OPENSEES Soil-

Soil-Pile Interaction
Study under Lateral Spread Loading

Po-Lam - EarthMechanics
Pedro Arduino UW
Peter Mackenzie-Helnwein UW

Overview

Introduction
 Background & Common Practice

3D Analysis of Soil-Pile Interaction

 Beam-Solid Approach
 Contact Formulation & Implementation
 Practical Applications

Summary and Conclusions

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 Problem Description

Kinematic loading on the pile from the upper unliquefied soil mass
displacing relative to the underlying stable lower soil mass

Slippage displacement concentrated on a usually thin liquefied soil layer

between the two stiffer soil masses
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Common Solution strategies

Fixed-fixed beam

Uncoupled free-field displacement

Uncoupled displacement considering pile
pinning

2-D FEM analysis

3-D FEM analysis

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 Fixed-
Fixed-fixed approach

Soil Displacement,

Non Liq. Zone

Deflection, Moment, M = EI/L2 Shear, F = EI/L3
0 0 0
+ +M +F
Penetration
Fixed-Fixed
Distance, Lp Beam
( = 6) Fixed-Fixed
Fixed-Fixed Beam
Beam ( = 12 )

Max. Pile Moment

Distance, x
Effective fixed-fixed Beam Length, Leff
Thickness of Liq. Zone
Line of
Symmetry

Max. Pile Moment

Non Liq. Zone

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Uncoupled free-
free-field displacement
(with and without pinning effect)

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 2-D FEM analysis

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3D FEM Analysis

Solid-Solid Model

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 New approach: Beam-
Beam-Solid Contact Element

Pile: beam elements

Soil: solid elements

Pile-Soil Interface:
Beam-Solid
Contact Element

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Laterally Loaded Piles (comparison with LPILE)

Perform numerical load test
Compare results

3x Magnification

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 Laterally Loaded Piles

Numerical p-y curves:

 Obtained by differentiation of pile bending moments

Beam
Solid pile: d 2M dV M = A y

p =
Obtained directly from contact =
dz 22 element
dz
zoutput
force i i i
dz p
z f(z,) yi pi
y

Deformed beam with interface
Deformed beam with
Discretized beam interface forces, f (z,) forces, pi = f (z,)r d and p-y curves
displacement, yi

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Laterally Loaded Piles

Normal interface stresses and radial soil stresses

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 Laterally Loaded Piles

Evaluation p-y
Numerical of beam
curvesresponse

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Laterally Loaded Piles

GiD Visualization of pile and soil deformation with interface forces

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 Back to our problem

Undeformed mesh

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Base Soil & Pile Properties

Elastic isotropic soil properties

E Poissons Unit weight
Soil profile
[kPa] ratio [kN/m3]
Top strong layer (brown) 25,000 0.35 17.0
Middle soft layer (white) 2,500 0.47 17.0
Bottom strong layer
25,000 0.35 17.0
(brown)

Elasto-plastic (Drucker Prager) soil properties

Soil profile K G Friction Cohesion Unit weight
[kPa] [kPa] angle c [kN/m3]
[degrees]] [kPa]
Top strong layer 27778.0 9259.3 32 5 17.0
(brown)
Middle soft layer 13888.0 862.0 0 10 17.0
(white)
Bottom strong 27778.0 9259.3 325 5 17.0
layer (brown)

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 Base Soil & Pile properties

Pile elastic properties

Beam material Diam Area I E G
[m2] [m4] [kPa] [kPa]
RC Concrete beam 2.5m 2.4544 1.7854 25,000,000 12,5000,000
RC Concrete beam 54 0.73878 0.04780 25,000,000 12,5000,000
RC Concrete beam 24 0.146 004680 25,000,000 12,5000,000

Contact element material properties

Interface Friction Stiffness (for sticking)
coefficient [kPa]
(=
=tan(
= ))
Beam-solid contact 0.1 1000

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GiD post processing

Self Weight - Vertical and Horizontal stresses due to self
weight (notice near isotropic condition in liquefied layer)

Notice horizontal and vertical stresses are similar (fluid) in the liquefiable layer

Vertical Stress Horizontal Stress

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 GiD post processing
Initial Conditions OpenSees

Vertical stresses Contact Forces

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Push-
Push-over deformation pattern

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 GiD post processing
xx stresses after displacement

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GiD post processing

Contact Forces at the end of displacement

Perspective View XZ Plane View

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 GiD post processing
Contours of Contact Forces at the end of Displacement

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GiD post processing

Forces in the Beam at the End of Displacement

Perspective View XZ Plane View

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 GiD post processing
(a) Contact forces at soil-pile interface and
(b) Horizontal pile forces at the end of loading

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GiD Diagrams

Shear diagram Bending moment diagram

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 Parametric Study

Pile diameters

D1=2.50 m, D2=54in., and D3=24in.

Soft Layer Thicknesses

T1=1D, T2 = 2D, and T4=4D.

Piles stiffness, EI

(scale factors for base EI values

E-3=0.125, E-2=0.25, E-1=0.50, E0=1.0,
E1=2.0, E2=4.0, and E3=8.0.

