1 - Repaso de Conceptos Fundamentales de Redes

DESGN: Designing for Cisco Internetwork Solutions
Chapter 1:
Network Fundamentals
Review
Elaborated by: Ing. Ariel German

For: ITLA
Based on: Designing for Cisco Internetwork
Solutions (DESGN) Foundation Learning
Guide, Third edition (2012)
Sean Wilkins
ROUTE v6 Chapter 1
2007 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 1
Chapter 1 Topics
Introduction to Networks
Protocols and the OSI Model
LANs and WANs
Network Devices
Introduction to the TCP/IP Suite
Routing
Addressing
Switching Types
Spanning Tree Protocol
Virtual LANs
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Networks
Chapter 1
Introduction to Networks
1960 1970: Mainframes + dumb terminals.
1981: IBM PC
Network were introduced to interconnect this distributed
PCs.
A data network is a network that allows computer to
exchange data.
Internetwork is a collection of individual networks
connected by networking devices and function as a large
network (ex. Internet).
First networks were LANs (small geographic area).
WANs were introduced to interconnect these LANs.
Chapter 1
Protocols and the
OSI Model
Chapter 1
OSI Model
1984 ISO released the seven-layer OSI Model
Upper layers: Application issues.
Lower layers: Transport issues
Chapter 1
Protocols
A protocol is a set of rules.
Two computers must use the same protocol to
communicate.
Data communication protocol is analogous to human
languages.
OSI model provides a framework for the communication
protocols used between computers.
The most widely used network protocol suite is TCP/IP
AppleTalk (Apple) and SNA (IBM) are two other examples
(rarely used).
Chapter 1
OSI Layers (1/3)
Layer 1: Physical
Electrical and mechanical conditions for activating, maintaining and
deactivating a physical link between devices. Includes voltages levels,
maximum cable length, data rates, connector types.
Layer 2: Data Link

Defines the format of the data to be transmitted.
Indicates how the physical medium is accessed, physical addressing,
error handling, flow control.
Frame: set of data that includes addressing and control information.
For LANs, Data link layer is divided in:
Logical Link Control (LLC): Allows multiple layer 3 protocols to share the
same data link.
Media Access Control (MAC): specifies physical MAC address to uniquely
identify a device on a network.
Chapter 1
OSI Layers (2/3)
Layer 3: Network
Routing protocols: Determine the best path to reach a destination
(RIP, EIGRP, OSPF, BGP).
Routed protocols: encapsulates the frames in datagrams (IP).
Datagram: Includes addressing and controls information.
Packet: Pieces of data in which a datagram is divided.
Layer 4: Transport
Concerned with end-to-end connections between the source and
destination
TCP: Connection-oriented, uses sequence numbers.
UDP: Connectionless best-effort transport, only send the data and
relies on upper-layer error-detection mechanisms.
Chapter 1
OSI Layers (3/3)
Layer 5 7: Upper layers
Session layer: Establishing, maintaining, and terminating sessions

between applications.
Presentation layer: Specifies format, data structures, coding,

compression.Ensures readability by the destination host.
Application: Interacts directly with the software applications.
Chapter 1
Communication Among OSI Layers
The grouping data used to exchange information at a
particular OSI layer is known as protocol data unit (PDU).
Both sides of peer layers that are communicating must
support the same protocol.
Chapter 1
LANs and WANs
Chapter 1
LANs and WANs
LANs: WANs
High Speed Lower speeds (generally)
Inexpensive/One time cost More expensive
User owned Service Provider may be
Limited reach required (monthly fee usually)
Wider reach
Chapter 1
Network Devices
Chapter 1
Terminology
Chapter 1
Hubs and Switches
Hubs:
Works at Layer 1
Lack intelligence, sends all data received in any port to all other ports
All devices connected to it are in one collision domain and one
broadcast domain.
Switches
Works at layer 2
Only frames that are addressed to a specific device are forwarded to
the port on which the device is connected.
Read the source and destination MAC addresses in the frames.
Devices connected in different switch ports are in different collision
domain, but (by default) in the same broadcast domain.
Chapter 1
Routers
Layer 3 device.
Allows communication between different LANs though
either WAN or Internet.
Read source and destination logical (IP) address.
Block broadcast and multicast by default.
Devices connected in different port are in different collision
AND broadcast domain.
Can generate broadcast if necessary, but dont pass
received broadcasts.
Chapter 1
Introduction to
the TCP/IP Suite
Chapter 1
TCP/IP Suite
Most widely used protocol suite
Data link and physical layers are sometimes grouped as

