, BUT I DON'T KNOW WHY."
REVIEW 2
MORE INFINITIVES
USE:
LOS INFINITIVOS PUEDEN UTILIZARSE EN DIVERSAS FORMAS (CONSULTA EL NDICE LINGSTICO 7) PARA REEMPLAZAR
FRASES MS LARGAS DENTRO DE UNA ORACIN.
EXAMPLES:
"HE IS GENERALLY THOUGHT TO BE A GENIUS."
( = MOST PEOPLE THINK THAT HE IS A GENIUS.)
"JOHN WENT HOME EARLY TO WATCH THE MATCH ON TV."

( = JOHN WENT HOME EARLY BECAUSE HE WANTED TO WATCH THE MATCH ON TV.)
"AGNES OPENED HER BAG, ONLY TO FIND THAT SHE HAD FORGOTTEN THE KEY."
( = AGNES OPENED HER BAG, AND WAS DISAPPOINTED WHEN SHE FOUND THAT SHE HAD FORGOTTEN THE KEY.)
94
GERUNDS
GERUNDIOS: DESPUES DE VERBOS
USO:
LOS GERUNDIOS SE UTILIZAN COMO EL OBJETO DE LA MAYORA DE LOS VERBOS TRANSITIVOS, EN LUGAR DE UN
SUSTANTIVO O UN PRONOMBRE. EN ALGUNOS CASOS, UN OBJETO-VERBO TOMA LA FORMA DE INFINITIVO, PERO
NORMALMENTE ES UN GERUNDIO. TEN EN CUENTA QUE UN GERUNDIO TAMBIN PUEDE SEGUIR A BE.
FORMA:
[SUJETO + VERBO + GERUNDIO]
EJEMPLOS:
"SMITH ADMITTED STEALING THE JEWELS, BUT DENIED KILLING THE SECURITY GUARD."
"I AVOID ARGUING WITH MY BOSS."
"FRANK ENJOYS WATCHING HORROR MOVIES."
"WE MUST FINISH PAINTING THIS WALL TODAY."
"I CAN'T IMAGINE EATING SNAILS."
"CATS DON'T LIKE SWIMMING."
"DO YOU MIND WAITING FOR ME?"
"SAM REMEMBERS MEETING YOU LAST YEAR."
GERUNDIOS: COMO SUJETOS
USO:
UN GERUNDIO PUEDE ACTUAR COMO SUJETO DE CUALQUIER VERBO, EN LUGAR DE UN SUSTANTIVO O
PRONOMBRE. CON FRECUENCIA UTILIZAMOS GERUNDIOS DE ESTA FORMA PARA HACER GENERALIZACIONES. EL
GERUNDIO PUEDE IR SOLO, SEGUIDO DE UN COMPLEMENTO (EJ. UN OBJETO O UN ADVERBIO) O UNA ORACIN
ADVERBIAL.
FORMA:
[GERUNDIO + (COMPLEMENTO/ORACIN ADVERBIAL) + VERBO ...]
EJEMPLOS:
"SMOKING IS DANGEROUS."
"EATING ALWAYS MAKES ME SLEEPY."
"SMOKING CIGARS IS VERY DANGEROUS." (CON COMPLEMENTO)
"PLAYING FOOTBALL MAKES ME THIRSTY." (CON COMPLEMENTO)
"SMOKING WHEN YOU ARE IN A CROWDED ROOM IS INCONSIDERATE." (CON ORACIN ADVERBIAL)
"NOT BRUSHING YOUR TEETH BEFORE YOU GO TO BED IS BAD FOR YOUR TEETH." (CON ORACIN ADVERBIAL)
GERUNDIOS: COMO OBJETOS
USO:
EL OBJETO DEL VERBO, POR LO GENERAL, ES UN SUSTANTIVO O UN PRONOMBRE.
SIN EMBARGO, LOS OBJETOS DE ALGUNOS VERBOS, PUEDEN SER GERUNDIOS.
ALGUNOS EJEMPLOS DE ESTE TIPO DE VERBOS SON: ENJOY, ALLOW, LIKE, FINISH, HATE, LOVE Y PREFER.
EJEMPLOS:
"ERIC LOVES COLLECTING COMIC BOOKS."
"SANDY PREFERS BUYING ONLY FRESH MEAT AND VEGETABLES."
"SHE ENJOYS MEETING NEW PEOPLE."
"JOHN DISLIKES GOING TO BIG PARTIES."
95
"WE DO NOT ALLOW SMOKING IN OUR OFFICE."
"I HATE GETTING LOST IN FOREIGN CITIES."
GERUNDIOS: DESPUES DE LAS PREPOSICIONES
USO:
POR LO GENERAL, UNA PREPOSICIN VA SEGUIDA DE UN SUSTANTIVO O UN PRONOMBRE. SI VA SEGUIDA POR UN
VERBO, EL VERBO ES UN GERUNDIO.
EJEMPLOS:
"MARY LEFT WITHOUT SAYING GOODBYE."
"JAMES HAD AN ACCIDENT AFTER DRINKING TOO MUCH."
"ALWAYS LOCK THE DOOR BEFORE GOING TO BED."
"HE READ THE NEWSPAPER WHILE HAVING BREAKFAST."
GERUNDIOS: GERUNDIO O INFINITIVO
USO:
ALGUNOS VERBOS PUEDEN IR SEGUIDOS POR GERUNDIOS O POR INFINITIVOS. EN CIERTOS CASOS, COMO
REMEMBER, FORGET, STOP Y USE, ESTO CAMBIA COMPLETAMENTE EL SIGNIFICADO DE LA ORACIN.
FORMA + SIGNIFICADO:
[REMEMBER/FORGET + GERUNDIO - MEMORIAS DEL PASADO]
EJEMPLOS:
"I REMEMBER SEEING THE BEATLES IN 1970."
"I'LL NEVER FORGET MEETING YOU IN ROME LAST YEAR."
[REMEMBER/FORGET+ INFINITIVO - ACCIONES EN EL FUTURO]
EJEMPLOS:
"I'LL REMEMBER TO GIVE HIM THE MESSAGE TOMORROW."
"DON'T FORGET TO FEED THE CHICKENS THIS EVENING!"
[STOP + GERUNDIO - TERMINAR O ABANDONAR UNA ACCIN.]

EJEMPLO:
"WE STOPPED DANCING BECAUSE WE WERE TIRED."
[STOP + INFINITIVO - INICIAR UNA NUEVA ACCIN.]
EJEMPLO:
"I STOPPED TO TIE MY SHOELACE."
FORM + SIGNIFICADO:
[TRY + GERUNDIO - EXPERIMENTAR; REALIZAR UNA ACCIN Y VER CUL SER EL RESULTADO.]
EJEMPLO:
"IF YOU WANT TO MAKE PERFECT TEA, TRY HEATING THE POT WITH SOME BOILING WATER BEFORE PUTTING IN THE
TEA."
[TRY + INFINITIVO - INTENTAR ALGO; AVERIGUAR SI ES POSIBLE]

EXAMPLE:
"I TRIED TO STROKE THE CAT, BUT SHE RAN AWAY BEFORE I COULD TOUCH HER."
96
FORMA +SIGNIFICADO:
[LIKE + GERUNDIO - DISFRUTAR ALGO]
EJEMPLOS:
"I LIKE EATING CHOCOLATE."
"I LIKE READING NOVELS."
[LIKE + INFINITIVO - PENSAR QUE ALGO ES SABIO, CORRECTO O AGRADABLE]

EJEMPLOS:
"I LIKE TO BRUSH MY TEETH AFTER MEALS."
"I LIKE TO ANSWER BUSINESS LETTERS IMMEDIATELY."
OBSERVA LA DIFERENCIA ENTRE USE TO + INFINITIVO Y BE/GET GET USED TO + GERUNDIO:
[USED TO (PASADO) + INFINITIVO - SE REFIERE A UN HBITO O ESTADO DEL PASADO QUE HA DEJADO DE EXISTIR O
HA CAMBIADO.]
EJEMPLOS:
"I USED TO SMOKE 50 CIGARETTES A DAY, BEFORE I STOPPED."
"WE USED TO LIVE IN WASHINGTON; NOW WE LIVE IN MONTREAL."
"MY FATHER USED TO HAVE BROWN HAIR, BUT NOW HE IS BALD."
FORMA +SIGNIFICADO:
[BE O GET USED TO + GERUNDIO - CONSIDERAR ALGO NORMAL O ACOSTUMBRARSE A ALGO]
EJEMPLOS:
"I'M USED TO DRIVING ON THE LEFT NOW, BUT WHEN I FIRST CAME TO BRITAIN IT FELT VERY STRANGE!"
"I CAN'T GET USED TO BEING A GRANDMOTHER; I FEEL SO OLD!"
"DON'T WORRY; YOU'LL GET USED TO HAVING GRANDCHILDREN."
CON ALGUNOS VERBOS (EJ. START, BEGIN, CONTINUE), HAY MUY POCA DIFERENCIA SI VAN SEGUIDOS DE UN
GERUNDIO O UN INFINITIVO, AUNQUE UNA FORMA PUEDE SER LIGERAMENTE MS COMN QUE LA OTRA. EN LOS
SIGUIENTES EJEMPLOS APARECE PRIMERO LA FORMA MS COMN.
EJEMPLOS:
"WE STARTED TRAVELING/TO TRAVEL AT 6 O'CLOCK."
"PAT BEGAN SWIMMING/TO SWIM WHEN SHE WAS SIX."
"JOE CONTINUED WRITING/TO WRITE TO ME FOR YEARS."
REVIEW
GERUNDS
USE:
CUANDO UNA FRASE CONTIENE UN VERBO QUE TIENE UNA FUNCIN QUE NORMALMENTE REALIZA UN SUSTANTIVO
(EJ. COMO EL SUJETO U OBJETO), ESE VERBO POR LO GENERAL ES UN GERUNDIO. UN GERUNDIO TAMBIN PUEDE
APARECER DESPUS DE BE.
EXAMPLES:
"HARRY LOVES EATING ICE CREAM."
"SMOKING IS VERY BAD FOR YOU."
"I TRAVELED AROUND THE WORLD AFTER LEAVING SCHOOL."
"MY HOBBY IS COLLECTING STAMPS."
97
AFTER VERBS
USE:
LOS GERUNDIOS SE UTILIZAN COMO EL OBJETO DE LA MAYORA DE LOS VERBOS TRANSITIVOS, EN LUGAR DE UN
SUSTANTIVO O PRONOMBRE. EN ALGUNOS CASOS UN VERBO OBJETO TOMA LA FORMA DE INFINITIVO, PERO
NORMALMENTE ES UN GERUNDIO. UN GERUNDIO TAMBIN PUEDE SEGUIR A "BE".
FORM:
[SUBJECT + VERB + GERUND]
EXAMPLES:
"SMITH ADMITTED STEALING THE JEWELS, BUT DENIEDKILLING THE SECURITY GUARD."
"I AVOID ARGUING WITH MY BOSS."
"FRANK ENJOYS WATCHING HORROR MOVIES."
AS SUBJECTS
USE:
UN GERUNDIO PUEDE ACTUAR COMO EL SUJETO DE CUALQUIER VERBO EN LUGAR DE UN SUSTANTIVO O
PRONOMBRE. CON FRECUENCIA EMPLEAMOS EL GERUNDIO DE ESTA FORMA PARA CREAR GENERALIZACIONES. EL
GERUNDIO PUEDE IR SOLO, SEGUIDO DE UN COMPLEMENTO (EJ. UN OBJETO O UN ADVERBIO) O UNA ORACIN
ADVERBIAL.
FORM:
[GERUND + (COMPLEMENT/ADVERB CLAUSE) + VERB...
EXAMPLES:
"SMOKING IS DANGEROUS."
"EATING ALWAYS MAKES ME SLEEPY."
"SMOKING CIGARS IS VERY DANGEROUS." (WITH COMPLEMENT)
"PLAYING FOOTBALL MAKES ME THIRSTY." (WITH COMPLEMENT)
"SMOKING WHEN YOU ARE IN A CROWDED ROOM IS
INCONSIDERATE." (WITH ADVERBIAL CLAUSE)
"EATING CHEESE BEFORE YOU GO TO BED CAN GIVE YOU INDIGESTION." (WITH ADVERBIAL CLAUSE)
AFTER PREPOSITIONS
USE:
UNA PREPOSICIN NORMALMENTE VA SEGUIDA POR UN SUSTANTIVO O UN PRONOMBRE. SI VA SEGUIDA DE UN
VERBO, ESTE EST EN GERUNDIO.
EXAMPLES:
98
"MARY LEFT WITHOUT SAYING GOODBYE."
"JAMES HAD AN ACCIDENT AFTER DRINKING TOO MUCH."
GERUNDS OR INFINITIVES AFTER VERBS
USE:
CIERTOS VERBOS PUEDEN IR SEGUIDOS POR GERUNDIOS O INFINITIVOS. EN ALGUNOS CASOS, COMO REMEMBER,
FORGET, STOP Y USE, ESTO CAMBIA TOTALMENTE EL SIGNIFICADO DE LA ORACIN.
FORM + MEANING:
[REMEMBER/FORGET + GERUND - MEMORIES OF THE PAST]
EXAMPLES:
"I REMEMBER SEEING THE BEATLES IN 1970."
"I'LL NEVER FORGET MEETING YOU IN ROME LAST YEAR."FORM + MEANING
[REMEMBER/FORGET + INFINITIVE - ACCIONES EN EL FUTURO
EXAMPLES:
"I'LL REMEMBER TO GIVE HIM THE MESSAGE TOMORROW."
"DON'T FORGET TO FEED THE CHICKENS THIS EVENING!"
FORM + MEANING:
[STOP + GERUNDIO - PARA TERMINAR O ABANDONAR

UNA ACCIN.]
EXAMPLE:
"WE STOPPED DANCING BECAUSE WE WERE TIRED."
FORM + MEANING:
[STOP + INFINITIVO - PARA EMPEZAR UNA NUEVA ACCIN.]
EXAMPLE:
"I STOPPED TO TIE MY SHOELACE."
FORM + MEANING:
[TRY + GERUNDIO - PARA EXPERIMENTAR, REALIZAR UNA ACCIN PARA VER CUL SER EL RESULTADO.]
EXAMPLE:
"IF YOU WANT TO MAKE PERFECT TEA, TRY HEATING THE POT WITH SOME BOILING WATER BEFORE PUTTING IN THE
TEA."
99
FORM + MEANING
[TRY + INFINITIVO - INTENTAR ALGO; AVERIGUAR SI ALGO ES POSIBLE]
EXAMPLE:
"I TRIED TO STROKE THE CAT, BUT SHE RAN AWAY BEFORE I COULD TOUCH HER."FORM + MEANING:
[LIKE + GERUND - PARA DISFRUTAR DE ALGO QUE SE EST HACIENDO]
EXAMPLES:
"I LIKE EATING CHOCOLATE."
"I LIKE READING NOVELS."
FORM + MEANING
[LIKE + INFINITIVE - PARA PENSAR QUE ALGO ES SENSATO, CORRECTO O ENTRETENIDO]
EXAMPLES:
"I LIKE TO BRUSH MY TEETH AFTER MEALS."
"I LIKE TO ANSWER BUSINESS LETTERS IMMEDIATELY."FJATE EN LA DIFERENCIA ENTRE USED TO + INFINITIVO Y
BE/GET USED TO + GERUNDIO:
FORM + MEANING:
[USED TO (PASADO) + INFINITIVO - SE REFIERE A UN HBITO O CONDICIN DEL PASADO QUE HA DEJADO DE
EXISTIR O HA CAMBIADO.]
EXAMPLES:
"I USED TO SMOKE 50 CIGARETTES A DAY BEFORE I STOPPED."
"WE USED TO LIVE IN WASHINGTON. NOW WE LIVE IN MONTREAL."
"MY FATHER USED TO HAVE BROWN HAIR, BUT NOW HE IS BALD."
FORM + MEANING
[BE O GET USED TO + GERUNDIO - CONSIDERAR ALGO NORMAL O ACOSTUMBRARSE A ALGO]]
EXAMPLES:
"I'M USED TO DRIVING ON THE LEFT NOW, BUT WHEN I FIRST CAME TO BRITAIN IT FELT VERY STRANGE!"
"I CAN'T GET USED TO BEING A GRANDMOTHER. I FEEL SO OLD!"

"DON'T WORRY. YOU'LL GET USED TO HAVING GRANDCHILDREN."
CON ALGUNOS VERBOS (EJ.START, BEGIN, CONTINUE), HAY MUY POCA DIFERENCIA SI VAN SEGUIDOS POR UN
GERUNDIO O UN INFINITIVO, AUNQUE UNA FORMA PUEDE SER LIGERAMENTE MS COMN QUE LA OTRA. EN LOS
EJEMPLOS SIGUIENTES, LA FORMA MS COMN SE PRESENTA PRIMERO.
EXAMPLES:
"WE STARTED TRAVELING/TO TRAVEL AT 6 O'CLOCK."
100
"PAT BEGAN SWIMMING/TO SWIM WHEN SHE WAS SIX."
"JOE CONTINUED WRITING/TO WRITE TO ME FOR YEARS."
PHRASAL VERBS
FRASES VERBALES
MUCHOS VERBOS INGLESES, COMO TAKE O GET, PUEDEN TENER UNA GRAN CANTIDAD DE SIGNIFICADOS DISTINTOS.
ALGUNOS DE ELLOS PUEDEN IR SEGUIDOS DE UNA PALABRA CORTA (UNA PREPOSICIN COMO TO O FOR O UN
ADVERBIO COMO AWAY O OUT) QUE DA AL VERBO UN SIGNIFICADO RELATIVAMENTE PRECISO. LA COMBINACIN
DE VERBO + PREPOSICIN/ADVERBIO SE LLAMA FRASE VERBAL
EJEMPLO:
"I'M ALWAYS PUTTING CLOTHES ON AND TAKING THEM OFF AGAIN."
ALGUNAS FRASES VERBALES CARECEN DE UN EQUIVALENTE EN COMN:
PUT ON OR TAKE OFF CLOTHES

LOOK UP WORDS IN A DICTIONARY
OTRAS SE UTILIZAN EN EL INGLS HABLADO INFORMAL EN LUGAR DE EXPRESIONES MS LARGAS Y FORMALES:
GO ON CONTINUE
CALL OFF CANCELE
BLOW UP DESTRUYA CON EXPLOSIVEO
TAKE IN ENGAAR
FORMA:
LA MAYORA DE LAS FRASES VERBALES SON TRANSITIVAS, ES DECIR, NORMALMENTE TOMAN UN OBJETO DIRECTO. EN
MUCHOS CASOS, EL OBJETO VA ENTRE EL VERBO Y LA PREPOSICIN O ADVERBIO. TALES VERBOS RECIBEN EL NOMBRE
DE FRASES VERBALES SEPARABLES. TOME NOTA DE LAS DOS POSIBLES CONSTRUCCIONES SIGUIENTES:
[SUJETO + PREP/ADVERB + OBJETO...]
"THE SOLDIERS BLEW UP THE BRIDGE YESTERDAY."
[SUJETO + VERBO + OBJETO + PREP/ADVERB...]
"THE SOLDIERS BLEW THE BRIDGE UP YESTERDAY."

