ADIGRAT UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

JUNE 2008 E.C

Title water supply and Urban Drainage

Prepared by group 4&7

Name ID

1. FITSUM ZEWDE 0525/06

2. BEHAYLU TEKLAY 0226/06
3. YOHANS TEKLE 666/06
4. WUDASE TEWLDE 1612/06
5. KIBROM KAHASU 0907/06
6. MZAYENE KIDANE 1174/06
7. BRHANU SENBETA 0316/06
8. TADESSE BEZIE 1385/06
9. LETENICHAEL G/KIDAN 0968/06
10.ABEBA TIKUYE 0028/05

SUBMITED TO:

INSTRACATOR KIROS

SUBMITION DATE: 06/10/2008 E.C

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 ADIGRAT University

Table of Contents
Acknowledgment ....................................................................................................................................... I
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ III
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 1
GENERAL BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................... 1
Location................................................................................................................................................. 1
Background ........................................................................................................................................... 1
Objective of the project ............................................................................................................................ 2
General objective .................................................................................................................................. 2
Significant of the project........................................................................................................................... 2
CHAPPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................................. 3
1. DESIGN PERIOD AND POPULATION FORECASTING ............................................................................... 3
1.1 General ............................................................................................................................................ 3
CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................................................. 6
2 WATER DEMAND ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................... 6
2.1GENERAL .......................................................................................................................................... 6
2.1.1 .......................................................................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................................................... 14
3. Capacity of service reservoir ............................................................................................................... 14
3.1Methods of determining capacity of reservoir .............................................................................. 14
3.2Type of reservoir ............................................................................................................................ 16
CHPTER FOUR.............................................................................................................................................. 17
4. Design of pump & raising main ........................................................................................................... 17
4.1 Pumps............................................................................................................................................ 17
CHAPTER FIFVE............................................................................................................................................ 19
5. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ....................................................................................................................... 19
5.1 Genera..................................................................................................................................... 19
5.2 Layout of distribution networks ................................................................................................... 20

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CHAPTER SIX................................................................................................................................................ 25
6. DESIGN OF SEWER .............................................................................................................................. 25
6.1 Estimating Dry-whether flow (sanitary sewage) ........................................................................... 25
6.2. ESTIMATING PEAK DRAINAGE DISCHARGE .................................................................................. 28
6.3 Design rectangular section of sewer (storm water) ..................................................................... 30
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 33
RREFERENCE................................................................................................................................................ 33

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Acknowledgment
First of all thanks for GOD and We would like to thank for all water supply teachers
of ADIGRAT university campus who helped us to do our project. We would like
give special thanks for ADIGRAT university students allowing in solving some
difficulty and their honesty of accepting us during their work time. We would also
like to offer greatest gratitude for instructor KIROS for giving this golden
opportunity for doing such like interesting project for better performance and
helping us to solve some difficulty of this project.

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ABBREVIATION
ADD.. Average daily demand
EIAEnvironmental Impact Assessment
BHP.. Break horsepower
CSA.. Central statistical authority
HC ....house connection
MDD.maximum daily demand
M d f ...maximum daily factor
P h f..peak hourly factor
PTU...public Tap User
YTU.. yard tap user

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 Abstract
Generally this proposal is concerned on problems of pipe water design in WUKRO
town. And also include the impact of this problem on the inside and outside of
community especially on raising a problem in which the university has to take a
remedial action because these problems may put the community in risk. At last it
put its sample design which can solve the problem and it recommends the
university in our last writing of this proposal.

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 INTRODUCTION
The most common national requirement is for drinking water of suitable quality,
and many countries base their own standards on the World Health Organization
(WHO) guidelines for drinking water quality. Source (WHO, 1984)
In some instances, natural water is inadequate for certain purposes as defined by
recommended or guideline concentrations. However, other water bodies may still
be perfectly usable for some activities even after their natural conditions have been
altered by pollution.
Access to safe drinking water is a global concern. However, developing countries,
like Ethiopia, have suffered from a lack of access to safe drinking water from
improved sources and to adequate sanitation services (As a result, people are still
dependent on unprotected water sources such as rivers, streams, springs and hand
dug wells. Since these sources are open, they are highly susceptible to flood and
birds, animals and human contamination. In addition, most sources are found near
gullies where open field defecation is common and flood-washed wastes affect the
quality of water. Source (WHO, 1984)
Similarly WUKRO town produce insufficient water. So in order to avoid this
serious problem identifying and designing of new water supply scheme is crucial
to full fill the water demand of WUKRO town.

