where the strain tensor is given by :

1
= ( + ) (9)
2
Decomposing the different fluid properties to its mean and fluctuating components introduced
more unknowns to the system of equations but we do not gain any additional equations. This
means that the system is not yet closed and to provide closure to the system, one must find
enough equations to solve for unknowns and this can be done through the use of different
turbulence models.
2.3 Shear Stress Transport Turbulence Model
The Shear Stress Transport (SST) model is created by Menter combining the k- and k-
turbulence models for efficiency and accuracy in solving the Naviers Stokes Equation. It has a
blending function that activates the k-omega model near the wall and the k-epsilon model in the
free stream. This ensures that the appropriate model is utilized throughout the flow field:
The k-omega model is well suited for simulating flow in the viscous sub-layer.
The k-epsilon model is ideal for predicting flow behavior in regions away from the wall
in other words it is the free stream flow region.
2.4 Turbulent Flow
Turbulent fluid flow is characterized by high fluctuations in velocity and pressure. One of the
causes of turbulence in fluid flow is the increase in friction and drag forces that act on the fluid
which in turn increases the resistance of the fluid against flow. The increase in friction and drag
forces also causes an increase in energy loss due to dissipation that is why in order for the fluid
to flow additional energy is needed and this is done by increasing the pressure. One of the ways
to measure the turbulence of flow is through the fluctuations of velocity and fluctuations of
velocity can be measured using the turbulent kinetic energy equal to the expression below.
1
() = ( )2 + ( )2 + ( )2 (10)
2

Where u, v and w are fluctuations of the velocity in x, y and z direction so a higher TKE
means higher fluctuations and higher turbulence. For this study, the turbulence intensity is used
to show turbulence which is commonly done in practices and is related to TKE by the following
expression:

2 1
= (11)
3

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