"OBSERVE QUE SI EL OBJETO ES UN SUSTANTIVO, PUEDE SITUARSE ANTES O DESPUS DE LA PREPOSICIN/ADVERBIO.
SIN EMBARGO, SI EL OBJETO ES UN PRONOMBRE, DEBE SITUARSE ANTES DE LA PREPOSICIN/ADVERBIO::
"THE SOLDIERS BLEW IT UP YESTERDAY."
LA SIGUIENTE LISTA INCLUYE FRASES VERBALES SEPARABLES COMUNES QUE OBEDECEN A ESTA REGLA, SEGUIDAS POR
EJEMPLOS DE CMO UTILIZARLAS.
101
BACK UP (GIVE SUPPORT TO)
"HE ALWAYS BACKS UP HIS EMPLOYEES. (...BACKS THEM UP)."
BLOW OUT (EXTINGUIR)

"THE WIND BLEW OUT THE CANDLE (...LA APAG)."
BLOW UP (DESTRUIR CON EXPLOSIVOS)

"THE SOLDIERS BLEW UP THE BRIDGE (...VOLARON)."
BREAK UP (DESMANTELAR, DESTRUIR)
"THEY'RE GOING TO BREAK UP THE COMPANY STRUCTURE (...DVIDIRLA)."
BREAK OFF (SNAP OR INTERRUPT)

"THEY DECIDED TO BREAK OFF THE NEGOTIATIONS (...ROMPERLOS)."
BRING UP (CUIDAR Y EDUCAR A LOS NIOS)

"THEY BROUGHT UP THE BOY (...LE LLEVARON) VERY STRICTLY."
CALL IN (INVITAR A ALGUIEN A QUE NOS VISITE)

"WE CALLED IN AN ENGINEER (...CALLED HIM IN) AS SOON AS WE DISCOVERED THE FAULT."
CARRY OUT (REALIZAR)

"I CARRIED OUT HIS INSTRUCTIONS (...HICE) IMMEDIATELY."
CLEAR UP (ELIMINAR EL DESORDEN, HACER ORDEN)
"WE CLEARED UP THE OFFICE (...LIMPIAMOS) AFTER THE CHRISTMAS PARTY."
CUT OFF (REMOVER PARTE DE ALGO)

"HE CUT OFF THE CORNER OF THE BOOK (...LA CORT."
FILL OUT (COMPLETAR UNA FORMA IMPRESA)

"PLEASE FILL OUT THIS FORM (...LLNELO) IN INK."
FILL UP (LLENAR)
"SHE FILLED UP MY CUP (...FILLED IT UP) WITH COFFEE."
FIND OUT (DESCUBRIR)

"HE FOUND OUT THE CAUSE OF THE FAULT (...FOUND IT OUT) BY EXAMINING THE WIRING."
FIX UP (ORGANIZAR, ARREGLAR, REPARAR)

THEY FIXED UP A VENUE (...FIXED IT UP) IN TIME FOR THE CONFERENCE."
GET BACK (OBTENER A CAMBIO)
"MR. HOLDEN NEVER GOT BACK THE STOLEN DISKS (...GOT THEM BACK)."
GIVE BACK (DEVOLVER)

"WHEN ARE YOU GOING TO GIVE BACK THE PEN I LENT YOU (...DEVOLVERA)?"
GIVE UP (DETENER, ABANDONAR)

"I GAVE UP SMOKING (...DEJ) FIVE YEARS AGO."
102
HAND IN (DAR)
"THEY HANDED IN THEIR QUESTIONNAIRES (...LAS D) AT THE END OF THE SESSION."
HOLD UP (RETRASAR)
"THE STRIKE HELD UP THE PROJECT (...RETRASELA) FOR SIX MONTHS."
KEEP UP (CONTINUE, MANTENER)

"THE AUDIENCE KEPT UP THEIR APPLAUSE (...MANTUVO) FOR TEN MINUTES."
KNOCK OUT (HACER INCONSCIENTE)

"THE MACHINERY KNOCKED OUT THE OPERATOR (...NOQUEALA) WHEN IT MALFUNCTIONED."
LET DOWN (DECEPCIONAR)

"SHE FORGOT ABOUT THE APPOINTMENT AND LET DOWN THE CLIENT (...LE DECEPCION)."
LET OUT (PERMITIR SALIR)

"DON'T FORGET TO LET OUT THE CAT (...LEPERMIT SALIR) AFTER DINNER."
LOOK UP (ENCONTRAR EN EL DICCIONARIO, DIRECTORIO TELEFONICO, ETC.)

"YOU MUST LOOK UP THOSE WORDS (...BUSCARLAS) IN THE DICTIONARY."
PAY BACK (REPAGAR UNA DEUDA)

"THEY PROMISED TO PAY BACK THE MONEY (...REPAGAR) WITHIN THREE MONTHS."
PICK UP (LEVANTAR)
"I SAW YOU PICK UP YOUR GLASSES (...RECOGERLOS) IN THE CANTEEN."
PUT DOWN (SUSTITUIR EN UNA SUPERFICIE)

"PUT DOWN THE COMPUTER (...PUT IT DOWN) HERE."
PUT OFF (POSPONER)

"WE'LL HAVE TO PUT OFF THE MEETING (...POSPONERLO) UNTIL NEXT WEEK."
PUT ON (VESTIRSE)
"I PU ON MY COVERALLS (...ME PUSE) THIS MORNING."
SET UP (COMIENZO, ESTABLECIDO)

"THEY SET UP THE COMPANY (...LA ESTABLECIERON) IN 1978."
SWITCH ON/OFF (COMENZAR/PARAR UN APARATO)

"PLEASE SWITCH OFF THE RADIO (...APAGULA); IT'S DISTRACTING ME."
TAKE OFF (DESVESTIRSE, ETC.)
"HE TOOK OFF HIS SHOES (...SE SAC) BEFORE GOING INTO THE JAPANESE RESTAURANT."
TAKE OVER (TOMAR EL CONTROL DE)

"THE BANK TOOK OVER MY FARM (...SE HIZO CARGO) IN 1980."
TALK OVER (DISCUTIR)

"I WANT TO TALK OVER YOUR PROPOSAL (...DISCUTIR) WITH MY MANAGER BEFORE WE DECIDE."
103
THINK OVER (PINSELO)
"I THOUGHT OVER THE PLAN (..LO PENS) FOR SEVERAL HOURS."
TRY OUT (PRUEBA)

"WE'RE GOING TO TRY OUT THE PRODUCT (...LO PROBAREMOS) BEFORE WE MARKET IT."
TURN ON/OFF (ABRIR/CERRAR UN SUMINISTROY DE AGUA, GAS, ETC.)

"I FORGOT TO TURN OFF THE MACHINE (...APAGAR); THE SUPERVISOR WILL BE FURIOUS!"
WIPE OUT (DESTRUIR, ANIQUILAR)

"THIS DISASTROUS PROJECT HAS WIPED OUT OUR PROFITS FOR THIS QUARTER (...HAS WIPED THEM OUT)."
CLAUSES
CLAUSES
ORACIONES: ORACIONES SUSTANTIVAS
USO:
SE UTILIZA PARA HABLAR DE INFORMACIN QUE TENEMOS, NO TENEMOS O NOS GUSTARA TENER.
FORMA:
[ORACIN PRINCIPAL + CONJUNCION + ORACIN SUSTANTIVA.]
EJEMPLOS:
"I HAVE NO IDEA WHERE THE CASTLE IS."
"I WONDER WHO THAT GIRL IS."
"I'M SURE THAT KLAUS IS AUSTRIAN."
SUMINISTRANDO INFORMACION
SI LA PERSONA QUE HABLA DA LA INFORMACIN, UTILIZAR UNA EXPRESIN COMO: 'I KNOW...', I'M SURE...', 'I
THINK...', 'I EXPECT...' Y LA CONJUCIN THAT U OTRAS PALABRAS INTERROGATIVAS..
EJEMPLOS:
"I KNOW THAT HE LOVES ME."
"I AM NOT SURE WHERE MARY WENT."
FJATE QUE CON FRECUENCIA SE OMITE LA PALABRA 'THAT'.
"I'M SURE (THAT) MIKE WILL ARRIVE LATER."
OBSERVA QUE LAS PALABRAS INTERROGATIVAS NO VAN SEGUIDAS DE LA FORMA INTERROGATIVA NORMAL.
"I KNOW WHEN HE IS GOING TO ARRIVE."
PIDIENDO INFORMACION - CON IF AND WHETHER
SI NO CONOCEMOS LA INFORMACIN QUE PEDIMOS, EMPLEAMOS EXPRESIONES COMO: 'I DON'T KNOW...', 'I'VE NO
IDEA...' , 'I CAN'T IMAGINE...', 'I WONDER...'
JUNTO CON IF O WHETHER.
104
EJEMPLOS:
"DO YOU KNOW IF JOHN IS AT HOME?"
"NO, I DON'T KNOW WHETHER HE IS AT HOME OR AT WORK."
"I WONDER IF BILL HAS CLEANED THE KITCHEN."
PIDIENDO INFORMACION - CON PALABRAS PREGUNTAS-WH
SI EL HABLANTE DESEA AVERIGUAR CIERTA INFORMACIN, CON FRECUENCIA UTILIZAR EXPRESIONES COMO: 'DO YOU
KNOW...' , 'CAN YOU TELL ME...' O 'I WONDER...', ETC. SEGUIDAS DE LA PALABRA INTERROGATIVA APROPIADA. LA
ORACIN SUSTANTIVA NO TOMA LA FORMA INTERROGATIVA NORMAL.
EJEMPLOS:
"EXCUSE ME, CAN YOU TELL ME WHAT TIME IT IS?"
"CAN YOU TELL ME WHICH BUS GOES TO MAINE?"
"DO YOU KNOW WHOSE BOOK THIS IS?"
"I WONDER WHERE MY NEW SWEATER IS."
DANDO INFORMACION - CON PALABRAS DE PREGUNTA-WH
SI LA INFORMACIN ES UNA RESPUESTA A UNA PREGUNTA WH, LA PALABRA INTERROGATIVA WH- APROPIADA SE
CONVIERTE EN LA CONJUNCIN: WHEN, WHERE, WHY, HOW, WHO, WHAT, WHICH, WHOSE, HOW MUCH Y HOW
MANY. LA ORACIN SUSTANTIVA NO TOMA LA FORMA INTERROGATIVA NORMAL.
EJEMPLOS:
"I HAVE NO IDEA WHEN THE LETTER WILL ARRIVE."
"I CAN'T IMAGINE WHERE MARY'S HUSBAND IS."
"I DON'T KNOW WHY PAT SAID THAT TO YOU."
"I'VE NO IDEA HOW WE CAN SOLVE THIS PROBLEM."
REVIEW
ORACIONES
USO:
CUANDO UNA FRASE CONTIENE MS DE UN VERBO CONJUGADO (ES DECIR, VERBO CON SU PROPIO SUJETO) STA SE
DIVIDE EN ORACIONES. CADA ORACIN CONTIENE UN SUJETO Y UN VERBO. LA PRIMERA ORACIN DE LA FRASE,
POR LO GENERAL, ES LA ORACIN PRINCIPAL, LAS DEMS SON ORACIONES SUBORDINADAS. DOS TIPOS
COMUNES DE ORACIONES SUBORDINADAS SON LAS SUSTANTIVAS Y ADVERBIALES.
EJEMPLOS:
"I THINK THAT YOUR NEW DRESS IS BEAUTIFUL."
"WHY DON'T YOU CALL WHEN YOU'RE LATE?"
"I HAVE TO GO HOME AFTER I FINISH WORK."
ORACIONES SUSTANTIVAS
USO:
UNA ORACIN SUSTANTIVA POR LO GENERAL OFRECE O SOLICITA INFORMACIN ACERCA DE UNA PERSONA O UN
OBJETO QUE HA SIDO INTRODUCIDO POR LA ORACIN PRINCIPAL.
EJEMLOS:
"I THINK THAT YOUR SISTER IS LOVELY!"
"I DON'T KNOW WHO SHE IS."
NOTICE THAT THE WH-QUESTION WORDS ARE NOT FOLLOWED BY THE NORMAL QUESTION FORM.
105
ORACIONES ADVERBIALES
USO:
UNA ORACIN ADVERBIAL POR LO GENERAL CONTIENE INFORMACIN ACERCA DEL VERBO DE LA ORACIN
PRINCIPAL. CON FRECUENCIA EXPLICA LA ORACIN PRINCIPAL O INDICA CUNDO OCURRE.
EJEMPLOS:
"HE DRANK WATER BECAUSE HE WAS THIRSTY."
"SHE SPOKE SLOWLY SO THAT I COULD UNDERSTAND."
"I ALWAYS WORRY WHEN MY KIDS COME HOME LATE."
RELATIVE CLAUSES
ORACION DE RELATIVO: ORACION DE RELATIVO DE SUJETO
USO:
CUANDO EL SUJETO DEL VERBO DE LA ORACIN DE RELATIVO ES EL MISMO QUE EL SUSTANTIVO DEL CUAL HABLAMOS.
FORM:
ESTAS ORACIONES DE RELATIVO COMIENZAN CON PRONOMBRES RELATIVOS:

WHO (PARA PERSONAS),
WHICH (PARA ANIMALES U OBJETOS),
THAT(PARA PERSONAS, ANIMALES U OBJETOS; PARA LAS PALABRAS EVERYTHING, NOTHING, SOMETHING O
ANYTHING).
[...SUSTANTIVO + PRONOMBRE RELATIVO + VERBO...]

EXAMPLES:
"HE'S THE MAN WHO/THAT WROTE THIS BOOK."
"LET'S SEE THE MOVIE WHICH/THAT WON THE PRIZE."
"I'VE FORGOTTEN EVERYTHING THAT HAPPENED."
"BILL'S THE MAN WHO CALLED ME LAST NIGHT."
"WHERE IS THE FACTORY THAT MAKES THOSE CHAIRS?"
NO OLVIDES QUE LA ORACIN DE RELATIVO SIEMPRE CONTIENE UN VERBO.
ORACIONES DE RELATIVO: ORACIONES RELATIVAS DE OBJETO
USO:
CUANDO EL SUJETO DEL VERBO DE LA ORACIN DE RELATIVO NO ES EL MISMO QUE EL SUSTANTIVO DEL CUAL
ESTAMOS HABLANDO.
FORMA:

WHOM (EN INGLS MUY FORMAL)
THAT (PARA PERSONAS, ANIMALES U OBJETOS Y PARA LAS PALABRAS EVERYTHING, NOTHING, SOMETHING O
ANYTHING)
106
TENEMOS LA OPCIN DE OMITIR EL PRONOMBRE RELATIVO SI STE NO ES EL SUJETO DEL VERBO DE LA ORACIN DE
RELATIVO, EXCEPTO CUANDO LA ORACIN DE RELATIVO COMIENZA CON UNA PREPOSICIN (EN INGLS FORMAL), O SI
SIGUE UNA COMA.
[...SUSTANTIVO + (PRONOMBRE RELATIVO) + ORACION...]
EJEMPLOS:
"FREDERICK IS THE MAN (WHO/THAT/WHOM) I WORK WITH."
"HERE'S THE BOOK (WHICH/THAT) YOU LENT ME."
"TELL ME EVERYTHING (THAT) YOU REMEMBER."
SI HAY UNA PREPOSICIN AL COMIENZO DE LA ORACIN DE RELATIVO, DEBEMOS UTILIZAR LOS PRONOMBRES
RELATIVOS WHOM O WHICH A MENOS QUE DESPLACEMOS LA PREPOSICIN AL FINAL DE LA ORACIN.
EJEMPLOS:
"THE LADY WITH WHOM YOU WERE DANCING IS MY WIFE."
OR
"THE LADY (THAT) YOU WERE DANCING WITH IS MY WIFE."
"THE COMPANY FOR WHICH YOU WORK IS RESPONSIBLE FOR YOUR PENSION."
OR
"THE COMPANY (THAT) YOU WORK FOR IS RESPONSIBLE FOR YOUR PENSION."
TAMBIN PODEMOS SUSTITUIR IN WHICH, AT WHICH Y ON WHICH POR WHERE O WHEN.
EJEMPLOS:
"THAT'S THE HOUSE WHERE SHAKESPEARE LIVED."
"1492 WAS THE YEAR WHEN CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS CROSSED THE ATLANTIC."
ORACIONES DE RELATIVO:
CON O SIN PRONOMBRES RELATIVOS
TENEMOS LA OPCIN DE OMITIR EL PRONOMBRE RELATIVO SI ESTE NO ES EL SUJETO DEL VERBO DE LA ORACIN DE
SIGUE UNA COMA.
EJEMPLOS:
THAT'S THE MAN I SPOKE TO.
BUT
THAT'S THE MAN TO WHOM I SPOKE.
REVIEW
RELATIVE CLAUSES
USE:
DAR INFORMACIN QUE AYUDA A IDENTIFICAR UNO DE LOS SUSTANTIVOS DE LA ORACIN. LA ORACIN DE RELATIVO
SIGUE INMEDIATAMENTE AL SUSTANTIVO QUE DESCRIBE.
EXAMPLES:
"HE'S THE MAN WHO'S WEARING A BLACK HAT."
"THE DRESS WHICH YOU WORE YESTERDAY WAS BEAUTIFUL."
"THE APPLES THAT YOU BROUGHT ARE WONDERFUL."
107
SUBJECT RELATIVE CLAUSES
USE:
CUANDO EL SUJETO DEL VERBO DE LA ORACIN DE RELATIVO ES EL MISMO QUE EL EL SUSTANTIVO DEL CUAL
HABLAMOS.
FORM:

THAT (PARA PERSONAS, ANIMALES U OBJETOS;
PARA LA PALABRA EVERYTHING, NOTHING,
SOMETHING O ANYTHING)
WHOSE (PARA POSESIVOS).
[...NOUN + RELATIVE PRONOUN + VERB...]
EXAMPLES:
"HE'S THE MAN WHO/THAT WROTE THIS BOOK."
"LET'S SEE THE MOVIE WHICH/THAT WON THE PRIZE."
"I'VE FORGOTTEN EVERYTHING THAT HAPPENED."
"BILL'S THE MAN WHO CALLED ME LAST NIGHT."
"WHERE IS THE FACTORY THAT MAKES THOSE CHAIRS?"
NO OLVIDE QUE LA ORACIN DE RELATIVO SIEMPRE CONTIENE UN VERBO.
OBJECT RELATIVE CLAUSES
USE:
CUANDO EL SUJETO DEL VERBO DE LA ORACIN DE RELATIVO NO ES EL MISMO QUE EL SUSTANTIVO DEL CUAL
HABLAMOS.
FORM:
ESTAS ORACIONES DE RELATIVO COMIENZAN CON LOS PRONOMBRES RELATIVOS:
WHO (PARA PERSONAS)/ WHOM (EN INGLS MUY FORMAL)
WHICH (PARA ANIMALES O COSAS),
THAT (PARA PERSONAS, ANIMALES O COSAS Y PARA LAS PALABRAS EVERYTHING, NOTHING, SOMETHING, O
ANYTHING)
TENEMOS LA OPCIN DE OMITIR EL PRONOMBRE RELATIVO SI ESTE NO ES EL SUJETO DEL VERBO DE LA ORACIN DE
SIGUE UNA COMA.
108
[...NOUN + (RELATIVE PRONOUN) + SENTENCE...]
EXAMPLES:
"FREDERICK IS THE MAN (WHO/THAT/WHOM) I WORK WITH."
"HERE'S THE BOOK (WHICH/THAT) YOU LENT ME."
"TELL ME EVERYTHING (THAT) YOU REMEMBER."
SI HAY UNA PREPOSICIN AL INICIO DE LA ORACIN DE RELATIVO, DEBEMOS UTILIZAR LOS PRONOMBRES RELATIVOS
WHOM O WHICH A MENOS QUE DESPLACEMOS LA PREPOSICIN AL FINAL DE LA ORACIN.
EXAMPLES:
"THE LADY WITH WHOM YOU WERE DANCING IS MY WIFE."
OR
"THE LADY (THAT) YOU WERE DANCING WITH IS MY WIFE."
"THE COMPANY FOR WHICH YOU WORK IS RESPONSIBLE FOR YOUR PENSION"
OR
"THE COMPANY (THAT) YOU WORK FOR IS RESPONSIBLE FOR YOUR PENSION."TAMBIN PODEMOS SUSTITUIR IN
WHICH, AT WHICH Y ON WHICH POR WHERE O WHEN.
EXAMPLES:
"THAT'S THE HOUSE WHERE SHAKESPEARE LIVED."
"1492 WAS THE YEAR WHEN CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS CROSSED THE ATLANTIC."
MORE RELATIVE CLAUSES

