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WIKI
TUTOR
ALEXANDRO NIO RUANO
1. Realice una labor de investigacin y realice su propio diccionario tanto en ingls como en
espaol, con el objetivo de enriquecer y ampliar el vocabulario que ser empleado durante su
proceso de formacin. Los trminos seleccionados se listan a continuacin.
Algoritmos
Algoritmos cualitativos
Algoritmos cuantitativos
Anlisis del problema
Codificacin
Compilacin y ejecucin
Definicin del problema
Diseo del algoritmo
Dispositivos de entrada
Dispositivos de salida
Documentacin
Expresiones
Identificadores (variables y constantes)
Lenguaje de alto nivel
Lenguaje de bajo nivel (ensamblador)
Lenguaje de mquina
Lenguaje de programacin
Lenguajes algortmicos grficos
Lenguajes no grficos
Mantenimiento
Memoria auxiliar (externa)
Memoria central (interna)
Memoria RAM
Memoria ROM
Operadores y Operandos
Prueba y depuracin
Pseudocdigo
Tcnicas de diseo top down y bottom up
Tipos de datos
Unidad aritmtico lgica
Unidad central de procesamiento (c.p.u)
Unidad de control
DICCIONARIO ESPAOL
CODIFICACIN: Es el proceso de poner juntos los segmentos de sus datos que parecen ilustrar
una idea o un concepto (representados en su proyecto como nodos). De esa forma, la codificacin
es una forma de hacer abstraccin a partir de los datos existentes en sus recursos para construir un
mayor entendimiento de las fuerzas que intervienen.
OPERADORES Y OPERANDOS: Son elementos que relacionan de forma diferente, los valores
de una o ms variables y/o constantes. Es decir, los operadores nos permiten manipular valores.
Tipos de operadores: Aritmticos, Relacionales, Lgicos
Los operadores aritmticos permiten la realizacin de operaciones matemticas con los valores
(variables y constantes).
Los operadores aritmticos pueden ser utilizados con tipos de datos enteros o reales. Si ambos son
enteros, el resultado es entero; si alguno de ellos es real, el resultado es real.
PSEUDOCDIGO (o falso lenguaje): Es una descripcin de alto nivel compacta e informal del
principio operativo de un programa informtico u otro algoritmo.
Utiliza las convenciones estructurales de un lenguaje de programacin real, pero est diseado para
la lectura humana en lugar de la lectura mediante mquina, y con independencia de cualquier otro
lenguaje de programacin. Normalmente, el pseudocdigo omite detalles que no son esenciales
para la comprensin humana del algoritmo, tales como declaraciones de variables, cdigo
especfico del sistema y algunas subrutinas. El lenguaje de programacin se complementa, donde
sea conveniente, con descripciones detalladas en lenguaje natural, o con notacin matemtica
compacta. Se utiliza pseudocdigo pues este es ms fcil de entender para las personas que el
cdigo del lenguaje de programacin convencional, ya que es una descripcin eficiente y con un
entorno independiente de los principios fundamentales de un algoritmo. Se utiliza comnmente en
los libros de texto y publicaciones cientficas que se documentan varios algoritmos, y tambin en
la planificacin del desarrollo de programas informticos, para esbozar la estructura del programa
antes de realizar la efectiva codificacin.
TCNICAS DE DISEO TOP DOWN Y BOTTOM UP: (de abajo arriba) son estrategias de
procesamiento de informacin caractersticas de las ciencias de la informacin, especialmente en
lo relativo al software. Por extensin se aplican tambin a otras ciencias sociales y exactas
En el modelo top-down se formula un resumen del sistema, sin especificar detalles. Cada parte del
sistema se refina diseando con mayor detalle. Cada parte nueva es entonces redefinida, cada vez
con mayor detalle, hasta que la especificacin completa es lo suficientemente detallada para validar
el modelo. El modelo top-down se disea con frecuencia con la ayuda de "cajas negras" que hacen
ms fcil cumplir requisitos aunque estas cajas negras no expliquen en detalle los componentes
individuales.
En contraste, en el diseo bottom-up las partes individuales se disean con detalle y luego se
enlazan para formar componentes ms grandes, que a su vez se enlazan hasta que se forma el
sistema completo. Las estrategias basadas en el flujo de informacin "bottom-up" se antojan
potencialmente necesarias y suficientes porque se basan en el conocimiento de todas las variables
que pueden afectar los elementos del sistema.
TIPOS DE DATOS: Informtico o simplemente tipo es un atributo de los datos que indica al
ordenador (y/o al programador) sobre la clase de datos que se va a trabajar. Esto incluye imponer
restricciones en los datos, como qu valores pueden tomar y qu operaciones se pueden realizar.
Los tipos de datos comunes son: nmeros enteros, nmeros con signo (negativos), nmeros
de coma flotante (decimales), cadenas alfanumricas (y unicodes), estados, etc.
ALGORITHM: It is a prescribed set of instructions or rules well defined, ordered and finite that
allows to carry out an activity through successive steps that do not generate doubts to who must do
this activity. Given an initial state and an input, following the successive steps, a final state is
reached and a solution is obtained. The algorithms are the object of study of the algorithm.
It is formed by a set of symbols and syntactic and semantic rules that define its structure and the
meaning of its elements and expressions. The process by which it is written, tested, debugged,
compiled (if necessary) and kept source code of a computer program is called programming.
QUALITATIVE ALGORITHMS: These are those in which the problem of everyday life is
described or solved, but always framed in three fundamental structures: action sequences, action
decisions, actions cycle.
QUANTITATIVE ALGORITHMS: These are those in which numerical calculations are used to
define the steps of the process. Similarly, algorithm types describe three essential parts: input,
process, output.