GENERAL BACKGROUND

Location

Background
Location
The WUKRO town is located in the northern part of Ethiopia in the TIGAY National
Regional State, Eastern TIGRAY zone, WUKRO at a distance 826 km from Addis
Ababa and 46 km from MEKELLE the regional capital WUKRO also known as
WUKRO KILTE AWOLALO is a town and separate WEREDA in northern
Ethiopia.
WUKRO town took urban form by the Italians in 1936.

WUKRO is one of the reform towns in the region and has a city administration,

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Objective of the project
General objective
The general objective of this project is to design adequate, good quality, safe and
sustainable water for WUKRO town by designing a ground water source based
water supply system with an appropriate design of reservoir and distribution
system.

Specific objective

The specific objectives of the water supply project for WUKRO are

Demand and supply assessment to make the water supply service reliable

To layout distribution system

To enhance economic activities and the betterment of living standard by

providing adequate water supply for the institute

To ensure self-reliance sustainability of the water utilities.

To attain safe human health.

To improve the living conditions of the inhabitant by rehabilitation the

existing systems and extending water supply infrastructure.

Significant of the project

To design economical diameters of raising main and distribution pipe
lines
To select efficient pump and type of pipes
Generally to attain safe human health
To assure adequate quantity of water
To meet the projected demands
To select the sufficient source of water for the required demand
To design enough capacity of service reservoir

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 CHAPPTER ONE

1. DESIGN PERIOD AND POPULATION FORECASTING

1.1 General
Before designing proper water supply project, it is essential to determine the
quantity of water that is required. This involves determination of population, rate
of demand and others.

While designing or analyzing the water supply scheme for a town or any other
institution, it is necessary to determine the total quantity of water required for
various purposes by the town or an institution. Actually, determining the demand
of the town or an institution and then finding out suitable water sources from the
surrounding where the demand can be met is crucial. For big cities it is not
necessary to have only one source of water or water work.
1.1.1 Population Projection
Population projection provides information on the future size and composition of a
given area and the knowledge of population forecasting is very important for
design of any water supply scheme. The design of the water supply project is done
based on projected population at the end of the design period. Otherwise, the
present scheme may be inadequate in the near future. The basic components of
changes in size and composition of the population of a certain area includes
fertility, mortality and migration.
The proposed town development plan supplemented with on-site observation,
topographic maps and consultation with the local community, governmental and
non-governmental organizations are among the basis for water demand
computation and design of future water supply system.
1.1.2. Methods of population forecasting
The following are common methods by which the forecasting of population can be
done:
1. Arithmetical increase method
2. Geometrical increase method
3. Incremental increase method
4. Decrease rate method
5. Simple graphical method
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6. Master plan method
7. Logistic curve method
8. Ratio and correlation method
9. Ethiopian statistical authority
For the selection of best methods for population projection in WUKRO town
we have considered the following factors.
The number of present population of the town.
Availability of data for the calculating of the future population
Year Population population Growth Incremental decrease% ESA%
increase rate% in crease in crease
2003 53073 - - - - 4.8
2004 55657 2584 4.87 - - 4.8
2005 58337 2680 4.81 96 0.06 4.8
Total 5264 9.68 96 0.06
Average 2632 4.84 96 0.06
Arithmetic Growth Incremental decrease% ESA
rate increase in crease
2006 60969 61161 61065 61108 61083
Error -1.19 -0.892 -1.037 -0.97 -1.008
Error= (actual population estimated/actual population)*100%

Arithmetic

Err2006 =(60969 -61705/61705)*100% =-1.19

Growth rate

Err2006 =(61161 -61705/61705)*100%=-0.892

Err2006 =(61705 -61065/61705)*100% =-1.037

Decrease in % increase method

Err2006 =(61705-61108/61705)*100% =-0.97

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ESA method

Err2006 =61705-61083/61705 =-1.008

From the above geometric forecasting method has a list error and we select this
method.

