IJIRST International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology| Volume 3 | Issue 11 | April 2017

ISSN (online): 2349-6010

Exhaust Analysis of a Single Cylinder 4-stroke

C.I. Engine for the Blend of Diesel and Tyre Oil
Hitesh L. Jadav Jasmin K. Rachhadiya
Lecturer Lecturer
Department of Automobile Engineering Department of Automobile Engineering
C. U. Shah Government Polytechnic, Surendranagar C. U. Shah Government Polytechnic, Surendranagar

Abstract
Tyre-oil, Gas, Carbon black and steel product were produced from scrap tyres by using pyrolysis process. Comparing the
properties of tyre oil and petroleum products it was found that tyre oil can be used as fuel for C.I. Engine. In the present work,
blends of Diesel-Tyre oil was used in a diesel engine without any engine modification. Blends such as [1] Tyre Oil-10% and
Diesel-90%, [2] Tyre Oil-20% and Diesel-80%, [3] Tyre Oil-30% and Diesel-70% were used in C. I. Engine at normal
atmospheric pressure and at different supercharged pressures 1.2 bar, 1.4 bar and 1.6 bar and results were compared. Analysis of
Emission of HC, CO and NOx was done. From the analysis it was derived that emission parameters like emission of CO and HC
have been improved. But the emission of NOx was not improved as there is rise in peak temperatures of combustion due to
higher supercharged pressure the emission of NOx increases.
Keywords: C.I. Engine, Exhaust Emission, Supercharging, Tyre oil, Diesel
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

I. INTRODUCTION

Diesel engines are fascinating larger consideration due to greater efficiency and cost effectiveness, because of that they have
been widely used as a power of engineering machinery, automobile and shipping equipment. Oil provides energy for 95% of
transportation. All countries including India are tackling with the problem of meeting the ever increasing demand of transport
fuel within environment concerns and inadequate resources. So, the most focused question arises in our country and at world
level is How long we can use this petroleum fuels? The solution of this question is in three words `Reduce,' Reuse' and
`Recycle.' There is a predominant increase in tyre wastes due to phenomenal increase in number of vehicles within India. The
annual disposal of waste tyre volume will increase at the same rate as new tyre is manufactured. These discarded wastes pose a
threat to the environment and human health if not handled properly. Thus timely action regarding recycling of used tyres is
necessary to solve the problem keeping in view the increasing cost of raw material, resource constraints and environmental
problems including fire and health hazards associated with the stockpiles of the used tyres.
The recycling of used tyres can be done by the pyrolysis process. Pyrolysis is the process of thermally degrading a substance
into smaller, less complex molecules. Pyrolysis produces products: such as oil, gas, carbon black and steel wires. The use of
pyrolysis oil of tyre as a substitution to diesel fuel is a chance in minimizing the utilization of the natural resources.
In this study, a single cylinder 4-stroke C.I. Engine is used for the experimental purpose. Various blends such as [1] Tyre Oil-
10% and Diesel-90%, [2] Tyre Oil-20% and Diesel-80%, [3] Tyre Oil-30% and Diesel-70% are used at normal atmospheric
pressure and at different supercharged pressures 1.2 bar, 1.4 bar and 1.6 bar and results were compared. Engine exhaust
emissions of NOx, HC and CO were measured.

II. EXPERIMENTAL SET UP AND PROCEDURE

In tune of the scope and objectives of the project an experimental setup was prepared consisting of a single-cylinder, four stroke,
direct injection diesel engine of 3.7 kW rated power diesel engine, fuel measuring equipment and exhaust gas analyser. A
reciprocating air compressor was used for supercharging purpose. A surge tank with a valve is provided to maintain uniform inlet
air pressure. Tyre oil was used as a test fuel in different proportion with diesel fuel. Specifications of the experimental setup are
as stated below in table 1.
Table 1
Specifications of Diesel Engine
Parameters Details
Make Bajaj
Engine Single cylinder DI diesel engine
Cooling water-cooled
Power 3.7 kW/ 5hp
Compression Ratio 16.0:1
Bore stroke 80mm 110mm

