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Serie Ciencias
Forestales y del Ambiente
ISSN: 2007-3828
rforest@correo.chapingo.mx
Universidad Autnoma Chapingo
Mxico
Tudela Mamani, Juan Walter; Martnez Damin, Miguel ngel; Valdivia Alcal, Ramn; Romo Lozano,
Jos Luis; Portillo Vzquez, Marcos; Rangel Gonzlez, Rafael Ventura
VALORACIN ECONMICA DE LOS BENEFICIOS DE UN PROGRAMA DE RECUPERACIN Y
CONSERVACIN EN EL PARQUE NACIONAL MOLINO DE FLORES, MXICO
Revista Chapingo. Serie Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente, vol. 17, nm. 2, 2011, pp. 231-244
Universidad Autnoma Chapingo
Chapingo, Mxico
Juan Walter Tudela Mamani1*; Miguel ngel Martnez Damin2; Ramn Valdivia Alcal3; Jos Luis Romo
Lozano4; Marcos Portillo Vzquez5; Rafael Ventura Rangel Gonzlez6
1
Facultad de Ingeniera Econmica (FIE), Universidad Nacional del Altiplano, Avenida el Ejrcito 329. Apartado postal 291 Puno,
Repblica del Per. Correo-e: jwtudela@yahoo.es (*Autor para correspondencia).
2
Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo. Montecillo, Estado de Mxico. C. P. 56230. MXICO.
3
Divisin de Ciencias Econmico-Administrativas (DICEA), Universidad Autnoma Chapingo, km 38.5 Carretera Mxico-Texcoco. C. P.
56230, MXICO.
4
Divisin de Ciencias Forestales (DICIFO), Universidad Autnoma Chapingo, km 38.5 Carretera Mxico-Texcoco. C. P. 56230, MXICO.
5
Divisin de Ciencias Econmico-Administrativas (DICEA), Universidad Autnoma Chapingo. Km 38.5 Carretera Mxico-Texcoco.
Chapingo, Estado de Mxico. C. P. 56230. MXICO.
6
Universidad Popular Autnoma del Estado de Puebla. Puebla, Pue. MXICO.
ABSTRACT
An economic estimation was made of the social benefits generated by the implementation of a recovery
and conservation program which has impact on the attributes of the Molino de Flores National Park
(MFNP). Using the contingent valuation method, it is concluded that the MFNP has a conservation value
of US$ 384,000 per year, and a value in perpetuity of US$ 4 266, 667. Also estimated was the potential
entrance fee to the park at Mex$24; value a person attaches to the benefit. The rate was estimated using KEY WORDS: Contingent
a binomial logit model and the variables hypothetical price to pay, income level, educational level and valuation, binomial logit,
environmental perception. willingness to pay.
INTRODUCCIN INTRODUCTION
La Comisin Nacional de reas Naturales Protegidas The National Commission of Protected Natural
(CONANP) en Mxico, administra actualmente 166 reas Areas (Comisin Nacional de reas Naturales Protegidas,
naturales de carcter federal agrupadas en diferentes CNANP) in Mxico presently administers 166 federal
categoras, dentro de los cuales se encuentran los parques natural areas grouped in different categories, which
nacionales. El Parque Nacional Molino de Flores (PNMF) include the national parks. The Molino de Flores National
es un rea natural de especial inters para el municipio Park (MFNP) is a natural area of special interest to the
de Texcoco, pues provee una gran variedad de servicios municipality of Texcoco, as it provides a wide variety of
recreativos y ambientales que impactan directamente el recreational services that have a direct impact on the well-
bienestar de los usuarios y de las comunidades aledaas. being of the users and the surrounding communities.
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Valoracin econmica... Juan Walter Tudela Mamani, et. al.