MAS ORACIONES DE RELATIVO: WHOSE AND WHERE
WHOSE
USO:
WHOSE ES UN PRONOMBRE RELATIVO QUE INDICA POSESIN. PUEDE HACER REFERENCIA A PERSONAS O COSAS.
FORMA:
WHOSE SE UTILIZA CON SUSTANTIVOS DE LA MISMA FORMA QUE HIS, HERS, ETC.
[SUSTANTIVO + WHOSE + SUJETO + VERBO...]
EJEMPLO
"MY UNCLE JACK, WHOSE HOUSE BURNED DOWN LAST WEEK, IS LIVING WITH US NOW."
WHERE
USO:
LAS ORACIONES DE RELATIVO QUE DESCRIBEN UN LUGAR PUEDEN COMENZAR POR WHERE.
FORMA:
[SUSTANTIVO + WHERE + SUJETO + VERBO...]
EJEMPLO:
"THIS IS A PHOTOGRAPH OF MY FIRST SCHOOL, WHERE I STUDIED UNTIL I WAS TWELVE."
MAS ORACIONES DE RELATIVO: WHOEVER, WHENEVER ETC.
USO:
WHOEVER, WHENEVER, ETC., SE PUEDEN UTILIZAR YA SEA COMO SUJETO U OBJETO EN ORACIONES DE
109
SUSTANTIVO QUE DESCRIBEN O DEFINEN UNA CLASE COMPLETA DE PERSONAS, LUGARES, ETC. WHOEVER ... SE USA
CON EL MISMO SIGNIFICADO QUE: ALL THE PEOPLE WHO ... O EVERYBODY WHO ...; WHATEVER ...
SIGNIFICA ALL THE THINGS THAT ... O EVERYTHING THAT ... ; Y WHATEVER TAMBIN PUEDE SIGNIFICAR
ANYBODY WHO ..., ANYTHING THAT ...
EJEMPLO:
"ANNA IS AN OBEDIENT CHILD. SHE DOES WHATEVER HER PARENTS TELL HER TO DO."
FORMA:
WHOEVER Y WHATEVER PUEDE ACTUAR COMO SUJETO U OBJETO DEL VERBO EN LA ORACIN DE RELATIVO
COMO SUJETO DE UNA ORACION RELATIVA:
[...WHOEVER/WHATEVER + VERBO...]
EJEMPLOS:
"PLEASE TELL WHOEVER CALLS THAT I'LL BE BACK BY NOON."
"I HOPE TO BE BACK SOONER, BUT I'LL BE BACK BY NOON, WHATEVER HAPPENS."
OBSERVE QUE WHOEVER Y WHATEVER SIEMPRE APARECEN EN SINGULAR Y TOMAN LA TERMINACIN "-S" DE LA
TERCERA PERSONA DEL SINGULAR CON VERBOS EN PRESENTE SIMPLE.
COMO OBJETO DE UNA ORACION RELATIVA:
[...WHOEVER/WHATEVER + SUJETO + VERBO]
EJEMPLOS:
"TOM'S VERY FRIENDLY. HE SAYS HELLO TO WHOEVER
HE MEETS."
"WHATEVER SALLY DOES SHE DOES WELL."
WHOEVER AND WHATEVER CAN ACT AS THE SUBJECT OR THE OBJECT OF THE MAIN CLAUSE.
COMO SUJETO:
[WHOEVER/WHATEVER (+ SUJETO) + VERBO... + VERBO...]
EJEMPLOS:
"WHATEVER ARRIVES BY POST COMES TO THIS OFFICE FIRST."
COMO OBJETO:
[SUBJECT + VERBO + WHOEVER/WHATEVER (+SUJETO) + VERBO...]
EJEMPLOS::
"THE POLICE QUESTIONED WHOEVER ARRIVED ATTHE HOUSE."
"SOME PEOPLE BELIEVE WHATEVER THEY READIN THE NEWSPAPERS."
WHEREVER... MEANS ALL THE PLACES WHERE... OR EVERY PLACE WHERE... OR ANY PLACE WHERE...
AND WHENEVER MEANS EVERY TIME WHEN... OR ANY TIME WHEN...
FORMA:
LAS ORACIONES QUE CONTIENEN WHEREVER O WHENEVER SE UTILIZAN HABITUALMENTE COMO ADVERBIOS,
PARA DAR INFORMACIN SOBRE EL VERBO DE LA ORACIN PRINCIPAL.
EJEMPLO:
"I WILL ALWAYS THINK OF YOU, WHEREVER I AM."
ORACION PRINCIPAL + WHEREVER/WHENEVER + SUJETO + VERBO...]
EJEMPLOS:
"YOU CAN FIND PLENTY OF PARKING WHEREVER YOU GO IN THE CITY."

"I THINK OF JULIA WHENEVER I HEAR THAT SONG."
MAS ORACIONES RELATIVAS:
ORACIONES RELATIVAS NO RESTRICTIVAS
USO:
110
PROPORCIONAN INFORMACIN "ADICIONAL" SOBRE EL SUSTANTIVO QUE NO SE NECESITA PARA DEFINIRLO. SE
UTILIZAN A MENUDO PARA COMBINAR DOS AFIRMACIONES EN UNA SOLA ORACIN.
EJEMPLOS:
(1) "MY MOTHER IS A DOCTOR. "
(2) "MY MOTHER WORKS IN PARIS."
(1+2) "MY MOTHER, WHO IS A DOCTOR, WORKS IN PARIS."
FORMA:
LAS ORACIONES DE RELATIVO NO RESTRICTIVAS SE FORMAN DEL MISMO MODO QUE LAS ORACIONES DE
RELATIVO RESTRICTIVAS (CONSULTA EL INDICE LINGSTICO 4), PERO SIEMPRE CONTIENEN UN PRONOMBRE
RELATIVO, Y SIEMPRE ESTN SEPARADAS DEL RESTO DE LA FRASE MEDIANTE COMAS.
CUANDO EL PRONOMBRE ES EL SUJETO DEL VERBO DE LA ORACIN DE RELATIVO, UTILIZAMOS LOS PRONOMBRES
WHO PARA PERSONAS Y WHICH PARA ANIMALES, COSAS O PARA TODA LA IDEA.
FORMA:
[SUSTANTIVO, + WHO/WHICH + VERBO...]

EJEMPLOS:
"MY FATHER, WHO LIVES IN ENGLAND, IS AN ARTIST."
"THE EMPIRE STATE BUILDING, WHICH USED TO BE THE TALLEST SKYSCRAPER IN THE WORLD, IS IN NEW YORK."
"I THREW AWAY ALL MY HISTORY NOTES, WHICH I REGRET NOW."
REVIEW
MAS ORACIONES DE RELATIVO
USO:
ALGUNAS ORACIONES DE RELATIVO SE UTILIZAN PARA PROPORCIONAR INFORMACIN ACERCA DE ALGUNO DE LOS
SUSTANTIVOS DE UNA ORACIN (CONSULTA EL INDICE LINGSTICO 4 SOBRE LAS ORACIONES DE RELATIVO).
CUANDO LA ORACIN DE RELATIVO CONTIENE INFORMACIN SOBRE POSESIN Y LUGAR, SE UTILIZAN LOS
PRONOMBRES RELATIVOS WHOSE Y WHERE.
CUANDO EL SUSTANTIVO ES EVERYTHING THAT, EVERYBODY THAT O ANYTHING THAT, PODEMOS
SUSTITUIRLOS POR WHATEVER O WHOEVER
EJEMPLOS:
"HERE COMES MR. CHANG. HE'S THE TEACHER WHOSE CAR WAS STOLEN FROM THE SCHOOL PARKING LOT."
"LOOK, KIDS! THERE'S THE HOUSE WHERE YOUR FATHER GREW UP."
"WHATEVER YOU DECIDE, I WILL SUPPORT YOU."
"PLEASE TELL WHOEVER IT IS YOU ARE SPEAKING TO THAT YOU WILL CALL BACK LATER."
LAS ORACIONES DE RELATIVO NO RESTRICTIVAS CONTIENEN INFORMACIN QUE NO SE NECESITA PARA
IDENTIFICAR EL SUSTANTIVO. APARECEN SEPARADAS DEL RESTO DE LA ORACIN POR COMAS O ENTRE UNA COMA Y EL
PERODO Y EL FIN DE LA ORACIN.
EJEMPLO:
"MY BROTHER, WHO IS A WRITER, HATES USING COMPUTERS."
LAS ORACIONES DE RELATIVO NO RESTRICTIVAS CON WHICH PUEDEN CONTENER INFORMACIN ADICIONAL
SOBRE UN SUSTANTIVO DE LA ORACIN, O HACER REFERENCIA A TODA LA IDEA QUE SE EXPRESA EN LA ORACIN.
EJEMPLOS:
"THE COMPANY, WHICH WAS FORMED THREE YEARS AGO, DEVELOPS COMPUTER PROGRAMS."
"JOHN BELIEVES THAT COMPUTERS WILL REPLACE BOOKS, WHICH
I THINK IS IMPOSSIBLE."
111
CLAUSES OF RESULT
ORACIONES DE RESULTADO
USO:
SE UTILIZAN PARA REFERIRSE A LOS MOTIVOS O RESULTADOS DE UNA ACCIN O UN HECHO.
FORMA:
UTILIZAMOS SO Y SUCH EN LA ORACIN PRINCIPAL PARA EXPLICAR UN RESULTADO DE LA ORACIN SUBORDINADA
QUE COMIENZA CON THAT. UTILIZAMOS SINCE, AS, AS LONG AS Y NOW THAT PARA INTRODUCIR UNA
ORACIN SUBORDINADA QUE EXPLICA AL VERBO DE LA ORACIN PRINCIPAL.
EJEMPLOS:
"MIKE IS SO CLEVER THAT HE ALWAYS GETS GOOD GRADES ."
"DORA IS SUCH A GOOD TEACHER THAT EVERYBODY ADMIRES HER."
"WE DECIDED TO STOP, SINCE IT WAS DARK AND WE DIDN'T KNOW THE ROAD VERY WELL."
"AS LONG AS FRED AGREES TO HELP ME, I'LL HELP HIM."
"I THINK I'LL GO HOME, NOW THAT THE PARTY IS OVER."
SUCH... THAT Y SO... THAT
USO:
SE UTILIZAN EN LA ORACIN PRINCIPAL PARA EXPLICAR EL MOTIVO DE UNA ACCIN O HECHO. UTILIZAMOS
SO...THAT CON ADJETIVOS O ADVERBIOS Y SUCH...THAT CON ADJETIVOS Y SUSTANTIVOS.
FORMA:
CON ADJETIVOS:
[SUJETO + BE + SO + ADJETIVO + THAT + ORACIN SUBORDINADA]

EJEMPLOS:
"MIKE IS SO CLEVER THAT HE ALWAYS GETS GOOD GRADES."
"I AM SO TIRED THAT I CAN'T STAY AWAKE."
CON ADVERBIOS
[SUJETO + VERBO (+ OBJETO) + SO + ADVERBIO + THAT + ORACIN SUBORDINADA]

EJEMPLOS:
"HE WALKED SO SLOWLY THAT HE MISSED THE BUS."
"JOHN TELLS JOKES SO WELL THAT EVERYBODY LIKES HIM."
CON ADJETIVO + SUSTANTIVO
[SUBJECT + BE + SUCH (+ A) + ADJETIVO + SUSTANTIVO + THAT + ORACIN SUBORDINADA]

NO OLVIDES QUE EL ARTCULO INDEFINIDO A(N) SE UTILIZA ANTES DEL ADJETIVO CON SUSTANTIVOS CONTABLES EN
SINGULAR.
EJEMPLOS:
"DORA IS SUCH A GOOD TEACHER THAT EVERYBODY ADMIRES HER."
"THIS IS SUCH GOOD WINE THAT I'M GOING TO BUY TEN CASES."
"PAT AND JO ARE SUCH GOOD FRIENDS THAT THEY DO EVERYTHING TOGETHER."
SINCE/NOW THAT/AS LONG AS
TODAS ESTAS EXPRESIONES SE UTILIZAN COMO CONJUNCIONES AL COMIENZO DE ORACIONES SUBORDINADAS. POR LO
GENERAL, AMBAS ORACIONES VAN SEPARADAS POR UNA COMA (,).
112
[CONJUNCION + ORACIN SUBORDINADA + ORACINPRINCIPAL]
O
[ORACIN PRINCIPAL + CONJUNCION + ORACIN SUBORDINADA]
SINCE INTRODUCE UN MOTIVO PARA LA ACCIN, ESTADO O HECHO DESCRITO EN LA ORACIN PRINCIPAL.
EJEMPLOS:
"SINCE YOU SPEAK PERFECT ENGLISH, I WANT YOU TO TRANSLATE FOR ME."
"WE DECIDED TO STOP, SINCE IT WAS DARK AND WE DIDN'T KNOW THE ROAD VERY WELL."
NOW THAT INTRODUCE UNA CONDICIN NUEVA O RECIENTE QUE EXPLICA LA ACCIN, ESTADO O HECHO DESCRITO
EN LA ORACIN PRINCIPAL.
EJEMPLOS:
"NOW THAT SHE IS SIXTY YEARS OLD, SHE MAY DECIDE TO STOP WORKING."
"I THINK I'LL GO HOME, NOW THAT THE PARTY IS OVER."
AS LONG AS INTRODUCE UNA CONDICIN NECESARIA PARA LA ACCIN, ESTADO O HECHO DESCRITOS EN LA
ORACIN PRINCIPAL.
EJEMPLOS:
"AS LONG AS FRED AGREES TO HELP ME, I'LL HELP HIM."
"YOU CAN DRINK THE WATER, AS LONG AS YOU BOIL IT FIRST."
CONDITIONALS
CONDITIONALES: CONDITIONALES REALES
USO:
SE UTILIZAN PARA HABLAR SOBRE POSIBILIDADES REALES EN "TIEMPO GENERAL" Y HECHOS DUDOSOS PERO POSIBLES
EN EL FUTURO.
FORMA:
LA ORACIN CONDICIONAL COMIENZA CON IF/IF...NOT (O A VECES UNLESS). EL VERBO NORMALMENTE EST EN
PRESENTE.
LA ORACIN DE RESULTADO SUELE CONTENER VERBOS EN PRESENTE (PARA HABLAR SOBRE POSIBILIDADES EN
"TIEMPO GENERAL") O EN FUTURO Y MODALES TALES COMO CAN, MAY, MUST O SHOULD (PARA HABLAR SOBRE
HECHOS DUDOSOS EN EL FUTURO).
SE PUEDE COMENZAR UNA ORACIN CON UNA ORACIN CONDICIONAL O DE RESULTADO.
POSIBILIDADES EN TIEMPO GENERAL

(EL VERBO DE LA ORACIN DE RESULTADO EST EN PRESENTE.)
EJEMPLOS:
ORACIN CONDICIONAL ORACIN RESULTADO

UNLESS YOU GIVE
PLANTS ENOUGH WATER, THEY DIE."
IF IT ISN'T COLDENOUGH, IT DOESN'T SNOW."
113
ORACIN RESULTADO ORACION CONDICIONAL
"IT'S TIME TO EAT UNLESS YOU ARE NOT HUNGRY."
"TALK TO YOUR PLANTS IF YOU WANT THEM TO GROW."
EVENTOS INCIERTOS EN EL FUTURO

(LA ORACIN DE RESULTADO TIENE UN VERBO EN FUTURO O UN VERBO MODAL.)
EJEMPLOS:
ORACIN CONDITIONAL ORACIN RESULTADO

"IF YOU SAY THAT AGAIN, I'M GOING TO HIT YOU!"
"IF IT RAINS, I'LL TAKE AN UMBRELLA."
"IF SHE DOESN'T STUDY, SHE MAY FAIL THE EXAM."
ORACIN RESULTADO ORACIN CONDITIONAL

"THEY WILL COME TO THE PARTY IF THEY FIND A BABY-SITTER."
"I'M GOING TO BUY A NEW DRESS IF I GET PAID TODAY."
"HE WON'T WASH THE CAR UNLESS YOU PAT HIM."
CONDITIONALES: CONDITIONALES IRREALES
USO:
SE UTILIZAN PARA HABLAR SOBRE HIPTESIS IRREALES,IMPOSIBLES O SUMAMENTE IMPROBABLES EN EL PRESENTE Y
FUTURO.
LA ORACIN CONDICIONAL COMIENZA CON IF/IF...NOT(O A VECES UNLESS).
EL VERBO PUEDE ASUMIR LA FORMA PASADA DE BE, EL PRETRITO SIMPLE/PROGRESIVO (PARA HABLAR SOBRE UN
HECHO HIPOTTICO) O EL MODAL COULD (PARA HABLAR SOBRE UNA CAPACIDAD HIPOTTICA).
NOTA: SI UTILIZAMOS EL VERBO "BE" COMO VERBO PRINCIPAL, O EN PRETRITO PROGRESIVO, EMPLEAMOS WERW
EN LUGAR DE WAS.
EL VERBO DE LA ORACIN DE RESULTADO SIEMPRE TIENE UN MODAL, NORMALMENTE WOULD/'D (PARA EXPRESAR
CERTEZA), MIGHT (PARA EXPRESAR UNA POSIBILIDAD) O COULD (PARA EXPRESAR CAPACIDAD).
PODEMOS COMENZAR UNA ORACIN CON UNA ORACIN CONDICIONAL O DE RESULTADO
ORACIN CONDICIONAL ORACIN DE RESULTADO
"IF I HAD A NEW CAR, I'D BE VERY HAPPY."
"IF SHE WEREN'T SO TIRED, SHE'D GO TO THE PARTY."
"IF HE ASKED HIM NICELY, HE MIGHT AGREE."
"IF WE COULD MEET TOMORROW, WE COULD FINISH THE PROJECT."
"IF I HAD ENOUGH MONEY, I WOULDN'T BE WORKING."
114
ORACIN DE RESULTADO OARACIN CONDICIONAL
"I MIGHT PASS ENGLISH IF I STUDIED MORE."
"THEY'D TELL ME IF THEY KNEW."
"HE'D ANSWER THE PHONE IF HE WERE AT HOME."
"WE MIGHT GO SWIMMING IF WE WEREN'T STUDYING."
REVIEW
CONDITIONALS
USE:
TO TALK ABOUT REAL POSSIBILITIES IN "GENERAL TIME," POSSIBLE EVENTS IN THE FUTURE, UNREAL/IMPOSSIBLE
SITUATIONS AND RESULTS IN THE PRESENT OR FUTURE.
FORM:
STATEMENTS AND QUESTIONS OF THIS TYPE OFTEN HAVE TWO PARTS: A "CONDITION" (THE HYPOTHESIS), USUALLY A
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE BEGINNING WITH IF, AND A "RESULT," DESCRIBED IN THE MAIN CLAUSE OF A SENTENCE.
WE CAN BEGIN A SENTENCE WITH EITHER A CONDITION OR A RESULT CLAUSE.
[IF (CONDITION) CLAUSE, + RESULT CLAUSE] OR