Total cases = 84 cases

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Final OpenSees Meshes

Finite element meshes for different soft layer thickness. (a)T=1D, (b)T=2D, and (c)T=4D

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 Characteristic Results of Parametric study
Effect of soil displacement

Shear diagrams Bending Moment diagrams

Shear force distribution V for EI= 2390.00 MNm2 Moment distribution M for EI= 2390.00 MNm
2

25 25

20 20
Height above base in (m)

Height above base in (m)

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0
16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 2000 2 1 0 1 2 3
Shear force in (kN) Moment in (kNm) 4
x 10

Location and value of maxV and maxM

changes with soil displacement

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Characteristic Results of Parametric study

Effect of pile stiffness EI
Shear force distribution V for EI= 1195.00 MNm2 Moment distribution M for EI= 1195.00 MNm
2

25 25

20 20
Height above base in (m)

Height above base in (m)

EI1 15 15

less stiff 10 10

5 5

0 0
12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 2000 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Shear force in (kN) Moment in (kNm) x 10
4

Shear force distribution V for EI= 4780.00 MNm2 Moment distribution M for EI= 4780.00 MNm2

25 25

EI2 20 20
Height above base in (m)
Height above base in (m)

stiffer 15 15

10 10

Location and value of maxV and maxM 5 5

varies for different EI 0

0
20000 15000 10000 5000 0
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
Shear force in (kN)
Moment in (kNm) x 10
4

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 Characteristic Results of Parametric study
Basic definitions D

10D

(Leff-T)/2D

T
Leff/D

10D

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Characteristic Results of Parametric study

maxM and location

2
4
x 10 extreme values for moment M for EI= 2390.00 MNm Location of extreme moments M for EI= 2390.00 MNm2
20
3 abs(max M) in top layer position of maxM in top layer
abs(max M) in bottom layer position of maxM in bottom layer
L
effective
18
2

16
Height above base in (m)

1
Leff
Moment M in (kNm)

14

0
12

1
10

2 8

6
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
pseudo time
pseudo time

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 Characteristic Results of Parametric study
Pile deformation

25

20
depth (m)

15

10

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

pile displacement (m)

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Non-dimensional characteristic parameter

2 2
ET
s D
=
EI

Es modulus o elasticity of stiff soil layer

EI stiffness of pile

T thickness of liquefiable layer

D outer diameter of pile

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 Embedment length in stiff soil layer (approximated as
average of top and bottom layer)

4 Data Fit
T=1D (2.50m)
3.5 T=2D (2.50m)
T=4D (2.50m)
T=1D (54")
3 T=2D (54")
t=4D (54")
2.5 T=1D (24")
(Leff - T)/2D

T=2D (24")
2 T=4D (24")
Es=5000 (54")
1.5 Es=12500 (54")

0.5

-0.5
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Results encourage
Es D^2 T^2 / EI the use of a linear
regression for most of the parameter
space

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Dimensionless shear force demand.

demand Maximum shear
occurs within the liquefied layer

1
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
maxV T^2 D / EI Delta

0.1

0.01 Data Fit Es=5000 (54")

T=1D (2.50m) T=2D (2.50m)
T=4D (2.50m) T=1D (54")
T=2D (54") t=4D (54")
0.001 T=1D (24") T=2D (24")
T=4D (24") Es=5000 (54")
Es=12500 (54") Es=75000 (54")
Es=250000 (54")
0.0001
Es D^2 T^2 / EI

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 Dimensionless bending moment (or curvature demand).
Max M occurs at from the layer interface within the stiff
layer
1
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100

0.1
maxM T D / EI Delta

0.01 Data Fit Es=5000 (54")

T=1D (2.50m) T=2D (2.50m)
T=4D (2.50m) T=1D (54")
T=2D (54") t=4D (54")
0.001 T=1D (24") T=2D (24")
T=4D (24") Es=5000 (54")
Es=12500 (54") Es=75000 (54")
Es=250000 (54")
0.0001
Es D^2 T^2 / EI

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Design Procedure
EI
max V = V Maximum shear force in the pile
T2 D
EI
max M = M Maximum moment in the pile
T D
Lembed = L D Location of maximum moment

L = 0.5 log10
V = 0.17 0.68 Non-dimensional coefficients

M = 0.09 0.45

Es T 2 D 2 Dimensionless characteristic
= parameter
EI
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 Dimensionless shear force demand. Maximum shear
occurs within the liquefied layer.

0.25
Data Fit T=1D (2.50m)
T=2D (2.50m) T=4D (2.50m)
0.2
maxV T^2 D / EI Delta
T=1D (54") T=2D (54")
t=4D (54") T=1D (24")
0.15 T=2D (24") T=4D (24")
Es=5000 (54") Es=12500 (54")
Es=75000 (54") Es=250000 (54")
0.1

0.05

0
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
Es D^2 T^2 / EI

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Dimensionless bending moment (or curvature demand).

Max M occurs at Lembed from the layer interface within the
stiff layer.

0.2
Data Fit T=1D (2.50m)
0.18
T=2D (2.50m) T=4D (2.50m)
0.16 T=1D (54") T=2D (54")
maxM T D / EI Delta

0.14 t=4D (54") T=1D (24")

0.12 T=2D (24") T=4D (24")
Es=5000 (54") Es=12500 (54")
0.1
Es=75000 (54") Es=250000 (54")
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
Es D^2 T^2 / EI

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 Comparison of fixed-fixed vs. OpenSees

Moment relative to Fixed-Fixed Beam

0.14

Cal. Moment to Fixed-Fixed Mom ent 0.12

0.10

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0.00
0.01 0.1 1 10
Es D^2 T^2/EI

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Questions?

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