Adems, debido a las caractersticas propias de los Also, due to the characteristics inherent to public
bienes pblicos (no exclusin y no rivalidad en el consumo), goods (non-exclusion and non-rivalry in consumption),
este parque carece de un mercado y en consecuencia de this park lacks a market and consequently an exchange
un precio de intercambio, lo que conlleva a que enfrente price, which leads to problems such as the reduction of
problemas como la disminucin de cobertura vegetal, plant cover, contamination from discharge of residual
contaminacin por descarga de aguas residuales, altas tasas water, high rate of water erosion, excess of food stands,
de erosin hdrica, exceso de puestos de alimentos, mal deterioration of buildings and gardens, deforestation and
estado de edificios y jardines, deforestacin y extraccin de extraction of forest resources, lack of space for recreation
recursos forestales, carencia de espacios para la recreacin and deficient access and parking. Therefore, to guarantee
y deficiente acceso y estacionamiento vehicular. Por tanto, sustainable use, an economic evaluation must be made of
para garantizar el uso sustentable se requiere valorar all the goods and services derived from the park and that
econmicamente todos los bienes y servicios derivados del are offered to the public.
parque y que son ofrecidos a la sociedad.
The municipality of Texcoco in its Municipal
El municipio de Texcoco en su Plan Municipal de Development Plan, prioritizes the conservation of the
Desarrollo prioriza la conservacin del PNMF, mediante MFNP, through recovery and conservation programs.
programas de recuperacin y conservacin. Sin embargo, However, this type of intervention must have its counterpart,
este tipo de intervenciones debe tener una contraparte, assumed in financial terms by the users that perceive
asumida en trminos financieros por los usuarios que these benefits. The municipal government and the users
perciben tales beneficios. El gobierno municipal y los are directly involved in the sustainable management of the
usuarios estn directamente involucrados en la gestin MFNP; the municipal government through guaranteeing
sustentable del PNMF; el gobierno municipal a travs de the flows of investment and the users by guaranteeing the
garantizar los flujos de inversin y los usuarios garantizando sustainability of these investments through the operation
la sostenibilidad de estas inversiones a travs de los costos and maintenance costs. Therefore, to justify from the
de operacin y mantenimiento. Por lo tanto, para justificar efficiency viewpoint and make these interventions viable,
desde el punto de vista de la eficiencia y hacer viables estas it is necessary to have the ex-ante estimation of the value
intervenciones, es imprescindible la estimacin ex-ante del of the beneficiaries.
valor de los beneficios.
The general objective of this investigation is to
El objetivo general de esta investigacin es financially dimension the social benefits generated by the
dimensionar financieramente los beneficios sociales implantation of a recovery and conservation program that
generados por la implementacin de un programa de would impact the attributes of the MFNP.
recuperacin y conservacin que impactara los atributos
del PNMF. There are some studies (Mogas, Riera and Bennett,
2006; Adamowicz, Boxall, Williams and Louviere, 1998;
Existen algunos estudios (Mogas, Riera y Bennett, Hanley, Wright and Adamowicz, 1998; and Hanley,
2006; Adamowicz, Boxall, Williams y Louviere, 1998; Macmillan, Wright, Bullock, Simpson, Parsisson and
Hanley, Wright y Adamowicz, 1998; y Hanley, Macmillan, Crabtree, 1998) that have explored the estimation of
Wright, Bullock, Simpson, Parsisson y Crabtree, 1998) economic benefits in programs of reforestation, habitat and
que han abordado la estimacin de beneficios econmicos conservation in environmentally sensitive areas.
en programas de reforestacin, programas de hbitat y
conservacin de reas ambientalmente sensibles.
Study area
rea de estudio
The Molino de Flores National Park (MFNP) is located
5 km from the city of Texcoco, State of Mexico. It covers
El Parque Nacional Molino de Flores (PNMF) est
an extension of 49.28 ha, and has beautiful places for
ubicado a 5 km de la ciudad de Texcoco, Estado de Mxico.
recreation, such as camping, hiking and visiting the family
Comprende una extensin de 49.28 ha, y posee hermosos
cemetery and chapel of the Seor de la Presa; it forms
lugares para la recreacin, como realizar campamentos,
part of a hacienda that was constructed in the XVII century.
caminatas y conocer el panten familiar y la capilla del
Seor de la Presa; forma parte de una hacienda que fue
construida en el siglo XVII. In 1995 the Secretary of Environment and Natural
Resources (Secretara de Medio Ambiente y Recursos
En el ao 1995 la Secretara de Medio Ambiente y Naturales, SEMARNAT) and the State of Mexico celebrated
Recursos Naturales (SEMARNAT) y el Estado de Mxico an agreement of coordination in which the Federation
celebraron un acuerdo de coordinacin mediante el cual transfers the administration of the MFNP to the government
la Federacin le transfiere la administracin del PNMF of Texcoco, which to date has the responsibility of vigilance,
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Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente 17(2): 231-244, 2011.