[RESULT CLAUSE + IF (CONDITION) CLAUSE]
EXAMPLES:
"WHAT WOULD YOU DO IF YOU WON A MILLION DOLLARS?"
"IF I WON THAT MUCH MONEY, I'D STOP WORKING TOMORROW."
REAL CONDITIONALS
USE:
TO TALK ABOUT REAL POSSIBILITIES IN "GENERAL TIME" AND UNCERTAIN BUT POSSIBLE EVENTS IN THE FUTURE.
FORM:
THE CONDITION CLAUSE BEGINS WITH IF/IF... NOT (OR SOMETIMES UNLESS). THE VERB IS IN THE PRESENT.
THE RESULT CLAUSE USUALLY CONTAINS PRESENT TENSE VERBS (TO TALK ABOUT POSSIBILITIES IN "GENERAL TIME")
OR FUTURE TENSE VERBS AND MODALS SUCH AS CAN, MAY, MUST, OR SHOULD (TO TALK ABOUT UNCERTAIN
EVENTS IN THE FUTURE).
YOU CAN BEGIN A SENTENCE WITH EITHER A CONDITION OR A RESULT CLAUSE.
POSSIBILITIES IN GENERAL TIME

(VERB IN RESULT CLAUSE IS IN THE PRESENT.)
EXAMPLES:
115
CONDITION CLAUSE RESULT CLAUSE
"IF IT'S TWO IN NEW YORK IT'S NINE O'CLOCK IN PARIS."
"IF IT ISN'T COLD ENOUGH IT DOESN'T SNOW."
RESULT CLAUSE CONDITION CLAUSE

"IT'S TIME TO EAT UNLESS YOU ARE NOT HUNGRY."
"TALK TO YOUR PLANTS IF YOU WANT THEM TO GROW."
MORE CONDITIONALS
MAS CONDITIONALES: PRETERITOS CONDITIONALES
USE:
LOS PRETRITOS CONDICIONALES SE UTILIZAN PARA DESCRIBIR CONDICIONES QUE NUNCA SE CUMPLIRN PORQUE EL
TIEMPO EN EL CUAL SE HABRAN PRODUCIDO HA TERMINADO.
FORMA:
LA ORACIN CONDICIONAL COMIENZA CON IF/IF...NOT (O, A VECES, UNLESS). EL VERBO DE LA ORACIN
CONDICIONAL EST EN PRETRITO PERFECTO O EN PRETRITO PERFECTO PROGRESIVO.
[IF + SUJETO + HAD (NOT) + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]+ (VERBO + ING)...]
EL VERBO DE LA FRASE DE RESULTADO (PRINCIPAL) EST EN PRETRITO CONDICIONAL:
[SUBJECT + WOULD/COULD/MIGHT + (NOT) HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]+ (VERBO + ING)...]
SE PUEDE COMENZAR UNA ORACIN CON UNA ORACIN CONDICIONAL O CON UNA DE RESULTADO.
ORACION CONDICIONAL / ORACION DE RESULTADO (PRINCIPAL)

IF I HAD SEEN HIM, (ORACION CONDITIONAL )
I WOULD HAVE TOLD HIM THE NEWS. (RORACION DE ESULTADO)
IF THE GIRL HAD BEEN LISTENING, (ORACION CONDITIONAL )
SHE WOULD HAVE KNOWN THE ANSWER. (ORACION DE RESULTADO)
ORACION RESULTADO (PRINCIPAL) / ORACION CONDITIONAL
I WOULD HAVE BEEN SWIMMING (ORACION DE RESULTADO)
IF IT HADN'T RAINED. (ORACION CONDITIONAL)
THEY COULDN'T HAVE SUCCEEDED (ORACION DE RESULTADO)
IF THEY HADN'T BEEN TRYING. (ORACION CONDICIONAL )
LAS PREGUNTAS SE REALIZAN GENERALMENTE DESDE LA ORACIN DE RESULTADO:
EJEMPLOS:
"WHAT WOULD YOU HAVE EATEN IF SHE HADN'T BROUGHT HOME DINNER?"
"WHERE COULD HE HAVE GONE IF YOU HAD BEEN OUT?"
"WHAT MIGHT HAVE HAPPENED IF THEY HAD LOST THE WAR?"
MAS CONDICIONALES: CONDICIONALES DE TIEMPO COMBINADO
USO:
LOS CONDICIONALES DE TIEMPO COMBINADO SE UTILIZAN PARA HABLAR DE RESULTADOS PRESENTES DE
CONDICIONES PASADAS.
116
FORMA:
CONDICIONAL EST EN PRETRITO PERFECTO O PRETRITO PERFECTO PROGRESIVO.
[IF + SUJETO + HAD (NOT) + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3] + (VERBO + ING)...]
LA ORACIN DE RESULTADO (PRINCIPAL) CONTIENE UN MODAL (ES DECIR WOULD, MIGHT, COULD) Y EL
INFINITIVO O LA FORMA PROGRESIVA DE UN VERBO.
[SUJETO + WOULDCOULDMIGHT + (NOT) HAVE + BASE FORM (VERBO + ING)...]
PODEMOS COMENZAR UNA ORACIN CON UNA ORACIN CONDICIONAL O CON UNA DE RESULTADO.
ORACION CONDICIONAL / ORACION DE RESULTADO
IF I HAD PASSED THE EXAM, (ORACION CONDITIONAL)
I WOULD BE IN TENTH GRADE NOW. (ORACION DE RESULTADO)
IF YOU'D CLEANED YOUR ROOM, (ORACION CONDITIONAL)
IT WOULDN'T BE MESSY NOW. (ORACION DE RESULT ADO)
ORACION DE RESULTADO / ORACION CONDITIONAL
I WOULD BE RICH (ORACION DE RESULTADO)
IF I HAD SAVED MY MONEY. (ORACION CONDITIONAL)
THEY WOULD BE GETTING MARRIED NOW (ORACION DE RESULTA )
IF THEY HAD TAKEN MY ADVICE. (ORACION CONDITIONAL)
REVIEW
MAS CONDICIONALES
USO:
HAY TIEMPOS CONDICIONALES QUE HACEN REFERENCIA A CONDICIONES QUE EXISTAN O PODAN HABER EXISTIDO EN
EL PASADO. ESTOS SON LOS PRETRITOS CONDICIONALES Y LOS CONDICIONALES DE TIEMPO COMBINADO. LOS
PRETRITOS CONDICIONALES SE UTILIZAN PARA DESCRIBIR SITUACIONES QUE NUNCA SE CUMPLIRN PORQUE EL
TIEMPO EN EL CUAL HUBIERAN OCURRIDO HA CONCLUIDO. LOS CONDICIONALES DE TIEMPO COMBINADO SE UTILIZAN
PARA HABLAR SOBRE EL RESULTADO ACTUAL DE CONDICIONES DEL PASADO.
FORMA:
CONDICIONAL EST EN PRETRITO PERFECTO O EN PRETRITO PERFECTO PROGRESIVO.
[IF + SUJETO + HAD (NOT) + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]+ (VERBO + ING)...]
EL VERBO DE LA ORACIN DE RESULTADO (PRINCIPAL) EST EN PRETRITO CONDICIONAL.
[SUJETO + WOULD/COULD/MIGHT + (NOT) HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]+ (VERBO + ING)...]
EJEMPLOS:
"IF I HAD KNOWN YOU WERE SICK, I WOULD HAVE MADE YOU SOME SOUP."
"IF LAURA HAD BEEN TALLER, SHE COULD HAVE BEEN A MODEL."
"IF I HADN'T BROKEN MY LEG LAST WEEK, I WOULD BE DANCING IN THE COMPETITION TONIGHT."
"IF SHE HAD DRESSED WARMLY LASTNIGHT, SHE WOULDN'T BE SICK TODAY."
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
MODO SUBJUNTIVO : DESPUES DE VERBOS
USO:
SE UTILIZA CUANDO EL VERBO PRINCIPAL DE LA ORACIN INDICA LA OPININ, DESEO O INTENCIN DEL SUJETO EN
RELACIN CON UNA ACCIN QUE REALIZAR UN SEGUNDO SUJETO O DE UN HECHO DESCRITO EN UNA ORACIN
117
SUBORDINADA.
FORMA:
[SUJETO + VERBO + THAT + SUJETO + VERBO (BASE FORM) ]
EL SUBJUNTIVO, POR LO GENERAL, ACOMPAA A UN CAMBIO DE SUJETO EN LA ORACIN SUBORDINADA.
A CONTINUACIN SE PRESENTAN ALGUNOS DE LOS VERBOS QUE PUEDEN APARECER EN LA ORACIN PRINCIPAL PARA
ESTA CONSTRUCCIN: ADVISE, AGREE, DECIDE, INSIST, PROPOSE, RECOMMEND, SUGGEST.
TAMBIN ES POSIBLE EXPRESAR EL SUBJUNTIVO UTILIZANDO SHOULD + VERBO SIN CONJUGAR. ESTA FORMA
ES MS FORMAL, PERO MENOS COMN.
EJEMPLOS:
"THE DOCTOR SUGGESTED THAT I LIVE NEAR THE SEA."
"WE AGREED THAT THE REPORT NEVER BE PUBLISHED."
"CHARLES PROPOSED THAT THE PRISONERS BE RELEASED IMMEDIATELY."
"THEY INSISTED THAT WE SHOULD STAY THE NIGHT."
MODO SUBJUNTIVO : DESPUES DE ADJETIVOS
USO:
SE UTILIZA CUANDO UN ADJETIVO DE LA ORACIN PRINCIPAL INDICA LA REACCIN DEL HABLANTE (O DE OTRO SUJETO)
EN RELACIN CON EL VERBO DE LA ORACIN SUBORDINADA.
FORMA:
[SUJETO + BE + ADJETIVO* (+ THAT) + SUJETO (+ SHOULD) + VERBO (BASE FORM)...]
EN CASO DE QUE EL HECHO O ESTADO SE ENCUENTRE EN PASADO, HAVE + VERBO [PARTICIPIO PASADO] DEBEN IR
DESPUS DE SHOULD
LOS SIGUIENTES ADJETIVOS SE UTILIZAN, POR LO GENERAL, EN LA ORACIN PRINCIPAL: AMAZED, AMUSED,
ANGRY, ANNOYED, ASHAMED, DELIGHTED, DETERMINED, DISAPPOINTED, EMBARRASSED, HAPPY,
HORRIFIED, PLEASED, RELIEVED, SAD, SORRY, SHOCKED, SURPRISED, UPSET, WORRIED.
EJEMPLOS:
"FRED WAS DETERMINED THAT THE PARTY CONTINUE."
"WE WERE HORRIFIED THAT THE BRIDGE SHOULD HAVE
COLLAPSED."
"WE WERE RELIEVED THAT SO MANY PEOPLE SHOULD
HAVE BEEN SAVED AFTER THE CRASH."
UNA ASEVERACIN MS GENERAL QUE INTENTA DESCRIBIR UNA "OPININ PBLICA" EN VEZ DEL PUNTO DE VISTA
PERSONAL DEL HABLANTE, PUEDE COMENZAR CON:
[IT + BE + ADJETIVO + THAT...]
LOS SIGUIENTES ADJETIVOS SE UTILIZAN, POR LO GENERAL, EN LA ORACIN PRINCIPAL: AMAZING, ALARMING,
AMUSING, ANNOYING, DELIGHTFUL, DISAPPOINTING, EMBARRASSING, EXTRAORDINARY,
118
HORRIFYING,
INTERESTING, ODD, SAD, SHAMEFUL, SHOCKING, STRANGE, SURPRISING, WORRYING.
EJEMPLOS:
"IT IS INTERESTING THAT SO MANY PEOPLE AGREE WITH YOU."
"IT WAS ANNOYING THAT THE TRAIN SHOULD BE LATE AGAIN."
"IT IS VITAL THAT WE RECEIVE THIS INFORMATION."
"IT IS AMUSING THAT WE SHOULD HAVE DECIDED TO WEAR EXACTLY THE SAME DRESS."
REVIEW
MODO SUBJUNTIVO
USO:
EL MODO SUBJUNTIVO SE UTILIZA, ENTRE OTROS, PARA LOS SIGUIENTES FINES:
HABLAR ACERCA DE DESEOS, ESPERANZAS, DUDAS, ASPIRACIONES O ACCIONES QUE QUEREMOS QUE SUCEDAN;
EXPRESAR PREFERENCIA O ENFATIZAR LA IMPORTANCIA DE ALGO.

DESPUES DE VERBOS
USO:
SE UTILIZA CUANDO EL VERBO PRINCIPAL DE LA ORACIN INDICA LA OPININ, DESEO O INTENCIN DEL SUJETO EN
RELACIN CON LA ACCIN DE UN SEGUNDO SUJETO, O DE UN HECHO DESCRITO EN LA ORACIN SUBORDINADA.
FORMA:
EL SUBJUNTIVO ACOMPAA, POR LO GENERAL, UN CAMBIO DE SUJETO EN LA ORACIN SUBORDINADA. EL VERBO
DE LA ORACIN SUBORDINADA NO SE CONJUGA.
EJEMPLOS:
"WE INSIST THAT HE STAY FOR DINNER."
"THE DOCTOR ADVISED THAT SHE LOSE WEIGHT."
DESPUES DE ADJETIVOS
USO:
SE UTILIZA CUANDO UN ADJETIVO DE LA ORACIN PRINCIPAL INDICA LA REACCIN DEL HABLANTE (O LA DE OTRO
SUJETO) CON RESPECTO AL VERBO DE LA ORACIN SUBORDINADA.
FORMA:
SE UTILIZA EL SUBJUNTIVO DESPUS DE CIERTAS FRASES ADJETIVADAS, CUANDO ESTAS FRASES VAN SEGUIDAS POR
UNA ORACIN NUEVA. EL VERBO DE LA ORACIN SUBORDINADA NO SE CONJUGA.
EJEMPLOS:
"IT IS ESSENTIAL THAT SHE HAVE THE OPERATION."
"IT IS IMPORTANT THAT WE BE THERE ON TIME."
DESPUES DE OTRAS EXPRESIONES
USO:
119
SE PUEDE UTILIZAR EL SUBJUNTIVO DESPUS DE OTRAS EXPRESIONES TALES COMO IF, UNLESS, I'D RATHER, IT'S
TIME, I WISH, IF ONLY, PARA DESCRIBIR ESTADOS O HECHOS IMPOSIBLES O HIPOTTICOS Y, POR LO TANTO,
IRREALES.
FORMA:
UTILIZAMOS LA FORMA DE PRETRITO SIMPLE, AFIRMATIVO Y NEGATIVO (CONSULTA EL NDICE LINGSTICO 2) PARA
FORMAR EL PRETRITO DE SUBJUNTIVO. CUANDO EL VERBO ES BE, WAS SE SUSTITUYE POR WERE, ESPECIALMENTE
AL UTILIZAR INGLS ESCRITO Y FORMAL.
EJEMPLOS:
"I'D RATHER YOU DIDN'T GO OUT TONIGHT."
"I WISH SHE WERE HERE."
"IT'S TIME WE WENT HOME."
"IF SHE WEREN'T SO SENSITIVE, I WOULD TELL HER THE TRUTH."
"IF ONLY HE WERE HERE WITH US NOW."
NOTA: TAMBIN SE PUEDE FORMAR EL SUBJUNTIVO CON SHOULD + VERBO SIN CONJUGAR. ESTA FORMA ES
MENOS COMN PERO MS FORMAL.
EJEMPLOS:
"HE INSISTS THAT WE SHOULD LEAVE IMMEDIATELY." (INSTEAD OF "HE INSISTS THAT WE LEAVE...")
"SHE RECOMMENDED THAT I SHOULD TAKE AN EXTRA BLANKET." (INSTEAD OF "SHE RECOMMENDED THAT I TAKE...")
MORE GRAMMAR POINTS
REPORTED SPEECH
VOZ REPORTADA O INDIRECTA: FRASES Y PREGUNTAS
USO:
INFORMAR DE O DESCRIBIR AFIRMACIONES/IDEAS O PREGUNTAS SIN UTILIZAR LAS PALABRAS EXACTAS DEL HABLANTE.
FORM:
LA ORACIN PRINCIPAL CONTIENE EL "VERBO INFORMANTE O INTERROGATIVO":
VERBOS DE REPORTE : SAY, TELL, PROMISE, KNOW, BELIEVE, THINK, CLAIM, ETC.
VERBOS DE PREGUNTA : ASK, WONDER, WANT/WOULD LIKE TO KNOW
LA FRASE SUSTANTIVA CONTIENE LA ASEVERACIN O PREGUNTA DE LA CUAL SE INFORMA.
PARA AFIRMACIONES, UTILIZAMOS LA CONJUNCIN THAT, QUE SE OMITE EN EL INGLS INFORMAL.
[ORACION PRINCIPAL + (THAT) + ORACION SUSTANTIVA]
EJEMPLOS:
"MR. JONES SAYS (THAT) HE'LL CALL LATER."
"SHE SAID (THAT) SHE WAS LEAVING."
"I'M SORRY, MR. JONES SAYS (THAT) HE IS TOO BUSY TO TALK TO YOU."
"EVERYBODY TELLS ME (THAT) I SHOULD STOP SMOKING."
EN LAS PREGUNTAS UTILIZAMOS IF (YES/NO QUESTIONS) O WHO, WHAT, WHEN, WHY, WHERE, HOW, HOW
OBSERVA QUE EL VERBO DE LA ORACIN SUSTANTIVA TOMA LA FORMA AFIRMATIVA O NEGATIVA NORMAL Y NO LA
INTERROGATIVA.
120
A MENUDO UTILIZAMOS "PREGUNTAS DOBLES" CON ASK, TELL O KNOW PARA SOLICITAR DE FORMA CORTS UNA
INFORMACIN.
"MAY I ASK WHAT YOUR NAME IS?" ES MS CORTS QUE
"WHAT'S YOUR NAME?"
[ORACION PRINCIPAL + IF OR WH-WORD + ORACION SUSTANTIVA]
EJEMPLOS:
"HE'S ASKING YOU IF YOU LIKE CHOCOLATE."
"PLEASE ASK HIM WHO THAT BOY IS."
"I WONDER WHY THE PRESIDENT DIDN'T GO TO ROME."
"DO YOU KNOW HOW MANY WINDOWS WERE BROKEN."
"COULD YOU TELL ME WHERE THE STATION IS?"
VOZ REPORTADA: ASPECTOS DE TIEMPO
CUANDO EL VERBO INFORMANTE (SAY, THINK, ASK ETC.) EST EN PRETRITO LA AFIRMACIN/IDEA O PREGUNTA
ORIGINAL PUEDE MODIFICARSE.
VERBO EN ORACION SUSTANTIVA REPORTADA
CUANDO EL VERBO INFORMANTE DE LA ORACIN PRINCIPAL EST EN PRETRITO EL VERBO DE LA FRASE SUSTANTIVA
TAMBIN POR LO GENERAL EST EN PRETRITO, INCLUSO AUNQUE LA AFIRMACIN O IDEA ORIGINAL EST EN EL
PRESENTE.
A CONTINUACIN PRESENTAMOS LAS DIFERENCIAS ENTRE UNA CITA/DISCURSO DIRECTO Y EL DISCURSO INDIRECTO..
VOZ DIRECTA / INDIRECTA/VOZ REPORTADA
TIEMPO PRESENTE / TIEMPO PASADO
ANN: "I'M HAPPY." (VOZ DIRECTA)
SHE TOLD ME SHE WAS HAPPY. (VOZ INDIRECTA/VOZ REPORTADA)
TOM: "I LIKE BANANAS." (VOZ DIRECTA )
HE SAID HE LIKED BANANAS. (VOZ INDIRECTA/ VOZ REPORTEDA)
THE BROWNS:"WE'RE ENJOYING THE CONCERT" (VOZ DIRECTA)
THEY SAID THEY WERE ENJOYING THE CONCERT. (VOZ INDIRECTA/ VOZ REPORTADA)
ANN: "WHERE DO YOU LIVE?" (VOZ DIRECTA)
SHE ASKED ME WHERE ILIVED (VOZ INDIRECTA/ VOZ REPORTADA).
PASADO SIMPLE/PRESENTE-PASADO PERFECTO / PASADO PERFECTO
FRANK: "SHE WENT HOME." (VOZ DIRECTA )
HE SAID SHE HAD GONE HOME. (VOZ INDIRECTA/ VOZ REPORTADA)
JANE: "HE'S BEEN ARRESTED." (VOZ DIRECTA)
SHE SAID HE HAD BEEN ARRESTED. ( VOZ INDIRECTA /VOZ REPORTADA)
MR. SELDEN: "WHY HAD THEY INVITED ME?" (VOZ DIRECTA)
HE ASKED WHY THEY HAD INVITED HIM. (VOZ INDIRECTA/ VOZ REPORTADA)
MODALES / MODALES PRETRITOS
TIM: "I CAN'T SWIM." (VOZ DIRECTA)
HE SAID HE COULDN'T SWIM. ( VOZ INDIRECTA/ VOZ REPORTADA)
MARSHA: "I MAY BE LATE." (VOZ DIRECTA)
SHE SAID SHE MIGHT BE LATE. ( VOZ INDIRECTA/ VOZ REPORTADA)
PAUL: "WILL YOU TRY TO DO IT?" (VOZ DIRECTA)
HE ASKED IF I WOULD TRY TO DO IT. (VOZ INDIRECTA/ VOZ REPORTADA)
121
PRONOMBRES
LOS PRONOMBRES DEBERN MODIFICARSE PARA QUE CONCUERDEN CON LA ORACIN EN ESTILO INDIRECTO.
EJEMPLOS:
TOM: "I BOUGHT MY GIRLFRIEND A PIN FOR HER BIRTHDAY."
TOM SAID THAT HE'D BOUGHT HIS GIRLFRIEND A PIN FOR HER BIRTHDAY.
ALICE: "CAN I BORROW YOUR CAR?"
ALICE ASKED ME IF SHE COULD BORROW MY CAR.
ADVERBIALES DE TIEMPO
CUANDO EL VERBO INFORMANTE EST EN PRETRITO LOS "ADVERBIALES DE TIEMPO" TAMBIN PUEDEN CAMBIAR.
DIRECTA - INDIRECTA/REPORTADA
NOW - THEN/AT THAT TIME