By selecting design period for 20 years in this from 2008 to2010 is for
construction period

By using geometric increase method let to forecast population for 2008and 2010

P2008=p2006 (1+k) n , n=2year

=61161(1+4.84/100) 2

=67225

P2010=p2008 (1+4.84/100) 2

=67225(1+4.84/100) 2

=73890

P2014=p2010 (1+4.84/100) n , n=4

=73890(1+4.84/100) 4

=89268

P2020=p201491 (1+4.84/100) n , n=6

=89268(1+1+4.84/100)6

=118538

P2025=p2020 (1+4.84/100) n , n =5

= 118538(1+4.84/100) 5

=150139

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P2030=P2025 (1+4.84/100)n , n=5

= 150139(1+4.84/100)5

=190164

CHAPTER TWO

2 WATER DEMAND ANALYSIS

2.1GENERAL
While designing the water supply scheme for a town or city, it is necessary to
determine the total quantity of water required for various purposes by the city or
the town. Estimating water demands for a particular town depends on the size of
the population to be served, their standard of living and activities, the cost of water
supplied, the availability of wastewater service and the purpose of demand. It
varies according to the requirement of the water for domestic population,
institutional, industrial and social establishments.
2.1.1 Factor affecting water demand
Some of the factors that affect water demand for WUKRO town are;
1 Climatic condition
2 Size of the town
3 Culture of a society
4 Industries
5 Cost of water
6 Quality of water
2.2.2Types of water demand
Water demand for various purposes is dividing under the following categories

1. Domestic water demand

2. Commercial water demand

3. Industrial water demand
4. Institutional water demand

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 5. Public demand
6. Livestock demand
7. Firefighting water demand
8. Unaccounted for water

INDUSTRIAL

192857=41m3

1183463=X X=251m3/A/D

X=252000L/A/d

INSTUTIONAL (DAY OF SCHOOL)

Total number of population 5 to14 ages =28.8/100*190164

=54767

Total number of population from15to19=14.9/100*190164

=28334

%of attending school from (5 to 14) =98.3/100*54767

=53836

%of attending school from (15-19) =74/100*28334

=20968

Total population attending school=53836+20968

=74804

Standard=5L/pupil

Total demand=74804*5=374020L/P/d

Public and government office

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Total population=7.14/100*190164=13578

Standard=5L/person

Total demand=5*13578=67890L/P

4. Prison

Total population=0.5/100*190164=951

Standard=30L/person

Total demand=30*951=28530L/Person

5, Church and mosque

Current demand (2010) =11.3m3/d

Demand for 2030=11.3(1+1.1/100) 2 0 =14.063 m3/day=14063L/d

6, Public path and recreation

Total population of path visitor=0.1/100*190164=190

Standard=100L/visitor

Total demand=190*100=19000L/visitor

Total population of stadium and park visitor=2/100*190164=3803

Standard=5L/visitor

Total demand=5*3803=19015L/V

Total population in and hall visitor=0.3/100*190164=3803

Standard=5L/visitor

Total demand=5*571=2855L/visitor

Finally the total demand of public path and recreation

=19000L/vistor+19015+2855=40870L/visitor

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7, abattoirs

10 cattle per day for 2014(0.02%population2014)

Population of 2014=89268

0.02/100*89268=18people

Population of 2030=190164

0.02/100*190164=38people

18people=10cattele

38people=X X=21cattle per day

Standard=300l/cow

Total demand=300*21=6300L/cow

8, bus terminal

Total population=2/100*190164=3803

Standard=10L/visitor

Total demand=3803*10=380310L/Vis

9, commercial demand

Present water demand (for2010) =97.76m3/day and this growing by

1.5%from2014to2020

1.2%from2020to2030

Then by interpolation this demand is growing by 1.68 from 2010 to 2014

The total demand is

=1.68/100*97.76+1.2/100*97.67+97.67

=102.04 m3/day=102040L/day

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Domestic demand

Since our population in the end of the design period is 190164 and this population
is between 80,000and 250, 0000 we select category two

mode of HC YCD YCS PT

Demand in 138 38 28 21
L/c/d(2030)
%of 8.2 35.8 41.6 13.4
distribution(2030)
Population for 15594 68079 79108 25482
each mode of
service
Domestic 2151972 2587002 2215024 535122
demand for each
mode of service
Total domestic demand= 7489120L/d=86.68L/se
total water demand of WKURO town is the sum of industrial+ institutional l+
public and governmental+ prison + church and mosque+ public path and
recreation +batteries +bus terminal= commercial +domestic + firefighting

=282000+374020+67890+288830+14063+40870+6300+38030+102040+7489120+
0 =8412863L/day=97.4L/sec

Adjustment due to climate condition

Table2.1 adjustment due climatic condition

Group mean Adjusted

annual factor
precipitation
A 900 or less 1.1
B 900 to1200 1
C 1200 above 0.9
Table-2.2

Annual rainfall of WKURO town is 888mm then adjustment factor is from the
above table is in Group (A) and the adjusted factor is 1.1.