al ayuntamiento de Texcoco, mismo que a la fecha tiene conservation and improvement. Presently the MFNP is
bajo su responsabilidad la vigilancia, conservacin y one of the protected natural areas with highest number
mejoramiento. Actualmente el PNMF es una de las reas of visitors in the municipality of Texcoco (an average of
naturales protegidas con mayor nmero de visitantes en approximately 208,000 persons per year).
el municipio de Texcoco (aproximadamente un promedio
de 208,000 personas al ao).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
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Valoracin econmica... Juan Walter Tudela Mamani, et. al.
eies el componente aleatorio de la funcin de utilidad, mean zero and constant variance, and Vi(Q,Y; S) is the
con media cero y varianza constante, y Vi(Q,Y; S) es estimable deterministic part by means of the econometric
la parte determinstica estimable por medio del modelo model. If the user accepts paying an amount of money P
economtrico. Si el usuario acepta pagar una cantidad de for maintaining the proposed scenario, the following must
dinero P para mantener el escenario propuesto, debe be complied: V1(Q = 1, Y- P; S) V0(Q = 0, Y;S)> e0 e1
cumplirse que: V1(Q = 1, Y- P; S) V0(Q = 0, Y;S)> e0 e1
Where the terms e 0 and e 1 are assumed as
Donde los trminos e0 y e1 se asumen variables independent random variables and identically distributed.
aleatorias independientes e idnticamente distribuidas. El The change of utility experienced by the user will be equal
cambio de utilidad experimentada por el usuario ser igual to the difference between the final utility function minus
a la diferencia entre la funcin de utilidad final menos la the initial function, to have access to the utility in the final
inicial; para acceder a la utilidad en la situacin final definida situation defined by the proposed scenario certain amount
por el escenario propuesto, se debe pagar cierta cantidad of money proposed by the interviewer must be paid.
de dinero propuesta por el entrevistador. Simplificando la Simplifying the notation, we have the following: V = V1(Q
notacin, se tiene que: V = V1(Q =1, Y P; S) V0 (Q = =1, Y P; S) V0 (Q = 0, Y ; S) and h = e0 e1.
0, Y ; S) y h = e0 e1.
At this level the response of the interviewee YES/
Este nivel la respuesta del entrevistado S/NO es NO is a random variable. Therefore, the probability of a
una variable aleatoria. Por lo tanto, la probabilidad de una positive response on the part of the user is given by the
respuesta positiva por parte del usuario est dada por la following expression: Pr ob(Yes) = Pr ob( V) = F(V),
siguiente expresin: where F is the function of the accumulated distribution
. Donde F es la funcin de distribucin acumulada de of h. When selecting a distribution for h, and adequately
h . Al elegir una distribucin para h , y especificando specifying V(.), the parameters of the difference indicated
adecuadamente V ( .)
, los parmetros de la diferencia by V can be estimated with information of the amount of
indicada por V pueden ser estimados con informacin payment required of the individuals, from the responses to
sobre la cantidad de pago requerida de los individuos, de las the binary question and of the information concerning the
respuestas a la pregunta binaria y de la informacin acerca socioeconomic characteristics of the interviewees (Habb
de las caractersticas socioeconmicas de los entrevistados and McConnell, 2002). In this investigation, the specific
(Habb y McConnell, 2002). En esta investigacin, el modelo binomial logit econometric model for estimating the WTP
economtrico logit binomial especfico para estimar la DAP is stated as follows:
se plantear de la siguiente manera:
2=26-35 aos
Variable independiente categrica ordenada
EDAD Edad que representa la edad en aos del entre- 3=36-45 aos
vistado.
