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2. Most reported cases of HIV infection around the world are caused by HIV-1.
3. HIV-1 and HIV-2 are clinically indistinguishable and have identical modes of
transmission.
Epidemiology
1. Persons with undiagnosed HIV infection are responsible for a substantial proportion of
HIV transmission.
2. Modes of transmission:
- Sexual
- Perinatal (in utero, at the time of birth and through breast milk)
- Parenteral inoculation (e.g. IV drug injection, occupational exposure)
- Blood products
- Donated organs or semen
5. In Malaysia, all blood donations have been routinely tested for HIV-1 antibody since ?
6. Circumcision and proper use of latex condoms decrease the risk of acquiring HIV
infection.
Symptoms and findings associated with acute HIV-1 infection (>50% of patients)
1. Fever
2. Fatigue
3. Rash
4. Headache
5. Lymphadenopathy
6. Pharyngitis
7. Myalgia or arthralgia
8. Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea
9. Night sweats
Laboratory diagnosis
1. Screening tests (high [>99%] sensitivity and specificity) for HIV-1 infection:
I) Conventional tests:
- Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs)
- Enzyme immunoassays (EIAs)
Treatment of HIV infection its indications and the basic principles of antiretroviral
treatment
1.
Substance abuse
1.
Postexposure prophylaxis
1.