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 Exhaust Analysis of a Single Cylinder 4-stroke C.I. Engine for the Blend of Diesel and Tyre Oil
(IJIRST/ Volume 3 / Issue 11/ 033)

Rated Speed 1500 rpm

Capacity 553 cc
Experimental Procedure:
Engine was run at constant speed of 1500 rpm and the fuel injection pressure was kept at recommended value of 180 bar.
Various blends such as [1] Tyre Oil-10% and Diesel-90%, [2] Tyre Oil-20% and Diesel-80%, [3] Tyre Oil-30% and Diesel-
70% were prepared for experiment.
First only diesel fuel was used and emission parameters such as CO, HC and NO x emission were taken. Then using various
blends such engine parameters was observed.
After first set of reading without supercharged pressure, then reading was taken using the different supercharged pressure.
The supercharged pressure used were 1.2, 1.4, 1.6 bar. Then Following emission parameters were analysed.
Emission Parameters:
Carbon Monoxide (CO), % vol.
Hydrocarbon (HC), ppm
Nitrogen Oxide, ppm

III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Emission

Carbon monoxide in the exhaust emission is the indication of an extent of incompleteness of combustion. The variation of CO
emission for various loads is shown in the figure 1 for pure diesel. It can be observed that as the load increases the emission of
CO also increases. At normal atmospheric pressure the emission of CO is 0.02%vol. for 4kg of load. At different supercharged
pressures there is little decrease in the emission of the CO as compared with the normal atmospheric pressure it can be seen from
the graph.

0.09 0.10

Pure Diesel
0.08
0.09

0.07
0.08

0.06
CO (%vol. )

CO (vol.%)

0.07
0.05

0.06
0.04

0.05
0.03 Atm Pressure Atm Pressure
1.2 bar pressure 1.2 bar Pressure
1.4 bar pressure 0.04 1.4 bar pressure
0.02
1.6 bar pressure 1.6 bar pressure

0.01 0.03
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Load (kg) Load (kg)

Fig. 1: Load vs CO Emission for Pure diesel Fig. 2: Load vs CO Emission for Blend Tyre Oil-10% and Diesel-90%

The graph of Load vs CO emission for blend Tyre Oil-10% and Diesel-90% is shown in figure 2. It can be seen from the graph
that for the blend Tyre Oil-10% and Diesel-90%, the emission of CO decreases at different supercharged pressures compared
with the normal atmospheric pressure.

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 Exhaust Analysis of a Single Cylinder 4-stroke C.I. Engine for the Blend of Diesel and Tyre Oil
(IJIRST/ Volume 3 / Issue 11/ 033)

0.09
0.12
TPO20 TPO30
0.08 0.11

0.07 0.10
CO (vol.%)

CO (vol.%)
0.09
0.06

0.08
0.05
Atm pressure
0.07
1.2 bar Pressure Atm Pressure
0.04 1.4 bar pressure 1.2 bar pressure
1.6 bar pressure 1.4 bar pressure
0.06
1.6 bar pressure
0.03
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 0.05
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Load (kg)
Load (kg)

Fig. 3: Load vs CO Emission for Blend Tyre Oil-20% and Diesel-80% Fig. 4: Load vs CO Emission for Blend Tyre Oil-30% and Diesel-70%

Similarly for blend Tyre Oil-20% and Diesel-80% and Tyre Oil-30% and Diesel-70% the result is same. The emission of CO
decreases at different supercharged pressures compared with the normal atmospheric pressure. The graph of Load vs CO
emission for blend Tyre Oil-20% and Diesel-80% and Tyre Oil-30% and Diesel-70% is shown in figure 3 and figure 4
respectively.
Therefore it can be concluded that with the effect of supercharging there is little decrease in the emission of the CO. CO is
formed when there is insufficient O2 to oxide the fuel fully during the combustion of fuel. As due to supercharging the inlet
pressure is increases so sufficient air for combustion is available. So there is decrease in the emission of CO due to supercharging
effect.
Hydrocarbon (HC) Emission
The graph of load vs HC emission for pure diesel is shown in figure 15. It can be observed that emission of hydrocarbon
decreases as there is increase in the supercharged pressure. At normal atmospheric pressure the HC emission at 4kg load is 29
ppm and at supercharged pressures 1.2 bar, 1.4 bar and 1.4 bar are 28 ppm, 27 ppm and 26 ppm respectively.

