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Class:DCB1(A2)
Lecture:
Course:AACB1253 Bioenergetics
Introduction
Enzymes are macromolecular catalyst which provides an alternative path way to accelerate the process
of a chemical reaction which required lower activation energy. Enzyme may convert substrates to another
product which usually happen in a current existing cell. This reaction will be done through the temporary
binding of the enzymes to one or more reactants. Enzymes are widely knew as a proteins and currently
research shown that not all enzymes are proteins as some are ribonucleoprotein enzymes where catalytic
activity is in the RNA part rather than in the protein part. (Enzymes, 2016, Enzymes, Para. 1 The Editors
of Encyclopedia Britannica, 2016 Westfall, 2013). Furthermore, Alajar(2009) also stated that, Some
enzymes are composed chiefly of proteins while most [are made up of] protein and non-proteinportions
which can either be an organic molecule or a metal ion" known as a cofactor (Enzymes, 2015, Function
and structure, Para. 4).Almost all metabolism process need enzyme to accelerate their chemical process
to sustain life. Enzymes are currently known as catalyst almost 5000 types of chemical reaction. Usually
most of the persons confused about different between of enzymes and catalyst, but there are little
different between both of them.There are mainly two types of catalyst group which are competitive and
non comepetitive inhibitor.Competitive inhibitor function by binding reversibly to the active site of
the enzyme however non competitive inhibitor function by bind to the enzyme whether or not
the substrate has already been bound, but if it has a higher affinity for binding the enzyme in one
state or the other.Catalyst is an enzyme used by the liver to decompose the poisonous hydrogen peroxide
(H2O2) into oxygen (O2) and water (H2O). This experiment seeks to prove that catalyst is the cause of this
reaction and that oxygen and water are the byproducts, and also to explore the effects of increased
temperature on catalyst activity, and enzyme activity in general. The main different is that enzymes are
largely organic in nature and are bio-catalysts, while non-enzymatic catalysts can be inorganic compounds
such as Iron, vanadium(V) oxide, platinum , rhodium and so on.A catalyst is a chemical that increases or
decrease the rate of a chemical reaction remain unchanged after the reaction. In fact that they aren't
changed by participating in a reaction distinguishes catalysts from substrates, which are the reactants on
which catalysts work but enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions. So, enzymes are proteins that increase
rate of chemical reactions converting substrate into product. Catalyst also not specific and therefore end
up producing residues with errors but enzyme are highly specific producing large amount of residues. The
reaction of a catalyst required a high temperature and pressure but enzyme required a good condition
and environment which provide an optimal pH, temperature, salt condition and so on. Then the reaction
rates of a catalyst typical slower compare with enzyme.The enzyme activity can be controlled but the
activity of the catalysts can not be controlled.Therefore, all enzymes count as catalysts but not all
catalysts are enzymes.
The similar between enzymes and catalysts they are both remain unchanged chemically and
quantitatively at the end of a reaction and they can be recycle using.Then, they are both are
required in small quantity as compared to their substrates and do not change the equilibrium of
chemical reaction.After that,the reaction control by catalyst and enzyme are reversible and
They lower the activation energy needed to start the reaction. Enzyme and catalyst are both
also only enhance the rate of chemical reaction and do not initiate the reaction.Other than
that, They form short-lived complexes with the substrate molecules and does not change the
product after the reaction.
Every enzyme is specific for some reaction and enzyme are mainly possess great catalytic power.
Enzyme are also highly specific and show varying degree of specificities.Enzyme usually only bind
with one substrate.The reaction of an enzyme is highest while the enzyme is at the optimum
temperature also have an optimum pH range within which the enzymes function is at its
peak. The increase of concentration of the reactants, and substrate the rate of the reaction
increase until the enzyme will become saturated with the substrate.Otherwise, increase the
amount of enzyme, increase the rate of the reaction.Some of the.Inorganic substances known as
activators also increase the activity of the enzyme.
There are many factors will affect the efficiency of enzyme such as pH, temperature, salt concentration,
small molecules.Here are the examples how these factors affect the activity of enzyme.
pH=pH is a unit to measure acidity and basicity of a solution.pH is a measure of the hydrogen
Ion (H+) concentration. and therefore a good indicator of the hydroxide Ion (OH-)
concentration. It ranges from pH1 to pH14. Lower pH values mean higher H+ concentrations
and lower OH- concentration.Acid solutions have pH values below 7, and Basic solutions have
pH values above7, Deionised water is pH7, which is termed 'neutral'.The change of pH will
alter the enzyme shape and become denatured.However, different enzymes work best at
different pH values.The optimum pH of each enzyme is variable and depend on where it
normally works. For examples, intestinal enzymes such as trypsin has an optimum pH of about
7.5 . Enzymes in the stomach has an optimum pH of about 2.
Temperature-As the temperature increases, the rate of reaction also increased,but too high
temperature will denature enzyme.The activity of enzyme will increase dramatic increase with
temperature up to around 37 degree celsius or body temperature. Then as the temperature
continue increasing, the rate of reaction will fall rapidly as the heat energy cause denatures the
enzyme.
Aim
To test and analyze that how the pH affect the rate of reaction of enzyme catalyst
Materials
Fresh liver, potatoes, sand,10ml measuring cylinder, dilute hydrochloric acid solution, 100ml hydrogen
peroxide, boiling water, mortar and pestle, toothpick, 10ml measuring pipettes, dilute sodium hydroxide
acid, clean test tubes and vials
Method
1)5 mi of 10 V hydrogen solution which measured by student then poured into each eight labeled
vial by using measuring cylinder.
2) One piece of liver cubes was taken by using a toothpick ,then placed into boiling for 2-3
minutes.Student should remove and allow it to cool before started next step.
3)Student should take another cube of liver and another of potato, place into separate
mortals.Release the cell content by grinding each tissue with a separate pestle.
4)To the vials labeled A to F, following table was added:
Result
1)What can you conclude from the results from tubes B and C?
Reaction of enzyme in liver in tube B faster than reaction of enzyme in potato in tube C.This is
because liver contain more enzyme catalyst compare with potato which breaking down hydrogen
peroxide become oxygen. Liver contain more because of it detoxified the body. A larger amount of
catalase lowers the activation energy, therefore speeds up the rate of reaction. The potato contains
less enzyme catalase, therefore requires more activation energy, slowing down the rate of reaction.
Coclusion
In this lab, we show that how pH and temperature will effect enzymes. We learned about pH
and temperature will effect on the enzyme. Enzymes are mainly work best at certain pHs, if
they are in a pH that is too low or too high they start to denature and don't function as well. In
this experiment, when we added NaOH to the enzyme, the reaction took place at a slower rate.
This can lead to the conclusion that if we were to make it more basic, the reaction may not
occur at all. This goes the same with adding the acid. When we added a couple drops of HCl,
there were no significant amount of bubbles that formed. This can conclude that the acidic
level was too high for the enzyme, preventing it to carry out its function. Additionally
temperature has the same effect. When we put the enzyme in the cold water bath, reaction
occurred at a slow rate, producing a small amount of bubbles. Then when we put the liver into
25 degree Celsius, the reaction sped up compared to the control. Enzymes in a high
temperature environment, will have their bonds break because they will start to denature.
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