Shear wall analysis and design

The objective of this chapter is to analyse and design Shear wall on the building. The chapter has the
following parts:
Detailed introduction to Shear wall design
Loading and Analysis of shear walls
Design procedures for Shear wall design
Analysis and Design solution of shear wall

Introduction
Structural wall: is a wall designed to resist lateral/horizontal shear forces parallel to the plane of the
wall. Example shear wall, bearing wall, etc. The design of structural walls is affected by factors
including:
The structural function of the wall relative to the rest of the structure
The way the wall is supported and braced by the rest of the structure.
The way the wall supports and braces the rest of the structure.
The types of loads the wall resists.
The location and amount of reinforcement

Shear wall: is part of lateral force resisting system, it is a cantilever walls extended from foundation
to the top of the building. They primarily resist lateral loads due to wind or earth-quakes acting on
the building. These walls often provide lateral bracing for the rest of the structure. They resist
gravity loads transferred to the wall by the parts of the structure tributary to the wall, plus
lateral-loads (lateral shears) and moments about the strong axis of the wall. In addition to the lateral
loads shear walls resist the gravity loads from the floors and roof adjacent to the wall.
Generally, the method of designing walls is as follows:
Determine design life

Assess actions on the wall

Determine which combinations of actions apply

Assess durability requirements and determine concrete strength

Check cover requirements for appropriate fire resistance period

Determine cover for fire, durability and bond

Analyse structure for critical combination moments and axial forces

EBCS provisions for reinforced concrete wall

Short or slender walls: A wall may be considered as short walls when the ratio of its effective height
to its thickness does not exceed 7. Otherwise it shall be considered as slender.

7,
{

7,

Where He is effective height of the shear wall.
Effective height of the wall: The effective height of reinforced concrete walls in non- sway mode is
given by: =
Where: H =the story of the wall
=the coefficient which is determined from the following equation.
1.00.
2
3

0.3.

, <

2

1+

1+
1

=
Where: b is the width of the wall measured center-to-center of the bracing walls, or width measured
from the center of a bracing wall to the free edge.
Detailing in reinforced concrete wall as per EBCS-2/1995(section 7.2.5)
Vertical Reinforcement:-The area of vertical reinforcement shall not be less than 0.004Ac nor more
than 0.04Ac. The upper limit shall be observed even where bars overlap.
For walls with a larger cross section than required consideration of loading, a reduced effective
area not less than one-half the total area may be used to determine minimum reinforcement and
design strength.
The diameter of the vertical bars shall not be less than 8mm.
The spacing of the vertical wall shall not exceed twice of the wall thickness nor 300mm.

{
300
Horizontal Reinforcement:- The area of horizontal reinforcement shall not be less than one-half of
the vertical reinforcement.
The spacing of the horizontal bars shall not exceed 300mm.
The diameter of horizontal bars not to be less than one quarter (1/4) that of the vertical bars.
 Horizontal reinforcement shall be enclose the vertical reinforcement. The horizontal bars shall be
tied to the vertical bars so as to form a rigid mat.

Transverse Reinforcement:- The mats at two face of the wall shall be connected each other by at
least 4 transverse S-ties per m2, when the diameter of the vertical reinforcement is 16mm or greater.
If the area of required reinforcement exceeds 0.02Ac, then ties as required for columns shall be
provided.
In buildings commonly the following three systems are used for resisting lateral loads namely
wind or earthquake loads.

Moment-resisting frames: where lateral loads are resisted by bending of beams and columns.
Bearing-wall systems: used for apartment buildings or hotels. A bearing wall building has a series of
parallel transverse shear walls between rooms or apartment. The walls resist lateral loads by flexural
action and deflects as vertical cantilever.
Shear-wall frame buildings: where the lateral load is resisted in part by the wall and in part by
frame. It is used for buildings ranging from 8 about 30 stories.
In our case, the shear wall provided is added solely to support the lift shaft or elevator and not
integrated with the building to resist the lateral load acting on the building as a whole.
6.1 Design of shear wall supporting lift shaft or elevator
General procedures for the design of the shear wall supporting the lift shaft:
Geometry
Determination of the action forces on the wall: the loads on the wall include the lateral loads due
to seismic action, self-weight of the wall, the load from the self-weight of the shaft supported by the
wall.
Determination of the design eccentricity in both directions: The wall is designed as isolated sway
elements of a frame using the second-order theory of columns.

According to EBCS-2/1995, section 4.4.15.3, in the absence of more accurate method we use the
approximate method provided in the section. In the same section of EBCS-2, 1995 article-2, for the
approximate method, one-fourth of the total reinforcement must either be distributed along each face
of the column or at each corner. The column shall be designed for uniaxial bending with the
following equivalent uniaxial eccentricity of load, along the axis parallel to the larger relative
eccentricity;
= (1+)
Where: = total eccentricity in the direction of the larger relative eccentricity
k=relative eccentricity ratio.
=is obtained from table 4.1 of EBCS-2/1995(which is given below) as a function of the relative

normal force, the relative normal force, =

v 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

0.6 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.5
 Relative eccentricity ratio (k); theeccenterik city ratio, for a given direction, is the ratio of the total
eccentricity, allowing for initial eccentricity and second order effects in that direction, to the column
width in the same direction.
The relatlateve eccentricity, for a given direction, is the ratio of the total eccentricity, allowing for
initial eccentricity and second effects in the direction, to the column width in the same direction.
determination of the design moment in both dirction
reinforcement calculation
detailing

Design solusion
Geometry
The size of the wall is based on the size of the lift and the load of the lift. To determine the size of the
wall the specification given by DAN techno craft is used.
Table: DAN techno craft technical specification (standard lift shaft and car size s for center
opening electrical traction).