network interface layer.
Chapter 1
TCP/IP Suite Applications
Chapter 1
TCP/IP Transport Layer Protocols 1/7
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP):
Connection-oriented, end-to-end reliable transmission.
Before sending data, a TCP connection is established.
Data is acknowledged and uses a sequence number.
Any data not received properly is retransmitted.
User Datagram Protocol (UDP):

Connectionless, best-effort unacknowledged data.
Does not ensure the data is received undamaged.
Upper-layer protocols (or the user) must determine whether all data
arrives successfully.
The user must retransmit if necessary.
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Ports Numbers:
Are used by TCP and UDP to distinguishes among multiple
applications running on a single device.
0 1023: Well-known ports (normally protocols).
1024 49151: Registered ports (other applications).

49152 65535: Dynamic ports (assigned by hosts as source ports
when they create and end sessions.
Chapter 1
Port Numbers example
Chapter 1
Establishing a TCP connection:
Process called Three-Way Handshake
Uses SYN and ACK bits in the code bits fields of the TCP segment.
Chapter 1
TCP Windowing:
Process of adjusting the windows size field in a segment.
That field indicates the number of octets a device is willing to accept
before it must send an acknowledgement.
Each host can have different windows size.
Chapter 1
Closing a TCP connection:
Process called Four-Way Handshake
Uses Fin and ACK bits in the code bits fields of the TCP segment.
Chapter 1
TCP/IP Internet Layer Protocols 1/3
IP:
Routed protocol.
Provides connectionless, best-effort delivery of datagrams (packets).
A unique IP address is assigned to each interface of every device in
the network.
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP):

Send messages and error reports through the network.
Used for troubleshooting
Example: ping, tracert.
Chapter 1
IPv4 Datagrams
Chapter 1
IPv6 Datagrams
Chapter 1
Routing
Chapter 1
Routing
Behavior example
Chapter 1
Routers works at the lower Three OSI Layers
Chapter 1
Routing tables
Contains a list of all networks that are attainable by the
router.
Typically contains:
How the route was learned
Network address of the router from which the route was learned (if
applicable).
Interface to reach the network
Metric of the route
Chapter 1
Routing protocols
Used by routers to exchange routing information.
TCP/IP protocol suite includes the following:

Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
Integrated Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS)
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
Chapter 1
Addressing
Chapter 1
Physical and logical address
Physical addresses:
MAC addresses.
Is assigned to interface cards when manufacturing.
Does not change
Logical Addresses:
Defined statically by an administrator or dynamically by a server.
Has two main parts:
Network that the device is on.
Device number in that network
Chapter 1
Routing and Network Layer Addresses
Routers primary interest is the network portion of a
destination address.
Compares destination address to its routing table.
If the destination network is directly attached, router
forward the packet to the specific host, using ARP.
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is used to find the MAC
address given a specific IP address.
Chapter 1
IPv4 Addresses
Chapter 1
IPv4 Address Classes
Chapter 1
Private and Public IPv4 Addresses
Chapter 1
IPv4 Subnets
By default, subnets masks are:
Subnet masks can be adjusted: subnetting
Chapter 1
IPv6 Addresses
128 bits long (opposed to Leading 0s can be
the 32 bits of IPv4) grouped and omitted. At
least one hex digit is
required per group.
Typically notated in
hexadecimal Consecutive groups of 0s
can be grouped and
replaced by :: This can be
only done once.
Chapter 1
IPv6 Address Types 1/2
Aggregatable Global Unicast:
Equivalent to public IPv4 addresses
Can be publicly routed
Start with 001 (2000 3FFF. Also noted as 2000::/3)
Link-Local Unicast:
Assigned to all IPv6 devices interfaces
Used specifically for local link traffic
Start with 1111 1110 10 (FE80::/10)
Unique Local Unicast:

Equivalent to private IPv4 addresses
Can be routed, but only inside private networks (not internet).
Start with 1111 1100 or 1111 1101 (FC00::/8 or FD00::/8)
Chapter 1
IPv6 Address Types 2/2
Multicast:
Equivalent to multicast IPv4 addresses
Start with 1111 1111 (FF00::/8)
Anycast:
New type in IPv6, replaces the Broadcast address in IPv4
Interfaces from a group of devices are assigned the same Anycast
address.
The closest device to the host, responds.
Chapter 1
Switching Types
Chapter 1
Layer 2 switching 1/2
The heart of Layer 2 switch is its MAC address table.
Also known as Content-Addressable Memory (CAM)
Chapter 1
Layer 2 switching 2/2
Chapter 1
Layer 3 switching
A Layer 3 switch is a router with some functions
implemented in hardware.
Routers operate in software.
Layer 3 switches use high-performance Application

Speficis Integrated Circuits (ASICs).
Router and Layer 3 switch are synonymous.
Layer 4 switching is a extension of Layer 3, including

examination of the contents of the Layer 3 packet.
Chapter 1
Spanning Tree
Protocol
Chapter 1
Redundancy in Layer 2 Switched Networks
Redundancy is generally desired.
But, in switched networks it can cause several problems:
Broadcast storms
Devices can receive multiplies copies of the same frame
Inaccurate MAC address table
Chapter 1
STP terminology and operation
One root bridge:
Lowest Bridge ID (Priority MAC Address)
All ports in root bridge are Designates (forwarding)
One root port per non root bridge:
Lowest cummulative path cost to the root (higher speed, lower cost)
In case of tie, port that received the lowest Bridge ID.
In case of tie, lowest port ID (port priority port index)
One designated port per segment
Similar election process as root port
Chapter 1
STP Port States
Chapter 1
Rapid STP
Rapid STP (RSTP) is defined in IEEE 802.1w
Faster convergence
RSTP ports can take different roles:
RSTP ports states are:

Discarding
Learning
Forwarding
Chapter 1
Virtual LANs
Chapter 1
Virtual LANs
Used to group devices by function, location, or any other

criteria.
Each VLAN is a different broadcast domain
Normally use different IP addressing
Chapter 1
VLAN Membership
Static:
The administrator specifies in the switch which ports belong to each
VLAN.
If the device is moved, the switch (es) must be reconfigured.
Dynamic:
A VLAN Membership Policy Server (VMPS) is needed.
VMPS information consists of MAC address-to-VLAN map
The device stays in the same VLAN no matter in what port is
connected
Chapter 1
Trunks
Ports used to carry data from multiple VLANs

802.1Q is the IEE standard used for trunking
802.1Q add a tag to the frame indicating the VLAN
802.1Q defines a native VLAN:
Traffic for that VLAN is not tagged
Must be defined in both sides of the Trunk.
Chapter 1
STP and VLANs
Cisco developed per-VLAN Spanning Tree Plus (PVST+)
Allows one instance of STP running per VLAN
PVST+ permits redundant physical links to be used for
different VLANs
Its a load-balancing mechanism
Chapter 1
Summary
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Chapter 1

1 - Repaso de Conceptos Fundamentales de Redes

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DESGN: Designing for Cisco Internetwork Solutions

Elaborated by: Ing. Ariel German

Layer 2: Data Link

Session layer: Establishing, maintaining, and terminating sessions

Presentation layer: Specifies format, data structures, coding,

Application: Interacts directly with the software applications.

Data link and physical layers are sometimes grouped as

User Datagram Protocol (UDP):

1024 49151: Registered ports (other applications).

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP):

TCP/IP protocol suite includes the following:

Subnet masks can be adjusted: subnetting

Unique Local Unicast:

Routers operate in software.

Layer 3 switches use high-performance Application

Router and Layer 3 switch are synonymous.

Layer 4 switching is a extension of Layer 3, including

RSTP ports states are:

Used to group devices by function, location, or any other

Ports used to carry data from multiple VLANs

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