44
46
Pure Diesel TPO10
42
44
40
42
38
40
36
HC (ppm)

HC (ppm)

38
34

32 36

Atm pressure
30 34
1.2 bar Pressure Atm pressure
1.4 bar pressure 1.2 bar pressure
28 1.6 bar pressure 32
1.4 bar pressure
1.6 bar pressure
26 30

24
28
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Load (kg)
Load (kg)

Fig. 5: Load vs HC Emission for Pure diesel Fig. 6: Load vs HC Emission for Blend Tyre Oil-10% and Diesel-90%

For the loads 8kg, 12kg and 16kg also at supercharged pressures there is decrease in the emission of the HC. With
supercharging pressures the HC emissions decreased because of the reduction in the delay period of combustion and improved
homogeneity of the mixtures.

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 Exhaust Analysis of a Single Cylinder 4-stroke C.I. Engine for the Blend of Diesel and Tyre Oil
(IJIRST/ Volume 3 / Issue 11/ 033)

60
75
TPO20
TPO30
55 70

65
50
60
HC (ppm)

HC (ppm)
45
55

40 50

Atm Pressure
1.2 bar Pressure 45 Atm Pressure
35 1.4 bar Pressure 1.2 bar pressure
1.6 bar Pressure 1.4 bar pressure
40
1.6 bar pressure
30
35
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Load (kg)
Load (kg)

Fig. 7: Load vs HC Emission for Blend Tyre Oil-20% and Diesel-80% Fig. 8: Load vs HC Emission for Blend Tyre Oil-30% and Diesel-70%

The graph of Load vs HC emission for blend Tyre Oil-10% and Diesel-90% is shown in the figure 5. Here also from the graph
it can be seen that emission of HC decreases with increasing the supercharged pressure. Similarly for blend Tyre Oil-20% and
Diesel-80% and Tyre Oil-30% and Diesel-70% the result is same. The graph of Load vs HC emission for Tyre Oil-20% and
Diesel-80% and Tyre Oil-30% and Diesel-70% is shown in the figure 7 and 8 respectively.
Nitrogen Oxide (NOx)
NOx formation is effected by the temperature and fuel air residence time. At higher temperatures the nitrogen dissociates into
nitrous oxide which is a harmful pollutant. The variation of NOx with load for diesel and various blends at atmospheric pressure
is shown in figure 9.

1600 1600
At Atmospheric Pressure
Diesel Inlet pressure of 1.2 bar
1400 1400 TPO10
Diesel
TPO20
TPO10
TPO30
TPO20 1200
1200
TPO30
NOx (ppm)
NOx (ppm)

1000 1000

800 800

600 600

400 400

200 200
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Load (kg) Load (kg)

Fig. 9: Load vs NOx Emission at atmospheric pressure Fig. 10: Load vs NOx Emission at inlet pressure of 1.2 bar

Comparing the NOx emission at normal atmospheric pressure and at 1.2 bar supercharged pressure, it is found that there is
increase in the amount of NOx as the inlet pressure is increase. NOx emissions are more at full load condition due to lower
combustion chamber temperature at part load.

IV. CONCLUSION

Due to the effect of supercharging there is little decrease in the emission of the CO. For supercharged pressures 1.2 bar and 1.4
bar there was decrease in the emission of CO. But for supercharged pressure 1.6 bar there was increase in the emission of CO.
Similar condition for HC also for 1.2 bar and 1.4 bar supercharged pressure there was decrease in the emission of HC then for
1.6 bar supercharged pressure there is increase in the emission of HC. But the emission of NO x is increase using the effect of
supercharging.

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 Exhaust Analysis of a Single Cylinder 4-stroke C.I. Engine for the Blend of Diesel and Tyre Oil
(IJIRST/ Volume 3 / Issue 11/ 033)

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