ALI: "I LIVE IN PARIS NOW."
HE SAID HE LIVED IN PARIS THEN/AT THAT TIME.
TODAY - THAT DAY/THE SAME DAY
THE WORKERS: "WE'RE GOING TO FINISH THE JOB TODAY."
THEY TOLD US THEY WERE GOING TO FINISH THE JOB THAT DAY/THE SAME DAY.
TOMORROW - THE NEXT/FOLLOWING DAY
TOSHIO AND KUMI: "WE'LL SEE YOU TOMORROW."
THEY SAID THEY'D SEE US THE NEXT/FOLLOWING DAY.
NEXT WEEK, ETC. - THE NEXT/FOLLOWING WEEK, ETC.
MR. EDISON: "WE CAN GO TO RIO NEXT YEAR."
HE SAID THEY COULD GO TO RIO THE FOLLOWING YEAR.
YESTERDAY - THE DAY BEFORE
ADA: "I COULDN'T COME YESTERDAY."
SHE SAID SHE HADN'T BEEN ABLE TO COME THE DAY BEFORE.
LAST WEEK, ETC. - THE WEEK, ETC. BEFORE
ALEX: "I SENT YOU THAT LETTER LAST MONTH."
HE CLAIMED HE'D SENT US THE LETTER THE MONTH BEFORE.
THE/THIS/THESE - THAT/THOSE
MARIA: "I CAN'T BELIEVE THESE STORIES."
SHE TOLD US SHE COULDN'T BELIEVE THOSE STORIES.
PEDRO: "I LIKE THAT PICTURE NEAR THIS WINDOW."
HE SAID HE LIKED THE PICTURE NEAR THAT WINDOW.
HERE - THERE
PAUL: "I'M GOING TO WAIT HERE."
HE SAID HE WAS GOING TO WAIT THERE.
REVIEW
VOZ REPORTADA
122
USO:
SE UTILIZA PARA INFORMAR DE LO QUE ALGUIEN DICE O PIENSA SIN EMPLEAR SUS PALABRAS EXACTAS.
FORMA:
LA ORACIN PRINCIPAL CONTIENE EL "VERBO INFORMANTE O INTERROGATIVO":
REPORTING VERBS: SAY, TELL, PROMISE, KNOW, BELIEVE, THINK, CLAIM, ETC.
VERBOS INTERROGATIVOS O INFORMATIVOS : ASK, WONDER, WANT/WOULD LIKE TO KNOW
LA ORACIN SUSTANTIVA CONTIENE LA AFIRMACIN O PREGUNTA DE LA CUAL SE INFORMA.
EJEMPLOS:
"I ASKED SMITH WHY HE'D ROBBED THAT BANK."
"HE TOLD ME THAT HE NEEDED MONEY."
"HE SAID HE'D NEVER HAD ANY LUCK."
"HE WANTED TO KNOW IF I WOULD HELP HIM."
FRASES Y PREGUNTAS
PARA AFIRMACIONES, EMPLEAMOS LA CONJUNCIN THAT, QUE SE OMITE EN EL INGLS INFORMAL.

[ORACION PRINCIPAL + (THAT) + ORACION SUSTANTIVA]
EJEMPLOS:
"MR. JONES SAYS (THAT) HE'LL CALL LATER."
"SHE SAID (THAT) SHE WAS LEAVING."
EN LAS PREGUNTAS UTILIZAMOS IF (YES/NO QUESTIONS) O WHO, WHAT, WHEN, WHY, WHERE, HOW,
HOW HOW MUCH O HOW MANY (WH-QUESTIONS). OBSERVA QUE EL VERBO DE LA ORACIN SUSTANTIVA
TOMA LA FORMA NEGATIVA O AFIRMATIVA NORMAL Y NO LA FORMA INTERROGATIVA.
WE OFTEN USE "DOUBLE QUESTIONS" WITH ASK, TELL, OR KNOW TO MAKE A POLITE REQUEST FOR INFORMATION.
"MAY I ASK WHAT YOUR NAME IS?" IS POLITER THAN "WHAT'S YOUR NAME?"
[MAIN CLAUSE + IF OR WH-WORD + NOUN CLAUSE]
EXAMPLES:
"HE'S ASKING YOU IF YOU LIKE CHOCOLATE."
"PLEASE ASK HIM WHO THAT BOY IS."
TIME ASPECTS
WHEN THE REPORTING VERB (SAY, THINK, ASK, ETC.) IS IN THE PAST TENSE, THE "ORIGINAL" STATEMENT/IDEA OR
QUESTION MAY BE MODIFIED.
VERB IN REPORTED NOUN CLAUSE
WHEN THE REPORTING VERB IN THE MAIN CLAUSE IS IN THE PAST TENSE,THE VERB IN THE NOUN CLAUSE IS USUALLY
ALSO IN THE PAST TENSE, EVEN WHEN THEORIGINAL STATEMENT OR IDEA WAS IN THE PRESENT TENSE.
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT/REPORTED SPEECH
BE PRESENT BE PAST
PRESENT SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE PAST PROGRESSIVE
PAST SIMPLE PAST PERFECT
PRESENT/PAST PERFECT PAST PERFECT
MODALS PAST MODALS
123
EXAMPLES:
MARY: "I WANT TO GO ALONE."
MARY SAID SHE WANTED TO GO ALONE.
TONY: "I'LL PAY YOU WHEN I SEE YOU."
TONY SAID HE'D PAY ME WHEN HE SAW ME.
PRONOUNS:
PRONOUNS MUST ALSO BE CHANGED TO FIT THE REPORTED STATEMENT.
EXAMPLES:
TOM:"I BOUGHT MY GIRLFRIEND A PIN FOR HER BIRTHDAY."
TOM SAID THAT HE'D BOUGHT HIS GIRLFRIENDA PIN FOR HER BIRTHDAY.
ALICE: "CAN I BORROW YOUR CAR?"
ALICE ASKED ME IF SHE COULD BORROW MY CAR.
TIME ADVERBIALS
WHEN THE REPORTING VERB IS IN THE PAST TENSE, "TIME ADVERBIALS" MAY ALSO CHANGE.
HERE ARE SOME POSSIBLE CHANGES:
DIRECT INDIRECT/REPORTED
NOW THEN/AT THAT TIME
TODAY THAT DAY/THE SAME DAY
TOMORROW THE NEXT/FOLLOWING DAY
NEXT WEEK, ETC. THE NEXT/FOLLOWING WEEK, ETC.
YESTERDAY THE DAY BEFORE
LAST WEEK, ETC. THE WEEK BEFORE
THIS THAT
THESE THOSE
HERE THERE
PASSIVE VOICE
LA FORMA PASIVA
USE:
SE UTILIZA PARA HABLAR SOBRE ACCIONES O HECHOS EN LOS QUE EL AGENTE, O EL "AGENTE ACTIVO" DE LA ACCIN,
ES EVIDENTE, DESCONOCIDO O CARECE DE IMPORTANCIA O CUANDO QUEREMOS PONER NFASIS EN LA ACCIN, LOS
RESULTADOS DE ESTA O SU RECEPTOR. LA FORMA PASIVA TAMBIN SE UTILIZA PARA ACENTUAR UN PROCESO O
HECHO.
FORMA:
["BE" + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]]
NOTA: EL VERBO "BE" VARA SEGN EL TIEMPO DE LA ORACIN. PUEDE ASUMIR CUALQUIER FORMA, INCLUYENDO
LAS PROGRESIVAS.
EJEMPLOS:
"THE CASTLE WAS BUILT IN 1543."
"IT HAS BEEN REBUILT TWICE SINCE THEN."
(AGENT UNKNOWN/UNIMPORTANT)
124
"ENGLISH IS SPOKEN HERE."
(AGENT IS OBVIOUS OR UNDERSTOOD)
"THE GAME IS PLAYED UNTIL THERE ARE NO MORE PLAYERS ON THE FIELD."
(PROCESS IS STRESSED)
NOTA: PODEMOS INCLUIR EL AGENTE TRAS EL VERBO EN UNA ORACIN PASIVA UTILIZANDO LA PREPOSICIN BY.
EJEMPLOS:
"MY LUNCH WAS STOLEN BY A GORILLA FROM THE CIRCUS!"
"THE NEW HOSPITAL IS GOING TO BE OPENED BY THE QUEEN HERSELF."
AFIRMATIVO/NEGATIVO
PRESENT/PAST SIMPLE
[OBJECT + PRESENT/PAST FORM OF BE (NOT) + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3] (BY SUBJECT)...]

EJEMPLOS:
"THESE SOCKS WEREN'T MADE IN JAPAN."
PRESENT/PAST PROGRESSIVE
[OBJETO + PRESENT/PAST FORM OF BE (NOT) + BEING + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3] (BY SUBJECT)]
EJEMPLOS:
"THE HOUSE IS BEING PAINTED (BY JOHN)."
"OUR CAR WASN'T BEING USED YESTERDAY."
PRESENT PERFECT
[OBJECT + HAVE (NOT)/HAS (NOT) + BEEN + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3] (BY SUBJECT)]
EJEMPLOS:
"THE HOUSE HAS BEEN RENTED (BY BOB TELL)."
"WE HAVEN'T BEEN INVITED TO THE PARTY."
PREGUNTAS YES/NO
[BE/HAVE + SUBJECT (BE) + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]]
EJEMPLOS:
"WAS THE LETTER SENT?" (SIMPLE)
"IS IT BEING ORDERED?" (PROGRESSIVE)
"HAVE THEY BEEN ASKED?" (PERFECT)
PREGUNTAS-WH
[WH-WORD + BE/HAVE + (SUBJECT) (BE) + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]...]

EJEMPLOS:
"WHO WAS TOLD ABOUT THIS?"
"WHEN WAS JOHN INVITED TO THE WEDDING?"
"WHERE WAS IT BEING SHOWN?"
"WHY HAS BILL BEEN FIRED?
OTROS EJEMPLOS:
"THE CAR WASN'T BEING REPAIRED WHEN WE ARRIVED."
"THE ELECTION RESULTS HAVE JUST BEEN ANNOUNCED."
"GEORGE HAS BEEN CAUGHT BY THE POLICE."
125
"ARE WE GOING TO BE INVITED TO JOE'S PARTY?"
"WHY HAS BETTY BEEN ARRESTED?"
"WHO WAS THAT MOVIE MADE BY?
"IT WAS MADE BY DEMILLE, I THINK."
EL PASIVO: MODALES
USE:
SE UTILIZA PARA EXPRESAR DIVERSOS GRADOS DE POSIBILIDAD, PROBABILIDAD Y OBLIGACIN EN LA FORMA PASIVA.
PODEMOS UTILIZAR TODOS LOS VERBOS MODALES WILL, MUST, HAVE TO, CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT,
NEED, SHOULD CON BE Y EL PARTICIPIO PASADO [V3]DEL VERBO ORIGINAL.
AFIRMATIVO/NEGATIVO
[OBJECT + MODAL (NOT) + BE + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]... (BY SUBJECT)]

EJEMPLOS:
"THE PROJECT CAN'T BE FINISHED ON TIME."
"WE WILL BE MET AT 8 P.M. (BY MR. SILLS)."
PREGUNTAS YES/NO
[MODAL + SUBJECT + BE + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]...]

EJEMPLOS:
"SHOULD TINA BE INVITED TO THE PARTY?"
"MUST IT BE DONE BY 7 P.M.?"
PREGUNTAS -WH
[WH-WORD + MODAL + (SUBJECT) + BE + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]]

EXAMPLES:
"WHERE CAN IT BE SEEN?"
"WHEN WILL SHE BE TOLD ABOUT HER BROTHER?"
"WHAT MAY BE EATEN?"
OTROS EJEMPLS
OBLIGACION / NECESIDAD
"THE DOCTOR'S INSTRUCTIONS MUST BE FOLLOWED EXACTLY."
"THE POLICE HAVE SEALED THAT DOOR; IT MUSTN'T

BE OPENED ."
"THE BRIDGE WAS BADLY DAMAGED , SO IT HAD TO BE REPAIRED ."
"I CAN FIX YOUR WATCH FOR YOU; IT NEEDN'T BE TAKEN TO THE WATCHMAKER."
"PRIVATE CARS SHOULDN'T BE ALLOWED TO ENTER THE CITY CENTER."

POSIBILIDA / PROBABILITAD
"ON A CLEAR DAY, THE MOUNTAINS CAN BE SEEN FROM THE TOP OF THIS BUILDING."
"TEN YEARS AGO, OBJECTS LIKE THIS COULD BE BOUGHT FOR A FEW DOLLARS."
"MIKE'S TAKING A BIG RISK: HE COULD BE SENT TO PRISON IF SOMEONE CHECKS THAT SIGNATURE."
"SMITH HAS BEEN A VERY UNSUCCESSFUL MAYOR; HE MAY NOT BERE-ELECTED NEXT YEAR."
EL PASIVO: FORMA INDIRECTA
126
ALGUNOS VERBOS, COMO GIVE, ASK, TELL, OFFER, PROMISE, SEND, SHOW, TEACH Y PAY PUEDEN TENER
DOS OBJETOS: UNO DIRECTO Y UNO INDIRECTO. TANTO EL OBJETO DIRECTO COMO EL OBJETO INDIRECTO PUEDEN
CONVERTIRSE EN EL SUJETO DE UNA ORACIN PASIVA:
"MY GRANDMOTHER GAVE ME A WATCH FOR MY BIRTHDAY."
"THE WATCH WAS GIVEN TO ME FOR MY BIRTHDAY."
(DIRECT OBJECT)
"I WAS GIVEN THE WATCH FOR MY BIRTHDAY."
(INDIRECT OBJECT)
REVIEW
THE PASSIVE
USE:
SE UTILIZA PARA HABLAR SOBRE ACCIONES O HECHOS EN LAS QUE EL AGENTE, O EL "AGENTE ACTIVO" DE LA ACCIN,
ES EVIDENTE, DESCONOCIDO O CARECE DE IMPORTANCIA O CUANDO QUEREMOS PONER NFASIS EN LA ACCIN, LOS
RESULTADOS DE ESTA O SU RECEPTOR. LA FORMA PASIVA TAMBIN SE UTILIZA PARA ACENTUAR UN PROCESO O
HECHO.
FORM:
["BE" + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]]
NOTA: EL VERBO "BE" VARA SEGN EL TIEMPO DE LA ORACIN.EXAMPLES:
"THE HOUSE WAS BUILT IN 1925."
"THE NEW HOSPITAL WILL BE OPENED BY THE QUEEN."
"PRIVATE CARS SHOULDN'T BE ALLOWED TO ENTER THE CITY CENTER."
"JOHN WAS ASKED SEVERAL QUESTIONS BY THE POLICE."
"HE WAS HIT BY A CAR."
"THE CHOCOLATE WAS MELTED OVER A LOW FLAME."
NOTA: AUNQUE POR LO GENERAL UTILIZAMOS LA PASIVA SIN EL AGENTE, CABE LA POSIBILIDAD DE INCLUIRLO
UTILIZANDO LA PREPOSICIN BY.
EXAMPLES:
"THE MONEY WAS STOLEN BY BUGSY THIS MORNING."
"'ROMEO AND JULIET' WAS WRITTEN BY SHAKESPEARE."
INDIRECT FORM
ALGUNOS VERBOS, COMO GIVE, ASK, TELL, OFFER, PROMISE, SEND, SHOW, TEACH Y PAY PUEDEN TENER
DOS OBJETOS: UNO DIRECTO Y UNO INDIRECTO. TANTO EL OBJETO DIRECTO COMO EL OBJETO INDIRECTO PUEDEN
CONVERTIRSE EN EL SUJETO DE UNA ORACIN PASIVA:
"MY GRANDMOTHER GAVE ME A WATCH."

"THE WATCH WAS GIVEN TO ME FOR MY BIRTHDAY."
127
(DIRECT OBJECT)
"I WAS GIVEN THE WATCH FOR MY BIRTHDAY."
(INDIRECT OBJECT)
NOTA: NORMALMENTE UTILIZAMOS EL OBJETO INDIRECTO COMO SUJETO DE UNA ORACIN PASIVA EN LA FORMA
INDIRECTA.
CAUSATIVES OR PERMISSIVES
CAUSATIVAS Y PERMISIVAS: ACTIVA
USO:
DESCRIBIR CUANDO UNA PERSONA PERMITE QUE OTRA PERSONA REALICE UNA ACCIN (LET) O CUANDO UNA
PERSONA OBLIGA O CONVENCE A OTRA PERSONA PARA QUE REALICE UNA ACCIN (HAVE, MAKE O GET).
POR LO GENERAL UTILIZAMOS LOS SIGUIENTES VERBOS EN CAUSATIVAS ACTIVAS (EN TODAS LAS FORMAS, INLUYENDO
LAS MODALES):
LET
HAVE
MAKE
GET
(TAMBIN PAY, BRIBE, PERSUADE, FORCE, OBLIGE,ASK, BEG, Y EXPECT.)
FORMA:
AFIRMATIVO
[SUJETO + LET/HAVE/MAKE + OBJETO + VERBO (BASE)...]