4=46-55 aos
5=56-89 aos
Fuente: Elaboracin propia.
encuestas a usuarios del PNMF, pero luego de un proceso of information nine of them were discarded because they
de verificacin y cruce de informacin se descartaron nueve contained incoherent information, with the final sample
de ellas por contener informacin incoherente, quedando at 150. Due to the type of interview, it was applied only
finalmente la muestra en 150. Por el tipo de encuesta se to persons older than 18 years and that were the head of
vio la conveniencia de aplicarla solamente a personas the household; these requirements were stated to obtain
mayores de 18 aos y que fueran jefes(as) de familia; information from persons that have spending capacity. All
estos requerimientos se plantearon para captar informacin of the interviews were carried out in the month of February
de personas que tienen capacidad de gasto. Todas las of 2010, during three weekends.
encuestas fueron realizadas en el mes de febrero de 2010,
durante tres fines de semana.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
utiliz para llegar, la frecuencia de visitas, las actividades CUADRO 2. Respuestas a la pregunta de valoracin propuesta a los
realizadas dentro del parque y su nivel de satisfaccin visitantes del PNMF.
luego de su experiencia. TABLE 2. Responses to the question of valuation proposed to the
visitors of the MFNP.
de varias regresiones economtricas utilizando modelos expectations are fulfilled, that is, for lower fees there are
logit. En las regresiones, la probabilidad de responder SI a more positive responses, against higher fees where there
la pregunta de disponibilidad a pagar (1=s, 0=no) siempre are more negative responses.
es la variable dependiente, y la tarifa a pagar siempre es
una de las variables independientes. Para la eleccin de Analysis of the contingent valuation method
las mejores regresiones se siguen los criterios econmicos
y economtricos siguientes: The fundamental objective of a contingent valuation
study is the estimation of the willingness to pay as
Que los coeficientes de las variables tengan los signos
an approximation of the compensatory variation; this
esperados, es decir, que los signos de los coeficientes
procedure is carried out by means of an analysis process
estimados para las variables explicativas reflejen una
of various econometric regressions using logit models. In
relacin lgica con la variable dependiente.
the regressions, the probability of responding YES to the
question of willingness to pay (1 = yes, 0 = no) is always
Que los coeficientes de las variables independientes
the dependent variable, and the fee to pay is always one
sean significativas a un cierto nivel aceptable de
of the independent variables. For the selection of the best
confiabilidad.
regressions, the following economic and econometric
Que el logaritmo de mxima verosimilitud del modelo criteria are used:
(log-likelihood) sea grande.
That the coefficients of the variables have the
Los resultados de las regresiones de los modelos logit expected signs, that is, that the signs of the coefficients
binomial se presentan en el Cuadro 3, donde se ilustran estimated for the explicative variables reflect a logical
las variables utilizadas en la estimacin, los coeficientes de relationship with the dependent variable.
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Valoracin econmica... Juan Walter Tudela Mamani, et. al.
cada variable y su respectivo estadstico t. De las cuatro That the coefficients of the independent variables be
regresiones que se presentan se selecciona el modelo logit significant to a certain acceptable level of reliability.
1, que se especifica con las siguientes variables: precio
hipottico a pagar, ingreso total mensual, nivel educativo, That the logarithm of maximum likelihood of the model
percepcin ambiental, gnero, tamao del hogar y edad del (log-likelihood) be large.
entrevistado. Los resultados del modelo logit 1 muestran
que los signos de los coeficientes que acompaan a las The results of the regressions of the binomial logit
variables son los esperados y se mantienen en los cuatro models are shown in Table 3, which illustrates the variables
modelos, hay un buen ajuste (38.52 %) en trminos del used in the estimation, the coefficients of each variable
Pseudo R-cuadrado o ndice de Cociente de Verosimilitudes and their respective t statistic. Of the four regressions
(ICV), el modelo predice correctamente (80.67 %) segn that are shown, the logit model 1 is selected, which is
el porcentaje de prediccin, la significancia conjunta specified with the following variables: hypothetical price to
es muy alta en trminos del estadstico de la Razn de pay, total monthly income, educational level, environmental
Verosimilitud (LR), el estadstico LR es 77.55, y el valor perception, sex, size of the home and age of the interviewee.