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Adjustment due to social economy

by assuming WUKRO town as under normal Ethiopian condition=1

Then adjustments demand=1*1*8412863L/C/day

Total demand=9254149.3L/day

Considering unaccounted 26.9%

26.9/100*9254149.3L/day=2489366.16L/day

Average daily demand (AAD) =total demand+ unaccounted

= 9254149.3L/day+2489366.16L/day

=11743515.46L/d

Maximum daily demand

MDD=MDF*ADD

=1.25*11743515.46=14679394.33L/d=0.1699m3/s

Peak hourly demand

PHD=PHF*ADD PHF, from table =1.9

PHD=1.9*11743515.46L/d=22312679.37L/d=258.25L/s

Per capital demand=ADD/POPULATION

=11743515.43/190164=61.75l/c/d

Determination of service reservoir capacity

Pumping hour for the town is for 24 hour from

Then pcd=61.75L/C/d

Population=190164

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Average daily supply =pcd*population=11743515.43L/d

Average hourly supply =11.74/24=0.49ml/h

2.2.5 Hourly fluctuation of per capital consumption &per capital

wastewater generation
Hourly demand Waste water

1 0.12225 0.0978

2 0.2225 0.0978

3 0.2225 0.0978

4 0.2225 0.0978

5 0.2225 0.0978

6 0.2934 0.235

7 0.3912 0.313

8 0.423 0.274

9 0.5868 0.4694

10 0.7335 0.5884

11 0.9292 0.7443

12 0.85575 0.6846

13 0.80685 0.6455

14 0.61125 0.489

15 0.70905 0.567

16 0.70905 0.567

17 0.75795 0.6064

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 18 0.70905 0.567

19 0.6357 0.5086

20 0.5379 0.4303

21 0.4401 0.3521

22 0.3423 0.2738

23 0.36675 0.2934

24 0.36675 0.2934

Table 2.3
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5 Series1
0.4 Series2
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Series 1 per capital consumption fig-2.1 Consumption VS Wastage graph

Series 2per capital waste

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 CHAPTER THREE

3. Capacity of service reservoir

Service reservoir is a vital component in a water supply system to distribute the
water that comes or pumps from the sources.
Reservoir is constructing to serve the following functions.
To balance the fluctuating demand from the distribution system
To eliminate the necessity of continues pumping
To give suitable pressure for the distribution system and reduce pressure
fluctuations
To provide a reserve of water to meet fire and other emergency demands
Lead to an overall economy for distribution system by reducing the sizes of the
pumps, pipelines and treatment units

Location of reservoirs
The following points must be considering before deciding the locations of the
distribution reservoirs:
Locating in the heart of the city
locating at high elevations

3.1Methods of determining capacity of reservoir

A. Analytical method

A mass diagram is the plot of accumulated inflow (i.e. supply) or outflow (i.e.
demand) versus time.
By assuming pumping hour for24hours

Hourly demand=11.74ML/24 =0.49

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Time[hr] Hourly Hourly Hourly Cum Cum surplus Deficit
Of day variation demand Supply Supply demand
factor

1 0.25 0.12225 0.49 0.49 0.12225 0.368

2 0.25 0.12225 0.49 0.98 0.2445 0.736
3 0.25 0.12225 0.49 1.47 0.36675 1.103
4 0.25 0.12225 0.49 1.96 0.489 1.462
5 0.25 0.12225 0.49 2.45 0.61125 1.839
6 0.6 0.2934 0.49 2.94 0.90465 2.035
7 0.8 0.3912 0.49 3.43 1.29585 2.134
8 0.7 0.3423 0.49 3.92 1.63815 2.282
9 1.2 0.5868 0.49 4.41 2.22495 2.185
10 1.5 0.7335 0.49 4.9 2.95845 1.942
11 1.9 0.9291 0.49 5.39 3.88751 1.502
12 1.75 0.85575 0.49 5.88 4.7433 1.137
13 1.65 0.80685 0.49 6.37 5.55015 0.82
14 1.25 0.61125 0.49 6.86 6.1614 0.699
15 1.45 0.70905 0.49 7.35 6.87045 0.479
16 1.45 0.70905 0.49 7.84 7.5795 0.261
17 1.55 0.75795 0.49 8.33 8.33745 0.0075
18 1.45 0.70905 0.49 8.82 9.0465 0.2265
19 1.3 0.6357 0.49 9.31 9.6822 0.3722
20 1.1 0.5379 0.49 9.8 10.2201 0.420
21 0.9 0.4401 0.49 10.29 10.6602 0.3702
22 0.7 0.3423 0.49 10.78 11.0025 0.2225
23 0.75 0.6675 0.49 11.27 11.369 0.099
24 0.75 0.6675 0.49 11.74 11.74 0.00
Capacity of service reservoir = Maximum surplus +maximum deficiency