EJEMPLOS:
"I'LL HAVE HER CALL HOME. "
"YOU'RE MAKING HIM GET ANGRY."
"SHE LETS THEM STAY UP LATE."
[SUJETO + GET + OBJETO + INFINITIVO...]
"WE'LL GET HIM TO FINISH IT ON TIME."
"SHE GOT HIM TO WASH THE FLOOR."
NEGATIVA Y PREGUNTAS
PODEMOS UTILIZAR LET, HAVE, MAKE Y GET EN SUS FORMAS NEGATIVA E INTERROGATIVA.
EJEMPLOS:
"THE BOSS DIDN'T LET ME GO HOME EARLY."
"THEY'RE NOT HAVING THEIR HOUSE PAINTED THIS YEAR."
"HE COULDN'T GET THEM TO CLEAN THEIR ROOM."
"WHEN WILL YOU LET ME USE YOUR COMPUTER?"
"CAN'T YOU GET HIM TO APOLOGIZE?"
"WHERE ARE YOU GETTING HIM TO TAKE YOU TONIGHT?"
CAUSATIVAS Y PERMISIVAS: PASIVA
USO:
128
LA FORMA PASIVA SE UTILIZA CON CAUSATIVOS AL IGUAL QUE CON OTROS VERBOS PARA PONER NFASIS EN EL
RECEPTOR DE LA ACCIN. LA EMPLEAMOS CUANDO QUEREMOS QUE SE HAGA ALGO A ALGUIEN O A ALGO.
FORMA:
POR LO GENERAL UTILIZAMOS LOS SIGUIENTES VERBOS EN CAUSATIVAS PASIVAS:
WANT
WOULD LIKE/'D LIKE
(MS FORMAL QUE WANT)
HAVE
GET (MENOS FORMAL QUE HAVE)
EL VERBO QUE EXPRESA LA ACCIN EST EN PARTICIPIO PASADO.
SI QUEREMOS MENCIONAR EL AGENTE (LA PERSONA QUE REALIZA LA ACCIN), UTILIZAMOS LA PREPOSICIN BY
DESPUS DEL VERBO.
NOTA: POR LO GENERAL WANT NO SE CONJUGA EN LAS FORMAS PERFECTA O PROGRESIVA.
FORMA:
AFIRMATIVA
[SUJETO + CAUSATIVO + OBJETO + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]]

EJEMPLOS:
"I WANT THE DISHES WASHED."
"YOU ARE GETTING YOUR CAR FIXED BY THE BEST MECHANIC IN TOWN!"
"HE WOULD LIKE HIS EGGS COOKED FOR 3 MINUTES."
"WE ARE HAVING A NEW HOUSE BUILT NEXT YEAR."
NEGATIVO Y PREGUNTAS
PODEMOS UTILIZAR WANT, WOULD LIKE, HAVE Y GET EN SUS FORMAS NEGATIVA E INTERROGATIVA.
EJEMPLOS:
"I DON'T WANT THE HOUSE PAINTED BLUE!"
"I WON'T HAVE MY HAIR CUT TODAY."
"SHE DIDN'T GET THE COMPUTER FIXED LAST WEEK."
"HOW WOULD YOU LIKE YOUR STEAK COOKED, MADAM?"
REVIEW
CAUSATIVES AND PERMISSIVES
USE:
DESCRIBIR CUANDO UNA PERSONA PERMITE, PIDE, OBLIGA O QUIERE QUE OTRA PERSONA REALICE UNA ACCIN.
EXAMPLES:
"MY FATHER NEVER LET ME DRIVE THE CAR WHEN I WAS A TEENAGER. HE HAD MY BROTHER DRIVE ME
EVERYWHERE."
"GEE, THE CAR'S FILTHY; I MUST GET IT WASHED.

JANICE! I WANT YOU TO WASH THE CAR FOR ME."
"GET FRANK TO DO IT!"
129
ACTIVE CAUSATIVES AND PERMISSIVES
USE:
DESCRIBIR CUANDO UNA PERSONA PERMITE QUE OTRA PERSONA REALICE UNA ACCIN (LET) O CUANDO UNA
PERSONA OBLIGA O CONVENCE A OTRA PERSONA PARA QUE REALICE UNA ACCIN (HAVE, MAKE O GET).
FORM:
POR LO GENERAL UTILIZAMOS LOS SIGUIENTES VERBOS EN CAUSATIVAS ACTIVAS (EN TODAS LAS FORMAS, INLUYENDO
LAS MODALES):
LET
HAVE
MAKE
GET
(TAMBIN PAY, BRIBE, PERSUADE, FORCE, OBLIGE,
ASK, BEG Y EXPECT.)
AFFIRMATIVE
[SUBJECT + LET, HAVE, MAKE + OBJECT + VERB (BASE)...]
EXAMPLES:
"I'LL HAVE HER CALL HOME."
"YOU'RE MAKING HIM GET ANGRY."
"SHE LETS THEM STAY UP LATE."
[SUBJECT + GET + OBJECT + INFINITIVE...]
EXAMPLES:
"WE'LL GET HIM TO FINISH IT ON TIME."
"SHE GOT HIM TO WASH THE FLOOR."
NEGATIVE AND QUESTIONS
PODEMOS UTILIZAR LET, HAVE, MAKE Y GET EN SUS FORMAS NEGATIVA E INTERROGATIVA.
EXAMPLES:
"THE BOSS DIDN'T LET ME GO HOME EARLY."
"THEY ARE NOT HAVING THEIR HOUSE PAINTED THIS YEAR."
"HE COULDN'T GET THEM TO CLEAN THEIR ROOM."
"WHEN WILL YOU LET ME USE YOUR COMPUTER?"

"CAN'T YOU GET HIM TO APOLOGIZE?"
"WHERE ARE YOU GETTING HIM TO TAKE YOU TONIGHT?"
130
PASSIVE CAUSATIVES AND PERMISSIVES
USE:
LA FORMA PASIVA SE UTILIZA CON CAUSATIVOS COMO CON LOS DEMS VERBOS PARA PONER NFASIS EN EL
RECEPTOR DE LA ACCIN. LA UTILIZAMOS CUANDO
QUEREMOS QUE SE HAGA ALGO A ALGUIEN O A ALGO.
FORM:
POR LO GENERAL UTILIZAMOS LOS SIGUIENTES VERBOS EN CAUSATIVAS PASIVAS:
WANT
WOULD LIKE/'D LIKE
(MS FORMAL QUE WANT)
HAVE
GET (MENOS FORMAL QUE HAVE)EL VERBO QUE EXPRESA LA ACCIN EST EN PARTICIPIO PASADO.
SI QUEREMOS MENCIONAR EL AGENTE (LA PERSONA QUE REALIZA LA ACCIN), UTILIZAMOS LA PREPOSICIN BY
DESPUS DEL VERBO.
NOTA: POR LO GENERAL WANT NO SE CONJUGA EN LAS FORMAS PERFECTA O PROGRESIVA.
FORM:
AFFIRMATIVE
[SUBJECT + CAUSATIVE + OBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]]
EXAMPLES:
"I WANT THE DISHES WASHED!"
"YOU'RE GETTING YOUR CAR FIXED BY THE BEST MECHANIC IN TOWN!"
NEGATIVE AND QUESTIONS
PODEMOS UTILIZAR WANT, WOULD LIKE, HAVE Y GET EN SUS FORMAS NEGATIVA E INTERROGATIVA.
EXAMPLES:
"I DON'T WANT THE HOUSE PAINTED BLUE!"
"I WON'T HAVE MY HAIR CUT TODAY."
"SHE DIDN'T GET THE COMPUTER FIXED LAST WEEK."
"HOW WOULD YOU LIKE YOUR STEAK COOKED, MADAM?"
CONJUNCTIONS
CONJUNCIONES: PARES
131
NOT ONLY... BUT ALSO
USO:
SI LA IDEA EXPRESADA POR LA COMBINACIN DE ORACIONES EN UNA FRASE ES INUSUAL O SORPRENDENTE, PODEMOS
DESTACAR ESTE HECHO COLOCANDO NOT ONLY INMEDIATAMENTE ANTES DEL VERBO EN LA PRIMERA ORACIN Y
BUT ALSO AL COMIENZO DE LA SEGUNDA ORACIN.
FORMA:
[SUJETO (+ MODAL/AUXILIARY) + NOT ONLY + VERBO... + BUT ALSO...]
EJEMPLOS:
"THE FIRM NOT ONLY FIRED HIM BUT ALSO ACCUSED HIM OF STEALING."
"SHE HAS NOT ONLY APOLOGIZED FOR CAUSING THE ACCIDENT, BUT ALSO PAID FOR ALL THE DAMAGE."
EITHER... OR
USO:
SI LAS DOS ORACIONES EXPRESAN POSIBILIDADES ALTERNATIVAS, PODEMOS COLOCAR EL ADVERBIO EITHER JUSTO
ANTES DEL VERBO DE LA PRIMERA ORACIN Y UTILIZAR LA CONJUNCIN OR AL COMIENZO DE LA SEGUNDA ORACIN.
FORMA:
[SUJETO (+ MODAL/AUXILIAR) + EITHER + VERBO... + OR + CLAUSE 2]
EJEMPLOS:
"HE'S A TERRIBLE COOK: HE EITHER BURNS THE FOOD OR SERVES IT UNCOOKED!"
"WE WILL EITHER RETURN YOUR MONEY OR GIVE YOU A NEW SUIT."
NEITHER... NOR
USO:
SE UTILIZAN PARA RECALCAR QUE AMBAS ORACIONES SON NEGATIVAS, PODEMOS COLOCAR EL ADVERBIO NEGATIVO
NEITHER JUSTO ANTES DEL VERBO EN LA FRASE PRINCIPAL Y EMPLEAR LA CONJUNCIN NOR.
FORMA:
[SUJETO (+ MODAL/AUXILIAR) + NEITHER + VERBO... + NOR + CLAUSE 2]
EJEMPLO:
"SHE NEITHER TELEPHONED ME NOR WROTE TO ME FOR TWO MONTHS."
CONJUNCIONES: EN RESPUESTAS CORTAS
I... SO, I... NOT
USO:
PODEMOS DAR RESPUESTAS CORTAS A PREGUNTAS S/NO USANDO SO EN LUGAR DE REPETIR LA FRASE DE LA
PREGUNTA. ESTAS RESPUESTAS CORTAS PUEDEN SER AFIRMATIVAS O NEGATIVAS.
FORMA:
AFIRMATIVA
EXISTEN CUATRO RESPUESTAS AFIRMATIVAS HABITUALES.

I THINK SO. (NEUTRAL)
I GUESS SO. (NORMALMENTE NEUTRAL, PERO PUEDE EXPRESAR PESAR O DESAGRADO.)
I HOPE SO. (EXPRESA ESPERANZA.)
I'M AFRAID SO. (EXPRESA PESAR O DESAGRADO.)

REVIEW
CONJUNCIONES
132
USO:
PARA CONECTAR DOS FRASES DE IGUAL IMPORTANCIA.
EJEMPLO:
"AT PARADISE TRAVEL WE DO EVERYTHING FOR YOU! YOU NEITHER HAVE TO ORGANIZE YOUR JOURNEY, NOR WORRY
ABOUT ACCOMMODATIONS. WE BOTH BUY YOUR TICKETS AND BOOK YOUR HOTEL. WE GUARANTEE THAT YOU
WILL NOT ONLY ENJOY YOUR HOLIDAY BUT ALSO REMEMBER IT FOR THE REST OF YOUR LIFE!"
LAS CONJUNCIONES TAMBI'EN SE USAN PARA UN "ECO" CORTO A LAS FRASES Y A LAS PREGUNTAS SI/NO. .
EJEMPLOS:
"I REMEMBER THAT HOLIDAY VERY WELL."
"SO DO I. IT WAS TERRIBLE."
"BUT I CAN'T REMEMBER THE NAME OF OUR HOTEL."
"I CAN'T EITHER, AND I DON'T WANT TO REMEMBER IT."
"WELL, DO YOU THINK WE'LL BE LUCKIER THIS YEAR?"
"I HOPE SO!"
LOGICAL CONNECTORS
HILATIVOS: CONTRASTE
PODEMOS EXPRESAR UN CONTRASTE ENTRE DOS IDEAS UTILIZANDO EL HILATIVO ALTHOUGH.
EJEMPLOS:
"THE CHILDREN WATCHED TELEVISION, ALTHOUGH I WANTED THEM TO GO TO BED."
"ALTHOUGH IT WAS VERY COLD, IT WAS A BEAUTIFUL DAY."
NOTA: A VECES SE UTILIZA THOUGH COMO ALTERNATIVA A ALTHOUGH.
EJEMPLO:
"SHE DECIDED TO GO THOUGH THE DOCTOR HAD ADVISED AGAINST IT."
PODEMOS INTRODUCIR UNA FRASE DE CONTRASTE (PERO NO UNA ORACIN) CON LOS HILATIVOS DESPITE E IN
SPITE OF.
EJEMPLOS:
"SHE DANCES WONDERFULLY, IN SPITE OF HER AGE."
"FRANK DECIDED TO MARRY ELAINE, DESPITE HIS PARENTS' OBJECTIONS."
NOTA: LAS CLUSULAS CONTIENEN UN SUJETO Y UN VERBO Y FUNCIONAN COMO UN MIEMBRO DE UNA ORACIN
COMPUESTA, MIENTRAS QUE LAS FRASES SON GRUPOS DE UNA O MS PALABRAS RELACIONADAS GRAMATICALMENTE
QUE, JUNTAS, EJERCEN UNA FUNCIN MODIFICADORA O COORDINADORA.
CONECTORES LOGICOS: SECUENCIA
133
USO:
PARA DESCRIBIR UNA SECUENCIA DE HECHOS, PODEMOS UNIR DOS O MS ORACIONES CON LOS HILATIVOS FIRST Y
THEN, O CON LOS ORDINALES FIRST, SECOND, THIRD, ETC. PODEMOS UTILIZAR FINALLY PARA INTRODUCIR EL
LTIMO ELEMENTO DE LA SECUENCIA.
EJEMPLOS:
"FIRST, THEY ASKED ME ABOUT MY QUALIFICATIONS, THEN THEY ASKED ABOUT MY PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE,
AND FINALLY, THEY OFFERED ME THE JOB."
"FIRST, PLUG IN THE HAIR DRYER; SECOND, ATTACH THE DIFFUSER; THIRD, SWITCH THE DRYER ON."
PODEMOS EXPRESAR UN CONTRASTE O UN CAMBIO INESPERADO EN LA SECUENCIA UTILIZANDO AT FIRST Y BUT
THEN O BUT LATER.
EJEMPLOS:
"AT FIRST, HE REFUSED TO LEND US THE MONEY, BUT THEN HE CHANGED HIS MIND."
"AT FIRST, I REALLY LIKED HER, BUT LATER, I DISCOVERED THAT SHE WAS TERRIBLY DISHONEST."
HILATIVOS:PROPOSITO Y CONDICION
USO:
CUANDO LA ORACIN SUBORDINADA DESCRIBE EL PROPSITO O RESULTADO ESPERADO DE LA ACCIN DESCRITA EN LA
ORACIN PRINCIPAL, UTILIZAMOS EL HILATIVO SO THAT.
EJEMPLOS:
"THE THIEF SHONE A BRIGHT LIGHT IN MY EYES SO THAT I COULDN'T SEE HIM."
"THE TEACHER SPEAKS SLOWLY SO THAT EVERYBODY CAN UNDERSTAND."
CUANDO LA ORACIN SUBORDINADA ESTABLECE LAS CONDICIONES NECESARIAS PARA EL ESTADO O HECHO DESCRITO
EN LA ORACIN PRINCIPAL, UTILIZAMOS LOS
HILATIVOS IF, ON THE CONDITION THAT Y PROVIDED THAT.
EJEMPLOS:
"I'LL COOK THE DINNER PROVIDED THAT YOU DO THE SHOPPING."
"FRED WILL LEND YOU HIS CAR ON (THE) CONDITION THAT YOU DRIVE VERY CAREFULLY."
"THE BANK WILL TAKE AWAY OUR HOUSE IF WE DON'T PAY BACK THE LOAN."
EL EQUIVALENTE NEGATIVO DE IF (=IF + NOT) ES UNLESS.
HILATIVOS: CAUSE AND EFECTO
USO:
CUANDO LA ORACIN SUBORDINADA DESCRIBE LA CAUSA O MOTIVO DEL HECHO O ESTADO QUE SE DESCRIBE EN
LA ORACIN PRINCIPAL, PODEMOS UTILIZAR LOS HILATIVOS BECAUSE O SINCE.
134
EJEMPLOS:
"I ARRIVED LATE BECAUSE I MISSED THE TRAIN."
"JOHN GOT UP EARLY BECAUSE HE WANTED TO WATCH THE SUNRISE."
"MARY KNEW LONDON WELL SINCE SHE HAD LIVED THERE AS A CHILD."
CAPACIDAD DEL SUJETO: ATTEMPT, FAIL, LEARN, MANAGE, TRY, BE ABLE TO, ETC.
EJEMPLO:
"BECAUSE I MISSED THE TRAIN, I ARRIVED LATE."
UTILIZAMOS EL HILATIVO SEEING THAT AL COMIENZO DE UNA ORACIN PARA EXPLICAR UNA DECISIN O ACCIN
QUE SE DESCRIBE EN LA ORACIN PRINCIPAL.
EJEMPLOS:
"SEEING THAT THE CAR WOULDN'T START, SHE DECIDED TO GO BY BUS."
"SEEING THAT I COULDN'T PERSUADE FRANK TO HELP, I ASKED HIS SISTER."
UTILIZAMOS EL HILATIVO NOW THAT PARA PRESENTAR UNA NUEVA CONDICIN QUE EXPLICA UNA DECISIN
RELATIVA A UNA ACCIN FUTURA.
EJEMPLO:
"NOW THAT I'VE GOT LOTS OF MONEY, I'M GOING TO BUY YOU A SPORTS CAR!"
CUANDO LA ORACIN SUBORDINADA DESCRIBE EL EFECTO O RESULTADO DEL HECHO O ESTADO DESCRITO EN LA
ORACIN PRINCIPAL, UTILIZAMOS LOS HILATIVOS SO Y THEREFORE. AMBAS PALABRAS VAN A MENUDO PRECEDIDAS
DE UNA COMA Y NUNCA INICIAN LA ORACIN.
EJEMPLOS:
"NOBODY INVITED JANE TO THE PARTY, SO SHE DIDN'T GO."
"I DO NOT KNOW SMITH PERSONALLY, THEREFORE I CANNOT DESCRIBE HIS CHARACTER."
NEGATION
NEGACION
USO:
EL INGLS, AL CONTRARIO DE MUCHOS OTROS IDIOMAS, PERMITE SLO UNA EXPRESIN NEGATIVA EN UNA ORACIN
NEGATIVA. UNA ORACIN QUE CONTIENE DOS EXPRESIONES NEGATIVAS TIENE UN SENTIDO POSITIVO DEBIDO A QUE
UNA
DE ESTAS EXPRESIONES ANULA A LA OTRA. POR LO TANTO, LA ORACIN "NOBODY DOES NOT LIKE JOHN." SIGNIFICA "
EVERYBODY LIKES JOHN.".
NEGACION DE SUSTANTIVOS
TANTO EL SUJETO COMO EL COMPLEMENTO DIRECTO DE UNA ORACIN PUEDEN IR PRECEDIDOS POR
CUANTIFICADORES NEGATIVOS NO (EL EQUIVALENTE NEGATIVO DE A O SOME) O NEITHER (CUANDO SOLO HAY
DOS).
135
EJEMPLOS:
"NO DOGS ARE ALLOWED IN THE HOUSE."
"NEITHER OF THE TWINS LIKES VEGETABLES."
"NEITHER HALF OF THE AUDIENCE COULD SEE THE OTHER."
"WE'VE FOUND NO SIGNS OF LIFE ON MARS."
EL SUJETO PUEDE IR PRECEDIDO POR LOS CUANTIFICADORES NEGATIVOS NOT MANY O NOT MUCH.
EJEMPLOS:
"NOT MANY CHILDREN LEARN LATIN THESE DAYS."
"NOT MUCH SNOW FELL YESTERDAY."
SI EL SUSTANTIVO VA PRECEDIDO POR EL ARTCULO THE O POR UN PRONOMBRE POSESIVO ( MY, YOUR, HIS, ETC. O
JOHN'S, PETER'S, ETC.) UTILIZAMOS LOS CUANTIFICADORES NEGATIVOS NONE OF O NEITHER OF.
EJEMPLOS:
"NONE OF MY FRIENDS EATS GARLIC."
"UNTIL THEY GOT MARRIED, SHE HAD MET NONE OF HIS BROTHERS OR SISTERS."
"NEITHER OF MY PARENTS CAN SPEAK ENGLISH."
"SINCE THE ACCIDENT, SHE CAN USE NEITHER OF HER HANDS."
PRONOMBRES NEGATIVOS
USO:
LOS PRONOMBRES NEGATIVOS NOBODY, NO ONE, Y NOTHING PUEDEN ACTUAR COMO EL SUJETO O EL
COMPLEMENTO DIRECTO DE UNA ORACIN.
EJEMPLOS:
"NOBODY LIKED MY NEW DRESS."
"NO ONE WANTED TO BE THE FIRST TO LEAVE THE PARTY."
"NOTHING IS IMPOSSIBLE."
"I SAW NOBODY, I HEARD NO ONE, AND I FELT NOTHING."
NEGACION DE VERBOS
FORMA:
GENERALMENTE, LA FORMA NEGATIVA DE LOS VERBOS SE FORMA AADIENDO EL ADVERBIO NOT (A MENUDO
ABREVIADO COMO N'T) AL FINAL DE BE, HAVE Y TODOS LOS VERBOS MODALES.
EJEMPLOS:
"WE ARE NOT (AREN'T) AFRAID."
"FRED IS NOT (ISN'T) SLEEPING."
"JAMES HAS NOT (HASN'T) GOT ANY MONEY."
"I HAVE NOT (HAVEN'T) SEEN THAT FILM."
"YOU CANNOT (CAN'T) COME IN HERE."
"YOU MUST NOT (MUSTN'T) BELIEVE HER."
"LOUIS SHOULD NOT (SHOULDN'T) BE LATE."
"JACK WON'T HELP US."
EL VERBO AUXILIAR DO + NOT (DOES + NOT PARA LA TERCERA PERSONA SINGULAR) SE UTILIZA COMO NEGACIN
DE LOS VERBOS EN PRESENTE SIMPLE.
136
EJEMPLOS:
"I DO NOT (DON'T) BELIEVE YOU."
"PAT DOES NOT (DOESN'T) LIVE HERE."
EL AUXILIAR DID + NOT ES USADO PARA NEGAR VERBOS PASADO SIMPLE.
EJEMPLOS:
"GEOFF DID NOT (DIDN'T) ENJOY THE PLAY."
"PETER DID NOT (DIDN'T) DRIVE HOME."
TAMBIN SE PUEDEN NEGAR LOS VERBOS UTILIZANDO LOS ADVERVIOS NEVER, HARDLY EVER (= ALMOST
NEVER) Y NEITHER...NOR. ESTOS ADVERBIOS SE UBICAN, NORMALMENTE, JUSTO ANTES DEL VERBO PRINCIPAL.
EJEMPLOS:
"I NEVER DRINK ALCOHOL."
"JOHN HAS NEVER SEEN THAT PICTURE."
"MARY HAS HARDLY EVER SCOLDED THE CHILD."
"FRED HARDLY EVER SMOKES CIGARS."
"I NEITHER LIKE NOR UNDERSTAND HIS JOKES."
"TOM NEITHER DRIVES A CAR NOR RIDES A BICYCLE."
OBSERVA QUE CUANDO UTILIZAMOS NEITHER...NOR NO TENEMOS QUE REPETIR EL SUJETO ANTES DEL SEGUNDO
VERBO.
CUANDO EL VERBO TIENE TRES O MS ELEMENTOS (POR EJEMPLO, SHOULD HAVE BEEN DONE O MAY HAVE
BEEN DOING), EL ADVERBIO NEGATIVO
SE SITA ENTRE LOS DOS PRIMEROS ELEMENTOS.
EJEMPLOS:
"THEY SHOULD NEVER HAVE RELEASED THAT FILM."
"HE MAY NOT HAVE BEEN WORKING FOR LONG."
EN LA MAYORA DE LOS CASOS PODEMOS ENFATIZAR LA NEGACIN DE UN VERBO AL AGREGAR AT ALL AL FINAL DE LA
ORACIN.
EJEMPLOS:
"I DON'T LIKE FISH AT ALL."
"WE COULDN'T UNDERSTAND HIM AT ALL."
AL UTILIZAR UN INGLS FORMAL SE PUEDE COMENZAR LA ORACIN CON NEVER Y HARDLY EVER PARA DARLE
MAYOR NFASIS. EN ESTE CASO, EL VERBO ADOPTA
LA FORMA INTERROGATIVA (INCLUYENDO INVERSIN).
EJEMPLOS:
"NEVER WILL I ENTER THIS HOUSE AGAIN!"
"NEVER HAVE I SEEN SUCH AN EXTRAORDINARY PAINTING!"
OBJETOS DE VERBOS NEGATIVOS:
USO:
CONSIDERANDO QUE DOS EXPRESIONES NEGATIVAS EN LA MISMA ORACIN DAN UN SENTIDO POSITIVO A ESTA,
137
NORMALMENTE NO SE UTILIZA UN CUANTIFICADOR
NEGATIVO (NO, NONE OF, ETC.) CON EL COMPLEMENTO DIRECTO DEL VERBO (I DON'T LIKE, ETC.), O CON EL
COMPLEMENTO DEL VERBO CON UN SUJETO NEGATIVO (NOBODY LIKES, ETC.). EN ESTE CASO SE USA, POR LO
GENERAL, ANY.
EJEMPLOS:
"WE DIDN'T BUY ANY BREAD."
"JANET COULDN'T SEE ANY CLOUDS."
"NOBODY GAVE ME ANY MONEY."
UTILIZAMOS DE LA MISMA FORMA LOS PRONOMBRES ANYBODY, ANYONE Y ANYTHING.
EJEMPLOS:
"PAULA WON'T SPEAK TO ANYBODY."
"HE DIDN'T LIKE ANYONE IN THE SCHOOL."
"NOBODY SENT FRED ANYTHING."
IMPERSONAL STATEMENTS
ENUNCIADOS IMPERSONALES
USO:
ESTAS ORACIONES SE UTILIZAN PARA HABLAR DEL MOMENTO, LUGAR, TIEMPO ATMOSFRICO Y DEMS CONDICIONES
EN EXPRESIONES EN LAS QUE EL VERBO "BE " NO TIENE UN SUJETO REAL
FORMA:
[IT + BE + EXPRESION DE TIEMPO/ADJETIVO + RESTO]
EJEMPLOS:
"IT'S 1 O'CLOCK IN MIAMI WHEN IT'S 7 O'CLOCK IN ROME."
"IT'S WARM AND SUNNY TODAY IN WASHINGTON."
"IT'S TOO LATE TO GET TICKETS FOR THE 4 O'CLOCK SHOW."
"IT'S TIME TO START COOKING DINNER."
"COME AND SWIM; IT'S LOVELY IN THE WATER!"
"IT'S VERY DUSTY UP IN OUR ATTIC."
COMMON ERRORS
ERRORES COMUNES: HAD BETTER VS. WOULD RATHER
LA CONFUSIN ENTRE ESTAS DOS EXPRESIONES PUEDE LLEVAR A ORACIONES QUE SE FORMAN CORRECTAMENTE,
PERO QUE NO EXPRESAN EL SIGNIFICADO DESEADO.
HAD BETTER (A MENUDO ABREVIADO COMO 'D BETTER) NORMALMENTE SE UTILIZA PARA EXPRESAR UNA
RECOMENDACIN IMPORTANTE SOBRE CMO DEBE COMPORTARSE EL SUJETO.
EJEMPLOS:
"IF YOU WANT TO PASS THAT EXAM, YOU'D BETTER START STUDYING NOW."
"YOU'D BETTER NOT EAT THAT CHICKEN; IT SMELLS BAD."
138
WOULD RATHER (A MENUDO ABREVIADO COMO 'D RATHER) NORMALMENTE SE UTILIZA PARA DESCRIBIR LA
ELECCIN O PREFERENCIA PERSONAL DEL SUJETO.
EJEMPLOS:
"SHALL WE GO TO THE CINEMA OR THE THEATER?"
"I'D RATHER GO TO THE CINEMA."
"WOULD YOU LIKE SOME TEA?"