CODING: It is the process of putting together the segments of your data that seem to illustrate an
idea or a concept (represented in your project as nodes). In this way, coding is a way of abstracting
from existing data in its resources to build a greater understanding of the forces involved.
COMPILATION AND EXECUTION: The Java Development Kit (JDK) contains the necessary
tools and libraries to create and run Java applets and applications. Here are some of the utilities
that can be found in the JDK:
JAVAC. It is the Java compiler. It is responsible for converting the source code written in Java to
bytecode.
JAVA. It is the Java interpreter. Executes the bytecode from the class files.
APPLETVIEWER. It is an applet viewer. In most cases it can be used instead of a Web Browser.
JAVADOC. It is used to create documentation in HTML format from the Java source code and the
comments it contains.
JAVAP. It is a Java disassembler.
JAR. It is a tool used to work with JAR files.
DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM: A question that arises to find an unknown data from other
known data, or to determine the method that must be followed to obtain a given result.
ALGORITHM DESIGN: It is a specific method to be able to create a mathematical model
adjusted to a specific problem to solve it. The algorithm design is a theory of Operations Research.
INPUT DEVICES: Any peripheral (computer hardware equipment) used to provide data and
control signals to an information processing system. The input and output peripherals make up the
hardware interface, for example between a scanner or controller six degrees of freedom (6DOF).
Examples: keyboard, optical mouse, scanner, microphone, joystick, gamepad or game controller,
which are connected to the computer and are controlled by the microprocessor.
OUTPUT DEVICES: Are those who receive information from the computer, its function is
eminently receiving and therefore are unable to send information. Among the most popular output
devices are: the printer (matrix, chain, daisy, laser or ink jet), the eider plotter, the magnetic tape
or magnetic tape recorder and the screen or monitor.
MAINTENANCE: All actions that aim to preserve an article or restore it to a state in which it can
carry out some required function. These actions include the combination of the corresponding
technical and administrative actions. In the branches of the Engineering some specializations are:
Engineering in industrial maintenance and Engineering in mechanical maintenance.
AUXILIARY (EXTERNAL) MEMORY: Also known as secondary storage, is the set of devices
and data storage media that make up the computer's memory subsystem, together with the primary
or main memory.
It can be called storage peripheral or "peripheral memory", as opposed to the "central memory",
because sometimes it can be considered as peripheral I / O.
Secondary memory is a type of permanent (non-volatile) mass storage with greater capacity to store
data and information than primary memory that is volatile, although secondary memory is slower.
"Storage devices or units" must be distinguished from "storage media", because the former are
devices that read or write the data stored in the media.
CENTRAL MEMORY (INTERNAL): It is the memory of the computer where the data and the
programs that the central processing unit (CPU) is being processed or will be stored at a certain
moment are stored temporarily. By its function, the MP must be inseparable from the
microprocessor or CPU, with whom it communicates through the data bus and the address bus. The
width of the bus determines the capacity of the microprocessor to address addresses in memory.
RAM MEMORY: is used as computer memory for the operating system, programs and most of
the software. In the RAM, all the instructions that the central processing unit (processor) and other
units of the computer are running are loaded.
They are called "random access" because it can be read or written in a memory location with an
equal waiting time for any position, and it is not necessary to follow a command to access
(sequential access) the information as quickly as possible.
ROM MEMORY: It is a storage medium used in computers and electronic devices, which allows
only the reading of the information and not its writing, regardless of the presence or not of an
energy source. It should be remembered that this is a sequential access memory.
OPERATORS AND OPERANDS: They are elements that relate in a different way, the values of
one or more variables and / or constants. That is, operators allow us to manipulate values.
Arithmetic operators allow the performance of mathematical operations with values (variables and
constants).
Arithmetic operators can be used with integer or real data types. If both are integers, the result is
whole; If any of them is real, the result is real.
Arithmetic Operators
+ Sum
Remains
* Multiplication
/ Division
Mod Module (remainder of the entire division)
TESTING AND DEPURATION: It consists of the data capture until the program does not present
errors (the most common are syntactic and logical). Debugging is the process of finding program
errors and correcting or eliminating those errors.
TOP DOWN DESIGN TECHNIQUES AND BOTTOM UP: ('bottom-up') are information
processing strategies characteristic of the information sciences, especially in software. By
extension they also apply to other social sciences and exact
In the top-down model a system summary is formulated, without specifying details. Each part of
the system is refined by designing in more detail. Each new part is then redefined, in greater detail,
until the complete specification is sufficiently detailed to validate the model. The top-down model
is often designed with the help of "black boxes" that make it easier to meet requirements even
though these black boxes do not explain the individual components in detail.
In contrast, in the bottom-up design the individual parts are designed in detail and then bonded to
form larger components, which in turn are linked until the entire system is formed. Strategies based
on the bottom-up information flow seem potentially necessary and sufficient because they are
based on the knowledge of all the variables that can affect the elements of the system.
TYPES OF DATA: Computer or simply type is an attribute of the data that tells the computer
(and / or the programmer) about the type of data to be worked. This includes imposing constraints
on the data, such as what values can be taken and what operations can be performed.
Common data types are: integers, signed numbers (negative), floating-point numbers (decimals),
alphanumeric strings (and unicodes), states, and so on.
CONTROL UNIT: is one of the three main functional blocks in which a central processing unit
(CPU) is divided. The other two blocks are the process unit and the input / output bus.
Its function is to search the instructions in the main memory, to decode them (interpretation) and
to execute them, using for this the process unit.
There are two types of control units: the wiring, usually used in simple machines, and the
programmed micro, of more complex machines. In the first case, the main components are the
sequential logic circuit, the state control circuit, the national combi logic and the emission control
signal recognition. In the second case, the microprogramming of the UC is stored in a micro
memory, which is accessed sequentially and then run each of the microinstructions.