2.282+0.420=2.702M

Emergency reservoir=25%of 2.702Ml=0.6755ML

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Finally the total capacity of reservoir for WUKRO own is
2.702+0.2702+0.6755=3.648ML=3648m3

3.1.1Height of reservoir
Since the total capacity of the reservoir is 3648m3 and this is between 3500 and
15000m3the highest will be from 3.5 up to 5m and we have take 5 m

3.1.2 Diameter of reservoir

V=A*H V=volume

A= area

H=height

V=D2h/4

3648m3=D25/4

Then D =30m

3.2Type of reservoir
1. Depending on elevation

Surface reservoir (Ground Reservoir or Non-elevated)

Elevated reservoir ( Overhead Tank)
2. Depending on construction

RCC (reinforcement concrete)

Sandwich
Steel
3. Depending on shape

Rectangular
Circular: Circular reservoir is geometrically the most economical shape,
giving the least amount of walling for a given volume and depth:
Square

But our reservoir is elevated, RCC& circle in shape

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Practically 30m diameter is not allowed. Then we can construct two reservoir of
15m diameter each and connect them as shown below.

D=15m D=15m

H=5m H=5m

FIG-3.1 RESERVOIR

CHPTER FOUR

4. Design of pump & raising main

4.1 Pumps
The function of pump is to lift the water or any fluid to higher elevation or at
higher pressure. Pumps are installing in water wells to lift the water to the ground
surface and deliver it to the point of use.

4.1.1Purposes of pumping
To increase the water pressure at certain points in the distribution system
To lift treated water to elevated storage tanks
To lift raw river water to carry it to treatment plant
To lift water available from wells to an elevated storage tank in stages
To pump water directly into the distribution system
To take out water from basins, sumps, tanks etc

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4.1.2. Selection of a pump
For design selection of pump depend on the following factors

Capacity of pump
Number of pump units required
Position of pump
Suction condition
Total head
Discharge condition etc.

Therefore we select centrifugal pump because centrifugal pump is the most

reliable, has minimum cost, most efficiency, has high power etc

Known data

Q=MHD=PHD=0.258m3/sec

L=4793M

Assumption

Pumping efficiency =70%

Motor efficiency =90%
Material used PVC
Friction factor(f)=0.015 and c=140
2.1.3. Diameter for raising main (economical)
D=0.97 to1.22Q1/2

MDD=0.1699m3

Then:

D=0.97 to 1.22(0.1699)1/2 MDD

D=0.4 to 0.50

Take D=0.50M

Check for velocity

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V=Q/A

V=0.1699/(0.5)2/4

V=0.865M/S------------OK

Head of pump

H=h d +h s+ h f+ h v, h d=2063-2021+4=46m

Hs=120m

H f=flv2/2gd=0.015*4793(0.8552)/2*9.81*0.6=4.32m

H v (minor loss)=v2/2g=0.8552/19.62=0.037

HT=46+120+4.32=170.32m

Hydraulic pump power

HP= w*H*Q/75=1000*170.32*0.258/75=585.9HP

Break House power (BHP) =HP/efficiency pump

=585.9HP/0.7=837HP=624.4kw

Generator power (G p)

G p=BHP/efficiency of motor=624.4/0.9=693.78kw=867.23kv

CHAPTER FIFVE

5. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

5.1 Genera
For efficient distribution it is required that the water should reach to every
consumer with required rate of flow. Therefore, some pressure in pipeline is
necessary, which should force the water to reach at every place.