"I'D RATHER HAVE SOME COFFEE, THANKS!"
CUANDO LA PREFERENCIA EXPRESADA HACE REFERENCIA AL HABLANTE (ES DECIR, SOLO HAY UN SUJETO), WOULD
RATHER VA SEGUIDO POR LA FORMA BSICA DEL VERBO. CUANDO EL HABLANTE EXPRESA SU PREFERENCIA POR
ALGUIEN MS (ES DECIR, HAY UN CAMBIO DE SUJETO), WOULD RATHER VA SEGUIDO POR EL VERBO EN PASADO.
SIN EMBARGO, EN AMBOS CASOS SE HACE REFERENCIA AL PRESENTE O AL FUTURO.
EJEMPLOS:
"I'D RATHER GO BY PLANE."
"I'D RATHER SHE WENT BY PLANE."
NOTA: CUANDO SE DA UN CAMBIO DE SUJETO SE UTILIZA LA FORMA PASADA DEL VERBO "BE", WERE.
ERRORES COMUNES: THERE VS. IT
EN INGLS, TODOS LOS VERBOS EXCEPTO LAS FORMAS NO CONJUGADAS, TALES COMO LOS INFINITIVOS, GERUNDIOS Y
PARTICIPIOS, DEBEN LLEVAR SUJETOS GRAMATICALES. CUANDO NO EXISTE UN "AGENTE" OBVIO PARA EL VERBO,
NORMALMENTE UTILIZAMOS IT O THERE COMO UN "SUJETO TCITO".
FORMA:
[IT + EL VERBO BE...]
EJEMPLOS:
"IT IS DIFFICULT LEARNING TO DRIVE."
(INSTEAD OF "LEARNING TO DRIVE IS DIFFICULT.")
"IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO UNDERSTAND HIM."
(INSTEAD OF "TO UNDERSTAND HIM WAS IMPOSSIBLE.")
"IT WILL BE EASY FOR YOU TO LEARN SPANISH."
(INSTEAD OF "FOR YOU TO LEARN SPANISH WILL BE EASY.")
"IT WAS KIND OF THEM TO INVITE JOE."
(INSTEAD OF "FOR THEM TO INVITE JOE WAS KIND.")
"IT WAS MICHAEL WHO WOKE UP FIRST."
(INSTEAD OF "WHO WOKE UP FIRST WAS MICHAEL.")
TAMBIN UTILIZAMOS IT PARA HACER ASEVERACIONES TENTATIVAS CON SEEM, LOOK Y APPEAR EN LAS
SIGUIENTES EXPRESIONES IMPERSONALES:
EJEMPLOS:
"IT SEEMS THAT THE LETTER WAS STOLEN."
"IT LOOKS AS THOUGH WE'VE LOST THE MATCH."
"IT APPEARS THAT THEY MISSED THE TRAIN."
139
THERE NORMALMENTE SE UTILIZA SLO CON BE + SUSTANTIVO;
"THERE IS X" EQUIVALE MS O MENOS A "X EXISTS" O A
"X CAN BE FOUND."
EJEMPLOS:
"THERE IS SOME BEER IN THE REFRIGERATOR."
"ARE THERE ANY PENGUINS IN SCOTLAND?"
ERRORES COMUNES: ORDEN DE ADJETIVOS
LOS ADJETIVOS QUE DESCRIBEN LA NATURALEZA O PROPIEDADES FSICAS DE ALGO (TALES COMO BIG, YELLOW,
STRONG, DULL, ETC.) SE CONOCEN COMO ADJETIVOS CALIFICATIVOS. CUANDO UN SOLO SUSTANTIVO VA
PRECEDIDO POR VARIOS ADJETIVOS CALIFICATIVOS ESTOS DEBEN SEGUIR EL ORDEN CORRECTO.
EN MUCHOS CASOS, BASTA CON CEIRSE A LA SENCILLA NORMA DE QUE "EL ADJETIVO MS OBJETIVO PERMANECE
MS CERCANO AL SUSTANTIVO".
SI QUEREMOS DECIR QUE UN LIBRO EST "EN INGLS" Y A LA VEZ ES "INTERESANTE", VEMOS QUE "INTERESANTE" ES
UN ADJETIVO RELATIVAMENTE SUBJETIVO (CREO QUE EL LIBRO ES INTERESANTE, PERO OTRA PERSONA LO PUEDE
HALLAR ABURRIDO, EN TANTO QUE "INGLS" ES RELATIVAMENTE OBJETIVO (NADIE PUEDE NEGAR QUE EL LIBRO EST
EN INGLS).
POR LO TANTO, DECIMOS "AN INTERESTING ENGLISH" Y NO "AN ENGLISH INTERESTING BOOK."
EJEMPLOS:
"A BEAUTIFUL CHINESE DOLL"
"AN OLD WOODEN TABLE"
"AN UGLY OLD MAN"
CUANDO HAY VARIOS ADJETIVOS IGUALMENTE OBJETIVOS, NORMALMENTE VAN EN EL SIGUIENTE ORDEN, SIENDO EL
NMERO OCHO EL QUE MS PRXIMO SE SITA AL SUSTANTIVO:
1. NMERO (AN, FIVE, A HUNDRED, ETC.)

2. TAMAO (LARGE, SMALL, HUGE, ETC.)
3. AGE (NEW, OLD, ETC.)
4. FORMA (LONG, OVAL, SQUARE, ETC.)
5. COLOR (LIGHT, BLACK, RED, ETC.)
6. MATERIAL (STEEL, CANVAS, ETC.)
7. ORIGEN (FRENCH, AFRICAN, ETC.)
8. FINALIDAD (COOKING, HUNTING, ETC.)
EJEMPLOS:
"AN ENORMOUS BROWN LEATHER CHAIR"
"A PAIR OF NEW FRENCH RIDING BOOTS"
"THREE TINY ROUND COPPER COINS"
140
ERRORES COMUNES: DO VS. MAKE
ESTOS DOS VERBOS A MENUDO SON FUENTE DE CONFUSIN PARA GENTE QUE HABLA IDIOMAS QUE UTILIZAN LA
MISMA PALABRA PARA TRADUCIR AMBAS.
POR LO GENERAL, RESULTA MUY TIL RECORDAR QUE MAKE TIENE UN SIGNIFICADO SIMILAR AL DE CREATE,
CONSTRUCT O INVENT: EL OBJETO USUAL DEL VERBO ES UNA COSA.
EJEMPLOS:
"WHAT ARE YOU MAKING?"
"I'M MAKING A DRESS."
"I'VE MADE A CAKE; WOULD YOU LIKE A PIECE?"

"THIS CHAIR WAS MADE TWO HUNDRED YEARS AGO."
EL SIGNIFICADO DE DO SE PARECE MS A PERFORM O A CARRY OUT; EL OBJETO USUAL DEL VERBO ES UNA
ACCION.
EJEMPLOS:
"WHAT ARE YOU DOING?"
"I'M THINKING."
"JANET DOES A LOT OF SWIMMING."

"MY HUSBAND ALWAYS DOES THE IRONING."
HAY MUCHOS "CASOS ESPECIALES" DE EXPRESIONES ESTNDAR QUE UTILIZAN LOS VERBOS MAKE O DO.
EJEMPLOS:
"I'LL DO MY BEST." (I'LL WORK AS WELL AS I CAN.)
"THIS MEDICINE WILL DO YOU GOOD."
(THIS MEDICINE WILL MAKE YOU FEEL BETTER.)
"I CAN'T DO WITHOUT BOOKS." (I NEED BOOKS VERY MUCH.)
"WHAT DO YOU DO?" (WHAT IS YOUR PROFESSION?)
"I MUST DO MY HAIR." (I MUST FIX MY HAIR.)
"WE'VE DONE UP THE BEDROOM."
(WE'VE DECORATED THE BEDROOM.)
"THE THIEVES MADE OFF WITH THE MONEY."
(THE THIEVES ESCAPED WITH THE MONEY.)
"CAN YOU MAKE OUT THIS SIGNATURE?"
(CAN YOU READ/UNDERSTAND THIS SIGNATURE?)
"SHE MADE UP A CLEVER EXCUSE."
(SHE CREATED A CLEVER EXCUSE.)
EXISTE TAMBIN UNA SERIE DE ARREGLOS ESTNDAR: SUSTANTIVOS QUE NORMALMENTE VAN ASOCIADOS CON
MAKE O DO. LOS SIGUIENTES SUSTANTIVOS NORMALMENTE SON OBJETOS DE DO:
DAMAGE, A DUTY, AN EXAMINATION, AN EXERCISE, A FAVOR, HARM, HOMEWORK, HOUSEWORK,

A JOB, A TEST, WORK.
LOS SIGUIENTES SUSTANTIVOS NORMALMENTE SON OBJETOS DE MAKE:
141
ARRANGEMENTS, A CHOICE, A COMPLAINT, A DECISION, A DISCOVERY, AN EFFORT, AN INQUIRY,
AN EXCUSE, FUN (OF SOMEBODY), LOVE, A MISTAKE, MONEY, AN OFFER, PROFIT, A SUGGESTION,
SURE, ROOM (FOR SOMEBODY), USE (OF SOMETHING), WAR.
REVIEW
COMMON ERRORS
THERE ARE VARIOUS DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMMONLY MADE ERRORS IN ENGLISH. THREE OF THE MOST COMMON
ARE GRAMMATICAL (BADLY-FORMED SENTENCES), LEXICAL (WRONGLY-CHOSEN WORDS), AND SEMANTIC
(CORRECT LANGUAGE, WRONG MEANING OR USAGE). IN THIS LANGUAGE INDEX, WE FOCUS ON THE ERRORS
INVOLVING HAD BETTER VS. WOULD RATHER, THERE VS. IT, DO VS. MAKE, AND ORDER OF ADJECTIVES.
HAD BETTER VS. WOULD RATHER
THESE TWO EXPRESSIONS ARE COMMONLY CONFUSED. HAD BETTER IS NORMALLY USED TO EXPRESS STRONG
ADVICE ABOUT HOW A SUBJECT SHOULD BEHAVE. WOULD RATHER IS NORMALLY USED TO DESCRIBE A SUBJECT'S
PERSONAL CHOICE OR PREFERENCE.
EXAMPLES:
"A: YOU HAD BETTER BRING YOUR CAR IN TO THE REPAIR SHOP."
"B: I'D RATHER BUY A NEW CAR."
THERE VS. IT
WE NORMALLY USE IT OR THERE AS "DUMMY SUBJECTS" WHEN THERE IS NO OBVIOUS "AGENT" FOR A VERB. IT IS
ALSO USED WHEN THE AGENT OR REAL SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE IS AWKWARD.
EXAMPLES:
"IT ISN'T THAT DIFFICULT LEARNING TO READ."
(INSTEAD OF "LEARNING TO READ ISN'T THAT DIFFICULT.")
"IT WAS A MISTAKE TO BRING HIM."
(INSTEAD OF "TO BRING HIM WAS A MISTAKE.")
"THERE IS SOME ICE CREAM IN THE FREEZER."
NOTE: "THERE IS X" IS ROUGHLY EQUIVALENT TO "X EXISTS" OR "X CAN BE FOUND".
DO VS. MAKE
THESE TWO VERBS ARE OFTEN CONFUSED BY SPEAKERS OF LANGUAGES WHICH HAVE ONLY ONE WORD TO TRANSLATE
BOTH. MAKE HAS A SIMILAR MEANING TO CREATE, CONSTRUCT, OR INVENT: THE NORMAL OBJECT OF THE VERB
IS A THING. DO IS MORE SIMILAR IN MEANING TO PERFORM OR CARRY OUT; THE NORMAL OBJECT OF THE VERB IS
AN ACTION.
142
EXAMPLES:
"WHAT ARE YOU MAKING?"
"I'M MAKING A MODEL AIRPLANE."