crtico de una chi-cuadrado al 5 % de significancia con The results of the logit1 model show that the signs of the
7 grados de libertad es 14.067, por lo que se rechaza la coefficients that accompany the variables are the expected
hiptesis conjunta de que los coeficientes de todas las ones and are maintained in the four models, there is a good
variables explicativas sean cero. fit (38.52 %) in terms of the Pseudo R-squared or index
El coeficiente de la variable PREC, como se esperaba, Likelihood Quotient index (LQI), the model predicts correctly
es negativo. Esto indica que a mayor precio o postura (80.67 %) according to the percentage of prediction, the
ofrecida para que se desarrolle el programa de recuperacin joint significance is very high in terms of the statistic of the
y conservacin en el PNMF, la probabilidad de obtener una Likelihood Ratio (LR), the LR statistic is 77.55, and the
respuesta positiva de parte del encuestado es menor. La critical value of a chi-squared at 5 % significance with 7
variable ingreso (ING), por su parte, tiene signo positivo, degrees of freedom is 14.067, therefore the joint hypothesis
indicando que a mayor nivel de ingreso del encuestado, la that the coefficients of the all of the explicative variables
probabilidad de obtener una respuesta positiva del mismo be zero is discarded.
es mayor. El hecho de tener un nivel de educacin (EDU)
cada vez mayor, aumenta la probabilidad de responder As expected, the coefficient of the variable PREC
positivamente a la pregunta de disponibilidad a pagar por is negative. This indicates that the higher the price or
la recuperacin y conservacin del PNMF; esto corrobora lo posture offered for the development of the recovery and
esperado a priori, es decir, mientras los jefes de hogar tienen conservation program in the MFNP, the probability of
ms nivel educativo son ms conscientes de la problemtica obtaining a positive answer from the respondent is lower.
ambiental y el grado de deterioro del parque, y por ende The income variable (ING) has a positive sign, indicating
estarn dispuestos a sacrificar parte de sus ingresos en un that the higher level of income of the respondent, the
programa de recuperacin y conservacin. probability of obtaining a positive response is higher. The
fact of having a higher level of education (EDU) increases
Por otro lado, la variable percepcin ambiental (PAM) the probability of responding positively to the question of
tiene signo positivo, confirmando que las personas que willingness to pay for the recovery and conservation of the
perciben el grado de deterioro del parque, tienen mayor MFNP, this affirms the a priori expectation, that is, when
probabilidad de responder positivamente a la pregunta de the heads of household have a higher educational level,
disponibilidad de pago por la recuperacin y conservacin; they are more conscious of the environmental situation
la importancia de esta variable se debe fundamentalmente and the degree of deterioration of the park, and therefore
a que existe conciencia y conocimiento del grado de are willing to sacrifice part of their income in a program of
deterioro del parque. recovery and conservation.
Existen variables representativas aunque con
menores valores de los estadsticos t. En este sentido, On the other hand, the variable of environmental
merecen destacarse las siguientes variables: el coeficiente perception (PAM) has positive sign, confirming that
de la variable gnero (GEN) result con signo positivo, the persons that perceive the degree of deterioration of
reflejando que los varones estn ms dispuestos a pagar the park have more probability of responding positively
por la implementacin del programa de recuperacin y to the question of willingness to pay for the recovery
conservacin. Por su parte, el coeficiente de la variable que and conservation; the importance of this variable is due
representa el tamao del hogar (TAH) result con signo fundamentally to the fact that there is awareness and
negativo, indicativo de que a mayor tamao del hogar la knowledge of the degree of deterioration of the park.
probabilidad de pago por el programa de recuperacin
y conservacin disminuye. La edad (EDAD) guarda una There are representative variables, although with
relacin negativa con la variable dependiente, explicable values lower than the t statistics. In this sense, the
por que a mayor edad, menor la opcin de disfrutar los following variables should be highlighted: the coefficient of
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Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente 17(2): 231-244, 2011.
beneficios del programa de recuperacin y conservacin the gender variable (GEN) had a positive sign, reflecting
del PNMF. that the males are more willing to pay for the implementation
of the recovery and conservation program . On the other
Anlisis de simulacin hand, the coefficient of the variable that represents the
size of the home (TAH) had a negative sign, indicating
En esta seccin se realiza un anlisis de simulacin that the larger the home, the probability of paying for the
para algunas variables del modelo logit 1 ilustrado en el Cua- recovery and conservation program decreases. The age
dro 3, para determinar el impacto sobre las probabilidades (AGE) holds a negative relationship with the dependent
predichas al cambiar una variable particular sobre un rango variable, explained by the fact that the higher the age, less
de valores, cuando las otras variables se mantienen fijas en option there is for enjoying the benefits of the recovery and
sus valores medios. Se aplicaron tres escenarios: conservation program of the MFNP.
