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N = Shear stress
Shear strain
Torque is equal to the product of the force applied and the distance between the point of
application of the force and the axis of the shaft.
7. What is polar moment of inertia? For a circular shaft of diameter D, what is the
value of polar MI?
Polar moment of inertia of any cross section of a beam is nothing but the area moment of
inertia about the axis which is normal to the cross section. If that axis coincides with z-
axis, then the polar MI=Izz. But Izz=Ixx+Iyy. This polar moment of inertia is generally
denoted as IP. Therefore IP=Izz.
For a circular shaft:
IP=IXX+ IYY= D4 / 64 + D4 / 64= D4 / 32.
8. Write the polar modulus for solid shaft and circular shaft.
IP = polar moment of inertia = J / R
J / R = D4/32 x 2/D
IP = D3 / 16.
9. Why hollow circular shafts are preferred when compared to solid circular shafts?
The torque transmitted by the hollow shaft is greater than the solid shaft.
For same material, length and given torque, the weight of the hollow shaft will be
less compared to solid shaft.
10. Write torsional equation.
T / J= C / L= / R
T-Torque
J- Polar moment of inertia
C-Modulus of rigidity
L- Length
- Shear stress
R- Radius
11. Write down the expression for power transmitted by a circular shaft.
P=2NT/60
N-speed in rpm
T-torque
12. Write down the expression for torque transmitted by a solid as well as a hollow
shaft.
T= (/16) x x ((D4-d4)/D Hollow Shaft;
T= (/16) x xD3 Solid Shaft
T-torque
- Shear stress
D-Outer diameter
d- Inner diameter
13. Define torsional rigidity.
Product of rigidity modulus and polar moment of inertia is called torsional rigidity.
14. What is a composite shaft?
Sometimes a shaft is made up of composite section i.e. one type of shaft is sleeved over
other types of shaft. When sleeved, the two shafts are joined together, that the composite
shaft behaves like a single shaft.
15. What is a spring?
A spring is an elastic member, which deflects, or distorts under the action of load and
regains its original shape after the load is removed.
16. State any two functions of springs.
To measure forces in spring balance, meters and engine indicators.
To store energy.
17. Classify the helical springs.
Close coiled or tension helical spring.
Open coiled or compression helical spring.
18. What is spring index (C)?
The ratio of mean or pitch diameter to the diameter of wire for the spring is called the
spring index.
19. What is solid length?
The length of a spring under the maximum compression is called its solid length. It is the
product of total number of coils and the diameter of wire.
Ls = nt x d
Where, nt = total number of coils.
20. Define spring rate (stiffness).
The spring stiffness or spring constant is defined as the load required per unit deflection
of the spring.
K= W/
Where W -load
deflection
21. What are the differences between closed coil & open coil helical springs?
The spring wires are coiled very The wires are coiled such that there
closely, each turn is nearly at right is a gap between the two consecutive
angles to the axis of helix turns.
Helix angle is less than 10o Helix angle is large (>10o)
22. What are the stresses induced in the helical compression spring due to axial load?
Part- B
1. A simply supported beam 200 mm wide, 3200 mm deep and 4 m long is transversely loaded
with a UDL of intensity throughout. Determine the bending stress at the point C which is 60 mm
below the top surface and 1.2 m from the left support. [Ans: 67.2 N /mm2]
2. A 200 mm x 80 mm I-beam is to be used as a simply supported beam of 6.75 m span. The web
thickness is 6 mm and the flanges are of 10 mm thickness. Determine what concentrated load can
be carried at a distance of 2.25 m from one support if the maximum permissible stress is 80 MPa.
[ Ans: Point Load W=9.264 KN]
3. A homogenous shaft ABC of 500 mm length and 40 mm external diameter is bored for a part
of its length AB to a 20 mm diameter bore and for the remaining length BC to a 30 mm diameter
bore. The maximum shear stress is 80 MPa. Find the maximum power the shaft can transmit
when it rotates at a speed of 200 RPM.
If the angle of twist in the length of 20 mm diameter bore is equal to that in the 30 mm
diameter bore, find the length of the shaft that has been bored to 20 mm and 30 mm diameters.
[ Ans: Power 14.39 KW, lAB=289 mm & lBC= 211 mm]
5. (a) A leaf spring is to be made of 7 steel plates 65 mm wide and 6.5 mm thick. Calculate the
length of the spring, so that it may carry a central load of 2.75 KN, the bending stress being
limited to 160 MPa. Also calculate the deflection at the centre of the spring. E= 200 GPa. [Ans:
length=744.2 mm, deflection=17 mm]
(b) A leaf spring 750 mm long is required to carry a central point load of 8 KN. If the central
deflection is not to exceed 20 mm and the bending stress is not greater than 200 GPa, determine
the thickness, width and the number of plates.
Also compute the radius to which the plates should be curved, assuming the width of the
plate to be equal to 12 times its thickness. E= 200 GPa.
6. (a) A closely coiled helical spring of round steel wire 5 mm in diameter having 12 complete
coils of 50 mm diameter is subjected to an axial load of 100 N. Find the deflection of the spring
and the maximum shearing stress in the material. C= 80 GPa. [ Ans: 101.9 N/mm2]
(b) A closely coiled helical spring is made up of 10 mm diameter steel wire having 10 coils
with 80 mm mean diameter. If the spring is subjected to an axial twist of 10 KNmm, determine
the bending stress and increase in the number of turns. E= 200 GPa. [Bending stress=101.9 MPa;
increase in no. of turns=0.04]
7. A timber beam of rectangular section has a span of 4.8 m and is simply supported at its ends.
UDL=45 KN (Total Load). Find the values of b x d of the beam, if the maximum bending stress
is not to exceed 7 MPa and the maximum deflection is limited to 9.5 mm. Take E for timber as
10.5 GPa. {Ans: d=337 mm; b=204 mm]
8. (a) A steel joist, simply supported over a span of 6 m carries a point load of 50 KN at 1.2 m
from the left hand support. Find the position and magnitude of the maximum deflection. Take
EI= 14 x 1012 Nmm2. [ Ans: position= 3.39 m from RH support; max deflection=9.4 mm]
9. Derive the expression for the strength (Torque) of both solid and hollow shafts in terms of the
maximum shear stress and their diameters.
10.Derive the expressions for slope and maximum deflection of a simply supported beam of
span L m when applied with a central transverse load of W Newton.
1. During a time of crisis when faced with a situation of shortage of raw material, a successive
brain storming sessions took place in a factory whereby it was concluded to get replaced solid
shafts used in transmission of power by shafts of hollow sections. A specific situation is narrated
below:
A solid steel shaft of 60 mm diameter is to be replaced by a hollow steel shaft of the same
material with the internal diameter equal to 50% of the external diameter. Find the diameters of
the hollow shaft and saving in material, if any, while the maximum allowable shear stress is
same for both the shafts.
Would you be able to corroborate the saving in material with the concept of sustainable
manufacturing? Could you justify that there is an adherence to professional ethics too in this
methodology?
2. In any business or manufacturing context, persistent attempts to save material in usage had
always been in existence. The following situation enumerates a case wherein a solid cylindrical
beam is compared with a hollow beam without compromising on technical competence, and also
whether the former could be replaced by the latter is to be decided.
Two beams are simply supported over the same span and have the same flexural strength.
Compare the weights of these beams, if one of them is solid and the other is hollow, with the
internal diameter being half of the external diameter.
Which beam is preferred out of both? What is the extent of saving in material?