"I'M RESTING." THERE ARE MANY SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS USING MAKE OR DO.
EXAMPLES:
"I AM DOING MY HOMEWORK."
"I AM MAKING MY BED."
"YOUR BEHAVIOR JUST WON'T DO."

( = IS NOT ACCEPTABLE)
"DON'T MAKE UP ANY MORE EXCUSES."
( = CREATE)
ORDER OF ADJECTIVES
WHEN A SINGLE NOUN IS PRECEDED BY SEVERAL ADJECTIVES OF QUALITY, THEY MUST APPEAR IN THE CORRECT
ORDER. IN MANY CASES IT IS SUFFICIENT TO OBSERVE THE SIMPLE RULE THAT "THE MOST OBJECTIVE ADJECTIVE STAYS
CLOSEST TO THE NOUN".
EXAMPLES:
"AN EXPENSIVE ORIENTAL RUG"
"A HAND-MADE WOOLEN SWEATER"
WHEN THERE ARE SEVERAL EQUALLY OBJECTIVE ADJECTIVES, THEY NORMALLY COME IN THE FOLLOWING ORDER:
1. NUMBER (AN, FIVE, ETC.)

2. SIZE (LARGE, SMALL, ETC.)
3. AGE (NEW, OLD, ETC.)
4. SHAPE (LONG, SQUARE, ETC.)
5. COLOR (LIGHT, RED, ETC.)
6. MATERIAL (STEEL, CANVAS, ETC.)
7. ORIGIN (FRENCH, AFRICAN, ETC.)
8. PURPOSE (COOKING, HUNTING, ETC.)
EXAMPLES:
"A LARGE OLD BROWN GERMAN HUNTING DOG"
"FIVE SMALL WOODEN AFRICAN STATUES"
MORE COMMON ERRORS

ERRORES MAS COMUNES : LIKE VS. MIND
UN EJEMPLO DE ERROR SEMNTICO ES EL CAUSADO POR LA CONFUSIN ENTRE LAS PALABRAS LIKE Y MIND,
ESPECIALMENTE CUANDO SE UTILIZAN EN SUS FORMAS INTERROGATIVAS CON EL VERBO MODAL WOULD.
143
WOULD YOU LIKE (+SUSTANTIVO) + INFINITIVO ...? Y WOULD YOU LIKE + SUSTANTIVO? SE UTILIZAN
NORMALMENTE PARA HACER UN OFRECIMIENTO O INVITACIN.
EJEMPLOS:
"WOULD YOU LIKE A BANANA?"
"WOULD YOU LIKE TO DANCE?"
"WOULD YOU LIKE ME TO HELP YOU?"
[WOULD YOU MIND + VERBO + ING?] Y
[WOULD YOU MIND IF I + VERBO [PAST FORM]?]
SON FORMAS UTILIZADAS HABITUALMENTE PARA SOLICITAR UNA ACCIN O PERMISO EN FORMA CORTS.
EJEMPLOS:
"WOULD YOU MIND OPENING THE WINDOW FOR ME?"
"WOULD YOU MIND IF I SMOKED HERE?"
ERRORES MAS COMUNES : SO VS. SUCH
ES MUY FCIL CONFUNDIR SO CON SUCH CUANDO SE UTILIZAN CON ADJETIVOS Y SUSTANTIVOS. A CONTINUACIN
SE INDICAN LAS CONSTRUCCIONES NORMALES:
FORMA:
[... SO + ADJETIVO + THAT...]
EJEMPLOS:
"SHE WAS SO KIND THAT EVERYBODY LOVED HER."
"THE BOOK WAS SO BORING THAT I FELL ASLEEP WHILE READING IT."
FORMA:
[...SUCH (+ A/AN) + SUSTANTIVO (+ THAT...)]
EJEMPLOS:
"HIS LAST CONCERT WAS SUCH A DISASTER THAT HE NEVER PLAYED PIANO AGAIN."
"I HAVE NEVER SEEN SUCH COURAGE."

FORMA:
[SUCH (+ A/AN) + ADJETIVO + SUSTANTIVO (+ THAT...)]
EXAMPLES:
"IT WAS SUCH A STRANGE NOISE THAT HE WAS FRIGHTENED."
"WE WERE SURPRISED HE TURNED OUT TO BE SUCH A FINE
SCHOLAR."
UNA ALTERNATIVA A LA LTIMA ESTRUCTURA ES:
144
[SO + ADJETIVO + A/AN + SUSTANTIVO (+ THAT...)]
EJEMPLO:
"IT WAS SO HORRIBLE A FILM THAT WE LEFT BEFORE THE END."
NOTA: ESTA ESTRUCTURA SLO PUEDE UTILIZARSE CUANDO EL SUSTANTIVO TIENE EL ARTCULO INDEFINIDO A(N).
RARA VEZ SE EMPLEA, EXCEPTO EN UN INGLS MUY FORMAL.
ERRORES MAS COMUNES : ESTRUCTURAS PARALELAS
CUANDO VARIAS ORACIONES SUBORDINADAS DE UNA MISMA FRASE SE RIGEN POR EL MISMO VERBO, TODAS DEBEN
ADOPTAR LA MISMA FORMA. LA NO APLICACIN DE ESTA REGLA LLEVA POR LO GENERAL A ERRORES GRAMATICALES
(POR EJEMPLO, MEZCLAR VERBOS FINITOS, INFINITIVOS Y GERUNDIOS).
EJEMPLOS:
"I LIKE SWIMMING, RIDING AND STUDYING LANGUAGES." (NOT: I LIKE SWIMMING, RIDING, AND TO STUDY
LANGUAGES.)
"I WANT YOU TO SWEEP THE FLOOR, WASH THE DISHES, MAKE THE BED, AND FEED THE CANARY." (NOT: I WANT
YOU TO SWEEP THE FLOOR, WASH THE DISHES, MAKE THE BED, AND FEEDING THE CANARY.)
ERRORES MAS COMUNES :

PREPOSICIONES DESPUES DE VERBOS Y ADJETIVOS
MUCHOS VERBOS Y ADJETIVOS SE UTILIZAN NORMALMENTE CON CIERTAS PREPOSICIONES. UN TPICO ERROR DE
LXICO CONSISTE EN UTILIZAR LA PREPOSICIN EQUIVOCADA.
PREPOSICIONES DESPUES DE VERBOS
PARA VER LOS PHRASAL VERBS, (VERBOS QUE TIENEN UN SIGNIFICADO PARTICULAR DEPENDIENDO DE LA
PREPOSICIN ASOCIADA) BUSCAR EN INTERMEDIATE 3. LA LISTA QUE A CONTINUACIN SE PRESENTA INCLUYE OTROS
VERBOS DE USO FRECUENTE CON SUS PREPOSICIONES ASOCIADAS. OBSERVA QUE ALGUNOS DE ESTOS VERBOS
ACEPTAN UN COMPLEMENTO ANTES DE LA PREPOSICIN.
.
ACCUSE + (OBJECT +) OF
"HE WAS ACCUSED OF STEALING THE NECKLACE." OR
"THEY ACCUSED HIM OF STEALING THE NECKLACE."
APOLOGIZE + FOR
"ANDREW APOLOGIZED FOR HIS BAD BEHAVIOR."
ASK + FOR
145
"WE ASKED FOR ANOTHER PLATE OF FRENCH FRIES."
BELIEVE + IN
"SOME PEOPLE DON'T BELIEVE IN DEMOCRACY."
BLAME + (OBJECT +) FOR

"TOM WAS BLAMED FOR STARTING THE FIRE."
"I BLAME THE WEATHER FOR MY FAILURE TO WIN THE RACE."
BORROW + (OBJECT +) FROM

"JANE WANTS TO BORROW FIFTY DOLLARS FROM ME."
"PLEASE RETURN THE BOOK YOU BORROWED FROM DAN."
COMPARE +(OBJECT +) WITH/TO

"IT ISN'T FAIR TO COMPARE HIM WITH A PROFESSIONAL ATHLETE."
"THE PRICES HERE ARE LOW, COMPARED TO THE FIRST PLACE WE TRIED."
CONSIST + OF
"A RUGBY TEAM CONSISTS OF FIFTEEN PLAYERS."
DEPEND + ON
"HIS SUCCESS IN THE EXAMS WILL DEPEND ON HOW HARD HE WORKS."
FEEL + LIKE
"HIS HANDSHAKE FEELS LIKE A DEAD FISH."
HOPE + FOR
"SHE HOPES FOR BETTER LUCK NEXT YEAR."
INSIST + ON
"THE ANGRY CUSTOMER INSISTED ON A COMPLETE REFUND."
LIVE + ON
"HE FOUND IT HARD TO LIVE ON HIS SALARY AS A TEACHER."
LOOK + AT
"LOOK AT ME WHEN I SPEAK TO YOU!"
OBJECT + TO
"I STRONGLY OBJECT TO BEING CALLED A LIAR."
PAY + FOR
"GEORGE NEVER OFFERS TO PAY FOR THE MEAL."
PREFER +(OBJECT +) TO
"JOHN PREFERS TO EAT MEAT WHEN HE'S IN A RESTAURANT."
"JOHN PREFERS MEAT TO FISH."
PREPARE + FOR
"SUSAN NEEDED MORE TIME TO PREPARE FOR THE PARTY."
146
QUARREL + ABOUT
"WE OFTEN QUARREL ABOUT STUPID LITTLE THINGS."
REFER + TO
"HIS LAST LETTER REFERRED TO HIS PROMOTION AT WORK."
RELY + ON
"YOU SHOULDN'T RELY ON HIM; HE'S ALWAYS LATE."
REMIND + (OBJECT +) OF
"MIKE WAS REMINDED OF HIS MOTHER WHEN HE SAW THE PHOTO."
"THE PHOTO REMINDED SAM OF HIS OLD GIRLFRIEND."
SUCCEED + IN
"HE FINALLY SUCCEEDED IN PERSUADING HER TO MARRY HIM."
SUSPECT + (OBJECT +) OF
"I WAS SUSPECTED OF BEING A SPY."
"THE POLICE SUSPECTED ME OF BEING A SPY."
THINK + OF/ABOUT
"I SUDDENLY THOUGHT OF THE ANSWER."
"WE THOUGHT ABOUT THE PROBLEM FOR HOURS."
WAIT + FOR
"I'VE BEEN WAITING FOR JOE FOR TWENTY MINUTES."
WARN + (OBJECT +) ABOUT
"I WAS WARNED ABOUT THE DOG."
"THEY WARNED ME ABOUT THE DOG NEXT DOOR."
WISH + FOR
"MOST PEOPLE WISH FOR HEALTH AND HAPPINESS."
PREPOSICIONES DESPUES DE ADJETIVOS
ALGUNAS DE LAS COMBINACIONES ADJETIVO + PREPOSICIN EN INGLS SON:
OF SE UTILIZA GENERALMENTE DESPUS DE: AFRAID, ASHAMED, AWARE, CERTAIN, (UN)CONSCIOUS, JEALOUS,
PROUD, AND SURE.
EJEMPLOS:
"MICHAEL IS AFRAID OF BEING ALONE."
"THE TEACHER IS AWARE OF HER STUDENTS' INDIVIDUAL NEEDS."
147
"SUSAN IS JEALOUS OF ALL THE ATTENTION HER NEW BABY BROTHER IS GETTING FROM THEIR PARENTS."
AT USUALLY FOLLOWS: CLEVER, GOOD, AND TALENTED.
EJEMPLO:
"ROBERT IS VERY GOOD AT MATH."
OF OR TO USUALLY FOLLOW: KIND, NICE, (IM)POLITE, AND RUDE.
EJEMPLOS:
"HOW KIND OF YOU TO MAKE ME DINNER!"
"PLEASE BE NICE TO AUNT FANNY. SHE'S A VERY SICK WOMAN."
OTHER COMMON ADJECTIVE/PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS INCLUDE: ANXIOUS ABOUT, DIFFERENT FROM, BORED
BY/WITH, AND INTERESTED IN.
EJEMPLOS:
"I AM VERY ANXIOUS ABOUT THE EXAMS. I'M WORRIED I WILL FAIL EVERYTHING."
"GARY IS VERY DIFFERENT FROM HIS BROTHER FRANK."
"I'M INTERESTED IN MODERN ART. HOW ABOUT YOU?"
REVIEW
MORE COMMON ERRORS
EXISTEN VARIOS TIPOS DE ERRORES. TRES DE LOS MS COMUNES SON LOS GRAMATICALES (ORACIONES MAL
ESTRUCTURADAS), LXICOS (PALABRAS MAL ESCOGIDAS) Y SEMNTICOS (LENGUAJE CORRECTO Y SIGNIFICADO O
USO EQUIVOCADO). ENTRE LOS ERRORES FRECUENTES QUE APARECEN EN ESTE NDICE LINGSTICO SE INCLUYEN:
LIKE VS. MIND

PREPOSITIONS FOLLOWING VERBS AND ADJECTIVES
PARALLEL STRUCTURES
SO VS. SUCH
LIKE VS. MIND
LA CONFUSIN ENTRE LAS PALABRAS LIKE Y MIND DA PIE A UN ERROR SEMNTICO BASTANTE COMN, EN ESPECIAL
CUANDO SE EMPLEAN EN SUS FORMAS INTERROGATIVAS CON EL MODAL WOULD.
WOULD + SUBJECT + LIKE +...? SE UTILIZA PARA HACER UNA OFERTA O INVITACIN EN TANTO QUE WOULD +
SUBJECT + MIND +...? SE UTILIZA PARA SOLICITAR DE FORMA CORTS UNA ACCIN O UN PERMISO.
EXAMPLES:
"WOULD YOU LIKE TO GO FOR A WALK?"
"WOULD DANNY LIKE A PIECE OF CAKE?"
"WOULD YOU MIND TURNING OFF THE AIR-CONDITIONER?"
"WOULD YOU MIND IF I BORROWED THIS BOOK?"
148
PREPOSITIONS FOLLOWING VERBS AND ADJECTIVES
MUCHOS VERBOS Y ADJETIVOS SUELEN UTILIZARSE CON PREPOSICIONES PARTICULARES. EL USO DE UNA PREPOSICIN
INCORRECTA DA PIE A UN ERROR LXICO BASTANTE COMN.
EXAMPLES - VERBS:
"HE WAS ACCUSED OF MURDER."
"I BELIEVE IN FREE SPEECH."
"HE INSISTED ON SPEAKING TO THE MANAGER."
EXAMPLES - ADJECTIVES:
"YOU SHOULD BE ASHAMED OF YOURSELF FOR SAYING IT!"
"TOM IS ALWAYS KIND TO ANIMALS."
NOTA: EN EL NDICE LINGSTICO QUE TRATA SOBRE ESTE TEMA SE INCLUYE UNA LISTA MS COMPLETA DE
COMBINACIONES DE VERBO + PREPOSICIN + ADJETIVO + PREPOSICIN.
PARALLEL STRUCTURES
OTRO ERROR GRAMTICAL COMN SE DA CUANDO LOS HABLANTES MEZCLAN EN LA MISMA FRASE VERBOS
CONJUGADOS, INFINITIVOS Y FORMAS ACABADAS EN -ING. TODOS LOS VERBOS DE UN SUJETO EN PARTICULAR DEBEN
ESTAR EN LA MISMA FORMA.
EXAMPLE:
"I LIKE READING, DANCING AND LISTENING TO MUSIC."
(NOT: I LIKE READING, DANCING, AND TO LISTEN TO MUSIC.)
SO VS. SUCH
OTRO PAR DE PALABRAS QUE SE CONFUNDEN CON FACILIDAD ES SO Y SUCH.
FORMS:
[...SO + ADJECTIVE + THAT...]
[...SUCH (+ A/AN) + NOUN (+ THAT...)]
EXAMPLES:
"SHE WAS SO HAPPY THAT SHE'D PASSED THE TEST."
149
"I DIDN'T REALIZE THAT THIS WAS GOING TO BE SUCH A
PROBLEM."
150

Grammar Book

Transféré par

Informations du document

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Grammar Book

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

GRAMMAR BOOK

Nouns and Quantifiers

Past Form Of Modals

More Relative Clauses

More Grammar Points

More Common Errors

PRESENT SIMPLE: YES/NO QUESTIONS

AFFIRMATIVE: SHE LIKES MILK.

[YES, SUBJECT + DO/DOES]

[WHO-WHAT + VERBO + RESTO]

WHO LIVES HERE?

WHEN DO YOU GO HOME?

[ORACIN NEGATIVA + DO/DOES + SUJETO]

PRESENT SIMPLE: "HANS SPEAKS VERY GOOD ENGLISH."

PRESENTE SIMPLE: ENUNCIADOS

I/YOU/WE/THEY DON'T DRIVE IN THE CITY.

I/YOU/WE/THEY WORK IN A BANK.

VERBS ENDING IN SS, SH, CH, X, O TAKE -ES IN THIRD PERSON

FOR VERBS ENDING IN CONSONANT + Y, DROP THE Y AND ADD -IES:

I/YOU/WE/THEY DON'T DRIVE IN THE CITY.

DO I/YOU/WE/THEY KNOW THEM?

[DOES + SUBJECT + VERB + REST OF SENTENCE]

DOES HE/SHE/IT LIKE MILK?

[WH-WORD + VERB + REST OF SENTENCE]

QUESTIONS ABOUT THE REST OF THE SENTENCE:

[WH-WORD + DO/DOES... VERB...]

[YES, SUBJECT + DO/DOES]

[NO, SUBJECT + DON'T/DOESN'T]

[AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCE + DON'T/DOESN'T + SUBJECT]

YOU DRIVE, DON'T YOU?

[NEGATIVE SENTENCE + DO/DOES + SUBJECT]

YOU DON'T SMOKE, DO YOU?

VS. PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

PRESENT SIMPLE: "HANS SPEAKS VERY GOOD ENGLISH."

"BE" PRESENTE: AFIRMATIVO

"BE" PRESENTE: NEGATIVO

THEY ARE AT WORK.

"BE" PRESENTE: PREGUNTAS SI/NO

AFIRMATIVA: THEY ARE AT WORK.

AFIRMATIVA: THAT STORE IS EXPENSIVE.

REGULAR FORM CONTRACTED FORM

FORMA REGULAR FORMA CONTRAIDA

WE ARE NOT WE'RE NOT WE AREN'T

(NUNCA CON CONTRACCIONES)

NO, WE'RE NOT. NO, WE AREN'T.

"TODAY ISN'T YOUR BIRTHDAY, IS IT?"

[SUBJECT + BE + REST OF SENTENCE]

WE/YOU/THEY ARE AT SCHOOL.

[SUBJECT + BE + NOT+ REST OF SENTENCE]

WE/YOU/THEY ARE NOT AT WORK.

I'M NOT HERE.

WE'RE NOT HERE. WE AREN'T HERE.

STATEMENT: THEY ARE AT WORK NOW.

POSITIVE SHORT ANSWERS

NEGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS

NO, I'M NOT

NO, WE'RE NOT. NO, WE AREN'T.

FORM: [QUESTION WORD + BE + SUBJECT + REST]

NOTE: THE SUBJECT AND VERB CHANGE PLACES.

THEY ARE AT WORK NOW.

EXAMPLE: "WHAT IS HIS NAME?"

"HE ISN'T AT WORK, IS HE?"

PRESENTE PROGRESIVO: AFIRMATIVO

I AM WAITING FOR YOU.