Load persons Shaft width Shaft width Car Car Clear Pit Overhead
kg (mm) (mm) width depth opening depth height
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
min min min max
320 4 1500 1650 1500 1700 1000 900 700*2000 1500 3600
480 6 1700 1850 1700 1800 1050 1200 800*2000 1500 3600
640 8 1700 1850 1780 1950 1100 1400 800*2000 1500 3600
In our project the lift is constructed for 8 persons so we select the following data from the above
specification.
o Capacity of the lift =640Kg
o Number of person to accomidate = 8
o Shaft width =1700mm
o Shaft depth = 1780mm
o Car width =1100mm
o Car depth =1400mm
o Clear opening =800*2000
o Pit depth = 1500mm
o Over head height = 3600mm

Load detrmination
The loads on the shear wall supporting the lift shaft includes the lateral load due to seismic action
and vertical loads from self-weight of the elevator car, top slab and from live load.
Lateral Load Determination
Unlike that of frame system where lateral loads are resisted by the bending of beams and
columns, in the case of shear walls the lateral loads are resisted by the walls themselves in their
major axes.
 The lateral loads on the wall include earthquake and wind loads. But, in our case as the wall
is not exposed to external wind loads, it is mainly subjected to earthquake load. Therefore, in the
following section we will determine the total earthquake load on the wall.

Determination of design earth quake force

The seismic base shear force, Fb, for each main direction is determined from:
I. determination of base shear
Fb = Sd(T1)W
Sd(T1) =
The parameter is the ratio of the design bed rock acceleration to
acceleration of
gravity,g and is given by: = 0I
o =the bed rock acceleration ratio for the site and depends
on the
seismic zone as given in table 1.1 of EBCS-8, 95 (page
10).
Zone 4 3 2 1
o 0.10 0.07 0.05 0.03

In our case the building is in Mekele which is located in zone 4; this implies
o = 0.1
I = the importance factor of the building (table 2.4, EBCS-8, 95, page
29)
The structure is under category II of EBCS-8 ;therefore I = 1.2
The parameter is the design response factor for the site and is given by:

=1.2/12/3 2.5
S = site coefficient for soil characteristics. Table 1.2 (page 11)

SC A B C

S 1.0 1.2 1.5

The soil is sub soil class/SC/ A (class A includes rock, stiff deposits of sand,
gravel or over
consolidated clay). There fore S = 1.0.
T1 = the fundamental period of vibration of the structure (in sec) for
translational motion in the direction of motion. For buildings with
heights up to 80m, the value of T1 may be approximated using:
T1= C1H3/4
Where H = height of the building above the base in meters
= 25.7m
C1 = 0.075 for RC moment resisting frames and eccentrically braced steel
frames.
Hence T1= 0.075*(25.7)3/4 = 0.86

=1.2*1.0/(.86) 2.5
2/3

= 1.33 2.5 OK
The parameter is the behavior factor to account for energy dissipation
capacity, shallbe
derived for each design direction as follows.
= o KD KR KW 0.70
Where o = basic type of the behavior factor, dependent on the structural type
(table 3.2 Page 37)
KD= factor reflecting the ductility class (page 35 and 38)
KR= factor reflecting the structural regularity in elevation (page 38)
 KW= factor reflecting the prevailing failure mode in structural systems with walls (page 38)

= 0.2*2*1.2 = 0.5 0.7 OK

Sd(T1) = = 0.12*1.33*0.5 = 0.08
T1 S BETA GAMA S(d) Fb Ft Fb-Ft Fi
0.86 0.10 1.00 1.33 0.50 0.07 3780.72 230.85 3549.86 89.69

W= seismic dead load, obtained as the total permanent load plus 20% of the floor live
load.

FLOOR WEIGHT/W/ HEIGHT/H/ W*Hi Fi

BASEMESMENT 5416.67 0.00 0.00 0.00
GROUND 6317.37 3.20 20215.58 89.69
MEZANIN 5509.73 6.40 35262.29 156.44
1ST FLOOR 5886.10 9.60 56506.57 250.69
2ND FLOOR 5886.10 12.80 75342.09 334.26
3RD FLOOR 5903.07 16.00 94449.15 419.03
4TH FLOOR 5902.30 19.20 113324.20 502.77
5TH FLOOR 5903.07 22.40 132228.81 586.64
6TH FLOOR 5900.99 25.60 151065.24 670.21
ROOF/TERACE 4227.46 28.80 121750.85 771.00
SUM 56852.86 800144.79