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5.2 Layout of distribution networks
The layout of pipe networks follows the layout of the roads. In general, there are
four types of pipe networks.
1. Dead End or Tree system
This system is suitable for irregular developed towns or cities. In this system water
flows in one direction only into sub mains and branches. The diameter of pipe
decreases at every tree branch.
2. Grid iron system (reticulation system) loop
In this system the main, sub main and branches are all interconnecting with each
other. This method is suitable for well-planned towns and city
3. Ring system
The same as gridiron system the only difference is the main line is at the center in
gridiron where as the main and branches are at the center in ring system
4, Radial system
This system is suitable for city or a town having a system of radial roads emerging
from different center.
Distribution reservoirs are at the center and water pumping from mains into the
distribution reservoirs placed at different centers and then to the service areas.
It ensures high pressure and efficient water distribution.
(Q=258L/S)

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 Source

R1

p-1

J-4 J-1

P-7 J-3 P-2 P-6 J-2

J5 P-8 P-3

J-7

P-9 J-6

J-7 P-4

J-9P-10 J-8P-11J-10

P-5

J-11

Fig 4.1 dead end system

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Source

258l/se

R1

258L/se

36.86l/se

221.14L/S 36.864l/se

184.276 l/s

36.86l/se

147.4l/se

36.86l/se

110.586 l/s

36.86l/s 36.86 L/S

36.86l/se

Fig 4.2 distribution detail

Assume diameter for each pipe

p-1 =450mm

p-2 =D=400mm

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p- 3=350mm

p- 4=D=300mm

p- 5=D=250mm

p- 6=p-7=p-8=p-9=p-10=p-11=D=200mm

Calculate head loss

hl =10.7(L/D4.87)(Q/C)1.85

hl p-1=10.7(871/0.454.87)(0.258/140)1.85=3.9m

hl p-2=10.7(1690/0.44.87)(0.22114/140)1.85=10.38m

hl p-3=8.4m hl p-7=9.64m

hl p-4=13m hl p-8=6.98m

hl p-5=5.29m hl p-9=7.26m

hl p-6=5.85m hl p-10=6.85m

hlp-11=9.03m

Net pressure (residual pressure)

H reSp p-1=2063 -2025 -3.97=34m

hres p-2=2063-2003-3.79-10.38=45.65m

by similar way all other residual pressure are shown in table below

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Pipe Diameter Length Elevation Discharge head Residual(m)
3
(m) (m) (m) (m /s) loss(m)
p-1 0.45 871 2025 0.258 3.97 34
p-2 0.4 1690 2003 0.22114 10.38 45.65
p-3 0.35 1535 2003 0.1474 8.4 37.25
p-4 0.3 1904 1993 0.11058 13 34.25
p-5 0.25 2422 1990 0.3686 5.29 31.96
p-6 0.2 903 2014 0.3686 5.85 39.18
p-7 0.2 1489 2001 0.3686 9.64 38.01
p-8 0.2 1078 1991 0.3686 6.98 50.67
p-9 0.2 1121 1998 0.3686 7.26 34.99
p-10 0.2 1059 1998 0.3686 6.85 22.4
p-11 0.2 1395 2004 0.3686 9.03 14.22

Since our minimum residual pressure is 14.22m which is greater than limited
(14m) it is sufficient enough.

24 | P a g e
 CHAPTER SIX
6. DESIGN OF SEWER
Sewers: are underground pipes or conduits, which carry sewage to points of
disposal

6.1 Estimating Dry-whether flow (sanitary sewage)

Sanitary Sewage: liquid wastes of domestic and industrial places. This sewage is
extremely foul in nature and required to be disposed off very carefully

The sewage discharge which has to pass through a sewer must be estimated as
correctly as possible; otherwise the sewers may either prove to be in adequate,
resulting in their overflow, or may prove to be of too much of size, resulting in
unnecessary wasteful investments. Theoretically speaking, the quantity of sewage
(domestic s + industrial) that is likely to enter the municipal sewers under design
should be equal to the quantity of water supplied to the contributing area, from the
water-works. However, in actual practice, this is not the precise quantity, which
appears as sewage, but certain additions and subtractions do take place from it, as
explained below:
The sewer pipe discharge is according to their area

Our ADD= 11743515.46 L/day

=0.136 m3/sec

ADF=80% of ADD =0.8*0.136

=0.109M3/sec

q=MHF=1.5MDF

3*ADF=3*(0.109)=0.327m3/sec

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 From this for the total area of 600 hectare we have 0.327 m3/s water supply

Then the discharges of each zone are

Zone A 600=0.327

60=?