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Valoracin econmica... Juan Walter Tudela Mamani, et. al.
De acuerdo al Cuadro 5, la DAP media result en According to Table 5, the mean WTP was MEX$23;
MEX$23; sin embargo, el valor mnimo es de -MEX$6.7 however, the minimum value is MEX$6.7 and the
y el valor mximo MEX$66; estos resultados indican que maximum value MEX$66; these results indicate that the
el modelo logit 1 permite valores negativos de la DAP, lo logit 1 model permits negative values of the WTP, which
cual no resulta lgico ya que las mejoras que se proponen is not logical, given that the proposed improvements in
en recuperacin y conservacin del PNMF no alcanzan recovery and conservation of the MFNP do not generate
a generar situaciones que pudieran ser percibidas como situations that could be perceived as something negative.
algo negativo.
Therefore, to find only positive values for the WTP,
Por lo tanto, para encontrar slo valores positivos the recommendations of Haab and McConnell (2002) are
para la DAP se toman en cuenta las recomendaciones considered. These authors suggest truncating the price
de Haab y McConnell (2002) que sugieren truncar la variable between zero and a maximum limit. One of the
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Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente 17(2): 231-244, 2011.
Desviacin
Variable Media Mnimo Mximo Casos
estndar
DAP 23.2776 14.4274 -6.67667 66.0942 150
Fuente: Elaboracin propia con base en resultados del software N-Logit 4
variable precio entre cero y un lmite mximo. Una de las CUADRO 6: Resultados del modelo logit restringido
versiones del modelo truncado sugiere que la DAP quede Table 6. Results of the restricted logit model.
limitada entre cero y un precio mximo, tal como se indica
a continuacin: Variables
Modelo logit
Constante -5.42951103
(-4.035)*
ING 0.85351377
Para la estimacin del modelo logit binomial con
precio restringido, fue necesaria la creacin de una nueva (3.031)*
variable de precio restringido (RES1), el cual se genera de
EDU 0.70460111
la siguiente manera:
(2.318)**
PAM 1.48256191
(2.156)**
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Valoracin econmica... Juan Walter Tudela Mamani, et. al.
Desviacin
Variable Media Mnimo Mximo Casos
estndar
DAP 24.2667 12.5217 0.971414 39.9897 150
del valor de la tarifa que se podra establecer en el The measurement of well-being used for the
futuro, siempre y cuando se haga viable el programa de aggregation of benefits is the mean WTP of the restricted
recuperacin y conservacin en el parque. Una estrategia model, which was MEX$24; taking into account what was
podra ser implementar tarifas diferenciadas; es decir, a los suggested by Dobbs (1993), who proposes the linear
usuarios que vienen al parque en auto propio se les cobrara aggregation of the WTP of the beneficiaries of a policy as
una tarifa relativamente ms alta, la cual incluira, adems a way of finding the aggregated benefits, this measurement
del cobro por derecho de estacionamiento vehicular, uso de was estimated. Consequently, if it is considered that the
instalaciones sanitarias y orientacin por parte de guas de number of visitors to the MFNP in one year, which according
turismo, y a los usuarios que vienen en transporte pblico to the administrators is approximately 208,000, then the
y en otros medios (bicicleta y/o caminando) se les podra value of use of the MFNP should approach MEX$4992,000
cobrar una tarifa menor, la cual incluira solamente los per year, or its equivalent, US$384,000. If it is considered
derechos de uso de instalaciones sanitarias y orientacin that the MFNP should be conserved to perpetuity, then
por parte de guas de turismo. En cualquier caso, el diseo using a discount rate of 9%, the present value of the MFNP
de una tarifa ptima debe tomar en cuenta el intervalo de is estimated at US$4266,667. It is important to point out
confianza estimado, el cual se ilustra en el Cuadro 8. that this value is an approximation of the value of use; if
the other types of value are considered (value of non-use),
the value could increase.