Zone A=60*0.327/600=0.0327m3/

Zone area(ha) discharge(Q)

A 60 0.0327
B 50 0.0273
C 60 0.0327
D 60 0.0327
E 50 0.0273
F 30 0.0163
G 70 0.0382
H 40 0.0218
I 40 0.0218
J 40 0.0218
K 40 0.0218
L 40 0.0218
M 20 0.0109

Table -6.1

Calculate slope and appropriate diameter assume 80% run full

P-1 ,S1=(MH1-MH2)/410 =2005-1997/410=0.0195

d/D= 0.8,d/D=1/2(1-cos/2)

1.6=1-cos/2,

-0.6=cos /2

=253.74 in degree

a=D2(/360-sin/2)

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 =D2/4(253.74/360-sin (253.74)/2

=0.674D2

P=D*/360

P=2.214D

r=a/p=0.674D2/2.214D

r=0.304D

q=1/n*r2/3*s1/2, take n=0.013 use cement pipe

0.0327=1/0.013*(0.674D2)(0.304D)2/3(0.0195)1/2

D=0.178

Check velocity

V=1/0.013(0.304(0.178)2/3(0.0195)1/2

V=1.54m/s >0.45m/s.ok

P-2

Q=qa+qf=0.0327+0.0163=0.049m3/s

S=(MH2-MH4)/400=(1997-1993)/400

=0.01

0.049=1/0.013(0.674D2)(0.304D)2/3(0.01)1/2

D=0.235M

V=1.32m/s > 0.45m/sok

By similar method all others are summarized in table below

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Pipe DISCHARGE(M3/S) Slope Diameter(M) Velocity(M/S)
P1 qA=0.0327 0.0195 0.178 1.5>0.45
P2 qA+qF=0.049 0.01 0.235 1.35>0.45
P3 Qb=0.0273 0.0263 0.157 1.64>0.45
P4 QA+QF+qG+qB=0.1145 0.0078 0.34 1.5>0.45
P5 qc=0.0327 0.0128 0.192 1.31>0.45
P6 Qp4+Qc+qh=0.169 0.02 0.33 2.35>0.45
P7 qP6+qP10+qL+qk=0.327 0.0116 0.465 2.246>0.45
P8 qD+qE=0.06 0.0108 0.25 1.43>0.45
P9 qP8+qI+qj=0.1036 0.00357 0.38 1.09>0.45
p10 qp9+qm=0.1145 0.0228 0.276 2.22>0.45
Table-6.2

6.2. ESTIMATING PEAK DRAINAGE DISCHARGE

Storm Sewage: Surface runoff developed during and immediately after rainfall.

Inordertodesignthesewersandthedrainsproperly,itisabsolutelynecessary
to

estimatetheurbanstormdrainagedischargethatarelikelytoenterthesew
ersordrains.

Whenarain,fallsi nacertainarea,apartofitisinterceptedbythesoil,apartofit
isevaporated,andtheremainingwaterflowsoverlandtowardsthevalley
s,asstormrun-
off.Sincethestormrunoffhastoberemovedthroughdrainsorthroughcombi
nedsewers,thedrainageengineermustevaluatethepeakrateofrun-
off,whichcanbeproducedfromacertaincatchmentbythegivenrain,atanym
oment.
Assume take the run off coefficient (K) for different area as follow below

Zone(ha) ASPHA(ha) GRAV;RO GARDEN(ha) ROOF(ha) C avg

(ha)
A=60 2%=1.2 8%=4.8 30%=18 60%=36 0.56

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B=50 2%=1 9%=4.5 20%=10 69%=34.5 0.63
C=60 2%=1.2 13%=7.8 15%=9 70%=42 0.59
D=60 2%=1 13%=7.8 20%=12 65%=39 0.66
E=50 13%=6.5 10%=5 75%=37.5 0.64
F=30 15%=4.5 10%=3 75%=22.5 0.62
G=70 20%=14 10%=7 70%=49 0.62
H=40 10%=4 20%=8 70%=28 0.61
I=40 20%=8 10%=4 70%=28 0.62
J=40 10%=4 20%=8 70%=28 0.61
K=40 15%=6 10%=4 75%=30 0.65
L=40 20%=8 10%=4 70%=28 0.62
M=20 10%=2 20%=4 70%=14 0.61
Table-6.3