CUADRO 8: Intervalo de confianza al 95 %
Table 8. Confidence interval at 95 %. This result definitely has various implications. In
the first place, an annual value has been estimated that
Desviacin Lmite Lmite
Variable Media can be an indicator of the minimum amount to invest in
estndar inferior superior
the recovery and conservation of the MFNP. In this sense,
DAP 24.2667 12.5217 22.2464 26.2869 the municipal authorities of Texcoco should consider the
implementation of necessary measures of recovery and
Fuente: Elaboracin propia
conservation, and any evaluation in terms of cost-benefit
should include this amount as indicator of social benefit and
CONCLUSIONES thus determine the economic and social profitability.
En trminos generales, los resultados de la
investigacin indican que, tal como se haba previsto, Secondly, it is important to point out that the WTP
la estimacin de beneficios sociales generados por found in this investigation is an approximation of the value
la implementacin del programa de recuperacin y of the fee that could be established in the future, under the
conservacin en el PNMF requiere la integracin de condition that the recovery and conservation program in the
variables de diferente naturaleza (social, econmica y de park is made viable. One strategy could be to implement
percepcin ambiental), y se ha logrado dimensionar estos differentiated fees; that is, the users who come to the park
beneficios mediante modelos economtricos binomiales. in their own vehicle would be charged a fee that is relatively
higher, which would include, in addition to the parking fee,
Los resultados tambin revelan que el PNMF tiene the use of sanitary installations and orientation from the tour
un valor de uso aproximado de MEX$4992,000 anuales, guides, and the users that come in public transportation and
o su equivalente, US$384,000. Esta cifra, que es un by other means (by bicycle or on foot) could be charged a
valor anual, es llevada a perpetuidad, obtenindose un lower fee, which would only include the right to use sanitary
valor de conservacin del PNMF de aproximadamente installations and orientation from the tour guides. In any
US$4266,667. Este valor puede ser un indicador del monto case, the design of an optimum fee should consider the
mnimo a invertir en la recuperacin y conservacin del estimated confidence interval, which is shown in Table 8.
PNMF. Tambin se estim un aproximado de la tarifa de
acceso al parque en MEX$24; las variables que inciden CONCLUSIONS
en esta decisin son el precio hipottico a pagar, nivel
de ingreso, nivel educativo y la percepcin ambiental. El In general terms, the results of the investigation
diseo de una tarifa ptima como entrada al PNMF debe indicate that, as was foreseen, the estimation of social
tomar en cuenta el intervalo de confianza al 95 %, el cual benefits generated by the implementation of the recovery
fue estimado entre MEX$22 y MEX$26 aproximadamente. and conservation program in the MFNP requires the
integration of variables of a different nature (social,
economic and of environmental perception), and these
LITERATURA CITADA benefits have been dimensioned through the use of
ADAMOWICZ, W.; BOXALL, P.; WILLIAMS, M.; LOUVIERE, J. 1998. binomial econometric models.
States preference approaches for measuring passive use
values: Choice experiments and contingent valuation.
American Journal of Agricultural Economics 80(1): 6475. The results also reveal that the MFNP has a use
value of approximately MEX$4992,000 per year, or its
243
Valoracin econmica... Juan Walter Tudela Mamani, et. al.
ARDILA, S. 1993. Gua para la utilizacin de modelos economtricos equivalent, US$384,000. This figure, which is an annual
en aplicaciones del mtodo de valoracin contingente. value, is taken to perpetuity, thus obtaining a conservation
Environment Protection Division, Working Paper ENP101.
Washington DC: InterAmerican Development Bank. value of the MFNP of approximately US$4266,667. This
value could be an indicator of the minimum amount to
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DOMENCICH, T.; MCFADDEN, D. 1975. Urban travel demand: A beha- decision are the hypothetical price to pay, income level,
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GREENE, W. H. 2003. Econometric analysis, 5th edition. Prentice Hall, of an optimum entrance fee to the MFNP should consider
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between MEX$22 and MEX$26, approximately.
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