Sample calculation

Kav=(0.85*1.2+0,2*4.8+0.15*18+0.8*36)/60

Kav=0.56

Assumption of ti and tf based on Area and slop

Zone ti(min) pipe tf(min) Tc(mi) i(cm/hr) Qp K

no average

29 | P a g e
A 5 P-1 2 P-1=5 5 4.67 0.56
B 5 P-2 3 P-2=5 4.167 6.14 0.59
C 6 P-3 4 P-3=8 4.69 4.1 0.63
D 5 P-4 P-4=6 3.57 12.56 0.603
3
E 3 P-5 P-5=5 5 5.25 0.63
5
F 5 P-6 4 P- 3.12 16.4 0.61
6=14
G 4 P-7 7 P- 2.68 27.5 0.616
7=18
H 2 P-8 2 P-8=7 4.1 8.38 0.622
I 3 P-9 3 P-9=9 3.95 12.92 0.62
J 4 P-10 3 P- 3.41 12.33 0.62
10=12
K 2 - - - - - -
L 3 - - - - - -
M 2 - - - - - -
Table-6.4

` sample Calculation of Tc,I and Qp

Calculation of Tc,I and Qp

I=a/(Tc+b) but Tc=ti+tf

Tc1=5min , a=75,b=10

I1=75/15=5cm/hr

Qp=k*I*A/36 = 0.56*5*60/36= 4.67m3/s

6.3 Design rectangular section of sewer (storm water)

P-1 p-2

Q=4.67m3/se<15m3/se s=0.01
Q=6.14m3/se

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 Y=0.5(B)0.5 let Y=0.61m Y=0.5(B)0.5 let
Y=0.71m

B=1.5m B=2.074

Check discharge

Check the discharge Q=6.4 m 3/s

Q=1/n*A*R2/3*S1/2 S=0.0195

Q=4.69m3/se..ok

p-3 Q=4.1m3/se s=0.0263 p-4 Q=13.2m3/s

Y=0.5(B)0.5 let Y=0.57m Y=0.5(B)0.5 let Y=0.9m

B=1.3m B=3.24

Q=4.175 m3/s Q=13.2 m 3/s

p-5 Q= 5.25 m3/s s=0.0128 p-6 Q=16.4 m3/s

>15 m3/s

Y=0.5(B)0.5 let Y=67m since 16.4 m3/s is greater

than15 m3/s we take

B=1.8m value of y from table using

inter pollution

Q=5.28m3/s Y=1.7 , B=3.5

p-8 Q=8.38 m3/s P-9 ;Q=12.92m3/s ,S=0.00357

Let ;y=0.98m B=3.84

Y=0.77m Check discharge

B=2.34m

31 | P a g e
p-10 Q=12.33M3/S S=0.0228

Let; y=0.77m Q=12.964m 3/s

B=2.37m; check discharge Q=12.765m3/s

p-7 is outlet pipe. Then let design combined pipe.

QP =27.5m3/s from storm

Q=0.327 from sanitary

Qtotal=27.5+0.327=27.827m3/s and from sanitary design

a=0.674D2

r=0.304D ,S=0.0116 then Q=1/N A R2/3 S1/2

27.827=1/0.013[0.674D2][0.304D]2/30.0116

D=2.45m

32 | P a g e
 Conclusion
General

The most common requirements of water demand is for drinking water of suitable quality, and
many countries base their own standards on the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines
for drinking water quality.

In some instances, natural water is inadequate for certain purposes as defined by recommended
or guideline concentrations. However, other water bodies may still be perfectly usable for some

Activities even after their natural conditions have been altered by pollution.

Access to safe drinking water is a global concern. However, developing countries, like Ethiopia,

Have suffered from a lack of access to safe drinking water from improved sources and to

Adequate sanitation services (As a result, people are still dependent on unprotected water sources

Such as rivers, streams, springs and hand dug wells. Since these sources are open, they are highly
susceptible to flood and birds, animals and human contamination. So in order to avoid this

Serious problem identifying and designing of new water supply scheme is crucial to full fill the

Water demand on WUKRO town.

RREFERENCE

Data for WUKRO town

Water supply and environmental engineering. (March 2011 G.C). Water collection
system module. (module no: 3191)
Water treatment project of WUKRO town. (2007 E.C). ADIGRAT University. Section 1
students.

33 | P a g e
 WLKITE water supply final year project. (JUNE 2007 G.C). ARBAMINCH UNIVERSITY.
Department of hydraulic engineering

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